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Molecular Characteristics and Incidence of Apple Rubbery Wood Virus 2 and Citrus Virus A Infecting Pear Trees in China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030576. [PMID: 35336983 PMCID: PMC8952854 DOI: 10.3390/v14030576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Apple rubbery wood virus 2 (ARWV-2) and citrus virus A (CiVA) belong to a recently approved family Phenuiviridae in the order Bunyavirales and possess negative-sense single-stranded RNA genomes. In this study, the genome sequence of three ARWV-2 isolates (S17E2, LYC2, and LYXS) and a CiVA isolate (CiVA-P) infecting pear trees grown in China were characterized using high-throughput sequencing combined with conventional reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) assays. The genome-wide nt sequence identities were above 93.6% among the ARWV-2 isolates and above 93% among CiVA isolates. Sequence comparisons showed that sequence diversity occurred in the 5′ untranslated region of the ARWV-2 genome and the intergenic region of the CiVA genome. For the first time, this study revealed that ARWV-2 proteins Ma and Mb displayed a plasmodesma subcellular localization, and the MP of CiVA locates in cell periphery and can interact with the viral NP in bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. RT-PCR tests disclosed that ARWV-2 widely occurs, while CiVA has a low incidence in pear trees grown in China. This study presents the first complete genome sequences and incidences of ARWV-2 and CiVA from pear trees and the obtained results extend our knowledge of the viral pathogens of pear grown in China.
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2
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Kormelink R, Verchot J, Tao X, Desbiez C. The Bunyavirales: The Plant-Infecting Counterparts. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050842. [PMID: 34066457 PMCID: PMC8148189 DOI: 10.3390/v13050842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative-strand (-) RNA viruses (NSVs) comprise a large and diverse group of viruses that are generally divided in those with non-segmented and those with segmented genomes. Whereas most NSVs infect animals and humans, the smaller group of the plant-infecting counterparts is expanding, with many causing devastating diseases worldwide, affecting a large number of major bulk and high-value food crops. In 2018, the taxonomy of segmented NSVs faced a major reorganization with the establishment of the order Bunyavirales. This article overviews the major plant viruses that are part of the order, i.e., orthospoviruses (Tospoviridae), tenuiviruses (Phenuiviridae), and emaraviruses (Fimoviridae), and provides updates on the more recent ongoing research. Features shared with the animal-infecting counterparts are mentioned, however, special attention is given to their adaptation to plant hosts and vector transmission, including intra/intercellular trafficking and viral counter defense to antiviral RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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3
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Leastro MO, Kitajima EW, Silva MS, Resende RO, Freitas-Astúa J. Dissecting the Subcellular Localization, Intracellular Trafficking, Interactions, Membrane Association, and Topology of Citrus Leprosis Virus C Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1299. [PMID: 30254655 PMCID: PMC6141925 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Citrus leprosis (CL) is a re-emergent viral disease affecting citrus crops in the Americas, and citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C), belonging to the genus Cilevirus, is the main pathogen responsible for the disease. Despite the economic importance of CL to the citrus industry, very little is known about the performance of viral proteins. Here, we present a robust in vivo study around functionality of p29, p15, p61, MP, and p24 CiLV-C proteins in the host cells. The intracellular sub-localization of all those viral proteins in plant cells are shown, and their co-localization with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi complex (GC) (p15, MP, p61 and p24), actin filaments (p29, p15 and p24), nucleus (p15), and plasmodesmata (MP) are described. Several features are disclosed, including i) ER remodeling and redistribution of GC apparatus, ii) trafficking of the p29 and MP along the ER network system, iii) self-interaction of the p29, p15, and p24 and hetero-association between p29-p15, p29-MP, p29-p24, and p15-MP proteins in vivo. We also showed that all proteins are associated with biological membranes; whilst p15 is peripherally associated, p29, p24, and MP are integrally bound to cell membranes. Furthermore, while p24 exposes an N-cytoplasm-C-lumen topology, p29, and p15 are oriented toward the cytoplasmic face of the biological membrane. Based on our findings, we discuss the possible performance of each protein in the context of infection and a hypothetical model encompassing the virus spread and sites for replication and particle assembly is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elliot Watanabe Kitajima
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Marilia Santos Silva
- Laboratório de Bioimagem, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Departamento de Bioquímica Fitopatológica, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, Brazil
