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Aktas B, Budinich M, Hoza L, Rankin SA, Broadbent JR, Steele JL. Shelf-life studies of putative probiotic Lacticaseibacillus casei strains in milk and model yogurt. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2023; 29:729-738. [PMID: 35790393 DOI: 10.1177/10820132221112260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lacticaseibacillus casei are commonly utilized as probiotic in a wide-range of fermented and unfermented dairy products. The stability of probiotics in fermented dairy products during shelf-life is of concern due to low pH and high level of organic acids. The objective of this study is to evaluate L. casei for their ability to survive in a model yogurt and fluid milk; additionally, their impact on the pH, organic acids, and sensory attributes of these products was examined. The strain-to-strain differences in cell densities in yogurt and milk inoculated at a therapeutic level at the end of shelf-life were 1.2 and 1.4 log CFU/mL, respectively. Five of the strains examined increased the pH of the yogurt, while two strains were observed to reduce the pH. In milk, one strain raised the pH, while eleven strains reduced the pH. The levels of lactate, acetate, and formate in both the yogurt and milk were altered in a strain-specific manner. The results suggested that the metabolism by these strains differed significantly during the shelf-life. Careful strain selection is required to identify probiotic L. casei strains that will survive through shelf-life in either yogurt or fluid milk and not impact product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Aktas
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mateo Budinich
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lulu Hoza
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Scott A Rankin
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeff R Broadbent
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - James L Steele
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Li X, Zhai Z, Hao Y, Zhang M, Hou C, He J, Shi S, Zhao Z, Sang Y, Ren F, Wang R. The plasmid-encoded lactose operon plays a vital role in the acid production rate of Lacticaseibacillus casei during milk beverage fermentation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1016904. [PMID: 36386630 PMCID: PMC9647812 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1016904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lacticaseibacillus casei is used extensively in the fermented milk-beverage industry as a starter culture. Acid production capacity during fermentation is the main criterion for evaluating starters although it is strain-dependent. In this study, the acid production rates of 114 L. casei strains were determined and then classified into high acid (HC), medium acid (MC), and low acid (LC) groups. Comparative genomics analysis found that the lac operon genes encoding the phosphoenolpyruvate-lactose phosphotransferase system (PTSLac) were located on plasmids in the HC strains; however, it is notable that the corresponding operons were located on the chromosome in LC strains. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the copy numbers of lac operon genes in HC strains were between 3.1 and 9.3. To investigate the relationship between copy number and acid production rate, the lac operon cluster of the HC group was constitutively expressed in LC strains. The resulting copy numbers of lac operon genes were between 15.8 and 18.1; phospho-β-galactosidase activity increased by 1.68–1.99-fold; and the acid production rates increased by 1.24–1.40-fold, which enhanced the utilization rate of lactose from 17.5 to 42.6% in the recombinant strains. The markedly increased expression of lac operon genes increased lactose catabolism and thereby increased the acid production rate of L. casei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyuan Zhai
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Hao
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Caiyun Hou
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing He
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoqi Shi
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Sang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fazheng Ren, Ran Wang,
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fazheng Ren, Ran Wang,
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Isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria in fruit processing residues from the Brazilian Cerrado and its probiotic potential. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sun J, Silander O, Rutherfurd-Markwick K, Wen D, Davy TPP, Mutukumira AN. Phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of Lactobacillus and yeast isolates from a traditional New Zealand Māori potato starter culture. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:1287-1294. [PMID: 36061410 PMCID: PMC9428859 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Parāroa Rēwena is a traditional Māori sourdough produced by fermentation using a potato starter culture. The microbial composition of the starter culture is not well characterised, despite the long history of this product. The morphological, physiological, biochemical and genetic tests were conducted to characterise 26 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and 15 yeast isolates from a Parāroa Rēwena potato starter culture. The results of sugar fermentation tests, API 50 CHL tests, and API ID 32 C tests suggest the presence of four different LAB phenotypes and five different yeast phenotypes. 16S rRNA and 26S rRNA sequencing identified the LAB as Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and the yeast isolates as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of the L. paracasei isolates indicated that they had identical genotypes at the MLST loci, to L. paracasei subsp. paracasei IBB 3423 or L. paracasei subsp. paracasei F19. This study provides new insights into the microbial composition of the traditional sourdough Parāroa Rēwena starter culture. 16S sequencing, Multilocus sequencing typing for LAB in the potato starter culture. 26S sequencing for yeast in the starter culture. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei IBB3423. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei F19. Saccharomycescerevisiae.
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Shah SS, Al-Naseri A, Rouch D, Bowman JP, Wilson R, Baker AL, Britz ML. Properties of an acid-tolerant, persistent Cheddar cheese isolate, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei GCRL163. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:kuab070. [PMID: 34555172 PMCID: PMC8788758 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The distinctive flavours in hard cheeses are attributed largely to the activity of nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) which dominate the cheese matrix during maturation after lactose is consumed. Understanding how different strains of NSLAB survive, compete, and scavenge available nutrients is fundamental to selecting strains as potential adjunct starters which may influence product traits. Three Lacticaseibacillus paracasei isolates which dominated at different stages over 63-week maturation periods of Australian Cheddar cheeses had the same molecular biotype. They shared many phenotypic traits, including salt tolerance, optimum growth temperature, growth on N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine plus delayed growth on D-ribose, carbon sources likely present in cheese due to bacterial autolysis. However, strains 124 and 163 (later named GCRL163) survived longer at low pH and grew on D-tagatose and D-mannitol, differentiating this phenotype from strain 122. When cultured on growth-limiting lactose (0.2%, wt/vol) in the presence of high concentrations of L-leucine and other amino acids, GCRL163 produced, and subsequently consumed lactate, forming acetic and formic acids, and demonstrated temporal accumulation of intermediates in pyruvate metabolism in long-term cultures. Strain GCRL163 grew in Tween 80-tryptone broths, a trait not shared by all L. casei-group dairy isolates screened in this study. Including citrate in this medium stimulated growth of GCRL163 above citrate alone, suggesting cometabolism of citrate and Tween 80. Proteomic analysis of cytosolic proteins indicated that growth in Tween 80 produced a higher stress state and increased relative abundance of three cell envelope proteinases (CEPs) (including PrtP and Dumpy), amongst over 230 differentially expressed proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed S Shah
- Food Safety and Innovation Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - Ali Al-Naseri
- Food Safety and Innovation Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - Duncan Rouch
- Clarendon Policy and Strategy Group, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - John P Bowman
- Food Safety and Innovation Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - Anthony L Baker
- Food Safety and Innovation Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - Margaret L Britz
- Food Safety and Innovation Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Australia
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Huang CH, Chen CC, Lin YC, Chen CH, Lee AY, Liou JS, Gu CT, Huang L. The mutL Gene as a Genome-Wide Taxonomic Marker for High Resolution Discrimination of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Its Closely Related Taxa. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081570. [PMID: 34442649 PMCID: PMC8399863 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current taxonomy of the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum group comprises of 17 closely related species that are indistinguishable from each other by using commonly used 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In this study, a whole-genome-based analysis was carried out for exploring the highly distinguished target genes whose interspecific sequence identity is significantly less than those of 16S rRNA or conventional housekeeping genes. In silico analyses of 774 core genes by the cano-wgMLST_BacCompare analytics platform indicated that csbB, morA, murI, mutL, ntpJ, rutB, trmK, ydaF, and yhhX genes were the most promising candidates. Subsequently, the mutL gene was selected, and the discrimination power was further evaluated using Sanger sequencing. Among the type strains, mutL exhibited a clearly superior sequence identity (61.6–85.6%; average: 66.6%) to the 16S rRNA gene (96.7–100%; average: 98.4%) and the conventional phylogenetic marker genes (e.g., dnaJ, dnaK, pheS, recA, and rpoA), respectively, which could be used to separat tested strains into various species clusters. Consequently, species-specific primers were developed for fast and accurate identification of L. pentosus, L. argentoratensis, L. plantarum, and L. paraplantarum. During this study, one strain (BCRC 06B0048, L. pentosus) exhibited not only relatively low mutL sequence identities (97.0%) but also a low digital DNA–DNA hybridization value (78.1%) with the type strain DSM 20314T, signifying that it exhibits potential for reclassification as a novel subspecies. Our data demonstrate that mutL can be a genome-wide target for identifying and classifying the L. plantarum group species and for differentiating novel taxa from known species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsun Huang
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, 331 Shih-Pin Rd, Hsinchu 30062, Taiwan; (A.-Y.L.); (J.-S.L.); (L.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Chih-Chieh Chen
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
- Rapid Screening Research Center for Toxicology and Biomedicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Tainan 71246, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-H.C.)
| | - Chia-Hsuan Chen
- Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Tainan 71246, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (C.-H.C.)
| | - Ai-Yun Lee
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, 331 Shih-Pin Rd, Hsinchu 30062, Taiwan; (A.-Y.L.); (J.-S.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Jong-Shian Liou
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, 331 Shih-Pin Rd, Hsinchu 30062, Taiwan; (A.-Y.L.); (J.-S.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Chun-Tao Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Lina Huang
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, 331 Shih-Pin Rd, Hsinchu 30062, Taiwan; (A.-Y.L.); (J.-S.L.); (L.H.)
