1
|
Crawshaw S, Murphy AM, Rowling PJE, Nietlispach D, Itzhaki LS, Carr JP. Investigating the Interactions of the Cucumber Mosaic Virus 2b Protein with the Viral 1a Replicase Component and the Cellular RNA Silencing Factor Argonaute 1. Viruses 2024; 16:676. [PMID: 38793558 DOI: 10.3390/v16050676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 2b protein is a suppressor of plant defenses and a pathogenicity determinant. Amongst the 2b protein's host targets is the RNA silencing factor Argonaute 1 (AGO1), which it binds to and inhibits. In Arabidopsis thaliana, if 2b-induced inhibition of AGO1 is too efficient, it induces reinforcement of antiviral silencing by AGO2 and triggers increased resistance against aphids, CMV's insect vectors. These effects would be deleterious to CMV replication and transmission, respectively, but are moderated by the CMV 1a protein, which sequesters sufficient 2b protein molecules into P-bodies to prevent excessive inhibition of AGO1. Mutant 2b protein variants were generated, and red and green fluorescent protein fusions were used to investigate subcellular colocalization with AGO1 and the 1a protein. The effects of mutations on complex formation with the 1a protein and AGO1 were investigated using bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Although we found that residues 56-60 influenced the 2b protein's interactions with the 1a protein and AGO1, it appears unlikely that any single residue or sequence domain is solely responsible. In silico predictions of intrinsic disorder within the 2b protein secondary structure were supported by circular dichroism (CD) but not by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Intrinsic disorder provides a plausible model to explain the 2b protein's ability to interact with AGO1, the 1a protein, and other factors. However, the reasons for the conflicting conclusions provided by CD and NMR must first be resolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Crawshaw
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Alex M Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Pamela J E Rowling
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Daniel Nietlispach
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Laura S Itzhaki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - John P Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kwon MJ, Kwon SJ, Kim MH, Choi B, Byun HS, Kwak HR, Seo JK. Visual tracking of viral infection dynamics reveals the synergistic interactions between cucumber mosaic virus and broad bean wilt virus 2. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7261. [PMID: 37142679 PMCID: PMC10160061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the most prevalent plant viruses in the world, and causes severe damage to various crops. CMV has been studied as a model RNA virus to better understand viral replication, gene functions, evolution, virion structure, and pathogenicity. However, CMV infection and movement dynamics remain unexplored due to the lack of a stable recombinant virus tagged with a reporter gene. In this study, we generated a CMV infectious cDNA construct tagged with a variant of the flavin-binding LOV photoreceptor (iLOV). The iLOV gene was stably maintained in the CMV genome after more than four weeks of three serial passages between plants. Using the iLOV-tagged recombinant CMV, we visualized CMV infection and movement dynamics in living plants in a time course manner. We also examined whether CMV infection dynamics is influenced by co-infection with broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2). Our results revealed that no spatial interference occurred between CMV and BBWV2. Specifically, BBWV2 facilitated the cell-to-cell movement of CMV in the upper young leaves. In addition, the BBWV2 accumulation level increased after co-infection with CMV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jun Kwon
- Department of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Jung Kwon
- Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hwi Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Boram Choi
- Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seong Byun
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Ryun Kwak
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Kyun Seo
- Department of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea.
- Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 25354, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Arinaitwe W, Guyon A, Tungadi TD, Cunniffe NJ, Rhee SJ, Khalaf A, Mhlanga NM, Pate AE, Murphy AM, Carr JP. The Effects of Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Its 2a and 2b Proteins on Interactions of Tomato Plants with the Aphid Vectors Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081703. [PMID: 36016326 PMCID: PMC9416248 DOI: 10.3390/v14081703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), a major tomato pathogen, is aphid-vectored in the non-persistent manner. We investigated if CMV-induced volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or other virus-induced cues alter aphid-tomato interactions. Y-tube olfactometry showed that VOCs emitted by plants infected with CMV (strain Fny) attracted generalist (Myzus persicae) and Solanaceae specialist (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) aphids. Myzus persicae preferred settling on infected plants (3 days post-inoculation: dpi) at 1h post-release, but at 9 and 21 dpi, aphids preferentially settled on mock-inoculated plants. Macrosiphum euphorbiae showed no strong preference for mock-inoculated versus infected plants at 3 dpi but settled preferentially on mock-inoculated plants at 9 and 21 dpi. In darkness aphids showed no settling or migration bias towards either mock-inoculated or infected plants. However, tomato VOC blends differed in light and darkness, suggesting aphids respond to a complex mix of olfactory, visual, and other cues influenced by infection. The LS-CMV strain induced no changes in aphid-plant interactions. Experiments using inter-strain recombinant and pseudorecombinant viruses showed that the Fny-CMV 2a and 2b proteins modified tomato interactions with Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae, respectively. The defence signal salicylic acid prevents excessive CMV-induced damage to tomato plants but is not involved in CMV-induced changes in aphid-plant interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warren Arinaitwe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (W.A.); (A.G.); (T.D.T.); (N.J.C.); (S.-J.R.); (A.K.); (N.M.M.); (A.E.P.); (A.M.M.)
