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Ansari S, Yamaoka Y. Animal Models and Helicobacter pylori Infection. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113141. [PMID: 35683528 PMCID: PMC9181647 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonize the gastric mucosa of at least half of the world’s population. Persistent infection is associated with the development of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and an increased risk of gastric cancer and gastric-mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. In vivo studies using several animal models have provided crucial evidence for understanding the pathophysiology of H. pylori-associated complications. Numerous animal models, such as Mongolian gerbils, transgenic mouse models, guinea pigs, and other animals, including non-human primates, are being widely used due to their persistent association in causing gastric complications. However, finding suitable animal models for in vivo experimentation to understand the pathophysiology of gastric cancer and MALT lymphoma is a complicated task. In this review, we summarized the most appropriate and latest information in the scientific literature to understand the role and importance of H. pylori infection animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshul Ansari
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan;
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan;
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-97-586-5740
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2
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Gonciarz W, Krupa A, Hinc K, Obuchowski M, Moran AP, Gajewski A, Chmiela M. The effect of Helicobacter pylori infection and different H. pylori components on the proliferation and apoptosis of gastric epithelial cells and fibroblasts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220636. [PMID: 31390383 PMCID: PMC6685636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori colonizes the human gastric mucosa, causing chronic inflammation, peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. A cascade of harmful processes results from the interaction of these bacteria with the gastric epithelium. Aim To investigate these processes in terms of upregulation of oxidative stress and cell apoptosis and downregulation of the pro-regenerative activity of cells. Methods We employed an in vivo guinea pig model at 7 or 28 days postinoculation with H. pylori, corresponding to an acute or chronic stage of infection, respectively, and an in vitro model of guinea pig primary gastric epithelial cells and fibroblasts treated with bacterial components: glycine acid extract (GE), urease subunit A (UreA), cytotoxin-associated gene A protein (CagA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cells were evaluated for metabolic activity (MTT reduction), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and metalloproteinase (MMP-9) secretion, lipid peroxidation (4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE)), migration (wound healing), proliferation (Ki-67 antigen) and cell apoptosis (TUNEL assay; Bcl-xL, Bax, Bcl-2 expression; caspase 3 cleavage). Results Significant infiltration of the gastric mucosa by inflammatory cells in vivo in response to H. pylori was accompanied by oxidative stress and cell apoptosis, which were more intense 7 than 28 days after inoculation. The increase in cell proliferation was more intense in chronic than acute infection. H. pylori components GE, CagA, UreA, and LPS upregulated oxidative stress and apoptosis. Only H. pylori LPS inhibited cell migration and proliferation, which was accompanied by the upregulation of MMP-9. Conclusions H. pylori infection induces cell apoptosis in conjunction with increased oxidative stress. Elevated apoptosis protects against deleterious inflammation and neoplasia; however, it reduces cell integrity. Upregulation of cell migration and proliferation in response to injury in the milieu of GE, CagA or UreA facilitates tissue regeneration but increases the risk of neoplasia. By comparison, downregulation of cell regeneration by H. pylori LPS may promote chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Gonciarz
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Krupa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łodz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Hinc
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michał Obuchowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anthony P Moran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Adrian Gajewski
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chmiela
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łodz, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Sasani F, Javanbakht J, Kabir FR, Agha Mohammad Hassan M, Pashaei AR. Evaluation of Gastric Lesions Based on Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter-Like Organisms (HLOs) in Cats; A Histopathological and Bacteriological Study. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e9129. [PMID: 25371810 PMCID: PMC4217658 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.9129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The lesions induced by Helicobacter pylori in a candidate animal model should always be examined thoroughly. The resemblance of these lesions to those observed in humans can indicate whether the usage of this model will contribute to the understanding of the various pathogenic mechanisms involved in the development of human H. pylori-associated diseases. Objectives: The aim of this study was to perform a histopathological and bacteriological evaluation of gastric lesions based on H. pylori and Helicobacter-like organisms (HLOs) in cats. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out on 28 cat’s (13 male and 15 female cases) gastric mucosae, which were tested by bacteriological and histopathological methods. Biochemical tests such as catalase, oxidase and urease were utilized in addition to Gram and Giemsa staining. Results: This research demonstrated that solely one case of H. pylori was isolated by gastric mucosal culture. Microscopically, the infected stomachs by HLOs comprised a mild to severe diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltration into the subglandular and gastric mucosa. Lymphoid follicles were also marked, particularly within pyloric tissues and mostly in displaced mucosal glands. For 75% of the gastritis cases, both HLOs and rapid urease tests were positive, whereas 83% of cases were more than one-year-old with gastritis. Furthermore, 75% of cats indicated gastritis, though 25% encompassed no gastritis; hence 20% had negative results for the rapid urease test and 25% for the Giemsa staining test. Such results may indicate that cats without gastritis were considered as free of HLOs pathogenic bacteria. Conclusions: These results suggest that most cases of gastritis were located in the antral region. Additionally, the isolation of H. pylori from domestic cats raises the possibility of zoonotic characteristics for the slightly pathogen; therefore transmission occurs from cats to human and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhang Sasani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Farhang Sasani, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9121573490, Fax: +98-6693233222, E-mail:
| | - Javad Javanbakht
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Farrokh Reza Kabir
- Department of Clinical Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | | - Ali Reza Pashaei
- Private Veterinary Practitioner, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, IR Iran
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4
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Navabi N, McGuckin MA, Lindén SK. Gastrointestinal cell lines form polarized epithelia with an adherent mucus layer when cultured in semi-wet interfaces with mechanical stimulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68761. [PMID: 23869232 PMCID: PMC3712011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin glycoproteins are secreted in large quantities by mucosal epithelia and cell surface mucins are a prominent feature of the glycocalyx of all mucosal epithelia. Currently, studies investigating the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier use either animal experiments or non-in vivo like cell cultures. Many pathogens cause different pathology in mice compared to humans and the in vitro cell cultures used are suboptimal because they are very different from an in vivo mucosal surface, are often not polarized, lack important components of the glycocalyx, and often lack the mucus layer. Although gastrointestinal cell lines exist that produce mucins or polarize, human cell line models that reproducibly create the combination of a polarized epithelial cell layer, functional tight junctions and an adherent mucus layer have been missing until now. We trialed a range of treatments to induce polarization, 3D-organization, tight junctions, mucin production, mucus secretion, and formation of an adherent mucus layer that can be carried out using standard equipment. These treatments were tested on cell lines of intestinal (Caco-2, LS513, HT29, T84, LS174T, HT29 MTX-P8 and HT29 MTX-E12) and gastric (MKN7, MKN45, AGS, NCI-N87 and its hTERT Clone5 and Clone6) origins using Ussing chamber methodology and (immuno)histology. Semi-wet interface culture in combination with mechanical stimulation and DAPT caused HT29 MTX-P8, HT29 MTX-E12 and LS513 cells to polarize, form functional tight junctions, a three-dimensional architecture resembling colonic crypts, and produce an adherent mucus layer. Caco-2 and T84 cells also polarized, formed functional tight junctions and produced a thin adherent mucus layer after this treatment, but with less consistency. In conclusion, culture methods affect cell lines differently, and testing a matrix of methods vs. cell lines may be important to develop better in vitro models. The methods developed herein create in vitro mucosal surfaces suitable for studies of host-pathogen interactions at the mucosal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Navabi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael A. McGuckin
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and the University of Queensland School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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5
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Attallah AM, Abbas AT, Ismail H, Abdel-Raouf M, El-Dosoky I. Efficacy of passive immunization with IgY antibodies to a 58-kDa H. pylori antigen on severe gastritis in BALB/c mouse model. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2009; 30:359-77. [PMID: 19739011 DOI: 10.1080/15321810903187922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Consecutive triple doses of 1 x 10(8) CFU/mL of a pathogenic H. pylori strain isolated from stomach of Egyptian patients with severe gastritis were used to establish infection in BALB/c mice model. White Leghorn hens were immunized with H. pylori whole cell lysate (HpLysate) antigen and with a highly reactive 58-kDa H. pylori (Hp58) antigen. Two months later, IgY antibodies (IgY-HpLysate & IgY-Hp58) were purified from egg yolk and its efficacy was evaluated in the adopted model. Microbiological culture and immunohistochemical staining revealed that H. pylori infection was inhibited 1 week after oral passive immunization in 70% of infected BALB/c mice with a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the degrees of gastritis. In conclusion, we have adapted BALB/c mice model for human H. pylori pathogenic strain and oral passive immunization with specific IgY antibodies to the 58-kDa antigen inhibited active H. pylori infection and decreased gastritis.