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Verma S, Dutta SK, Firnberg E, Phillips L, Vinayek R, Nair PP. Identification and engraftment of new bacterial strains by shotgun metagenomic sequence analysis in patients with recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection before and after fecal microbiota transplantation and in healthy human subjects. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251590. [PMID: 34252073 PMCID: PMC8274925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recurrent Clostridioides diffícile infection (RCDI) is associated with major bacterial dysbiosis and colitis. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a highly effective therapeutic modality for RCDI. While several studies have identified bacterial species associated with resolution of symptoms in patients, characterization of the fecal microbiome at the bacterial strain level in RCDI patients before and after FMT and healthy donors, has been lacking. The aim of this study was to examine the ability of bacterial strains from healthy donors to engraft in the gastrointestinal tract of patients with RCDI following FMT. Methods Fecal samples were collected from 22 patients with RCDI before and after FMT and their corresponding healthy donors. Total DNA was extracted from each sample and analyzed by shotgun metagenomic sequencing. The Cosmos-ID analysis platform was used for taxonomic assignment of sequences and calculation of the relative abundance (RA) of bacterial species and strains. From these data, the total number of bacterial strains (BSI), Shannon diversity index, dysbiosis index (DI), and bacterial engraftment factor, were calculated for each strain. Findings A marked reduction (p<0·0001) in the RA of total and specific bacterial strains, especially from phylum Firmicutes, was observed in RCDI patients prior to FMT. This change was associated with an increase in the DI (p<0·0001) and in pathobiont bacterial strains from phylum Proteobacteria, such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Klebsiella pneumoniae UCI 34. BSI was significantly lower in this group of patients as compared to healthy donors and correlated with the Shannon Index. (p<0·0001). Identification and engraftment of bacterial strains from healthy donors revealed a greater diversity and higher relative abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacterial strains, including Lachnospiraceae bacterium 5_1_63FAA_u_t, Dorea formicigenerans ATCC 27755, Anaerostipes hadrusand others, in RCDI patients after FMT. Interpretation These observations identify a group of SCFA-producing bacterial strains from healthy donors that engraft well in patients with RCDI following FMT and are associated with complete resolution of clinical symptoms and bacterial dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Verma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Sinai Hospital, Baltimore MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sudhir K. Dutta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Sinai Hospital, Baltimore MD, United States of America
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Elad Firnberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Sinai Hospital, Baltimore MD, United States of America
| | - Laila Phillips
- Division of Gastroenterology, Sinai Hospital, Baltimore MD, United States of America
| | - Rakesh Vinayek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Sinai Hospital, Baltimore MD, United States of America
| | - Padmanabhan P. Nair
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Noninvasive Technologies, Elkridge, MD, United States of America
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Wang S, Tian R, Liu B, Wang H, Liu J, Li C, Li M, Evivie SE, Li B. Effects of carbon concentration, oxygen, and controlled pH on the engineering strain Lactiplantibacillus casei E1 in the production of bioethanol from sugarcane molasses. AMB Express 2021; 11:95. [PMID: 34176008 PMCID: PMC8236424 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane molasses are considered a potential source for bioethanol's commercial production because of its availability and low market price. It contains high concentrations of fermentable sugars that can be directly metabolized by microbial fermentation. Heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria, especially Lactiplantibacillus casei, have a high potential to be a biocatalyst in ethanol production that they are characterized by strong abilities of carbohydrate metabolism, ethanol synthesis, and high alcohol tolerance. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of producing ethanol by Lactiplantibacillus casei used the ethanologen engineering strain L. casei E1 as a starter culture and cane molasses as substrate medium. The effects of environmental factors on the metabolism of L. casei E1 were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, and the gene expression of key enzymes in carbon source metabolism was detected using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Results showed that the strain could grow well, ferment sugar quickly in cane molasses. By fermenting this bacterium anaerobically at 37 °C for 36 h incubation in 5 °BX molasses when the fermenter's pH was controlled at 6.0, ethanol yield reached 13.77 g/L, and carbohydrate utilization percentage was 78.60%. RT-qPCR results verified the strain preferentially ferment glucose and fructose of molasses to ethanol at the molecular level. In addition, the metabolism of sugars, especially fructose, would be inhibited by elevating acidity. Our findings support the theoretical basis for exploring Lactic acid bacteria as a starter culture for converting sugarcane molasses into ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Shandong Yuwang Ecological Food Industry Co., Ltd, Dezhou, 251200, Shandong, China
| | - Ran Tian
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Buwei Liu
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Hongcai Wang
- Shandong Yuwang Ecological Food Industry Co., Ltd, Dezhou, 251200, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Shandong Yuwang Ecological Food Industry Co., Ltd, Dezhou, 251200, Shandong, China
| | - Chenghui Li
- Shandong Yuwang Ecological Food Industry Co., Ltd, Dezhou, 251200, Shandong, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Shandong Yuwang Ecological Food Industry Co., Ltd, Dezhou, 251200, Shandong, China
| | - Smith Etareri Evivie
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001, Nigeria
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001, Nigeria
| | - Bailiang Li
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Jäger R, Zaragoza J, Purpura M, Iametti S, Marengo M, Tinsley GM, Anzalone AJ, Oliver JM, Fiore W, Biffi A, Urbina S, Taylor L. Probiotic Administration Increases Amino Acid Absorption from Plant Protein: a Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Crossover Study. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:1330-1339. [PMID: 32358640 PMCID: PMC7641926 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The fate of dietary protein in the gut is determined by microbial and host digestion and utilization. Fermentation of proteins generates bioactive molecules that have wide-ranging health effects on the host. The type of protein can affect amino acid absorption, with animal proteins generally being more efficiently absorbed compared with plant proteins. In contrast to animal proteins, most plant proteins, such as pea protein, are incomplete proteins. Pea protein is low in methionine and contains lower amounts of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), which play a crucial role in muscle health. We hypothesized that probiotic supplementation results in favorable changes in the gut microbiota, aiding the absorption of amino acids from plant proteins by the host. Fifteen physically active men (24.2 ± 5.0 years; 85.3 ± 12.9 kg; 178.0 ± 7.6 cm; 16.7 ± 5.8% body fat) co-ingested 20 g of pea protein with either AminoAlta™, a multi-strain probiotic (5 billion CFU L. paracasei LP-DG® (CNCM I-1572) plus 5 billion CFU L. paracasei LPC-S01 (DSM 26760), SOFAR S.p.A., Italy) or a placebo for 2 weeks in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, separated by a 4-week washout period. Blood samples were taken at baseline and at 30-, 60-, 120-, and 180-min post-ingestion and analyzed for amino acid content. Probiotic administration significantly increased methionine, histidine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, total BCAA, and total EAA maximum concentrations (Cmax) and AUC without significantly changing the time to reach maximum concentrations. Probiotic supplementation can be an important nutritional strategy to improve post-prandial changes in blood amino acids and to overcome compositional shortcomings of plant proteins. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: ISRCTN38903788.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Zaragoza
- Human Performance Laboratory, School of Exercise & Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | | | - Stefania Iametti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Marengo
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Stacie Urbina
- Human Performance Laboratory, School of Exercise & Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Lem Taylor
- Human Performance Laboratory, School of Exercise & Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
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Schuster JA, Vogel RF, Ehrmann MA. Biodiversity of Lactobacillus helveticus isolates from dairy and cereal fermentations reveals habitat-adapted biotypes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 367:5817842. [PMID: 32267927 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For the present study, we collected 22 Lactobacillus helveticus strains from different dairy (n = 10) and cereal (n = 12) fermentations to investigate their biodiversity and to uncover habitat-specific traits. Biodiversity was assessed by comparison of genetic fingerprints, low-molecular-weight subproteomes, metabolic and enzymatic activities, growth characteristics and acidification kinetics in food matrices. A clear distinction between the dairy and cereal strains was observed in almost all examined features suggesting that the different habitats are domiciled by different L. helveticus biotypes that are adapted to the specific environmental conditions. Analysis of the low-molecular-weight subproteome divided the cereal isolates into two clusters, while the dairy isolates formed a separate homogeneous cluster. Differences regarding carbohydrate utilization were observed for lactose, galactose, sucrose and cellobiose as well as for plant-derived glucosides. Enzymatic differences were observed mainly for ß-galactosidase and ß-glucosidase activities. Further, growth temperature was optimal in the range from 33 to 37°C for the cereal strains, whereas the dairy strains showed optimal growth at 40°C. Taken together, adaptation of the various biotypes results in a growth benefit in the particular environment. Acidification and growth tests using either sterile skim milk or a wheat flour extract confirmed these results. Differentiation of these biotypes and their physiological characteristics enables knowledge-based starter culture development for cereal versus dairy products within one species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian A Schuster
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Rudi F Vogel
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Matthias A Ehrmann