- Alliance of Bioversity International and International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Dong Dok, Ban Nongviengkham, Vientiane CB10 1RQ, Laos
| | - Alex Guyon
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (W.A.); (A.G.); (T.D.T.); (N.J.C.); (S.-J.R.); (A.K.); (N.M.M.); (A.E.P.); (A.M.M.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman St, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Trisna D. Tungadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (W.A.); (A.G.); (T.D.T.); (N.J.C.); (S.-J.R.); (A.K.); (N.M.M.); (A.E.P.); (A.M.M.)
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Nik J. Cunniffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (W.A.); (A.G.); (T.D.T.); (N.J.C.); (S.-J.R.); (A.K.); (N.M.M.); (A.E.P.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Sun-Ju Rhee
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (W.A.); (A.G.); (T.D.T.); (N.J.C.); (S.-J.R.); (A.K.); (N.M.M.); (A.E.P.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Amjad Khalaf
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (W.A.); (A.G.); (T.D.T.); (N.J.C.); (S.-J.R.); (A.K.); (N.M.M.); (A.E.P.); (A.M.M.)
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Saffron Walden CB10 1RQ, UK
| | - Netsai M. Mhlanga
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (W.A.); (A.G.); (T.D.T.); (N.J.C.); (S.-J.R.); (A.K.); (N.M.M.); (A.E.P.); (A.M.M.)
- National Institute for Agricultural Botany-East Malling (NIAB-EMR), West Malling ME19 6BJ, UK
| | - Adrienne E. Pate
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (W.A.); (A.G.); (T.D.T.); (N.J.C.); (S.-J.R.); (A.K.); (N.M.M.); (A.E.P.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Alex M. Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (W.A.); (A.G.); (T.D.T.); (N.J.C.); (S.-J.R.); (A.K.); (N.M.M.); (A.E.P.); (A.M.M.)
| | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; (W.A.); (A.G.); (T.D.T.); (N.J.C.); (S.-J.R.); (A.K.); (N.M.M.); (A.E.P.); (A.M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tungadi T, Watt LG, Groen SC, Murphy AM, Du Z, Pate AE, Westwood JH, Fennell TG, Powell G, Carr JP. Infection of Arabidopsis by cucumber mosaic virus triggers jasmonate-dependent resistance to aphids that relies partly on the pattern-triggered immunity factor BAK1. Mol Plant Pathol 2021; 22:1082-1091. [PMID: 34156752 PMCID: PMC8358999 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many aphid-vectored viruses are transmitted nonpersistently via transient attachment of virus particles to aphid mouthparts and are most effectively acquired or transmitted during brief stylet punctures of epidermal cells. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the aphid-transmitted virus cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) induces feeding deterrence against the polyphagous aphid Myzus persicae. This form of resistance inhibits prolonged phloem feeding but promotes virus acquisition by aphids because it encourages probing of plant epidermal cells. When aphids are confined on CMV-infected plants, feeding deterrence reduces their growth and reproduction. We found that CMV-induced inhibition of growth as well as CMV-induced inhibition of reproduction of M. persicae are dependent upon jasmonate-mediated signalling. BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1) is a co-receptor enabling detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns and induction of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). In plants carrying the mutant bak1-5 allele, CMV induced inhibition of M. persicae reproduction but not inhibition of aphid growth. We conclude that in wildtype plants CMV induces two mechanisms that diminish performance of M. persicae: a jasmonate-dependent and PTI-dependent mechanism that inhibits aphid growth, and a jasmonate-dependent, PTI-independent mechanism that inhibits reproduction. The growth of two crucifer specialist aphids, Lipaphis erysimi and Brevicoryne brassicae, was not affected when confined on CMV-infected A. thaliana. However, B. brassicae reproduction was inhibited on CMV-infected plants. This suggests that in A. thaliana CMV-induced resistance to aphids, which is thought to incentivize virus vectoring, has greater effects on polyphagous than on crucifer specialist aphids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trisna Tungadi
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- NIAB EMREast MallingUK
| | - Lewis G. Watt
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Simon C. Groen
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Department of BiologyNew York UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Alex M. Murphy
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Zhiyou Du
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Institute of BioengineeringZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhouChina
| | | | - Jack H. Westwood
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Walder FoundationSkokieIllinoisUSA
| | - Thea G. Fennell
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Budziszewska M, Frąckowiak P, Obrępalska-Stęplowska A. Analysis of the Role of Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae) as a Vector Transmitting Peanut Stunt Virus on the Model Plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Cells 2021; 10:1546. [PMID: 34207477 PMCID: PMC8233879 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bradysia species, commonly known as fungus gnats, are ubiquitous in greenhouses, nurseries of horticultural plants, and commercial mushroom houses, causing significant economic losses. Moreover, the insects from the Bradysia genus have a well-documented role in plant pathogenic fungi transmission. Here, a study on the potential of Bradysia impatiens to acquire and transmit the peanut stunt virus (PSV) from plant to plant was undertaken. Four-day-old larvae of B. impatiens were exposed to PSV-P strain by feeding on virus-infected leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana and then transferred to healthy plants in laboratory conditions. Using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), and digital droplet PCR (RT-ddPCR), the PSV RNAs in the larva, pupa, and imago of B. impatiens were detected and quantified. The presence of PSV genomic RNA strands as well as viral coat protein in N. benthamiana, on which the viruliferous larvae were feeding, was also confirmed at the molecular level, even though the characteristic symptoms of PSV infection were not observed. The results have shown that larvae of B. impatiens could acquire the virus and transmit it to healthy plants. Moreover, it has been proven that PSV might persist in the insect body transstadially. Although the molecular mechanisms of virion acquisition and retention during insect development need further studies, this is the first report on B. impatiens playing a potential role in plant virus transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aleksandra Obrępalska-Stęplowska