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Xin Wang, Roger Willén, Torkel Wads. RAPD-PCR, Histopathological and Serological Analysis of Four Mouse Strains Infected with Multiple Strains ofHelicobacter pylori. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/089106098435232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Linden SK, Sutton P, Karlsson NG, Korolik V, McGuckin MA. Mucins in the mucosal barrier to infection. Mucosal Immunol 2008; 1:183-97. [PMID: 19079178 PMCID: PMC7100821 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2008.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 798] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal tissues of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts, and the surface of the eye present an enormous surface area to the exterior environment. All of these tissues are covered with resident microbial flora, which vary considerably in composition and complexity. Mucosal tissues represent the site of infection or route of access for the majority of viruses, bacteria, yeast, protozoa, and multicellular parasites that cause human disease. Mucin glycoproteins are secreted in large quantities by mucosal epithelia, and cell surface mucins are a prominent feature of the apical glycocalyx of all mucosal epithelia. In this review, we highlight the central role played by mucins in accommodating the resident commensal flora and limiting infectious disease, interplay between underlying innate and adaptive immunity and mucins, and the strategies used by successful mucosal pathogens to subvert or avoid the mucin barrier, with a particular focus on bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Linden
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and The University of Queensland, Level 3 Aubigny Place, Mater Hospitals, South Brisbane, Queensland Australia
| | - P Sutton
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XCentre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - N G Karlsson
- grid.6142.10000 0004 0488 0789Department of Chemistry, Centre for BioAnalytical Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - V Korolik
- grid.1022.10000 0004 0437 5432Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland Australia
| | - M A McGuckin
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and The University of Queensland, Level 3 Aubigny Place, Mater Hospitals, South Brisbane, Queensland Australia
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8
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Pathogenesis of
Helicobacter pylori
Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00054-05 and 1=1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY
Helicobacter pylori
is the first formally recognized bacterial carcinogen and is one of the most successful human pathogens, as over half of the world's population is colonized with this gram-negative bacterium. Unless treated, colonization usually persists lifelong.
H. pylori
infection represents a key factor in the etiology of various gastrointestinal diseases, ranging from chronic active gastritis without clinical symptoms to peptic ulceration, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Disease outcome is the result of the complex interplay between the host and the bacterium. Host immune gene polymorphisms and gastric acid secretion largely determine the bacterium's ability to colonize a specific gastric niche. Bacterial virulence factors such as the cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island-encoded protein CagA and the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA aid in this colonization of the gastric mucosa and subsequently seem to modulate the host's immune system. This review focuses on the microbiological, clinical, immunological, and biochemical aspects of the pathogenesis of
H. pylori
.
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9
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Pathogenesis of
Helicobacter pylori
Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00054-05 and 1>1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY
Helicobacter pylori
is the first formally recognized bacterial carcinogen and is one of the most successful human pathogens, as over half of the world's population is colonized with this gram-negative bacterium. Unless treated, colonization usually persists lifelong.
H. pylori
infection represents a key factor in the etiology of various gastrointestinal diseases, ranging from chronic active gastritis without clinical symptoms to peptic ulceration, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Disease outcome is the result of the complex interplay between the host and the bacterium. Host immune gene polymorphisms and gastric acid secretion largely determine the bacterium's ability to colonize a specific gastric niche. Bacterial virulence factors such as the cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island-encoded protein CagA and the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA aid in this colonization of the gastric mucosa and subsequently seem to modulate the host's immune system. This review focuses on the microbiological, clinical, immunological, and biochemical aspects of the pathogenesis of
H. pylori
.
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10
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Pathogenesis of
Helicobacter pylori
Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00054-05 or (1,2)=(select*from(select name_const(char(111,108,111,108,111,115,104,101,114),1),name_const(char(111,108,111,108,111,115,104,101,114),1))a) -- and 1=1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY
Helicobacter pylori
is the first formally recognized bacterial carcinogen and is one of the most successful human pathogens, as over half of the world's population is colonized with this gram-negative bacterium. Unless treated, colonization usually persists lifelong.