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Carrillo-Barragán P, Dolfing J, Sallis P, Gray N. The stability of ethanol production from organic waste by a mixed culture depends on inoculum transfer time. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Chen J, Lv H, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Zhang B, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang M, Pang H, Qin G, Wang L, Tan Z. Multilocus Sequence Typing of Leuconostoc mesenteroides Strains From the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:614286. [PMID: 33584616 PMCID: PMC7874059 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.614286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leuconostoc mesenteroides strains were a type of epiphytic bacterium widely used in fermented foods and products in the biochemical and pharmaceutical industries but data on its presence in foods from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China was scarce. In this study, molecular analysis based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST) with eight housekeeping genes (pyrG, groeL, rpoB, recA, uvrC, murC, carB, and pheS) was carried out on 45 L. mesenteroides strains isolated from different plants and dairy products from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. The objective of this study was to perform genetic diversity analysis and explore the relationship between strains and isolate samples or separate regions. A total of 25 sequence types (STs) were identified with a diversity of up to 55.6%, which were grouped into one clonal complexes (CCs), 3 doublets and 17 singletons by eBURST. The results of minimum spanning tree and clustering analysis indicated these L. mesenteroides strains from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were relatively weakly related to the isolated region. However, there was a close relationship between the genotypes of L. mesenteroides strains and the type of the isolated sample, which was consistent with the results of API 50CH. The MLST scheme presented in this study provides a shareable and comparable sequence database and enhances our knowledge of the population diversity of L. mesenteroides strains which will be further used for the selection of industrial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-Beam Bioengineering, School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haoxin Lv
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhixia Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-Beam Bioengineering, School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jiaozuo University, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Xing Wang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huili Pang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guangyong Qin
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhongfang Tan
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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13
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Sharma A, Lee S, Park YS. Molecular typing tools for identifying and characterizing lactic acid bacteria: a review. Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 29:1301-1318. [PMID: 32995049 PMCID: PMC7492335 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-020-00802-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification and classification of beneficial microbes is of the highest significance in food science and related industries. Conventional phenotypic approaches pose many challenges, and they may misidentify a target, limiting their use. Genotyping tools show comparatively better prospects, and they are widely used for distinguishing microorganisms. The techniques already employed in genotyping of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are slightly different from one another, and each tool has its own advantages and disadvantages. This review paper compiles the comprehensive details of several fingerprinting tools that have been used for identifying and characterizing LAB at the species, sub-species, and strain levels. Notably, most of these approaches are based on restriction digestion, amplification using polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing. Nowadays, DNA sequencing technologies have made considerable progress in terms of cost, throughput, and methodology. A research journey to develop improved versions of generally applicable and economically viable tools for fingerprinting analysis is ongoing globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Sharma
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120 Republic of Korea.,Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
| | - Sulhee Lee
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seo Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120 Republic of Korea
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14
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De Filippis F, Pasolli E, Ercolini D. The food-gut axis: lactic acid bacteria and their link to food, the gut microbiome and human health. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:454-489. [PMID: 32556166 PMCID: PMC7391071 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are present in foods, the environment and the animal gut, although fermented foods (FFs) are recognized as the primary niche of LAB activity. Several LAB strains have been studied for their health-promoting properties and are employed as probiotics. FFs are recognized for their potential beneficial effects, which we review in this article. They are also an important source of LAB, which are ingested daily upon FF consumption. In this review, we describe the diversity of LAB and their occurrence in food as well as the gut microbiome. We discuss the opportunities to study LAB diversity and functional properties by considering the availability of both genomic and metagenomic data in public repositories, as well as the different latest computational tools for data analysis. In addition, we discuss the role of LAB as potential probiotics by reporting the prevalence of key genomic features in public genomes and by surveying the outcomes of LAB use in clinical trials involving human subjects. Finally, we highlight the need for further studies aimed at improving our knowledge of the link between LAB-fermented foods and the human gut from the perspective of health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Filippis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università, 100, 80055, Portici (NA)Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, Corso Umberto I, 40, 80100, Napoli, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pasolli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università, 100, 80055, Portici (NA)Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, Corso Umberto I, 40, 80100, Napoli, Italy
| | - Danilo Ercolini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università, 100, 80055, Portici (NA)Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, Corso Umberto I, 40, 80100, Napoli, Italy
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15
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Suzuki S, Fujita K, Maeno S, Shiwa Y, Endo A, Yokota K, Igimi S, Kajikawa A. PCR-based screening, isolation, and partial characterization of motile lactobacilli from various animal feces. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:142. [PMID: 32493209 PMCID: PMC7268542 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01830-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most lactobacilli found in animal intestines are generally non-motile, but there are few exceptions. Our previous work showed that Lactobacillus agilis BKN88, which is a highly motile strain originating from a chicken, takes advantage of motility in gut colonization in murine models, and thus motile lactobacilli likely have unique ecological characteristics conferred by motility. However, the ecology and habitat of gut-derived motile lactobacilli are still rarely understood. In addition, the limited availability of motile Lactobacillus isolates is one of the major obstacles for further studies. To gain insight into the ecology and habitat of the motile lactobacilli, we established a routinely applicable detection method for motile lactobacilli using PCR and subsequent selective isolation in semi-solid MRS medium for the collection of additional motile lactobacilli from animal feces. RESULTS We applied the PCR detection using motile lactobacilli-specific primers, based on the motor switch protein gene (fliG) of flagella, to 120 animal feces, followed by selective isolation performed using 45 animal feces. As a result, motile lactobacilli were detected in 44 animal feces. In the selective isolation, 29 isolates of L. agilis and 2 isolates of L. ruminis were obtained from 8 animal species. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that motile lactobacilli are distributed in different animal species. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of the L. agilis isolates suggests co-evolution with the host, and adaptation to a particular environmental niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Suzuki
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan
| | - Koki Fujita
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan
| | - Shintaro Maeno
- Department of Food, Aroma and Cosmetic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493 Japan
| | - Yuh Shiwa
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan
| | - Akihito Endo
- Department of Food, Aroma and Cosmetic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493 Japan
| | - Kenji Yokota
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan
| | - Shizunobu Igimi
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan
| | - Akinobu Kajikawa
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan
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16
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Yu AO, Leveau JHJ, Marco ML. Abundance, diversity and plant-specific adaptations of plant-associated lactic acid bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 12:16-29. [PMID: 31573142 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are essential for many fruit, vegetable and grain food and beverage fermentations. However, the numbers, diversity and plant-specific adaptions of LAB found on plant tissues prior to the start of those fermentations are not well understood. When measured, these bacteria have been recovered from the aerial surfaces of plants in a range from <10 CFU g-1 to over 108.5 CFU g-1 of plant tissue and in lower quantities from the soil and rhizosphere. Plant-associated LAB include well-known generalist taxa such as Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides, which are essential for numerous food and beverage fermentations. Other plant-associated LAB encompass specialist taxa such as Lactobacillus florum and Fructobacillus, many of which were discovered relatively recently and their significance on plants and in foods is not yet recognized. LAB recovered from plants possess the capacity to consume plant sugars, detoxify phenolic compounds and tolerate the numerous biotic and abiotic stresses common to plant surfaces. Although most generalist and some specialist LAB grow rapidly in food and beverages fermentations and can cause spoilage of fresh and fermented fruits and vegetables, the importance of living plants as habitats for these bacteria and LAB contributions to plant microbiomes remain to be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle O Yu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Johan H J Leveau
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Maria L Marco
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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17
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Reanalysis of Lactobacillus paracasei Lbs2 Strain and Large-Scale Comparative Genomics Places Many Strains into Their Correct Taxonomic Position. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110487. [PMID: 31731444 PMCID: PMC6920896 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus paracasei are diverse Gram-positive bacteria that are very closely related to Lactobacillus casei, belonging to the Lactobacillus casei group. Due to extreme genome similarities between L. casei and L. paracasei, many strains have been cross placed in the other group. We had earlier sequenced and analyzed the genome of Lactobacillus paracasei Lbs2, but mistakenly identified it as L. casei. We re-analyzed Lbs2 reads into a 2.5 MB genome that is 91.28% complete with 0.8% contamination, which is now suitably placed under L. paracasei based on Average Nucleotide Identity and Average Amino Acid Identity. We took 74 sequenced genomes of L. paracasei from GenBank with assembly sizes ranging from 2.3 to 3.3 MB and genome completeness between 88% and 100% for comparison. The pan-genome of 75 L. paracasei strains hold 15,945 gene families (21,5232 genes), while the core genome contained about 8.4% of the total genes (243 gene families with 18,225 genes) of pan-genome. Phylogenomic analysis based on core gene families revealed that the Lbs2 strain has a closer relationship with L. paracasei subsp. tolerans DSM20258. Finally, the in-silico analysis of the L. paracasei Lbs2 genome revealed an important pathway that could underpin the production of thiamin, which may contribute to the host energy metabolism.