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznań, Poland; (M.B.); (P.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang X, Wang X, Xu K, Jiang Z, Dong K, Xie X, Zhang H, Yue N, Zhang Y, Wang XB, Han C, Yu J, Li D. The serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase STY46 defends against hordeivirus infection by phosphorylating γb protein. Plant Physiol 2021; 186:715-730. [PMID: 33576790 PMCID: PMC8154058 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a common post-translational modification that frequently occurs during plant-virus interaction. Host protein kinases often regulate virus infectivity and pathogenicity by phosphorylating viral proteins. The Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) γb protein plays versatile roles in virus infection and the coevolutionary arms race between plant defense and viral counter-defense. Here, we identified that the autophosphorylated cytosolic serine/threonine/tyrosine (STY) protein kinase 46 of Nicotiana benthamiana (NbSTY46) phosphorylates and directly interacts with the basic motif domain (aa 19-47) of γb in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of wild-type NbSTY46, either transiently or transgenically, suppresses BSMV replication and ameliorates viral symptoms, whereas silencing of NbSTY46 leads to increased viral replication and exacerbated symptom. Moreover, the antiviral role of NbSTY46 requires its kinase activity, as the NbSTY46T436A mutant, lacking kinase activity, not only loses the ability to phosphorylate and interact with γb but also fails to impair BSMV infection when expressed in plants. NbSTY46 could also inhibit the replication of Lychnis ringspot virus, another chloroplast-replicating hordeivirus. In summary, we report a function of the cytosolic kinase STY46 in defending against plant viral infection by phosphorylating a viral protein in addition to its basal function in plant growth, development, and abiotic stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xueting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Zhihao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kai Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xialin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xian-Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chenggui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jialin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Watt LG, Crawshaw S, Rhee SJ, Murphy AM, Canto T, Carr JP. The cucumber mosaic virus 1a protein regulates interactions between the 2b protein and ARGONAUTE 1 while maintaining the silencing suppressor activity of the 2b protein. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009125. [PMID: 33270799 PMCID: PMC7738167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 2b viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR) is a potent counter-defense and pathogenicity factor that inhibits antiviral silencing by titration of short double-stranded RNAs. It also disrupts microRNA-mediated regulation of host gene expression by binding ARGONAUTE 1 (AGO1). But in Arabidopsis thaliana complete inhibition of AGO1 is counterproductive to CMV since this triggers another layer of antiviral silencing mediated by AGO2, de-represses strong resistance against aphids (the insect vectors of CMV), and exacerbates symptoms. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and co-immunoprecipitation assays we found that the CMV 1a protein, a component of the viral replicase complex, regulates the 2b-AGO1 interaction. By binding 2b protein molecules and sequestering them in P-bodies, the 1a protein limits the proportion of 2b protein molecules available to bind AGO1, which ameliorates 2b-induced disease symptoms, and moderates induction of resistance to CMV and to its aphid vector. However, the 1a protein-2b protein interaction does not inhibit the ability of the 2b protein to inhibit silencing of reporter gene expression in agroinfiltration assays. The interaction between the CMV 1a and 2b proteins represents a novel regulatory system in which specific functions of a VSR are selectively modulated by another viral protein. The finding also provides a mechanism that explains how CMV, and possibly other viruses, modulates symptom induction and manipulates host-vector interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis G. Watt
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Crawshaw
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sun-Ju Rhee
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alex M. Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tomás Canto
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Center for Biological Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rhee S, Watt LG, Bravo AC, Murphy AM, Carr JP. Effects of the cucumber mosaic virus 2a protein on aphid-plant interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant Pathol 2020; 21:1248-1254. [PMID: 32725725 PMCID: PMC7411660 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 2a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase protein has an additional function in Arabidopsis thaliana, which is to stimulate feeding deterrence (antixenosis) against aphids. Antixenosis is thought to increase the probability that aphids, after acquiring CMV particles from brief probes of an infected plant's epidermal cells, will be discouraged from settling and instead will spread inoculum to neighbouring plants. The amino acid sequences of 2a proteins encoded by a CMV strain that induces antixenosis in A. thaliana (Fny-CMV) and one that does not (LS-CMV) were compared to identify residues that might determine the triggering of antixenosis. These data were used to design reassortant viruses comprising Fny-CMV RNAs 1 and 3, and recombinant CMV RNA 2 molecules encoding chimeric 2a proteins containing sequences derived from LS-CMV and Fny-CMV. Antixenosis induction was detected by measuring the mean relative growth rate and fecundity of aphids (Myzus persicae) confined on infected and on mock-inoculated plants. An amino acid sequence determining antixenosis induction by CMV was found to reside between 2a protein residues 200 and 300. Subsequent mutant analysis delineated this to residue 237. We conjecture that the Fny-CMV 2a protein valine-237 plays some role in 2a protein-induced antixenosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun‐Ju Rhee