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
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4
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Bally J, Jung H, Mortimer C, Naim F, Philips JG, Hellens R, Bombarely A, Goodin MM, Waterhouse PM. The Rise and Rise of Nicotiana benthamiana: A Plant for All Reasons. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 56:405-426. [PMID: 30149789 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A decade ago, the value of Nicotiana benthamiana as a tool for plant molecular biologists was beginning to be appreciated. Scientists were using it to study plant-microbe and protein-protein interactions, and it was the species of choice with which to activate plasmid-encoded viruses, screen for gene functions with virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), and transiently express genes by leaf agroinfiltration. However, little information about the species' origin, diversity, genetics, and genomics was available, and biologists were asking the question of whether N. benthamiana is a second fiddle or virtuoso. In this review, we look at the increased knowledge about the species and its applications over the past decade. Although N. benthamiana may still be the sidekick to Arabidopsis, it shines ever more brightly with realized and yet-to-be-exploited potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bally
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, 4001 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Hyungtaek Jung
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, 4001 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Cara Mortimer
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, 4001 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Fatima Naim
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, 4001 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Joshua G Philips
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, 4001 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Roger Hellens
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, 4001 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Aureliano Bombarely
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0002, USA
| | - Michael M Goodin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA;
| | - Peter M Waterhouse
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, 4001 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
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Anderson G, Jang C, Wang R, Goodin M. Mapping the nuclear localization signal in the matrix protein of potato yellow dwarf virus. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:743-752. [PMID: 29616892 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the matrix (M) protein of potato yellow dwarf virus (PYDV) to remodel nuclear membranes is controlled by a di-leucine motif located at residues 223 and 224 of its primary structure. This function can be uncoupled from that of its nuclear localization signal (NLS), which is controlled primarily by lysine and arginine residues immediately downstream of the LL motif. In planta localization of green fluorescent protein fusions, bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays with nuclear import receptor importin-α1 and yeast-based nuclear import assays provided three independent experimental approaches to validate the authenticity of the M-NLS. The carboxy terminus of M is predicted to contain a nuclear export signal, which is belived to be functional, given the ability of M to bind the Arabidopsis nuclear export receptor 1 (XPO1). The nuclear shuttle activity of M has implications for the cell-to-cell movement of PYDV nucleocapsids, based upon its interaction with the N and Y proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Anderson
- Anderson Craft Ales, 1030 Elias St, London, ON N5W 3P6, Canada
| | - Chanyong Jang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Renyuan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael Goodin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Goodin MM. Protein Localization and Interaction Studies in Plants: Toward Defining Complete Proteomes by Visualization. Adv Virus Res 2017; 100:117-144. [PMID: 29551133 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein interaction and localization studies in plants are a fundamental component of achieving mechanistic understanding of virus:plant interactions at the systems level. Many such studies are conducted using transient expression assays in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana, the most widely used experimental plant host in virology, examined by laser-scanning confocal microscopy. This chapter provides a workflow for protein interaction and localization experiments, with particular attention to the many control and supporting assays that may also need to be performed. Basic principles of microscopy are introduced to aid researchers in the early stages of adding imaging techniques to their experimental repertoire. Three major types of imaging-based experiments are discussed in detail: (i) protein localization using autofluorescent proteins, (ii) colocalization studies, and (iii) bimolecular fluorescence complementation, with emphasis on judicious interpretation of the data obtained from these approaches. In addition to establishing a general framework for protein localization experiments in plants, the need for proteome-scale localization projects is discussed, with emphasis on nuclear-localized proteins.