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18
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Hill D, Sugrue I, Tobin C, Hill C, Stanton C, Ross RP. The Lactobacillus casei Group: History and Health Related Applications. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2107. [PMID: 30298055 PMCID: PMC6160870 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The Lactobacillus casei group (LCG), composed of the closely related Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus are some of the most widely researched and applied probiotic species of lactobacilli. The three species have been extensively studied, classified and reclassified due to their health promoting properties. Differentiation is often difficult by conventional phenotypic and genotypic methods and therefore new methods are being continually developed to distinguish the three closely related species. The group remain of interest as probiotics, and their use is widespread in industry. Much research has focused in recent years on their application for health promotion in treatment or prevention of a number of diseases and disorders. The LCG have the potential to be used prophylactically or therapeutically in diseases associated with a disturbance to the gut microbiota. The group have been extensively researched with regard to stress responses, which are crucial for their survival and therefore application as probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daragh Hill
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc, Moorepark, Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ivan Sugrue
- Teagasc, Moorepark, Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Conor Tobin
- Teagasc, Moorepark, Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc, Moorepark, Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
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19
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Analysis of Leuconostoc citreum strains using multilocus sequence typing. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:1755-1760. [PMID: 30483440 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to perform genetic diversity analysis of 13 strains isolated from South Korean foods by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). For typing, seven housekeeping loci (atpA, dnaA, dnaK, gyrB, pheS, pyrG, and rpoA) were selected, amplified and analyzed. Fifty-one polymorphic sites varying from 1 to 22 in each species were identified. Thirteen sequence types were generated with allele numbers ranged from 2 to 10. The overall relationship between strains was assessed by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean dendrogram and minimum spanning tree. In addition, combined spits tree analysis revealed intragenic recombination. No clear relationship was observed between the isolation sources and strains. The developed MLST scheme enhanced our knowledge of the population diversity of Leu. citreum strains and will be used further for the selection of industrially important strain.
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20
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Diversity and evolution of Lactobacillus casei group isolated from fermented dairy products in Tibet. Arch Microbiol 2018; 200:1111-1121. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-018-1528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Genetic diversity analysis of Leuconostoc mesenteroides from Korean vegetables and food products by multilocus sequence typing. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4853-4861. [PMID: 29619504 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, 35 Leuconostoc mesenteroides strains isolated from vegetables and food products from South Korea were studied by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of seven housekeeping genes (atpA, groEL, gyrB, pheS, pyrG, rpoA, and uvrC). The fragment sizes of the seven amplified housekeeping genes ranged in length from 366 to 1414 bp. Sequence analysis indicated 27 different sequence types (STs) with 25 of them being represented by a single strain indicating high genetic diversity, whereas the remaining 2 were characterized by five strains each. In total, 220 polymorphic nucleotide sites were detected among seven housekeeping genes. The phylogenetic analysis based on the STs of the seven loci indicated that the 35 strains belonged to two major groups, A (28 strains) and B (7 strains). Split decomposition analysis showed that intraspecies recombination played a role in generating diversity among strains. The minimum spanning tree showed that the evolution of the STs was not correlated with food source. This study signifies that the multilocus sequence typing is a valuable tool to access the genetic diversity among L. mesenteroides strains from South Korea and can be used further to monitor the evolutionary changes.
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22
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Molecular discrimination of Lactobacillus brevis strains isolated from food products in South Korea using multilocus sequence typing. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Lee JY, Han GG, Kim EB, Choi YJ. Comparative genomics of Lactobacillus salivarius strains focusing on their host adaptation. Microbiol Res 2017; 205:48-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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24
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Zhang W, Guo H, Cao C, Li L, Kwok LY, Zhang H, Sun Z. Adaptation of Lactobacillus casei Zhang to Gentamycin Involves an Alkaline Shock Protein. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2316. [PMID: 29218040 PMCID: PMC5703869 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus (L. casei) Zhang is a koumiss-originated probiotic strain, which was used as a model in a long-term antibiotics-driven evolution experiment to reveal bacterial evolutionary dynamics; and we isolated gentamycin-resistant L. casei Zhang descendents. To decipher the gentamycin resistance mechanism, here we cultivated the parental L. casei Zhang and its descendent cells in an antibiotics-containing environment to compare their global protein expression profiles using the iTRAQ-based proteomic approach. A total of 72 proteins were significantly up-regulated (>2.0-fold, P < 0.05), whilst 32 proteins were significantly down-regulated <−2.0-fold, P < 0.05) in the descendent line. The gentamycin-resistant descendent line showed elevated expression in some carbohydrates, amino acids, and purine metabolic pathways. Several stress-related proteins were also differentially expressed. Among them, one alkaline shock protein, asp23, was up-regulated most in the gentamycin-resistant strain (21.9-fold increase compared with the parental strain). The asp23 gene disruption mutant was significantly more sensitive to gentamycin compared with the wild type, suggesting an important role of this gene in developing the gentamycin-resistant phenotype in L. casei. Our report has described the adaptation of a probiotic strain that has acquired antibiotics resistance through long-term antibiotics exposure at the proteome level, and we revealed a novel mechanism of gentamycin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Huiling Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chenxia Cao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lina Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lai-Yu Kwok
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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25
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Bottari B, Felis GE, Salvetti E, Castioni A, Campedelli I, Torriani S, Bernini V, Gatti M. Effective identification of Lactobacillus casei group species: genome-based selection of the gene mutL as the target of a novel multiplex PCR assay. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:950-960. [PMID: 28721852 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus casei,Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillusrhamnosus form a closely related taxonomic group (the L. casei group) within the facultatively heterofermentative lactobacilli. Strains of these species have been used for a long time as probiotics in a wide range of products, and they represent the dominant species of nonstarter lactic acid bacteria in ripened cheeses, where they contribute to flavour development. The close genetic relationship among those species, as well as the similarity of biochemical properties of the strains, hinders the development of an adequate selective method to identify these bacteria. Despite this being a hot topic, as demonstrated by the large amount of literature about it, the results of different proposed identification methods are often ambiguous and unsatisfactory. The aim of this study was to develop a more robust species-specific identification assay for differentiating the species of the L. casei group. A taxonomy-driven comparative genomic analysis was carried out to select the potential target genes whose similarity could better reflect genome-wide diversity. The gene mutL appeared to be the most promising one and, therefore, a novel species-specific multiplex PCR assay was developed to rapidly and effectively distinguish L. casei, L. paracasei and L. rhamnosus strains. The analysis of a collection of 76 wild dairy isolates, previously identified as members of the L. casei group combining the results of multiple approaches, revealed that the novel designed primers, especially in combination with already existing ones, were able to improve the discrimination power at the species level and reveal previously undiscovered intraspecific biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Bottari
- Department of Food and Drug Science, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 49/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.,Multidisciplinary Interdepartmental Dairy Center - MILC, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanna E Felis
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Salvetti
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna Castioni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.,Present address: Panificio Zorzi S.r.l., Loc. Brà 1, 37020 Brentino Belluno, Verona, Italy
| | - Ilenia Campedelli
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Sandra Torriani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Valentina Bernini
- Department of Food and Drug Science, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 49/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Monica Gatti
- Department of Food and Drug Science, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 49/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.,Multidisciplinary Interdepartmental Dairy Center - MILC, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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26
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Duar RM, Lin XB, Zheng J, Martino ME, Grenier T, Pérez-Muñoz ME, Leulier F, Gänzle M, Walter J. Lifestyles in transition: evolution and natural history of the genus Lactobacillus. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 41:S27-S48. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fux030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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27
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Sulaiman IM, Jacobs E, Simpson S, Kerdahi K. Multilocus Genetic Characterization of Lactobacillus fermentum Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Canned Food. J Food Prot 2017; 80:963-968. [PMID: 28467184 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The primary mission of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is to enforce the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and regulate food, drug, and cosmetic products. Thus, this agency monitors the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in these products, including canned foods, as one of the regulatory action criteria and also ensures that these products are safe for human consumption. This study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of pathogen control and integrity of ready-to-eat canned food containing Black Bean Corn Poblano Salsa. A total of nine unopened and recalled canned glass jars from the same lot were examined initially by conventional microbiologic protocols that involved a two-step enrichment, followed by streaking on selective agar plates, for the presence of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Of the eight subsamples examined for each sample, all subsamples of one of the containers were found positive for the presence of slow-growing rod-shaped, gram-positive, facultative anaerobic bacteria. The recovered isolates were subsequently sequenced at rRNA and gyrB loci. Afterward, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed characterizing 11 additional known MLST loci (clpX, dnaA, dnaK, groEL, murC, murE, pepX, pyrG, recA, rpoB, and uvrC). Analyses of the nucleotide sequences of rRNA, gyrB, and 11 MLST loci confirmed these gram-positive bacteria recovered from canned food to be Lactobacillus fermentum . Thus, the DNA sequencing of housekeeping MLST genes can provide species identification of L. fermentum and can be used in the canned food monitoring program of public health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad M Sulaiman
- Southeast Regional Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 60 Eighth Street N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30309, USA
| | - Emily Jacobs
- Southeast Regional Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 60 Eighth Street N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30309, USA
| | - Steven Simpson
- Southeast Regional Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 60 Eighth Street N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30309, USA
| | - Khalil Kerdahi
- Southeast Regional Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 60 Eighth Street N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30309, USA
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Lactobacilli occupy a unique position in human culture and scientific history. Like brewer’s and baker’s yeast, lactobacilli have been associated with food production and preservation for thousands of years.