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Lewis G. Watt
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Ana Cazar Bravo
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Alex M. Murphy
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Butenko KO, Chaban IA, Skurat EV, Kondakova OA, Drygin YF. Chimeric Virus Made from crTMV RNA and the Coat Protein of Potato Leafroll Virus is Targeted to the Nucleolus and Can Infect Nicotiana benthamiana Mechanically. High Throughput 2020; 9:E11. [PMID: 32357496 DOI: 10.3390/ht9020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A genetically engineered chimeric virus crTMV-CP-PLRV composed of the crucifer-infecting tobacco mosaic virus (crTMV) RNA and the potato leafroll virus (PLRV) coat protein (CP) was obtained by agroinfiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana with the binary vector pCambia-crTMV-CPPLRV. The significant levels of the chimeric virus enabled direct visualization of crTMV-CP-PLRV in the cell and to investigate the mechanism of the pathogenesis. Localization of the crTMV-CP-PLRV in plant cells was examined by immunoblot techniques, as well as light, and transmission electron microscopy. The chimera can transfer between vascular and nonvascular tissues. The chimeric virus inoculum is capable to infect N. benthamiana mechanically. The distinguishing feature of the chimeric virus, the RNA virus with the positive genome, was found to localize in the nucleolus. We also investigated the role of the N-terminal sequence of the PLRV P3 coat protein in the cellular localization of the virus. We believe that the gene of the PLRV CP can be substituted with genes from other challenging-to-study plant pathogens to produce other useful recombinant viruses.
Collapse
|
10
|
Tungadi T, Donnelly R, Qing L, Iqbal J, Murphy AM, Pate AE, Cunniffe NJ, Carr JP. Cucumber mosaic virus 2b proteins inhibit virus-induced aphid resistance in tobacco. Mol Plant Pathol 2020; 21:250-257. [PMID: 31777194 PMCID: PMC6988427 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), which is vectored by aphids, has a tripartite RNA genome encoding five proteins. In tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), a subgroup IA CMV strain, Fny-CMV, increases plant susceptibility to aphid infestation but a viral mutant unable to express the 2b protein (Fny-CMV∆2b) induces aphid resistance. We hypothesized that in tobacco, one or more of the four other Fny-CMV gene products (the 1a or 2a replication proteins, the movement protein, or the coat protein) are potential aphid resistance elicitors, whilst the 2b protein counteracts induction of aphid resistance. Mutation of the Fny-CMV 2b protein indicated that inhibition of virus-induced resistance to aphids (Myzus persicae) depends on amino acid sequences known to control nucleus-to-cytoplasm shuttling. LS-CMV (subgroup II) also increased susceptibility to aphid infestation but the LS-CMV∆2b mutant did not induce aphid resistance. Using reassortant viruses comprising different combinations of LS and Fny genomic RNAs, we showed that Fny-CMV RNA 1 but not LS-CMV RNA 1 conditions aphid resistance in tobacco, suggesting that the Fny-CMV 1a protein triggers resistance. However, the 2b proteins of both strains suppress aphid resistance, suggesting that the ability of 2b proteins to inhibit aphid resistance is conserved among divergent CMV strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trisna Tungadi
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Ruairí Donnelly
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Ling Qing
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityNo. 2, Tiansheng RoadChongqingChina
| | - Javaid Iqbal
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Alex M. Murphy
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Adrienne E. Pate
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Nik J. Cunniffe
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wamonje FO, Donnelly R, Tungadi TD, Murphy AM, Pate AE, Woodcock C, Caulfield J, Mutuku JM, Bruce TJA, Gilligan CA, Pickett JA, Carr JP. Different Plant Viruses Induce Changes in Feeding Behavior of Specialist and Generalist Aphids on Common Bean That Are Likely to Enhance Virus Transmission. Front Plant Sci 2020; 10:1811. [PMID: 32082355 PMCID: PMC7005137 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) cause serious epidemics in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), a vital food security crop in many low-to-medium income countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Aphids transmit these viruses "non-persistently," i.e., virions attach loosely to the insects' stylets. Viruses may manipulate aphid-host interactions to enhance transmission. We used direct observation and electrical penetration graph measurements to see if the three viruses induced similar or distinct changes in feeding behaviors of two aphid species, Aphis fabae and Myzus persicae. Both aphids vector BCMV, BCMNV, and CMV but A. fabae is a legume specialist (the dominant species in bean fields) while M. persicae is a generalist that feeds on and transmits viruses to diverse plant hosts. Aphids of both species commenced probing epidermal cells (behavior optimal for virus acquisition and inoculation) sooner on virus-infected plants than on mock-inoculated plants. Infection with CMV was especially disruptive of phloem feeding by the bean specialist aphid A. fabae. A. fabae also experienced mechanical stylet difficulty when feeding on virus-infected plants, and this was also exacerbated for M. persicae. Overall, feeding on virus-infected host plants by specialist and generalist aphids was affected in different ways but all three viruses induced similar effects on each aphid type. Specifically, non-specialist (M. persicae) aphids encountered increased stylet difficulties on plants infected with BCMV, BCMNV, or CMV, whereas specialist aphids (A. fabae) showed decreased phloem ingestion on infected plants. Probing and stylet pathway activity (which facilitate virus transmission) were not decreased by any of the viruses for either of the aphid species, except in the case of A. fabae on CMV-infected bean, where these activities were increased. Overall, these virus-induced changes in host-aphid interactions are likely to enhance non-persistent virus transmission, and data from this work will be useful in epidemiological modeling of non-persistent vectoring of viruses by aphids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis O. Wamonje
