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Tan JS, Jaffar Ali MNB, Gan BK, Tan WS. Next-generation viral nanoparticles for targeted delivery of therapeutics: Fundamentals, methods, biomedical applications, and challenges. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:955-978. [PMID: 37339432 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2228202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) are virus-based nanocarriers that have been studied extensively and intensively for biomedical applications. However, their clinical translation is relatively low compared to the predominating lipid-based nanoparticles. Therefore, this article describes the fundamentals, challenges, and solutions of the VNP-based platform, which will leverage the development of next-generation VNPs. AREAS COVERED Different types of VNPs and their biomedical applications are reviewed comprehensively. Strategies and approaches for cargo loading and targeted delivery of VNPs are examined thoroughly. The latest developments in controlled release of cargoes from VNPs and their mechanisms are highlighted too. The challenges faced by VNPs in biomedical applications are identified, and solutions are provided to overcome them. EXPERT OPINION In the development of next-generation VNPs for gene therapy, bioimaging and therapeutic deliveries, focus must be given to reduce their immunogenicity, and increase their stability in the circulatory system. Modular virus-like particles (VLPs) which are produced separately from their cargoes or ligands before all the components are coupled can speed up clinical trials and commercialization. In addition, removal of contaminants from VNPs, cargo delivery across the blood brain barrier (BBB), and targeting of VNPs to organelles intracellularly are challenges that will preoccupy researchers in this decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sen Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Norizwan Bin Jaffar Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bee Koon Gan
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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2
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Tscheuschner G, Ponader M, Raab C, Weider PS, Hartfiel R, Kaufmann JO, Völzke JL, Bosc-Bierne G, Prinz C, Schwaar T, Andrle P, Bäßler H, Nguyen K, Zhu Y, Mey ASJS, Mostafa A, Bald I, Weller MG. Efficient Purification of Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus by a Novel Peptide Aptamer. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030697. [PMID: 36992405 PMCID: PMC10051510 DOI: 10.3390/v15030697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) is a plant virus explored as a nanotechnological platform. The robust self-assembly mechanism of its capsid protein allows for drug encapsulation and targeted delivery. Additionally, the capsid nanoparticle can be used as a programmable platform to display different molecular moieties. In view of future applications, efficient production and purification of plant viruses are key steps. In established protocols, the need for ultracentrifugation is a significant limitation due to cost, difficult scalability, and safety issues. In addition, the purity of the final virus isolate often remains unclear. Here, an advanced protocol for the purification of the CCMV from infected plant tissue was developed, focusing on efficiency, economy, and final purity. The protocol involves precipitation with PEG 8000, followed by affinity extraction using a novel peptide aptamer. The efficiency of the protocol was validated using size exclusion chromatography, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, reversed-phase HPLC, and sandwich immunoassay. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the final eluate of the affinity column is of exceptional purity (98.4%) determined by HPLC and detection at 220 nm. The scale-up of our proposed method seems to be straightforward, which opens the way to the large-scale production of such nanomaterials. This highly improved protocol may facilitate the use and implementation of plant viruses as nanotechnological platforms for in vitro and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Tscheuschner
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Ponader
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher Raab
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Prisca S Weider
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Reni Hartfiel
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Ole Kaufmann
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Jule L Völzke
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gaby Bosc-Bierne
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Prinz
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Paul Andrle
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henriette Bäßler
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Khoa Nguyen
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yanchen Zhu
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Antonia S J S Mey
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Amr Mostafa
- Institute of Chemistry-Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ilko Bald
- Institute of Chemistry-Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael G Weller
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Hansoongnern P, Phecharat N, Wasanasuk K, Tommeurd W, Chankeeree P, Lekcharoensuk C, Semkum P, Pinitkiatisakul S, Lekcharoensuk P. Encapsidated-CpG ODN enhances immunogenicity of porcine circovirus type 2 virus-like particles. Vet Microbiol 2022; 275:109583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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McNeale D, Dashti N, Cheah LC, Sainsbury F. Protein cargo encapsulation by
virus‐like
particles: Strategies and applications. WIRES NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 15:e1869. [PMID: 36345849 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Viruses and the recombinant protein cages assembled from their structural proteins, known as virus-like particles (VLPs), have gained wide interest as tools in biotechnology and nanotechnology. Detailed structural information and their amenability to genetic and chemical modification make them attractive systems for further engineering. This review describes the range of non-enveloped viruses that have been co-opted for heterologous protein cargo encapsulation and the strategies that have been developed to drive encapsulation. Spherical capsids of a range of sizes have been used as platforms for protein cargo encapsulation. Various approaches, based on native and non-native interactions between the cargo proteins and inner surface of VLP capsids, have been devised to drive encapsulation. Here, we outline the evolution of these approaches, discussing their benefits and limitations. Like the viruses from which they are derived, VLPs are of interest in both biomedical and materials applications. The encapsulation of protein cargo inside VLPs leads to numerous uses in both fundamental and applied biocatalysis and biomedicine, some of which are discussed herein. The applied science of protein-encapsulating VLPs is emerging as a research field with great potential. Developments in loading control, higher order assembly, and capsid optimization are poised to realize this potential in the near future. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna McNeale