Lactobacillus
species are used in mixed microbial cultures, such as the classical
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
/
Streptococcus thermophilus
inoculum for yogurt fermentation, or combinations of diverse lactobacilli/yeasts in kefir grains. The association of lactobacilli consumption with greater longevity and improved health formed the basis for developing lactobacilli as probiotics, whose market has exploded worldwide in the past 10 years. The decade that followed the determination of the first genome sequence of a food-associated species,
Lactobacillus plantarum
, saw the application to lactobacilli of a full range of functional genomics methods to identify the genes and gene products that govern their distinctive phenotypes and health associations. In this review, we will briefly remind the reader of the range of beneficial effects attributed to lactobacilli, and then explain the phylogenomic basis for the distribution of these traits across the genus. Recognizing the strain specificity of probiotic effects, we review studies of intraspecific genomic variation and their contributions to identifying probiotic traits. Finally we offer a perspective on classification of lactobacilli into new genera in a scheme that will make attributing probiotic properties to clades, taxa, and species more logical and more robust.
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Kang J, Chung WH, Lim TJ, Whon TW, Lim S, Nam YD. Complete Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus casei LC5, a Potential Probiotics for Atopic Dermatitis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:413. [PMID: 28439274 PMCID: PMC5383696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Kang
- Research Group of Gut Microbiome, Korea Food Research Institute, Sungnam, South Korea.,Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Won-Hyong Chung
- Research Group of Gut Microbiome, Korea Food Research Institute, Sungnam, South Korea
| | - Tae-Joong Lim
- Research and Development Center, Cell Biotech Co. Ltd., Gimpo, South Korea
| | - Tae Woong Whon
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sanghyun Lim
- Research and Development Center, Cell Biotech Co. Ltd., Gimpo, South Korea
| | - Young-Do Nam
- Research Group of Gut Microbiome, Korea Food Research Institute, Sungnam, South Korea.,Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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30
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Stefanovic E, Kilcawley KN, Rea MC, Fitzgerald GF, McAuliffe O. Genetic, enzymatic and metabolite profiling of the Lactobacillus casei group reveals strain biodiversity and potential applications for flavour diversification. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1245-1261. [PMID: 28199757 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The Lactobacillus casei group represents a widely explored group of lactic acid bacteria, characterized by a high level of biodiversity. In this study, the genetic and phenotypic diversity of a collection of more than 300 isolates of the Lact. casei group and their potential to produce volatile metabolites important for flavour development in dairy products, was examined. METHODS AND RESULTS Following confirmation of species by 16S rRNA PCR, the diversity of the isolates was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The activities of enzymes involved in the proteolytic cascade were assessed and significant differences among the strains were observed. Ten strains were chosen based on the results of their enzymes activities and they were analysed for their ability to produce volatiles in media with increased concentrations of a representative aromatic, branched chain and sulphur amino acid. Volatiles were assessed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Strain-dependent differences in the range and type of volatiles produced were evident. CONCLUSIONS Strains of the Lact. casei group are characterized by genetic and metabolic diversity which supports variability in volatile production. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides a screening approach for the knowledge-based selection of strains potentially enabling flavour diversification in fermented dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Stefanovic
- Department of Food Bioscience, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - K N Kilcawley
- Department of Food Bioscience, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - M C Rea
- Department of Food Bioscience, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - G F Fitzgerald
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - O McAuliffe
- Department of Food Bioscience, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
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31
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Poluektova EU, Yunes RA, Epiphanova MV, Orlova VS, Danilenko VN. The Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus fermentum strains from human biotopes characterized with MLST and toxin-antitoxin gene polymorphism. Arch Microbiol 2017; 199:683-690. [PMID: 28213763 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of Lb. rhamnosus and Lb. fermentum strains isolated from feces, saliva, and the vaginal cavity of 18-22-year-old healthy women residing in central regions of the Russian Federation has been characterized. The results obtained using multilocus sequence typing were identical to those obtained with the analysis of genetic and genomic polymorphism in TA systems. Different as well as identical Lb. rhamnosus and Lb. fermentum sequence types (ST) were isolated from various parts of the body of the same person. Identical ST were also isolated from different women, suggesting that such strains belong to a common pool of strains circulating among the population members. Our results demonstrate that TAs are suitable for characterizing intra-specific diversity of Lb. rhamnosus and Lb. fermentum strains. The advantage of using polymorphisms in TA systems for genotyping is based on the weak number of genes used, and consequently, less time is required for the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E U Poluektova
- Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Gubkin Street, GSP-1, Moscow, 119333, Russian Federation
| | - R A Yunes
- Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Gubkin Street, GSP-1, Moscow, 119333, Russian Federation. .,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), 6 Miklukho-Maklai Street, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation.
| | - M V Epiphanova
- Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Gubkin Street, GSP-1, Moscow, 119333, Russian Federation
| | - V S Orlova
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), 6 Miklukho-Maklai Street, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - V N Danilenko
- Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Gubkin Street, GSP-1, Moscow, 119333, Russian Federation
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32
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Stefanovic E, Fitzgerald G, McAuliffe O. Advances in the genomics and metabolomics of dairy lactobacilli: A review. Food Microbiol 2017; 61:33-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Rosing JA, Walker KC, Jensen BA, Heitmann BL. Oral Lactobacillus Counts Predict Weight Gain Susceptibility: A 6-Year Follow-Up Study. Obes Facts 2017; 10:473-482. [PMID: 29020671 PMCID: PMC5741165 DOI: 10.1159/000478095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown an association between weight change and the makeup of the intestinal microbiota in humans. Specifically, Lactobacillus, a part of the entire gastrointestinal tract's microbiota, has been shown to contribute to weight regulation. AIM We examined the association between the level of oral Lactobacillus and the subsequent 6-year weight change in a healthy population of 322 Danish adults aged 35-65 years at baseline. DESIGN Prospective observational study. RESULTS In unadjusted analysis the level of oral Lactobacillus was inversely associated with subsequent 6-year change in BMI. A statistically significant interaction between the baseline level of oral Lactobacillus and the consumption of complex carbohydrates was found, e.g. high oral Lactobacillus count predicted weight loss for those with a low intake of complex carbohydrates, while a medium intake of complex carbohydrates predicted diminished weight gain. A closer examination of these relations showed that BMI change and Lactobacillus level was unrelated for those with high complex carbohydrate consumption. CONCLUSION A high level of oral Lactobacillus seems related to weight loss among those with medium and low intakes of complex carbohydrates. Absence, or a low level of oral Lactobacillus, may potentially be a novel marker to identify those at increased risk of weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Aviaja Rosing
- Department of Public Health, Section for General Practice, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Christina Walker
- Department of Public Health, Section for General Practice, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benjamin A.H. Jensen
- Department of Biology, Laboratory for Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit L. Heitmann
- Department of Public Health, Section for General Practice, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region and University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Prof. Dr. Berit L. Heitmann, Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Ndr Fasanvej 57, hovedvejen opg. 5, 1st Floor, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark,
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34
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Mohkam M, Nezafat N, Berenjian A, Mobasher MA, Ghasemi Y. Identification of Bacillus Probiotics Isolated from Soil Rhizosphere Using 16S rRNA, recA, rpoB Gene Sequencing and RAPD-PCR. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016; 8:8-18. [PMID: 26898909 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-016-9208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Some Bacillus species, especially Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus groups, have highly similar 16S rRNA gene sequences, which are hard to identify based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis. To conquer this drawback, rpoB, recA sequence analysis along with randomly amplified polymorphic (RAPD) fingerprinting was examined as an alternative method for differentiating Bacillus species. The 16S rRNA, rpoB and recA genes were amplified via a polymerase chain reaction using their specific primers. The resulted PCR amplicons were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was employed by MEGA 6 software. Identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing was underpinned by rpoB and recA gene sequencing as well as RAPD-PCR technique. Subsequently, concatenation and phylogenetic analysis showed that extent of diversity and similarity were better obtained by rpoB and recA primers, which are also reinforced by RAPD-PCR methods. However, in one case, these approaches failed to identify one isolate, which in combination with the phenotypical method offsets this issue. Overall, RAPD fingerprinting, rpoB and recA along with concatenated genes sequence analysis discriminated closely related Bacillus species, which highlights the significance of the multigenic method in more precisely distinguishing Bacillus strains. This research emphasizes the benefit of RAPD fingerprinting, rpoB and recA sequence analysis superior to 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for suitable and effective identification of Bacillus species as recommended for probiotic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Mohkam
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aydin Berenjian
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Mohammad Ali Mobasher