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Jang C, Wang R, Wells J, Leon F, Farman M, Hammond J, Goodin MM. Genome sequence variation in the constricta strain dramatically alters the protein interaction and localization map of Potato yellow dwarf virus. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1526-1536. [PMID: 28635588 PMCID: PMC5656794 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome sequence of the constricta strain of Potato yellow dwarf virus (CYDV) was determined to be 12 792 nt long and organized into seven ORFs with the gene order 3'-N-X-P-Y-M-G-L-5', which encodes the nucleocapsid, phospho, movement, matrix, glyco, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase proteins, respectively, except for X, which is of unknown function. Cloned ORFs for each gene, except L, were used to construct a protein interaction and localization map (PILM) for this virus, which shares greater than 80 % amino acid similarity in all ORFs except X and P with the sanguinolenta strain of this species (SYDV). Protein localization patterns and interactions unique to each viral strain were identified, resulting in strain-specific PILMs. Localization of CYDV and SYDV proteins in virus-infected cells mapped subcellular loci likely to be sites of replication, morphogenesis and movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyong Jang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Renyuan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joseph Wells
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Fabian Leon
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mark Farman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John Hammond
- USDA-ARS, United States National Arboretum, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Michael M. Goodin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Widana Gamage SMK, Dietzgen RG. Intracellular Localization, Interactions and Functions of Capsicum Chlorosis Virus Proteins. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:612. [PMID: 28443083 PMCID: PMC5387057 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tospoviruses are among the most devastating viruses of horticultural and field crops. Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) has emerged as an important pathogen of capsicum and tomato in Australia and South-east Asia. Present knowledge about CaCV protein functions in host cells is lacking. We determined intracellular localization and interactions of CaCV proteins by live plant cell imaging to gain insight into the associations of viral proteins during infection. Proteins were transiently expressed as fusions to autofluorescent proteins in leaf epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana and capsicum. All viral proteins localized at least partially in the cell periphery suggestive of cytoplasmic replication and assembly of CaCV. Nucleocapsid (N) and non-structural movement (NSm) proteins localized exclusively in the cell periphery, while non-structural suppressor of silencing (NSs) protein and Gc and Gn glycoproteins accumulated in both the cell periphery and the nucleus. Nuclear localization of CaCV Gn and NSs is unique among tospoviruses. We validated nuclear localization of NSs by immunofluorescence in protoplasts. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation showed self-interactions of CaCV N, NSs and NSm, and heterotypic interactions of N with NSs and Gn. All interactions occurred in the cytoplasm, except NSs self-interaction was exclusively nuclear. Interactions of a tospoviral NSs protein with itself and with N had not been reported previously. Functionally, CaCV NSs showed strong local and systemic RNA silencing suppressor activity and appears to delay short-distance spread of silencing signal. Cell-to-cell movement activity of NSm was demonstrated by trans-complementation of a movement-defective tobamovirus replicon. CaCV NSm localized at plasmodesmata and its transient expression led to the formation of tubular structures that protruded from protoplasts. The D155 residue in the 30K-like movement protein-specific LxD/N50-70G motif of NSm was critical for plasmodesmata localization and movement activity. Compared to other tospoviruses, CaCV proteins have both conserved and unique properties in terms of in planta localization, interactions and protein functions which will effect viral multiplication and movement in host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralf G. Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St LuciaQLD, Australia
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9
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Kang SH, Dao TNM, Kim OK, Folimonova SY. Self-interaction of Citrus tristeza virus p33 protein via N-terminal helix. Virus Res 2017; 233:29-34. [PMID: 28279804 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), the most economically important viral pathogen of citrus, encodes a unique protein, p33. CTV p33 shows no similarity with other known proteins, yet plays an important role in viral pathogenesis: it extends the virus host range and mediates virus ability to exclude superinfection by other variants of the virus. Previously we demonstrated that p33 is an integral membrane protein and appears to share characteristics of viral movement proteins. In this study, we show that the p33 protein self-interacts in vitro and in vivo using co-immunoprecipitation, yeast two hybrid, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. Furthermore, a helix located at the N-terminus of the protein is required and sufficient for the protein self-interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hwan Kang
- University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Thi Nguyet Minh Dao
- University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ok-Kyung Kim
- University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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10