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia
| | - Noor Dashti
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Li Chen Cheah
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Frank Sainsbury
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
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5
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Le DT, Müller KM. In Vitro Assembly of Virus-Like Particles and Their Applications. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:334. [PMID: 33920215 PMCID: PMC8069851 DOI: 10.3390/life11040334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are increasingly used for vaccine development and drug delivery. Assembly of VLPs from purified monomers in a chemically defined reaction is advantageous compared to in vivo assembly, because it avoids encapsidation of host-derived components and enables loading with added cargoes. This review provides an overview of ex cella VLP production methods focusing on capsid protein production, factors that impact the in vitro assembly, and approaches to characterize in vitro VLPs. The uses of in vitro produced VLPs as vaccines and for therapeutic delivery are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristian M. Müller
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany;
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6
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Aljabali AA, Obeid MA. Inorganic-organic Nanomaterials for Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2210681209666190807145229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background::
Surface modification of nanoparticles with targeting moieties can be
achieved through bioconjugation chemistries to impart new Functionalities. Various polymeric
nanoparticles have been used for the formulation of nanoparticles such as naturally-occurring
protein cages, virus-like particles, polymeric saccharides, and liposomes. These polymers have
been proven to be biocompatible, side effects free and degradable with no toxicity.
Objectives::
This paper reviews available literature on the nanoparticles pharmaceutical and medical
applications. The review highlights and updates the customized solutions for selective drug
delivery systems that allow high-affinity binding between nanoparticles and the target receptors.
Methods::
Bibliographic databases and web-search engines were used to retrieve studies that assessed
the usability of nanoparticles in the pharmaceutical and medical fields. Data were extracted
on each system in vivo and in vitro applications, its advantages and disadvantages, and its ability to
be chemically and genetically modified to impart new functionalities. Finally, a comparison
between naturally occurring and their synthetic counterparts was carried out.
Results::
The results showed that nanoparticles-based systems could have promising applications in
diagnostics, cell labeling, contrast agents (Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography),
antimicrobial agents, and as drug delivery systems. However, precautions should be taken
to avoid or minimize toxic effect or incompatibility of nanoparticles-based systems with the biological
systems in case of pharmaceutical or medical applications.
Conclusion::
This review presented a summary of recent developments in the field of pharmaceutical
nanotechnology and highlighted the challenges and the merits that some of the nanoparticles-
based systems both in vivo and in vitro systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A.A. Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, P.O. BOX 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Mohammad A. Obeid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, P.O. BOX 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan
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7
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Balke I, Zeltins A. Use of plant viruses and virus-like particles for the creation of novel vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 145:119-129. [PMID: 30172923 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the development of plant virology and genetic engineering techniques has resulted in the construction of plant virus-based vaccines for protection against different infectious agents, cancers and autoimmune diseases in both humans and animals. Interaction studies between plant viruses and mammalian organisms have suggested that plant viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) are safe and noninfectious to humans and animals. Plant viruses with introduced antigens are powerful vaccine components due to their strongly organized, repetitive spatial structure; they can elicit strong immune responses similar to those observed with infectious mammalian viruses. The analysis of published data demonstrated that at least 73 experimental vaccines, including 61 prophylactic and 12 therapeutic vaccines, have been constructed using plant viruses as a carrier structure for presentation of different antigens. This information clearly demonstrates that noninfectious viruses are also applicable as vaccine carriers. Moreover, several plant viruses have been used for platform development, and corresponding vaccines are currently being tested in human and veterinary clinical trials. This review therefore discusses the main principles of plant VLP vaccine construction, emphasizing the physical, chemical, genetic and immunological aspects. Results of the latest studies suggest that several plant virus-based vaccines will join the list of approved human and animal vaccines in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Balke
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, Riga LV1067, Latvia
| | - Andris Zeltins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, Riga LV1067, Latvia.