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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35
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Abstract
Many metagenomic sequencing studies have observed the presence of closely related bacterial species or genotypes in the same microbiome. Previous attempts to explain these patterns of microdiversity have focused on the abiotic environment, but few have considered how biotic interactions could drive patterns of microbiome diversity. We dissected the patterns, processes, and mechanisms shaping the ecological distributions of three closely related Staphylococcus species in cheese rind biofilms. Paradoxically, the most abundant species (S. equorum) is the slowest colonizer and weakest competitor based on growth and competition assays in the laboratory. Through in vitro community reconstructions, we determined that biotic interactions with neighboring fungi help resolve this paradox. Species-specific stimulation of the poor competitor by fungi of the genus Scopulariopsis allows S. equorum to dominate communities in vitro as it does in situ. Results of comparative genomic and transcriptomic experiments indicate that iron utilization pathways, including a homolog of the S. aureus staphyloferrin B siderophore operon pathway, are potential molecular mechanisms underlying Staphylococcus-Scopulariopsis interactions. Our integrated approach demonstrates that fungi can structure the ecological distributions of closely related bacterial species, and the data highlight the importance of bacterium-fungus interactions in attempts to design and manipulate microbiomes. Decades of culture-based studies and more recent metagenomic studies have demonstrated that bacterial species in agriculture, medicine, industry, and nature are unevenly distributed across time and space. The ecological processes and molecular mechanisms that shape these distributions are not well understood because it is challenging to connect in situ patterns of diversity with mechanistic in vitro studies in the laboratory. Using tractable cheese rind biofilms and a focus on coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) species, we demonstrate that fungi can mediate the ecological distributions of closely related bacterial species. One of the Staphylococcus species studied, S. saprophyticus, is a common cause of urinary tract infections. By identifying processes that control the abundance of undesirable CNS species, cheese producers will have more precise control on the safety and quality of their products. More generally, Staphylococcus species frequently co-occur with fungi in mammalian microbiomes, and similar bacterium-fungus interactions may structure bacterial diversity in these systems.
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36
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Vinay-Lara E, Wang S, Bai L, Phrommao E, Broadbent JR, Steele JL. Lactobacillus casei as a biocatalyst for biofuel production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 43:1205-13. [PMID: 27312380 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microbial fermentation of sugars from plant biomass to alcohols represents an alternative to petroleum-based fuels. The optimal biocatalyst for such fermentations needs to overcome hurdles such as high concentrations of alcohols and toxic compounds. Lactic acid bacteria, especially lactobacilli, have high innate alcohol tolerance and are remarkably adaptive to harsh environments. This study assessed the potential of five Lactobacillus casei strains as biocatalysts for alcohol production. L. casei 12A was selected based upon its innate alcohol tolerance, high transformation efficiency and ability to utilize plant-derived carbohydrates. A 12A derivative engineered to produce ethanol (L. casei E1) was compared to two other bacterial biocatalysts. Maximal growth rate, maximal optical density and ethanol production were determined under conditions similar to those present during alcohol production from lignocellulosic feedstocks. L. casei E1 exhibited higher innate alcohol tolerance, better growth in the presence of corn stover hydrolysate stressors, and resulted in higher ethanol yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vinay-Lara
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 127B Babcock Hall, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Song Wang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lina Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ekkarat Phrommao
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 127B Babcock Hall, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jeff R Broadbent
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322-8700, USA
| | - James L Steele
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 127B Babcock Hall, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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37
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Comparative Genomics Reveals Biomarkers to Identify Lactobacillus Species. Indian J Microbiol 2016; 56:265-76. [PMID: 27407290 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-016-0605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria possessing multiple copies of 16S rRNA (rrs) gene demonstrate high intragenomic heterogeneity. It hinders clear distinction at species level and even leads to overestimation of the bacterial diversity. Fifty completely sequenced genomes belonging to 19 species of Lactobacillus species were found to possess 4-9 copies of rrs each. Multiple sequence alignment of 268 rrs genes from all the 19 species could be classified into 20 groups. Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis TMW 1.1304 was the only species where all the 7 copies of rrs were exactly similar and thus formed a distinct group. In order to circumvent the problem of high heterogeneity arising due to multiple copies of rrs, 19 additional genes (732-3645 nucleotides in size) common to Lactobacillus genomes, were selected and digested with 10 Type II restriction endonucleases (RE), under in silico conditions. The following unique gene-RE combinations: recA (1098 nts)-HpyCH4 V, CviAII, BfuCI and RsaI were found to be useful in identifying 29 strains representing 17 species. Digestion patterns of genes-ruvB (1020 nts), dnaA (1368 nts), purA (1290 nts), dnaJ (1140 nts), and gyrB (1944 nts) in combination with REs-AluI, BfuCI, CviAI, Taq1, and Tru9I allowed clear identification of an additional 14 strains belonging to 8 species. Digestion pattern of genes recA, ruvB, dnaA, purA, dnaJ and gyrB can be used as biomarkers for identifying different species of Lactobacillus.
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38
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Newton ILG, Clark ME, Kent BN, Bordenstein SR, Qu J, Richards S, Kelkar YD, Werren JH. Comparative Genomics of Two Closely Related Wolbachia with Different Reproductive Effects on Hosts. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:1526-42. [PMID: 27189996 PMCID: PMC4898810 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia pipientis are obligate intracellular bacteria commonly found in many arthropods. They can induce various reproductive alterations in hosts, including cytoplasmic incompatibility, male-killing, feminization, and parthenogenetic development, and can provide host protection against some viruses and other pathogens. Wolbachia differ from many other primary endosymbionts in arthropods because they undergo frequent horizontal transmission between hosts and are well known for an abundance of mobile elements and relatively high recombination rates. Here, we compare the genomes of two closely related Wolbachia (with 0.57% genome-wide synonymous divergence) that differ in their reproductive effects on hosts. wVitA induces a sperm-egg incompatibility (also known as cytoplasmic incompatibility) in the parasitoid insect Nasonia vitripennis, whereas wUni causes parthenogenetic development in a different parasitoid, Muscidifurax uniraptor Although these bacteria are closely related, the genomic comparison reveals rampant rearrangements, protein truncations (particularly in proteins predicted to be secreted), and elevated substitution rates. These changes occur predominantly in the wUni lineage, and may be due in part to adaptations by wUni to a new host environment, or its phenotypic shift to parthenogenesis induction. However, we conclude that the approximately 8-fold elevated synonymous substitution rate in wUni is due to a either an elevated mutation rate or a greater number of generations per year in wUni, which occurs in semitropical host species. We identify a set of genes whose loss or pseudogenization in the wUni lineage implicates them in the phenotypic shift from cytoplasmic incompatibility to parthenogenesis induction. Finally, comparison of these closely related strains allows us to determine the fine-scale mutation patterns in Wolbachia Although Wolbachia are AT rich, mutation probabilities estimated from 4-fold degenerate sites are not AT biased, and predict an equilibrium AT content much less biased than observed (57-50% AT predicted vs. 76% current content at degenerate sites genome wide). The contrast suggests selection for increased AT content within Wolbachia genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bethany N Kent
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University
| | - Seth R Bordenstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University
| | - Jiaxin Qu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yogeshwar D Kelkar
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester
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Genotypic diversity of Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis strains isolated from French organic sourdoughs. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 226:13-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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The Impact of Lactobacillus casei on the Composition of the Cecal Microbiota and Innate Immune System Is Strain Specific. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156374. [PMID: 27244133 PMCID: PMC4887021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The probiotic function to impact human health is thought to be related to their ability to alter the composition of the gut microbiota and modulate the human innate immune system. The ability to function as a probiotic is believed to be strain specific. Strains of Lactobacillus casei are commonly utilized as probiotics that when consumed alter the composition of the gut microbiota and modulate the host immune response. L. casei strains are known to differ significantly in gene content. The objective of this study was to investigate seven different L. casei strains for their ability to alter the murine gut microbiota and modulate the murine immune system. C57BL/6 mice were fed L. casei strains at a dose of 108 CFU/day/mouse for seven days and sacrificed 3.5h after the last administration. The cecal content and the ileum tissue were collected for microbiota analysis and immune profiling, respectively. While 5 of the L. casei strains altered the gut microbiota in a strain specific manner, two of the strains did not alter the overall cecal microbiota composition. The observed changes cluster into three groups containing between 1 and 2 strains. Two strains that did not affect the gut microbiota composition cluster together with the control in their impact on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expression, suggesting that the ability to alter the cecal microbiota correlates with the ability to alter PRR expression. They also cluster together in their impact on the expression of intestinal antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). This result suggests that a relationship exists between the capability of a L. casei strains to alter the composition of the gut microbiota, PRR regulation, and AMP regulation.