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Leastro MO, Pallás V, Resende RO, Sánchez-Navarro JA. The functional analysis of distinct tospovirus movement proteins (NS M) reveals different capabilities in tubule formation, cell-to-cell and systemic virus movement among the tospovirus species. Virus Res 2016; 227:57-68. [PMID: 27697453 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The lack of infectious tospovirus clones to address reverse genetic experiments has compromised the functional analysis of viral proteins. In the present study we have performed a functional analysis of the movement proteins (NSM) of four tospovirus species Bean necrotic mosaic virus (BeNMV), Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV), Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), which differ biologically and molecularly, by using the Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) model system. All NSM proteins were competent to: i) support the cell-to-cell and systemic transport of AMV, ii) generate tubular structures on infected protoplast and iii) transport only virus particles. However, the NSM of BeNMV (one of the most phylogenetically distant species) was very inefficient to support the systemic transport. Deletion assays revealed that the C-terminal region of the BeNMV NSM, but not that of the CSNV, TCSV and TSWV NSM proteins, was dispensable for cell-to-cell transport, and that all the non-functional C-terminal NSM mutants were unable to generate tubular structures. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis revealed that the C-terminus of the BeNMV NSM was not required for the interaction with the cognate nucleocapsid protein, showing a different protein organization when compared with other movement proteins of the '30K family'. Overall, our results revealed clearly differences in functional aspects among movement proteins from divergent tospovirus species that have a distinct biological behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail O Leastro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Vicente Pallás
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Renato O Resende
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Jesús A Sánchez-Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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11
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Abstract
The genus Tospovirus is unique within the family Bunyaviridae in that it is made up of viruses that infect plants. Initially documented over 100 years ago, tospoviruses have become increasingly important worldwide since the 1980s due to the spread of the important insect vector Frankliniella occidentalis and the discovery of new viruses. As a result, tospoviruses are now recognized globally as emerging agricultural diseases. Tospoviruses and their vectors, thrips species in the order Thysanoptera, represent a major problem for agricultural and ornamental crops that must be managed to avoid devastating losses. In recent years, the number of recognized species in the genus has increased rapidly, and our knowledge of the molecular interactions of tospoviruses with their host plants and vectors has expanded. In this review, we present an overview of the genus Tospovirus with particular emphasis on new understandings of the molecular plant-virus and vector-virus interactions as well as relationships among genus members.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Oliver
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506;
| | - A E Whitfield
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506;
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12
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Turina M, Kormelink R, Resende RO. Resistance to Tospoviruses in Vegetable Crops: Epidemiological and Molecular Aspects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 54:347-371. [PMID: 27296139 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-095843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
During the past three decades, the economic impact of tospoviruses has increased, causing high yield losses in a variety of crops and ornamentals. Owing to the difficulty in combating thrips vectors with insecticides, the best way to limit/prevent tospovirus-induced diseases involves a management strategy that includes virus resistance. This review briefly presents current tospovirus taxonomy, diversity, molecular biology, and cytopathology as an introduction to a more extensive description of the two main resistance genes employed against tospoviruses: the Sw5 gene in tomato and the Tsw in pepper. Natural and experimental resistance-breaking (RB) isolates allowed the identification of the viral avirulence protein triggering each of the two resistance gene products; epidemiology of RB isolates is discussed to reinforce the need for allelic variants and the need to search for new/alternative resistance genes. Ongoing efforts for alternative resistance strategies are described not only for Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in pepper and tomato but also for other vegetable crops heavily impacted by tospoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Turina
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR Torino, 10135 Torino, Italy;
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renato O Resende
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Montero-Astúa M, Ullman DE, Whitfield AE. Salivary gland morphology, tissue tropism and the progression of tospovirus infection in Frankliniella occidentalis. Virology 2016; 493:39-51. [PMID: 26999025 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is transmitted by thrips in a propagative manner; however, progression of virus infection in the insect is not fully understood. The goal of this work was to study the morphology and infection of thrips salivary glands. The primary salivary glands (PSG) are complex, with three distinct regions that may have unique functions. Analysis of TSWV progression in thrips revealed the presence of viral proteins in the foregut, midgut, ligaments, tubular salivary glands (TSG), and efferent duct and filament structures connecting the TSG and PSG of first and second instar larvae. The primary site of virus infection shifted from the midgut and TSG in the larvae to the PSG in adults, suggesting that tissue tropism changes with insect development. TSG infection was detected in advance of PSG infection. These findings support the hypothesis that the TSG are involved in trafficking of TSWV to the PSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Montero-Astúa
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5502, United States
| | - Diane E Ullman
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, United States
| | - Anna E Whitfield
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5502, United States.