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8
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Petrescu DS, Blum AS. Viral-based nanomaterials for plasmonic and photonic materials and devices. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 10:e1508. [PMID: 29418076 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, viruses have established themselves as a powerful tool in nanotechnology. Their proteinaceous capsids benefit from biocompatibility, chemical addressability, and a variety of sizes and geometries, while their ability to encapsulate, scaffold, and self-assemble enables their use for a wide array of purposes. Moreover, the scaling up of viral-based nanotechnologies is facilitated by high capsid production yield and speed, which is particularly advantageous when compared with slower and costlier lithographic techniques. These features enable the bottom-up fabrication of photonic and plasmonic materials, which relies on the precise arrangement of photoactive material at the nanoscale to control phenomena such as electromagnetic wave propagation and energy transfer. The interdisciplinary approach required for the fabrication of such materials combines techniques from the life sciences and device engineering, thus promoting innovative research. Materials with applications spanning the fields of sensing (biological, chemical, and physical sensors), nanomedicine (cellular imaging, drug delivery, phototherapy), energy transfer and conversion (solar cells, light harvesting, photocatalysis), metamaterials (negative refraction, artificial magnetism, near-field amplification), and nanoparticle synthesis are considered with exclusive emphasis on viral capsids and protein cages. This article is categorized under: Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures.
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Abstract
Virus-like particle (VLP) technologies are based on virus-inspired artificial structures and the intrinsic ability of viral proteins to self-assemble at controlled conditions. Therefore, the basic knowledge about the mechanisms of viral particle formation is highly important for designing of industrial applications. As an alternative to genetic and chemical processes, different physical methods are frequently used for VLP construction, including well characterized protein complexes for introduction of foreign molecules in VLP structures.This chapter shortly discusses the mechanisms how the viruses form their perfectly ordered structures as well as the principles and most interesting application examples, how to exploit the structural and assembly/disassembly properties of viral structures for creation of new nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andris Zeltins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia.
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10
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Webster CG, Thillier M, Pirolles E, Cayrol B, Blanc S, Uzest M. Proteomic composition of the acrostyle: Novel approaches to identify cuticular proteins involved in virus-insect interactions. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:990-1002. [PMID: 28421675 PMCID: PMC5724696 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The acrostyle is a distinct anatomical region present on the cuticle at the inner face of the common food/salivary canal at the tip of aphid maxillary stylets. This conserved structure is of particular interest as it harbors the protein receptors of at least 1 plant virus, Cauliflower mosaic virus, and presumably has other roles in plant-insect interactions. Previously we reported immunolabeling of a highly conserved motif of cuticular proteins from the CPR family (named for the presence of a Rebers and Riddiford consensus) within the acrostyle. Here we report the development of novel tools to further study the proteomic composition of this region and to identify proteins involved in insect-virus interactions. Using a series of antibodies against cuticular proteins from the RR-2 subfamily, we identified additional peptides present within the acrostyle. Our results demonstrated that the acrostyle is a complex structure containing multiple domains of cuticular proteins accessible for interaction. In addition, an array of overlapping peptides, which covers the diversity of the majority of the RR-2 subfamily, was developed as a generic tool to characterize cuticular protein/pathogen interactions. Upon probing this array with Cucumber mosaic virus particles, consensus peptide sequences from hybridizing peptides were identified. Use of these novel tools has extended our knowledge of the proteomic composition of insect maxillary stylets and identified sequences that could be involved in virus binding, thus contributing to further elucidation of the various properties and functions of the acrostyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Graham Webster
- INRA, UMR 0385 BGPICIRAD‐INRA‐Montpellier SupAgroCampus International de BaillarguetMontpellier CedexFrance
| | - Mäelle Thillier
- INRA, UMR 0385 BGPICIRAD‐INRA‐Montpellier SupAgroCampus International de BaillarguetMontpellier CedexFrance
| | - Elodie Pirolles
- INRA, UMR 0385 BGPICIRAD‐INRA‐Montpellier SupAgroCampus International de BaillarguetMontpellier CedexFrance
| | - Bastien Cayrol