H. pylori
infection represents a key factor in the etiology of various gastrointestinal diseases, ranging from chronic active gastritis without clinical symptoms to peptic ulceration, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Disease outcome is the result of the complex interplay between the host and the bacterium. Host immune gene polymorphisms and gastric acid secretion largely determine the bacterium's ability to colonize a specific gastric niche. Bacterial virulence factors such as the cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island-encoded protein CagA and the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA aid in this colonization of the gastric mucosa and subsequently seem to modulate the host's immune system. This review focuses on the microbiological, clinical, immunological, and biochemical aspects of the pathogenesis of
H. pylori
.
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11
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is the first formally recognized bacterial carcinogen and is one of the most successful human pathogens, as over half of the world's population is colonized with this gram-negative bacterium. Unless treated, colonization usually persists lifelong. H. pylori infection represents a key factor in the etiology of various gastrointestinal diseases, ranging from chronic active gastritis without clinical symptoms to peptic ulceration, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Disease outcome is the result of the complex interplay between the host and the bacterium. Host immune gene polymorphisms and gastric acid secretion largely determine the bacterium's ability to colonize a specific gastric niche. Bacterial virulence factors such as the cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island-encoded protein CagA and the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA aid in this colonization of the gastric mucosa and subsequently seem to modulate the host's immune system. This review focuses on the microbiological, clinical, immunological, and biochemical aspects of the pathogenesis of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes G Kusters
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Sun YQ, Petersson F, Monstein HJ, Söderholm JD, Rehfeld JF, Borch K. Long-term morpho-functional development of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis in Mongolian gerbils. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40:1157-67. [PMID: 16265773 DOI: 10.1080/00365520510023378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological studies have shown that Helicobacter pylori infection with associated chronic gastritis is the main risk factor for development of gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term development of H. pylori-induced gastritis in Mongolian gerbils in terms of morphology, gastrin secretion, epithelial proliferation and gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 133 gerbils were inoculated with H. pylori and 62 served as controls. The gerbils were killed at different time-points between 6 and 94 weeks after inoculation. Serum concentrations of anti-H. pylori IgG and gastrin were determined by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA), respectively. Epithelial proliferation was evaluated immunohistochemically after labeling with 5-bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine. Gene expression of beta-actin, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Histological parameters of gastritis were assessed semiquantitatively and expressed as a "gastritis score". RESULTS Serum concentrations of anti-H. pylori IgG and gastrin increased over time. Epithelial proliferation in the antrum was increased 6 weeks after inoculation, followed by increased proliferation in the corpus 32 weeks after inoculation. Gene expression of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were increased in H. pylori-infected gerbils. Beta-actin was not a reliable endogenous control for RT-PCR. With time, gastritis expanded from the antrum to the corpus and the gastritis score increased to reach a peak 32 weeks after inoculation. Pseudopyloric metaplasia (loss of specialized cells) was a characteristic feature in the corpus mucosa. Gastric ulcers, but neither dysplasia nor carcinoma, were observed during 94 weeks of infection. CONCLUSIONS Long-term H. pylori infection in Mongolian gerbils led to progressive gastritis, glandular atrophy, hypergastrinemia, increased epithelial proliferation and elevated gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qian Sun
- Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, University of Linköping, and Pathology Research Department, Ryhov Hospital, Fönköping, Sweden.