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruairí Donnelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trisna D. Tungadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alex M. Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adrienne E. Pate
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Woodcock
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - John Caulfield
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - J. Musembi Mutuku
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Toby J. A. Bruce
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | | | - John A. Pickett
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Carr JP, Tungadi T, Donnelly R, Bravo-Cazar A, Rhee SJ, Watt LG, Mutuku JM, Wamonje FO, Murphy AM, Arinaitwe W, Pate AE, Cunniffe NJ, Gilligan CA. Modelling and manipulation of aphid-mediated spread of non-persistently transmitted viruses. Virus Res 2019; 277:197845. [PMID: 31874210 PMCID: PMC6996281 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aphids vector many plant viruses in a non-persistent manner i.e., virus particles bind loosely to the insect mouthparts (stylet). This means that acquisition of virus particles from infected plants, and inoculation of uninfected plants by viruliferous aphids, are rapid processes that require only brief probes of the plant's epidermal cells. Virus infection alters plant biochemistry, which causes changes in emission of volatile organic compounds and altered accumulation of nutrients and defence compounds in host tissues. These virus-induced biochemical changes can influence the migration, settling and feeding behaviours of aphids. Working mainly with cucumber mosaic virus and several potyviruses, a number of research groups have noted that in some plants, virus infection engenders resistance to aphid settling (sometimes accompanied by emission of deceptively attractive volatiles, that can lead to exploratory penetration by aphids without settling). However, in certain other hosts, virus infection renders plants more susceptible to aphid colonisation. It has been suggested that induction of resistance to aphid settling encourages transmission of non-persistently transmitted viruses, while induction of susceptibility to settling retards transmission. However, recent mathematical modelling indicates that both virus-induced effects contribute to epidemic development at different scales. We have also investigated at the molecular level the processes leading to induction, by cucumber mosaic virus, of feeding deterrence versus susceptibility to aphid infestation. Both processes involve complex interactions between specific viral proteins and host factors, resulting in manipulation or suppression of the plant's immune networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
| | - Trisna Tungadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Ruairí Donnelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Ana Bravo-Cazar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Sun-Ju Rhee
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Lewis G Watt
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - J Musembi Mutuku
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Francis O Wamonje
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alex M Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Warren Arinaitwe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Adrienne E Pate
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Nik J Cunniffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Virus diseases of cool season vegetable crops (mainly cabbage, white and red head cabbage, broccoli, kale, radish, rocket salad, garden cress, and turnip) were surveyed in Bafra Plain, Turkey during winter 2017, and 2018. Leaf samples were collected from different species of the Brassicaceae family showing mosaic, mottling, necrotic spots, malformation, and chlorosis symptoms. These samples were tested for the presence of Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Beet western yellows virus (BWYV), Radish mosaic virus (RaMV), Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV), and Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) by biological and serological methods. A total of 455 samples were collected from cole crop fields and tested for the seven viruses by double-antibody sandwich ELISA using specific polyclonal antibodies. According to the results, out of these, 7 % of the samples were infected by at least one of these viruses. TuMV was the most prevalent virus detected in cole crops. TuMV, CaMV, and CMV were detected in 3 %, 2 %, and 2 % of infected samples, respectively, and the infection rate of these three viruses changed significantly among Brassica species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet A Sevik
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ondokuz Mayis, 55139, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Donnelly R, Cunniffe NJ, Carr JP, Gilligan CA. Pathogenic modification of plants enhances long-distance dispersal of nonpersistently transmitted viruses to new hosts. Ecology 2019; 100:e02725. [PMID: 30980528 PMCID: PMC6619343 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aphids spread the majority of plant viruses through nonpersistent transmission (NPT), whereby virus particles attach transiently to these insects’ probing mouthparts. Virus acquisition from infected plants and inoculation to healthy host plants is favored when aphids briefly probe plant epidermal cells. It is well established that NPT virus infection can alter plant–vector interactions, and, moreover, such pathogen modifications are found in a range of plant and animal systems. In particular, viruses can make plants more attractive to aphids but inhibit aphid settling on infected plants. It is hypothesized that this viral “reprogramming” of plants promotes virus acquisition and encourages dispersal of virus‐bearing aphids to fresh