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41
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Bao Q, Song Y, Xu H, Yu J, Zhang W, Menghe B, Zhang H, Sun Z. Multilocus sequence typing of Lactobacillus casei isolates from naturally fermented foods in China and Mongolia. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:5202-5213. [PMID: 27179867 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus casei is a lactic acid bacterium used in manufacturing of many fermented food products. To investigate the genetic diversity and population biology of this food-related bacterium, 224 Lb. casei isolates and 5 reference isolates were examined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Among them, 224 Lb. casei isolates were isolated from homemade fermented foods, including naturally fermented dairy products, acidic gruel, and Sichuan pickles from 38 different regions in China and Mongolia. The MLST scheme was developed based on the analysis of 10 selected housekeeping genes (carB, clpX, dnaA, groEL, murE, pyrG, pheS, recA, rpoC, and uvrC). All 229 isolates could be allocated to 171 unique sequence types, including 25 clonal complexes and 71 singletons. The high index of association value (1.3524) and standardized index of association value (0.1503) indicate the formation of an underlying clonal population by all the isolates. However, split-decomposition, relative frequency of occurrence of recombination and mutation, and relative effect of recombination and mutation in the diversification values confirm that recombination may have occurred, and were more frequent than mutation during the evolution of Lb. casei. Results from Structure analyses (version 2.3; http://pritch.bsd.uchicago.edu/structure.html) demonstrated that there were 5 lineages in the Lb. casei isolates, and the overall relatedness built by minimum spanning tree showed no clear relationship between the clonal complexes with either the isolation sources or sampling locations of the isolates. Our newly developed MLST scheme of Lb. casei was an easy and valuable tool that, together with the construction of an MLST database, will contribute to further detailed studies on the evolution and population genetics of Lb. casei from various niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Bao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China
| | - Yuqin Song
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China
| | - Bilige Menghe
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010018, China.
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Aktas B, De Wolfe TJ, Tandee K, Safdar N, Darien BJ, Steele JL. The Effect of Lactobacillus casei 32G on the Mouse Cecum Microbiota and Innate Immune Response Is Dose and Time Dependent. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145784. [PMID: 26714177 PMCID: PMC4705108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli have been associated with a variety of immunomodulatory effects and some of these effects have been related to changes in gastrointestinal microbiota. However, the relationship between probiotic dose, time since probiotic consumption, changes in the microbiota, and immune system requires further investigation. The objective of this study was to determine if the effect of Lactobacillus casei 32G on the murine gastrointestinal microbiota and immune function are dose and time dependent. Mice were fed L. casei 32G at doses of 106, 107, or 108 CFU/day/mouse for seven days and were sacrificed 0.5h, 3.5h, 12h, or 24h after the last administration. The ileum tissue and the cecal content were collected for immune profiling by qPCR and microbiota analysis, respectively. The time required for L. casei 32G to reach the cecum was monitored by qPCR and the 32G bolus reaches the cecum 3.5h after the last administration. L. casei 32G altered the cecal microbiota with the predominance of Lachnospiraceae IS, and Oscillospira decreasing significantly (p < 0.05) in the mice receiving 108 CFU/mouse 32G relative to the control mice, while a significant (p < 0.05) increase was observed in the prevalence of lactobacilli. The lactobacilli that increased were determined to be a commensal lactobacilli. Interestingly, no significant difference in the overall microbiota composition, regardless of 32G doses, was observed at the 12h time point. A likely explanation for this observation is the level of feed derived-nutrients resulting from the 12h light/dark cycle. 32G results in consistent increases in Clec2h expression and reductions in TLR-2, alpha-defensins, and lysozyme. Changes in expression of these components of the innate immune system are one possible explanation for the observed changes in the cecal microbiota. Additionally, 32G administration was observed to alter the expression of cytokines (IL-10rb and TNF-α) in a manner consistent with an anti-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Aktas
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Travis J. De Wolfe
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Kanokwan Tandee
- Food Science and Technology, Maejo University, Chiangmai, Thailand
| | - Nasia Safdar
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
- William S. Middleton Veterans Affairs Hospital, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Darien
- Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - James L. Steele
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Xu H, Liu W, Zhang W, Yu J, Song Y, Menhe B, Zhang H, Sun Z. Use of multilocus sequence typing to infer genetic diversity and population structure of Lactobacillus plantarum isolates from different sources. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:241. [PMID: 26511725 PMCID: PMC4625847 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactobacillus plantarum is a lactic acid bacterium (LAB) of considerable industrial interest since it has an important role in the production of fermented food. In the present study, the genetic diversity and population structure within 186 L. plantarum isolates was determined based on a novel MLST scheme employing eight housekeeping genes. These isolates had originated from different sources and geographic regions: 179 isolates were from our own culture collection and originated from China and Mongolia and seven isolates were type or reference isolates from other collections. RESULTS The results showed that 179 isolates and seven reference isolates could be assigned to 73 different sequence types (STs), forming ten clonal complexes (CCs) and 23 singletons. There were 158 polymorphic sites detected in total, and the nucleotide diversity per site varied from 0.00401 in clpX to 0.03220 in groEL. The minimum spanning tree analyses suggested that the evolution of L. plantarum isolates have little relationship with ecological sources have similar nucleotide diversity. Phylogenetic trees and structure indicated that there were six lineages in the L. plantarum isolates used in our study. Split-decomposition and ClonalFrame analysis indicated that recombination had occurred throughout the population of L. plantarum, but it occurred at a low frequency in these eight loci. CONCLUSION We deduced that L. plantarum isolates from the same ecological niches have similar genetic diversity and population structure. The MLST scheme presented in this study provides abundant sequence data for L. plantarum and enabled global comparisons of isolates associated with various environmental origins to be made. This will further advance our understanding of the microbial ecology of this industrially important LAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China.
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China.
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China.
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China.
| | - Yuqin Song
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China.
| | - Bilige Menhe
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China.
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China.
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, China.
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Yu J, Sun Z, Liu W, Xi X, Song Y, Xu H, Lv Q, Bao Q, Menghe B, Sun T. Multilocus sequence typing of Streptococcus thermophilus from naturally fermented dairy foods in China and Mongolia. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:236. [PMID: 26497818 PMCID: PMC4620635 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0551-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus thermophilus is a major dairy starter used for manufacturing of dairy products. In the present study, we developed a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for this important food bacterium. Sequences of 10 housekeeping genes (carB, clpX, dnaA, murC, murE, pepN, pepX, pyrG, recA, and rpoB) were obtained for 239 S. thermophilus strains, which were isolated from home-made fermented dairy foods in 18 different regions of Mongolia and China. Methods All 10 genes of S. thermophilus were sequenced, aligned, and defined sequence types (STs) using the BioNumerics Software. The nucleotide diversity was calculated by START v2.0. The population structure, phylogenetic relationships and the role of recombination were inferred using ClonalFrame v1.2, SplitsTree 4.0 and Structure v2.3. Results The 239 S. thermophilus isolates and 18 reference strains could be assigned into 119 different STs, which could be further separated into 16 clonal complexes (CCs) and 38 singletons. Among the 10 loci, a total of 132 polymorphic sites were detected. The standardized index of association (IAS = 0.0916), split-decomposition and ρ/θ (relative frequency of occurrence of recombination and mutation) and r/m value (relative impact of recombination and mutation in the diversification) confirms that recombination may have occurred, but it occurred at a low frequency in these 10 loci. Phylogenetic trees indicated that there were five lineages in the S. thermophilus isolates used in our study. MSTree and ClonalFrame tree analyses suggest that the evolution of S. thermophilus isolates have little relationship with geographic locality, but revealed no association with the types of fermented dairy product. Phylogenetic analysis of 36 whole genome strains (18 S. thermophilus, 2 S. vestibularis and 16 S. salivarius strains) indicated that our MLST scheme could clearly separate three closely related species within the salivarius group and is suitable for analyzing the population structure of the other two species in the salivarius group. Conclusions Our newly developed MLST scheme improved the understanding on the genetic diversity and population structure of the S. thermophilus, as well as provided useful information for further studies on the genotyping and evolutionary research for S. thermophilus strains with global diversity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0551-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoxia Xi
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Yuqin Song
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Qiang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Qiuhua Bao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Bilige Menghe
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Tiansong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010018, P. R. China.