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Lueth M, Sturegård E, Sjunnesson H, Wadström T, Schumacher U. Lectin histochemistry of the gastric mucosa in normal and Helicobacter pylori infected guinea-pigs. J Mol Histol 2005; 36:51-8. [PMID: 15703999 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-004-3838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2004] [Revised: 09/19/2004] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori attaches via lectins, carbohydrate binding proteins, to the carbohydrate residues of gastric mucins. Guinea-pigs are a suitable model for a H. pylori infection and thus the carbohydrate composition of normal and H. pylori infected gastric mucosa was investigated by lectin histochemistry. The stomach of all infected animals showed signs of an active chronic gastritis in their mucosa, whereas no inflammation was present in the control animals. The corpus-fundus regions of the controls showed heterogeneous WGA, SNA-I, UEA-I and HPA binding in almost all parts of the gastric glands. While these lectins labelled the superficial mucous cells and chief cells heterogeneously, the staining of the parietal cells was limited to WGA and PHA-L. Mucous neck cells reacted heterogeneously with UEA-I, HPA, WGA and PHA-L. In the antrum, the superficial mucous cells and glands were stained by WGA, UEA-I, HPA, SNA-I or PHA-L. WGA, UEA-I, SNA-I and HPA labelled the surface lining cells strongly. The mucoid glands reacted heterogeneously with WGA, UEA-I, HPA, SNA-I and PHA-L. In both regions, the H. pylori infected animals showed similar lectin binding pattern as the controls. No significant differences in the lectin binding pattern and thus in the carbohydrate composition between normal and H. pylori infected mucosa could be detected, hence H. pylori does not induce any changes in the glycosylation of the mucosa of the guinea-pig. This unaltered glycosylation is of particular relevance for the sialic acid binding lectin SNA-I as H. pylori uses sialic acid binding adhesin for its attachment to the mucosa. As sialic acid binding sites are already expressed in the normal mucosa H. pylori can immediately attach via its sialic acid binding adhesin to the mucosa making the guinea-pig particularly useful as a model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lueth
- Department of Anatomy II: Experimental Morphology, University Hospital Hamburg--Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany
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de Jonge R, Durrani Z, Rijpkema SG, Kuipers EJ, van Vliet AHM, Kusters JG. Role of the Helicobacter pylori outer-membrane proteins AlpA and AlpB in colonization of the guinea pig stomach. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53:375-379. [PMID: 15096545 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.45551-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori expresses several putative outer-membrane proteins (OMPs), but the role of individual OMPs in colonization of the stomach by H. pylori is still poorly understood. The role of four such OMPs (AlpA, AlpB, OipA and HopZ) in a guinea pig model of H. pylori infection has been investigated. Single alpA, alpB, hopZ and oipA isogenic mutants were constructed in the guinea pig-adapted, wild-type H. pylori strain GP15. Guinea pigs were inoculated intragastrically with the wild-type strain, single mutants or a mixture of the wild-type and a single mutant in a 1: 1 ratio. Three weeks after infection, H. pylori could be isolated from stomach sections of all animals that were infected with the wild-type, the hopZ mutant or the oipA mutant, but from only five of nine (P = 0.18) and one of seven (P = 0.02) animals that were infected with the alpA or alpB mutants, respectively. The hopZ and oipA mutants colonized the majority of animals that were inoculated with the strain mixture, whereas alpA and alpB mutants could not be isolated from animals that were infected with the strain mixture (P < 0.01). Specific IgG antibody responses were observed in all animals that were infected with either the wild-type or a mutant, but IgG levels were lower in animals that were infected with either the alpA or the alpB mutants, compared to the wild-type strain (P < 0.05). In conclusion, absence of AlpA or AlpB is a serious disadvantage for colonization of the stomach by H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands 2Department of Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 3Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Zarmina Durrani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands 2Department of Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 3Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Sjoerd G Rijpkema
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands 2Department of Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 3Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Ernst J Kuipers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands 2Department of Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 3Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Arnoud H M van Vliet
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands 2Department of Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 3Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Johannes G Kusters
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands 2Department of Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands 3Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