- INRA, UMR 0385 BGPICIRAD‐INRA‐Montpellier SupAgroCampus International de BaillarguetMontpellier CedexFrance
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- INRA, UMR 0385 BGPICIRAD‐INRA‐Montpellier SupAgroCampus International de BaillarguetMontpellier CedexFrance
| | - Marilyne Uzest
- INRA, UMR 0385 BGPICIRAD‐INRA‐Montpellier SupAgroCampus International de BaillarguetMontpellier CedexFrance
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11
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Masarapu H, Patel BK, Chariou PL, Hu H, Gulati NM, Carpenter BL, Ghiladi RA, Shukla S, Steinmetz NF. Physalis Mottle Virus-Like Particles as Nanocarriers for Imaging Reagents and Drugs. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:4141-4153. [PMID: 29144726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Platform technologies based on plant virus nanoparticles (VNPs) and virus-like particles (VLPs) are attracting the attention of researchers and clinicians because the particles are biocompatible, biodegradable, noninfectious in mammals, and can readily be chemically and genetically engineered to carry imaging agents and drugs. When the Physalis mottle virus (PhMV) coat protein is expressed in Escherichia coli, the resulting VLPs are nearly identical to the viruses formed in vivo. Here, we isolated PhMV-derived VLPs from ClearColi cells and carried out external and internal surface modification with fluorophores using reactive lysine-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester and cysteine-maleimide chemistries, respectively. The uptake of dye-labeled particles was tested in a range of cancer cells and monitored by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. VLPs labeled internally on cysteine residues were taken up with high efficiency by several cancer cell lines and were colocalized with the endolysosomal marker LAMP-1 within 6 h, whereas VLPs labeled externally on lysine residues were taken up with lower efficiency, probably reflecting differences in surface charge and the propensity to bind to the cell surface. The infusion of dye and drug molecules into the cavity of the VLPs revealed that the photosensitizer (PS), Zn-EpPor, and the drugs crystal violet, mitoxantrone (MTX), and doxorubicin (DOX) associated stably with the carrier via noncovalent interactions. We confirmed the cytotoxicity of the PS-PhMV and DOX-PhMV particles against prostate cancer, ovarian and breast cancer cell lines, respectively. Our results show that PhMV-derived VLPs provide a new platform technology for the delivery of imaging agents and drugs, with preferential uptake into cancer cells. These particles could therefore be developed as multifunctional tools for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Masarapu
- Department of Virology, Sri Venkateswara University , Tirupati, 517 502 Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Bradley L Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Reza A Ghiladi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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12
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Steele JFC, Peyret H, Saunders K, Castells‐Graells R, Marsian J, Meshcheriakova Y, Lomonossoff GP. Synthetic plant virology for nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 9:e1447. [PMID: 28078770 PMCID: PMC5484280 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a rapidly expanding field seeking to utilize nano-scale structures for a wide range of applications. Biologically derived nanostructures, such as viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs), provide excellent platforms for functionalization due to their physical and chemical properties. Plant viruses, and VLPs derived from them, have been used extensively in biotechnology. They have been characterized in detail over several decades and have desirable properties including high yields, robustness, and ease of purification. Through modifications to viral surfaces, either interior or exterior, plant-virus-derived nanoparticles have been shown to support a range of functions of potential interest to medicine and nano-technology. In this review we highlight recent and influential achievements in the use of plant virus particles as vehicles for diverse functions: from delivery of anticancer compounds, to targeted bioimaging, vaccine production to nanowire formation. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1447. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1447 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadrien Peyret
- Department of Biology ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwichUK
| | - Keith Saunders
- Department of Biology ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwichUK
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13
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Guo Q, Thomas GC, Woycechowsky KJ. Reversible loading of thiol-modified curcumin in an engineered protein capsid. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05890j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dodecahedral capsid formed by Aquifex aeolicus lumazine synthase (AaLS) is a promising protein scaffold for bionanotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q. Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - G. C. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Utah
- Salt Lake City
- USA
| | - K. J. Woycechowsky