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Balzaretti S, Taverniti V, Rondini G, Marcolegio G, Minuzzo M, Remagni MC, Fiore W, Arioli S, Guglielmetti S. The vaginal isolate Lactobacillus paracasei LPC-S01 (DSM 26760) is suitable for oral administration. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:952. [PMID: 26441886 PMCID: PMC4569730 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis is one of the most common urogenital diseases affecting women in reproductive age. The administration of probiotics as vaginal suppository has been proposed as a strategy to cure this condition and reduce its recurrence. Nonetheless, also oral consumption of probiotics, which is a more practical route of administration, proved to be an efficient strategy. In this perspective, we studied Lactobacillus paracasei LPC-S01 (DSM 26760), a human vaginal isolate included in commercial probiotic preparations for topical use, in order to assess if this bacterium can also perform as gastrointestinal probiotic. Comparative genomics revealed the presence of several accessory genes suggesting that LPC-S01 is a niche-generalist member of its species. According to a procedure conventionally used to predict the probiotic potential, we demonstrated that the probiotic properties of strain LPC-S01, with respect to those of the well-known probiotic references L. paracasei Shirota and DG, are equal for the bile tolerance and the reduction of NF-κB activation in Caco-2 cells, or superior for the tolerance to gastric juice and the adhesion to Caco-2 epithelial cells. We then demonstrated that LPC-S01 is susceptible to antibiotics indicated by EFSA and does not produce biogenic amines. Finally, a double-blind cross-over pilot intervention trial on healthy human volunteers showed that, after a 7-days oral consumption of capsules containing about 24 billion live cells, the fecal cell concentrations of strains LPC-S01 and DG (evaluated by qPCR) were not dissimilar. Specifically, both probiotics' cell concentrations were above the detection limit for an average of 5 days from the end of the treatment, corresponding to a mean number of evacuations of 7 ± 2. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the vaginal isolate L. paracasei LPC-S01 possesses safety and functional properties that may support its use as probiotic to be administered per os for potential intestinal as well as vaginal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Balzaretti
- Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocessing, Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Taverniti
- Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocessing, Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Greta Rondini
- Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocessing, Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Marcolegio
- Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocessing, Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Minuzzo
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Maria C Remagni
- Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocessing, Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Arioli
- Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocessing, Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Guglielmetti
- Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocessing, Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
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Garrido D, Ruiz-Moyano S, Lemay DG, Sela DA, German JB, Mills DA. Comparative transcriptomics reveals key differences in the response to milk oligosaccharides of infant gut-associated bifidobacteria. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13517. [PMID: 26337101 PMCID: PMC4559671 DOI: 10.1038/srep13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk enhances the predominance of Bifidobacterium species in the infant gut, probably due to its large concentration of human milk oligosaccharides (HMO). Here we screened infant-gut isolates of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis and Bifidobacterium bifidum using individual HMO, and compared the global transcriptomes of representative isolates on major HMO by RNA-seq. While B. infantis displayed homogeneous HMO-utilization patterns, B. bifidum were more diverse and some strains did not use fucosyllactose (FL) or sialyllactose (SL). Transcriptomes of B. bifidum SC555 and B. infantis ATCC 15697 showed that utilization of pooled HMO is similar to neutral HMO, while transcriptomes for growth on FL were more similar to lactose than HMO in B. bifidum. Genes linked to HMO-utilization were upregulated by neutral HMO and SL, but not by FL in both species. In contrast, FL induced the expression of alternative gene clusters in B. infantis. Results also suggest that B. bifidum SC555 does not utilize fucose or sialic acid from HMO. Surprisingly, expression of orthologous genes differed between both bifidobacteria even when grown on identical substrates. This study highlights two major strategies found in Bifidobacterium species to process HMO, and presents detailed information on the close relationship between HMO and infant-gut bifidobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Garrido
- Department of Viticulture &Enology, One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616, United States.,Foods for Health Institute, One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616, United States.,Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile.,Programa ASIS, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | - Santiago Ruiz-Moyano
- Department of Viticulture &Enology, One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616, United States.,Foods for Health Institute, One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Danielle G Lemay
- Foods for Health Institute, One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616, United States.,Genome Center, University of California, One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - David A Sela
- Department of Viticulture &Enology, One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616, United States.,Foods for Health Institute, One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616, United States.,Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - J Bruce German
- Food Science &Technology, One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616, United States.,Foods for Health Institute, One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - David A Mills
- Department of Viticulture &Enology, One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616, United States.,Food Science &Technology, One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616, United States.,Foods for Health Institute, One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616, United States
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47
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Chen X, Song Y, Xu H, Menghe B, Zhang H, Sun Z. Genetic relationships among Enterococcus faecalis isolates from different sources as revealed by multilocus sequence typing. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:5183-93. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sharma P, Tomar SK, Sangwan V, Goswami P, Singh R. Antibiotic Resistance of Lactobacillus
sp. Isolated from Commercial Probiotic Preparations. J Food Saf 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sharma
- Dairy Microbiology Division; National Dairy Research Institute; Karnal 132001 India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Tomar
- Dairy Microbiology Division; National Dairy Research Institute; Karnal 132001 India
| | - Vikas Sangwan
- Dairy Microbiology Division; National Dairy Research Institute; Karnal 132001 India
| | - Pawas Goswami
- Department of Microbiology; Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Rameshwar Singh
- Directorate of Knowledge Management; Indian Council of Agricultural Research; New Delhi India
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Huang CH, Chang MT, Huang L, Chu WS. The dnaJ gene as a molecular discriminator to differentiate among species and strain within the Lactobacillus casei group. Mol Cell Probes 2015; 29:479-484. [PMID: 26050941 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Identifying Lactobacillus casei and its closely related taxa at the species and strain level using only phenotypic and genotypic (16S rDNA sequence homology analysis) techniques often yields inaccurate results. In this study, the dnaJ chaperone gene was investigated as a molecular target for inter- and intraspecies discrimination within the Lb. casei group as well as for the development of specific primers for species identification. The results showed that most of the examined strains could be clearly distinguished from closely related species based on the sequenced fragments. At the interspecies level, the dnaJ sequence similarities were 81.7%-85.5%. However, at the intraspecies level, the dnaJ sequence similarities were 96.2-100% and could be assigned to different haplotypes in Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, respectively. Compared to the 16S rRNA gene, the dnaJ sequence showed greater variation at both the species and strain level. Thus, the dnaJ gene can be proposed as an alternative marker for the Lb. casei group that provides higher discriminatory power than the 16S rRNA gene. In addition, species-specific primers were developed and subsequently employed in two-plex minisequencing analysis and shown to be specific for Lb. paracasei and Lb. rhamnosus. Our data indicate that phylogenetic relationships in the Lb. casei group can be resolved using comparative sequence analysis of the dnaJ gene and that the Lb. paracasei and Lb. rhamnosus species can be simultaneously identified using a novel species-specific minisequencing assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsun Huang
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, 331 Shih-Pin Road, Hsinchu 30062, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Tzu Chang
- National Health Research Institutes, Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Lina Huang
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, 331 Shih-Pin Road, Hsinchu 30062, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shen Chu
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, 331 Shih-Pin Road, Hsinchu 30062, Taiwan.
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50
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Dan T, Liu W, Song Y, Xu H, Menghe B, Zhang H, Sun Z. The evolution and population structure of Lactobacillus fermentum from different naturally fermented products as determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:107. [PMID: 25990318 PMCID: PMC4437502 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0447-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lactobacillus fermentum is economically important in the production and preservation of fermented foods. A repeatable and discriminative typing method was devised to characterize L. fermentum at the molecular level. The multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme developed was based on analysis of the internal sequence of 11 housekeeping gene fragments (clpX, dnaA, dnaK, groEL, murC, murE, pepX, pyrG, recA, rpoB, and uvrC). Results MLST analysis of 203 isolates of L. fermentum from Mongolia and seven provinces/ autonomous regions in China identified 57 sequence types (ST), 27 of which were represented by only a single isolate, indicating high genetic diversity. Phylogenetic analyses based on the sequence of the 11 housekeeping gene fragments indicated that the L. fermentum isolates analyzed belonged to two major groups. A standardized index of association (IAS) indicated a weak clonal population structure in L. fermentum. Split decomposition analysis indicated that recombination played an important role in generating the genetic diversity observed in L. fermentum. The results from the minimum spanning tree strongly suggested that evolution of L. fermentum STs was not correlated with geography or food-type. Conclusions The MLST scheme developed will be valuable for further studies on the evolution and population structure of L. fermentum isolates used in food products. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0447-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Dan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Yuqin Song
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Bilige Menghe
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of P. R. China, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P. R. China.
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