hosts. In contrast, it is hypothesized that virus‐induced biochemical changes encouraging prolonged feeding on infected hosts inhibit NPT. To understand how these virus‐induced modifications affect epidemics, we developed a modeling framework accounting for important but often neglected factors, including feeding behaviors (probing or prolonged feeding) and distinct spatial scales of transmission (as conditioned by wingless or winged aphids). Analysis of our models confirmed that when viruses inhibit aphid settling on infected plants this initially promotes virus transmission. However, initially enhanced transmission is self‐limiting because it decreases vector density. Another important finding is that virus‐induced changes encouraging settling will stimulate birth of winged aphids, which promotes epidemics of NPT viruses over greater distances. Thus our results illustrate how plant virus modifications influence epidemics by altering vector distribution, density, and even vector form. Our insights are important for understanding how pathogens in general propagate through natural plant communities and crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruairí Donnelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EA, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nik J Cunniffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EA, Cambridge, UK
| | - John P Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EA, Cambridge, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dáder B, Burckbuchler M, Macia JL, Alcon C, Curie C, Gargani D, Zhou JS, Ng JCK, Brault V, Drucker M. Split green fluorescent protein as a tool to study infection with a plant pathogen, Cauliflower mosaic virus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213087. [PMID: 30840696 PMCID: PMC6402836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The split GFP technique is based on the auto-assembly of GFP when two polypeptides–GFP1-10 (residues 1–214; the detector) and GFP11 (residues 215–230; the tag)–both non-fluorescing on their own, associate spontaneously to form a fluorescent molecule. We evaluated this technique for its efficacy in contributing to the characterization of Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) infection. A recombinant CaMV with GFP11 fused to the viral protein P6 (a key player in CaMV infection and major constituent of viral factory inclusions that arise during infection) was constructed and used to inoculate transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing GFP1-10. The mutant virus (CaMV11P6) was infectious, aphid-transmissible and the insertion was stable over many passages. Symptoms on infected plants were delayed and milder. Viral protein accumulation, especially of recombinant 11P6, was greatly decreased, impeding its detection early in infection. Nonetheless, spread of infection from the inoculated leaf to other leaves was followed by whole plant imaging. Infected cells displayed in real time confocal laser scanning microscopy fluorescence in wild type-looking virus factories. Thus, it allowed for the first time to track a CaMV protein in vivo in the context of an authentic infection. 11P6 was immunoprecipitated with anti-GFP nanobodies, presenting a new application for the split GFP system in protein-protein interaction assays and proteomics. Taken together, split GFP can be an attractive alternative to using the entire GFP for protein tagging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Dáder
- BGPI, INRA Centre Occitanie–Montpellier, SupAgro, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Myriam Burckbuchler
- SVQV, INRA Centre Grand Est—Colmar, Université de Strasbourg, Colmar, France
| | - Jean-Luc Macia
- BGPI, INRA Centre Occitanie–Montpellier, SupAgro, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Carine Alcon
- BPMP, CNRS, INRA Centre Occitanie—Montpellier, SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Curie
- BPMP, CNRS, INRA Centre Occitanie—Montpellier, SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Daniel Gargani
- BGPI, INRA Centre Occitanie–Montpellier, SupAgro, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jaclyn S. Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vector Research, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - James C. K. Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vector Research, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Véronique Brault
- SVQV, INRA Centre Grand Est—Colmar, Université de Strasbourg, Colmar, France
| | - Martin Drucker
- BGPI, INRA Centre Occitanie–Montpellier, SupAgro, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- SVQV, INRA Centre Grand Est—Colmar, Université de Strasbourg, Colmar, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Carr JP, Murphy AM, Tungadi T, Yoon JY. Plant defense signals: Players and pawns in plant-virus-vector interactions. Plant Sci 2019; 279:87-95. [PMID: 30709497 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses face an array of host defenses. Well-studied responses that protect against viruses include effector-triggered immunity, induced resistance (such as systemic acquired resistance mediated by salicylic acid), and RNA silencing. Recent work shows that viruses are also affected by non-host resistance mechanisms; previously thought to affect only bacteria, oomycetes and fungi. However, an enduring puzzle is how viruses are inhibited by several inducible host resistance mechanisms. Many viruses have been shown to encode factors that inhibit antiviral silencing. A number of these, including the cucumoviral 2b protein, the poytviral P1/HC-Pro and, respectively, geminivirus or satellite DNA-encoded proteins such as the C2 or βC1, also inhibit defensive signaling mediated by salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. This helps to explain how viruses can, in some cases, overcome host resistance. Additionally, interference with defensive signaling provides a means for viruses to manipulate plant-insect interactions. This is important because insects, particularly aphids and whiteflies, transmit many viruses. Indeed, there is now substantial evidence that viruses can enhance their own transmission through their effects on hosts. Even more surprisingly, it appears that viruses may be able to manipulate plant interactions with beneficial insects by, for example, 'paying back' their hosts by attracting pollinators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom.