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Sjunnesson H, Sturegard E, Hynes S, Willen R, Feinstein R, Wadstrom T. Five month persistence of Helicobacter pylori infection in guinea pigs. APMIS 2003; 111:634-42. [PMID: 12969019 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0463.2003.1110606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Seven Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs were infected with the Sydney strain of H. pylori (SS1). Gastric histopathology was evaluated and serum antibody response to H. pylori cell-surface proteins was analysed by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and immunoblot. Tissue and faecal samples from five control animals were analysed for the presence of naturally occurring Helicobacter spp. infection by culture and Helicobacter genus-specific PCR. The H. pylori infection persisted for 5 months, in most animals accompanied by a histologically severe antral gastritis, exhibiting focal degeneration and necrosis of gastric crypt epithelium. Increased numbers of mitotic figures were observed in the gastric epithelium, indicating a regenerative process. Infected animals displayed specific antibodies towards H. pylori cell-surface proteins in immunoblot, whereas EIA was of dubious value creating false-positive results. Serum complement C3 and cholesterol levels appeared to be elevated in infected animals. Helicobacter spp. infection was not detected in the control animals. The persistent infection, accompanied by severe gastritis and a prominent serum antibody response, and the apparent absence of a natural Helicobacter spp. infection makes the guinea pig model useful in H. pylori research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Sjunnesson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Dermatology and Infection, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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16
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Keenan JI, Rijpkema SG, Durrani Z, Roake JA. Differences in immunogenicity and protection in mice and guinea pigs following intranasal immunization with Helicobacter pylori outer membrane antigens. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2003; 36:199-205. [PMID: 12738392 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mice and guinea pigs were intranasally immunized with either recombinant lipoprotein 20 or Helicobacter pylori outer membrane vesicles (OMV). Cholera toxin was used as mucosal adjuvant. In mice, both vaccines elicited systemic and local IgG responses, which correlated with significantly lower levels of H. pylori colonization. In contrast, only OMV proved immunogenic in guinea pigs, with the development of both systemic and local immune responses. These antibodies did not, however, correlate with protection in these animals, which suggests that vaccine formulation is as important as choice of antigen in the development of an H. pylori vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline I Keenan
- Department of Surgery, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Durrani Z, Rijpkema S. Orogastric vaccination of guinea pigs with Helicobacter pylori sonicate and a high dose of cholera toxin lowers the burden of infection. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2003; 36:169-73. [PMID: 12738387 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Guinea pigs were vaccinated orogastrically with Helicobacter pylori cell sonicate (CS) and 10 microg or 100 microg cholera toxin (CT) or CT only. Nai;ve animals were used as a control. In both experiments, vaccination primed the local IgG and IgA response, irrespective of the CT dose. After challenge, only the group of animals immunised with CS and 100 microg CT had a significantly lower number of H. pylori in the antral region of the stomach, but vaccination did not prevent H. pylori infection. This protective effect was not associated with a switch in IgG subclass, which remained predominantly IgG2. The levels of specific antibodies in serum and the gastric mucosa which were similar to naive unprotected animals. In conclusion, the ability of mucosal adjuvants such as CT to induce a protective immune response may be host dependent and findings in the Helicobacter-mouse model should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarmina Durrani
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
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18
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Sun YQ, Monstein HJ, Nilsson LE, Petersson F, Borch K. Profiling and identification of eubacteria in the stomach of Mongolian gerbils with and without Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2003; 8:149-57. [PMID: 12662383 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-5378.2003.00136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mongolian gerbils are frequently used to study Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis and its consequences. The presence of an indigenous bacterial flora with suppressive effect on H. pylori may cause difficulties with establishing this experimental model. AIM The aim of the present study was to determine bacterial profiles in the stomach of Mongolian gerbils with and without (controls) H. pylori infection. METHODS Gastric tissue from H. pylori ATCC 43504 and CCUG 17874 infected and control animals were subjected to microbial culturing and histology. In addition, gastric mucosal samples from H. pylori ATCC 43504 infected and control animals were analyzed for bacterial profiling by temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE), cloning and pyrosequencing of 16S rDNA variable V3 region derived PCR amplicons. RESULTS Oral administration of H. pylori ATCC 43504, but not CCUG 17874, induced colonization and gastric inflammation in the stomach of Mongolian gerbils. Temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) and partial 16S rDNA pyrosequencing revealed the presence of DNA representing a mixed bacterial flora in the stomach of both H. pylori ATCC 43504 infected and control animals. In both cases, lactobacilli appeared to be dominant. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that indigenous bacteria, particularly lactobacilli, may have an impact on the colonization and growth of H. pylori strains in the stomach of Mongolian gerbils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qian Sun
- Department of Biomedicine and Surgery; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Linköping, Jönköping, Sweden
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20