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
- Department of Chemistry
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14
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Kueh CL, Yong CY, Masoomi Dezfooli S, Bhassu S, Tan SG, Tan WS. Virus-like particle of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus produced in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells is distinctive from that produced in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 33:549-557. [PMID: 27860432 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) is a virus native to giant freshwater prawn. Recombinant MrNV capsid protein has been produced in Escherichia coli, which self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs). However, this recombinant protein is unstable, degrading and forming heterogenous VLPs. In this study, MrNV capsid protein was produced in insect Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells through a baculovirus system. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the recombinant protein produced by the insect cells self-assembled into highly stable, homogenous VLPs each of approximately 40 nm in diameter. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that the VLPs produced in Sf9 cells were highly antigenic and comparable to those produced in E. coli. In addition, the Sf9 produced VLPs were highly stable across a wide pH range (2-12). Interestingly, the Sf9 produced VLPs contained DNA of approximately 48 kilo base pairs and RNA molecules. This study is the first report on the production and characterization of MrNV VLPs produced in a eukaryotic system. The MrNV VLPs produced in Sf9 cells were about 10 nm bigger and had a uniform morphology compared with the VLPs produced in E. coli. The insect cell production system provides a good source of MrNV VLPs for structural and immunological studies as well as for host-pathogen interaction studies. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:549-557, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chare Li Kueh
- Dept. of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chean Yeah Yong
- Dept. of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Subha Bhassu
- Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, Inst. of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soon Guan Tan
- Dept. of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Dept. of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Inst. of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Abstract
If the isolation, production, and clinical use of insulin marked the inception of the age of biologics as therapeutics, the convergence of molecular biology and combinatorial engineering techniques marked its coming of age. The first wave of recombinant protein-based drugs in the 1980s demonstrated emphatically that proteins could be engineered, formulated, and employed for clinical advantage. Yet despite the successes of protein-based drugs such as antibodies, enzymes, and cytokines, the druggable target space for biologics is currently restricted to targets outside the cell. Insofar as estimates place the number of proteins either secreted or with extracellular domains in the range of 8000 to 9000, this represents only one-third of the proteome and circumscribes the pathways that can be targeted for therapeutic intervention. Clearly, a major objective for this field to reach maturity is to access, interrogate, and modulate the majority of proteins found inside the cell. However, owing to the large size, complex architecture, and general cellular impermeability of existing protein-based drugs, this poses a daunting challenge. In recent years, though, advances on the two related fronts of protein engineering and drug delivery are beginning to bring this goal within reach. First, prompted by the restrictions that limit the applicability of antibodies, intense efforts have been applied to identifying and engineering smaller alternative protein scaffolds for the modulation of intracellular targets. In parallel, innovative solutions for delivering proteins to the intracellular space while maintaining their stability and functional activity have begun to yield successes. This review provides an overview of bioactive intrabodies and alternative protein scaffolds amenable to engineering for intracellular targeting and also outlines advances in protein engineering and formulation for delivery of functional proteins to the interior of the cell to achieve therapeutic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Miersch
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are an effective means of establishing both prophylactic and therapeutic immunity against their source virus or heterologous antigens. The particulate nature and repetitive structure of VLPs makes them ideal for stimulating potent immune responses. Epitopes delivered by VLPs can be presented on MHC-II for stimulation of a humoral immune response, or cross-presented onto MHC-I leading to cell-mediated immunity. VLPs as particulate subunit vaccine carriers are showing promise in preclinical and clinical trials for the treatment of many conditions including cancer, autoimmunity, allergies and addiction. Supporting the delivery of almost any form of antigenic material, VLPs are ideal candidate vectors for development of future vaccines.