| | - Alex M Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Trisna Tungadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; Virology Unit, Department of Horticultural and Herbal Environment, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Agency, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bortolamiol-Bécet D, Monsion B, Chapuis S, Hleibieh K, Scheidecker D, Alioua A, Bogaert F, Revers F, Brault V, Ziegler-Graff V. Phloem-Triggered Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Using a Recombinant Polerovirus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2449. [PMID: 30405546 PMCID: PMC6206295 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The phloem-limited poleroviruses infect Arabidopsis thaliana without causing noticeable disease symptoms. In order to facilitate visual infection identification, we developed virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) vectors derived from Turnip yellows virus (TuYV). Short sequences from the host gene AtCHLI1 required for chlorophyll biosynthesis [42 nucleotides in sense or antisense orientation or as an inverted-repeat (IR), or an 81 nucleotide sense fragment] were inserted into the 3' non-coding region of the TuYV genome to screen for the most efficient and robust silencing vector. All recombinant viruses produced a clear vein chlorosis phenotype on infected Arabidopsis plants due to the expression inhibition of the AtCHLI1 gene. The introduction of a sense-oriented sequence into TuYV genome resulted in a virus exhibiting a more sustainable chlorosis than the virus containing an IR of the same length. This observation was correlated with a higher stability of the sense sequence insertion in the viral genome. In order to evaluate the impact of the TuYV silencing suppressor P0 in the VIGS mechanism a P0 knock-out mutation was introduced into the recombinant TuYV viruses. They induced a similar but milder vein clearing phenotype due to lower viral accumulation. This indicates that P0 does not hinder the performances of the TuYV silencing effect and confirms that in the viral infection context, P0 has no major impact on the production, propagation and action of the short distance silencing signal in phloem cells. Finally, we showed that TuYV can be used to strongly silence the phloem specific AtRTM1 gene. The TuYV-derived VIGS vectors therefore represent powerful tools to easily detect and monitor TuYV in infected plants and conduct functional analysis of phloem-restricted genes. Moreover this example indicates the potential of poleroviruses for use in functional genomic studies of agronomic plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Bortolamiol-Bécet
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS-UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire CNRS-UPR 9002, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Baptiste Monsion
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS-UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,UMR1161 Virologie, INRA, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie Chapuis
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS-UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kamal Hleibieh
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS-UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Danièle Scheidecker
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS-UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Abdelmalek Alioua
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS-UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Florent Bogaert
- SVQV, INRA UMR 1131, Université de Strasbourg, Colmar, France
| | - Frédéric Revers
- BFP, INRA UMR 1332, Univ. Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,BIOGECO, INRA UMR 1202, Univ. Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | | | - Véronique Ziegler-Graff
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS-UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Carr JP, Donnelly R, Tungadi T, Murphy AM, Jiang S, Bravo-Cazar A, Yoon JY, Cunniffe NJ, Glover BJ, Gilligan CA. Viral Manipulation of Plant Stress Responses and Host Interactions With Insects. Adv Virus Res 2018; 102:177-197. [PMID: 30266173 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Do the alterations in plant defensive signaling and metabolism that occur in susceptible hosts following virus infection serve any purpose beyond directly aiding viruses to replicate and spread? Or indeed, are these modifications to host phenotype purely incidental consequences of virus infection? A growing body of data, in particular from studies of viruses vectored by whiteflies and aphids, indicates that viruses influence the efficiency of their own transmission by insect vectors and facilitate mutualistic relationships between viruses and their insect vectors. Furthermore, it appears that viruses may be able to increase the opportunity for transmission in the long term by providing reward to the host plants that they infect. This may be conditional, for example, by aiding host survival under conditions of drought or cold or, more surprisingly, by helping plants attract beneficial insects such as pollinators. In this chapter, we cover three main areas. First, we describe the molecular-level interactions governing viral manipulation of host plant biology. Second, we review evidence that virus-induced changes in plant phenotype enhance virus transmission. Finally, we discuss how direct and indirect manipulation of insects and plants might impact on the evolution of viruses and their hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Ruairí Donnelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trisna Tungadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alex M Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjie Jiang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Bravo-Cazar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Virology Unit, Department of Horticultural and Herbal Environment, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Agency, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Nik J Cunniffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Beverley J Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jiménez J, Webster CG, Moreno A, Almeida RPP, Blanc S, Fereres A, Uzest M. Fasting alters aphid probing behaviour but does not universally increase the transmission rate of non-circulative viruses. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:3111-3121. [PMID: 29134940 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A fasting period prior to non-circulative virus acquisition has been shown to increase the rate of transmission by aphids. However, this effect has only been studied for a few virus-vector combinations, and there are contradictory results in the literature as to the role of fasting on virus acquisition. We analysed the influence of fasting on the transmission of three non-circulative viruses, Cucumber mosaic virus, Zucchini yellow mosaic virus and Cauliflower mosaic virus, by two aphid vector species: Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae). All variables tested, including the virus species and isolate, and the species of aphid, influenced the effect of a fasting period on virus transmission efficiency. Furthermore, when aphids were subjected to an overnight feeding period on a sucrose solution, the fasting effect disappeared and the probing behaviour of these aphids was markedly different to plant-reared aphids. The electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique revealed that fasting altered the probing behaviour of M. persicae and A. gossypii, with fasted aphids beginning to feed sooner and having a significantly longer first intracellular puncture, measured as a potential drop. Significantly longer sub-phase II-3 of the potential drop and more archlets during this sub-phase were also observed for fasted aphids of both species. However, these behavioural changes were not predictive of increasing virus transmission following a fasting period. The impacts of pre-acquisition fasting on aphid probing behaviour and on the mechanisms of non-circulative virus transmission are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Jiménez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/ Serrano 115 dpdo, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Craig G Webster
- INRA, UMR 0385 BGPI, CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, TA-A54/K, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Aránzazu Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/ Serrano 115 dpdo, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- INRA, UMR 0385 BGPI, CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, TA-A54/K, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/ Serrano 115 dpdo, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Marilyne Uzest
- INRA, UMR 0385 BGPI, CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, TA-A54/K, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Boissinot S, Pichon E, Sorin C, Piccini C, Scheidecker D, Ziegler-Graff V, Brault V. Systemic Propagation of a Fluorescent Infectious Clone of a Polerovirus Following Inoculation by Agrobacteria and Aphids. Viruses 2017; 9:E166. [PMID: 28661469 PMCID: PMC5537658 DOI: 10.3390/v9070166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A fluorescent viral clone of the polerovirus Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) was engineered by introducing the Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) sequence into the non-structural domain sequence of the readthrough protein, a minor capsid protein. The resulting recombinant virus, referred to as TuYV-RTGFP, was infectious in several plant species when delivered by agroinoculation and invaded efficiently non-inoculated leaves. As expected for poleroviruses, which infect only phloem cells, the fluorescence emitted by TuYV-RTGFP was restricted to the vasculature of infected plants. In addition, TuYV-RTGFP was aphid transmissible and enabled the observation of the initial sites of infection in the phloem after aphid probing in epidermal cells. The aphid-transmitted virus moved efficiently to leaves distant from the inoculation sites and importantly retained the EGFP sequence in the viral genome. This work reports on the first engineered member in the Luteoviridae family that can be visualized by fluorescence emission in systemic leaves of different plant species after agroinoculation or aphid transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvaine Boissinot
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 68000 Colmar, France.
| | - Elodie Pichon
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 68000 Colmar, France.
- UMR 385 BGPI, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, SupAgro, CIRAD TA-A54/K, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France.
| | - Céline Sorin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
- Institute of Plant Science Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, University Paris Diderot, University of Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Céline Piccini
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Danièle Scheidecker
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Véronique Ziegler-Graff
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Véronique Brault
- Université de Strasbourg, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 68000 Colmar, France.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cordero T, Mohamed MA, López-Moya JJ, Daròs JA. A Recombinant Potato virus Y Infectious Clone Tagged with the Rosea1 Visual Marker (PVY-Ros1) Facilitates the Analysis of Viral Infectivity and Allows the Production of Large Amounts of Anthocyanins in Plants. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:611. [PMID: 28428782 PMCID: PMC5382215 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is a major threat to the cultivation of potato and other solanaceous plants. By inserting a cDNA coding for the Antirrhinum majus Rosea1 transcription factor into a PVY infectious clone, we created a biotechnological tool (PVY-Ros1) that allows infection by this relevant plant virus to be tracked by the naked eye with no need for complex instrumentation. Rosea1 is an MYB-type transcription factor whose expression activates the biosynthesis of anthocyanin pigments in a dose-specific and cell-autonomous manner. Our experiments showed that the mechanical inoculation of solanaceous plants with PVY-Ros1 induced the formation of red infection foci in inoculated tissue and solid dark red pigmentation in systemically infected tissue, which allows disease progression to be easily monitored. By using silver nanoparticles, a nanomaterial with exciting antimicrobial properties, we proved the benefits of PVY-Ros1 to analyze novel antiviral treatments in plants. PVY-Ros1 was also helpful for visually monitoring the virus transmission process by an aphid vector. Most importantly, the anthocyanin analysis of infected tobacco tissues demonstrated that PVY-Ros1 is an excellent biotechnological tool for molecular farming because it induces the accumulation of larger amounts of anthocyanins, antioxidant compounds of nutritional, pharmaceutical and industrial interest, than those that naturally accumulate in some fruits and vegetables well known for their high anthocyanin content. Hence these results support the notion that the virus-mediated expression of regulatory factors and enzymes in plants facilitates easy quick plant metabolism engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cordero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de Valencia)Valencia, Spain
| | - Mohamed A. Mohamed
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de Valencia)Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan-José López-Moya
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaries – Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona – Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - José-Antonio Daròs
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de Valencia)Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|