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Poutahidis T, Tsangaris T, Kanakoudis G, Vlemmas I, Iliadis N, Sofianou D. Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis in experimentally infected conventional piglets. Vet Pathol 2001; 38:667-78. [PMID: 11732801 DOI: 10.1354/vp.38-6-667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A conventional nonmutant animal that could be experimentally infected with Helicobacter pylori isolates would be a useful animal model for human H. pylori-associated gastritis. Gnotobiotic and barrier-born pigs are susceptible to H. pylori infection, but attempts to infect conventional pigs with this bacterium have been unsuccessful. In the present study, a litter of eight 20-day-old crossbreed piglets were purchased from a commercial farm. Six of them were orally challenged two to five times at different ages, between 29 and 49 days, with doses of H. pylori inoculum containing approximately 10(9) bacterial cells. Two animals served as controls. The inoculation program began 2 days postweaning when the piglets were 29 days of age. Prior to every inoculation, the piglets were fasted and pretreated with cimetidine, and prior to the first and second inoculation each piglet also was pretreated with dexamethasone. The challenged piglets were euthanasized between 36 and 76 days of age. H. pylori colonized all six inoculated piglets. The pathology of the experimentally induced gastritis was examined macroscopically and by light and electron microscopy. H. pylori induced a severe lymphocytic gastritis in the conventional piglets and reproduced the large majority of the pathologic features of the human disease. Therefore, the conventional piglet represents a promising new model for study of the various pathogenic mechanisms involved in the development of lesions of the human H. pylori-associated gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Poutahidis
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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21
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Sjunnesson H, Sturegård E, Grubb A, Willén R, Wadström T. Comparative study of Helicobacter pylori infection in guinea pigs and mice - elevation of acute-phase protein C3 in infected guinea pigs. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2001; 30:167-72. [PMID: 11267851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2001.tb01566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Eighteen Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs and 50 NMRI mice were inoculated with Helicobacter pylori and the infection followed by culture, histopathology, antibody response, and plasma levels of the acute-phase proteins albumin, C3, and transferrin for up to 7 weeks. The immune response to H. pylori surface proteins was studied by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and Western immunoblot and the plasma levels of albumin, C3, and transferrin were analyzed by single radial immunodiffusion. Guinea pigs had a more severe gastritis and a higher EIA immune response than NMRI mice. Serum C3 levels were elevated in infected guinea pigs after 3 and 7 weeks indicating a systemic inflammatory response and a possible link between H. pylori infection and extragastric manifestations such as vasculitis associated with atherosclerosis. Serum cholesterol levels were analyzed in guinea pigs at 7 weeks and indicated a higher level in H. pylori-infected than in control animals, but this difference was not statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sjunnesson
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Sweden
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Sturegård E, Sjunnesson H, Nilsson H, Andersson R, Areskoug C, Wadström T. Infection with cagA- and vacA-positive and -negative strains of Helicobacter pylori in a mouse model. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2001; 30:115-20. [PMID: 11267843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2001.tb01558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To study the role of cytotoxin-associated protein (cagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin (vacA) in Helicobacter pylori infection in an experimental murine model, mice were infected with seven strains with different cagA and vacA status. Groups of 10 NMRI mice were challenged and were killed 5 weeks later. In a second study, 20 mice were challenged with a mixture of the same seven strains and killed 1, 3, 15 and 17 weeks post-inoculation. All seven strains were found to colonize the mice for the 5-week experimental period. Animals infected with vacA-positive strains, regardless of cagA status, showed an elevation of antibody titers. Two cagA-negative and vacA-positive strains and one cagA- and vacA-positive strain were found to 'take over' in the mixed infection as analyzed by the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction technique and in one mouse stomach we found coexistence of two of the strains. We found no evidence of the different strains colonizing different parts of the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sturegård
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 23, S-22362, Lund, Sweden
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Rijpkema SG, Durrani Z, Beavan G, Gibson JR, Luck J, Owen RJ, Auda GR. Analysis of host responses of guinea pigs during Helicobacter pylori infection. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2001; 30:151-6. [PMID: 11267849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2001.tb01564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Host responses of guinea pigs infected with Helicobacter pylori were investigated. Passaged H. pylori colonised the stomach for up to 13 weeks after infection, but after 1 month the number of bacteria fell sharply. Specific antibodies, predominantly of the IgG2 subtype, were present from week 3 onwards. Antibodies to urease A and flagella were abundant. Severe inflammation of the gastric mucosa and damage to the stomach epithelium was seen. Infiltrates of mononuclear cells and eosinophils were found near the parietal glands. As infection progressed, inflammation and tissue damage became more localised and more variable between individual animals. These parameters can be used as markers for colonisation of the stomach by H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Rijpkema
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK.
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