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17
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Blandino A, Lico C, Baschieri S, Barberini L, Cirotto C, Blasi P, Santi L. In vitro and in vivo toxicity evaluation of plant virus nanocarriers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 129:130-6. [PMID: 25847457 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of biological self-assembling materials, plant virus nanoparticles in particular, appears very intriguing as it allows a great choice of symmetries and dimensions, easy chemical and biological engineering of both surface and/or internal cavity as well as safe and rapid production in plants. In this perspective, we present an initial evaluation of the safety profile of two structurally different plant viruses produced in Nicotiana benthamiana L. plants: the filamentous Potato virus X and the icosahedral Tomato bushy stunt virus. In vitro haemolysis assay was used to test the cytotoxic effects, which could arise by pVNPs interaction with cellular membranes, while early embryo assay was used to evaluate toxicity and teratogenicity in vivo. Data indicates that these structurally robust particles, still able to infect plants after incubation in serum up to 24h, have neither toxic nor teratogenic effects in vitro and in vivo. This work represents the first safety-focused characterization of pVNPs in view of their possible use as drug delivery carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Blandino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Lico
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Technical Unit Radiation Biology and Human Health, ENEA Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - Selene Baschieri
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Technical Unit Radiation Biology and Human Health, ENEA Casaccia Research Center, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - Lanfranco Barberini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Cirotto
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Blasi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | - Luca Santi
- Department of Agriculture, Forests, Nature and Energy (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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18
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Natilla A, Murphy C, Hammond RW. Mutations in the alpha-helical region of the amino terminus of the Maize rayado fino virus capsid protein and CP:RNA ratios affect virus-like particle encapsidation of RNAs. Virus Res 2015; 196:70-8. [PMID: 25102332 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Viral-based nanoplatforms rely on balancing the delicate array of virus properties to optimally achieve encapsidation of foreign materials with various potential objectives. We investigated the use of Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV)-virus-like particles (VLPs) as a multifunctional nanoplatform and their potential application as protein cages. MRFV-VLPs are composed of two serologically related, carboxy co-terminal coat proteins (CP1 and CP2) which are capable of self-assembling in Nicotiana benthamiana plants into 30nm particles with T=3 symmetry. The N-terminus of CP1 was targeted for genetic modification to exploit the driving forces for VLP assembly, packaging and retention of RNA in vivo and in vitro. The N-terminus of MRFV-CP1 contains a peptide sequence of 37 amino acids which has been predicted to have an alpha-helical structure, is rich in hydrophobic amino acids, facilitates CP-RNA interactions, and is not required for self-assembly. Amino acid substitutions were introduced in the 37 amino acid N-terminus by site-directed mutagenesis and the mutant VLPs produced in plants by a Potato virus X (PVX)-based vector were tested for particle stability and RNA encapsidation. All mutant CPs resulted in production of VLPs which encapsidated non-viral RNAs, including PVX genomic and subgenomic (sg) RNAs, 18S rRNA and cellular and viral mRNAs. In addition, MRFV-VLPs encapsidated GFP mRNA when was expressed in plant cells from the pGD vector. These results suggest that RNA packaging in MRFV-VLPs is predominantly driven by electrostatic interactions between the N-terminal 37 amino acid extension of CP1 and RNA, and that the overall species concentration of RNA in the cellular pool may determine the abundance and species of the RNAs packaged into the VLPs. Furthermore, RNA encapsidation is not required for VLPs stability, VLPs formed from MRFV-CP1 were stable at temperatures up to 70°C, and can be disassembled into CP monomers, which can then reassemble in vitro into complete VLPs either in the absence or presence of RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Natilla
- United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Service, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States.
| | - Charles Murphy
- United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Service, Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Rosemarie W Hammond
- United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Service, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
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19
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Moon KB, Lee J, Kang S, Kim M, Mason HS, Jeon JH, Kim HS. Overexpression and self-assembly of virus-like particles in Nicotiana benthamiana by a single-vector DNA replicon system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8281-90. [PMID: 24965559 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Based on recent developments, virus-like particles (VLPs) are considered to be perfect candidates as nanoplatforms for applications in materials science and medicine. To succeed, mass production of VLPs and self-assembly into a correct form in plant systems are key factors. Here, we report expression of synthesized coat proteins of the three viruses, Brome mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, and Maize rayado fino virus, in Nicotiana benthamiana and production of self-assembled VLPs by transient expression system using agroinfiltration. Each coat protein was synthesized and cloned into a pBYR2fp single replicon vector. Target protein expression in cells containing p19 was fourfold higher than that of cells lacking p19. After agroinfiltration, protein expression was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and quantitative image analyzer. Quantitative analysis showed that BMVCP, CMVCP, and MRFVCP concentrations were 0.5, 1.0, and 0.8 mg · g(-1) leaf fresh weight, respectively. VLPs were purified by sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation and then analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Our results suggested that BMVCP and CMVCP proteins expressed in N. benthamiana leaves were able to correctly self-assemble into particles. Moreover, we evaluated internal cavity accessibility of VLPs to load foreign molecules. Finally, plant growth conditions after agroinfiltration are critical for increasing heterologous protein expression levels in a transient expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Beom Moon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, KRIBB, Gwahangno 125, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-806, Korea
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20
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Foged C, Rades T, Perrie Y, Hook S, Ward V, Young S. Virus-Like Particles, a Versatile Subunit Vaccine Platform. SUBUNIT VACCINE DELIVERY 2014. [PMCID: PMC7121566 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1417-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) can be spontaneously formed after expression of self-polymerising viral capsid proteins. VLPs structurally resemble their native source virus, maintaining immunological relevance by retaining formation of immunogenic motifs with natural conformation. The absence of the virus genome renders VLPs safe for administration as a subunit vaccine. VLPs can target both arms of the immune response, with some VLPs initiating production of specific antibodies and others activating cytotoxic T cells. VLPs are also exceptionally versatile, conferring protection against the host virus or acting as a scaffold for antigenic molecules. In addition, VLP can support intraparticulate encapsulation for immunomodulation and gene delivery. VLP vaccines have been developed for prophylactic protection against infectious organisms, and therapeutic treatment of conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, hypertension, and cancer. With an expanding list of vaccine candidates, VLP vaccines are a promising field with a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Yvonne Perrie
- Pharmacy School, Aston University, School of Life and Health Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Hook
- Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, School of Pharmacy, Dunedin, New Zealand
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21
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Smith MT, Hawes AK, Bundy BC. Reengineering viruses and virus-like particles through chemical functionalization strategies. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 24:620-6. [PMID: 23465756 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing demands from nanotechnology require increasingly more rigorous methods to control nanoparticle traits such as assembly, size, morphology, monodispersity, stability, and reactivity. Viruses are a compelling starting point for engineering nanoparticles, as eons of natural biological evolution have instilled diverse and desirable traits. The next step is to reengineer these viruses into something functional and useful. These reengineered particles, or virus-based nanoparticles (VNPs), are the foundation for many promising new technologies in drug delivery, targeted delivery, vaccines, imaging, and biocatalysis. To achieve these end goals, VNPs must often be manipulated genetically and post-translationally. We review prevailing strategies of genetic and noncovalent functionalization and focus on the covalent modifications using natural and unnatural amino acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Thomas Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, United States
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22
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Pushko P, Pumpens P, Grens E. Development of Virus-Like Particle Technology from Small Highly Symmetric to Large Complex Virus-Like Particle Structures. Intervirology 2013; 56:141-65. [DOI: 10.1159/000346773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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23
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Lilavivat S, Sardar D, Jana S, Thomas GC, Woycechowsky KJ. In Vivo Encapsulation of Nucleic Acids Using an Engineered Nonviral Protein Capsid. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13152-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja302743g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seth Lilavivat
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
United States
| | - Debosmita Sardar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
United States
| | - Subrata Jana
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
United States
| | - Geoffrey C. Thomas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
United States
| | - Kenneth J. Woycechowsky
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
United States
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24
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Chen HN, Woycechowsky KJ. Conversion of a dodecahedral protein capsid into pentamers via minimal point mutations. Biochemistry 2012; 51:4704-12. [PMID: 22606973 DOI: 10.1021/bi3003555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein self-assembly relies upon the formation of stabilizing noncovalent interactions across subunit interfaces. Identifying the determinants of self-assembly is crucial for understanding structure-function relationships in symmetric protein complexes and for engineering responsive nanoscale architectures for applications in medicine and biotechnology. Lumazine synthases (LS's) comprise a protein family that forms diverse quaternary structures, including pentamers and 60-subunit dodecahedral capsids. To improve our understanding of the basis for this difference in assembly, we attempted to convert the capsid-forming LS from Aquifex aeolicus (AaLS) into pentamers through a small number of rationally designed amino acid substitutions. Our mutations targeted side chains at ionic (R40), hydrogen bonding (H41), and hydrophobic (L121 and I125) interaction sites along the interfaces between pentamers. We found that substitutions at two or three of these positions could reliably generate pentameric variants of AaLS. Biophysical characterization indicates that this quaternary structure change is not accompanied by substantial changes in secondary or tertiary structure. Interestingly, previous homology-based studies of the assembly determinants in LS's had identified only one of these four positions. The ability to control assembly state in protein capsids such as AaLS could aid efforts in the development of new systems for drug delivery, biocatalysis, or materials synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Nung Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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