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Mann KS, Johnson KN, Carroll BJ, Dietzgen RG. Cytorhabdovirus P protein suppresses RISC-mediated cleavage and RNA silencing amplification in planta. Virology 2016; 490:27-40. [PMID: 26808923 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses have evolved to undermine the RNA silencing pathway by expressing suppressor protein(s) that interfere with one or more key components of this antiviral defense. Here we show that the recently identified RNA silencing suppressor (RSS) of lettuce necrotic yellows virus (LNYV), phosphoprotein P, binds to RNA silencing machinery proteins AGO1, AGO2, AGO4, RDR6 and SGS3 in protein-protein interaction assays when transiently expressed. In planta, we demonstrate that LNYV P inhibits miRNA-guided AGO1 cleavage and translational repression, and RDR6/SGS3-dependent amplification of silencing. Analysis of LNYV P deletion mutants identified a C-terminal protein domain essential for both local RNA silencing suppression and interaction with AGO1, AGO2, AGO4, RDR6 and SGS3. In contrast to other viral RSS known to disrupt AGO activity, LNYV P sequence does not contain any recognizable GW/WG or F-box motifs. This suggests that LNYV P may represent a new class of AGO binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krin S Mann
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Karyn N Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bernard J Carroll
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ralf G Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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15
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Mann KS, Bejerman N, Johnson KN, Dietzgen RG. Cytorhabdovirus P3 genes encode 30K-like cell-to-cell movement proteins. Virology 2016; 489:20-33. [PMID: 26700068 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses encode movement proteins (MP) to facilitate cell-to-cell transport through plasmodesmata. In this study, using trans-complementation of a movement-defective turnip vein-clearing tobamovirus (TVCV) replicon, we show for the first time for cytorhabdoviruses (lettuce necrotic yellows virus (LNYV) and alfalfa dwarf virus (ADV)) that their P3 proteins function as MP similar to the TVCV P30 protein. All three MP localized to plasmodesmata when ectopically expressed. In addition, we show that these MP belong to the 30K superfamily since movement was inhibited by mutation of an aspartic acid residue in the critical 30K-specific LxD/N50-70G motif. We also report that Nicotiana benthamiana microtubule-associated VOZ1-like transcriptional activator interacts with LNYV P3 and TVCV P30 but not with ADV P3 or any of the MP point mutants. This host protein, which is known to interact with P3 of sonchus yellow net nucleorhabdovirus, may be involved in aiding the cell-to-cell movement of LNYV and TVCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krin S Mann
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nicolas Bejerman
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Karyn N Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ralf G Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Singh P, Savithri HS. GBNV encoded movement protein (NSm) remodels ER network via C-terminal coiled coil domain. Virology 2015; 482:133-46. [PMID: 25863878 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses exploit the host machinery for targeting the viral genome-movement protein complex to plasmodesmata (PD). The mechanism by which the non-structural protein m (NSm) of Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) is targeted to PD was investigated using Agrobacterium mediated transient expression of NSm and its fusion proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana. GFP:NSm formed punctuate structures that colocalized with mCherry:plasmodesmata localized protein 1a (PDLP 1a) confirming that GBNV NSm localizes to PD. Unlike in other movement proteins, the C-terminal coiled coil domain of GBNV NSm was shown to be involved in the localization of NSm to PD, as deletion of this domain resulted in the cytoplasmic localization of NSm. Treatment with Brefeldin A demonstrated the role of ER in targeting GFP NSm to PD. Furthermore, mCherry:NSm co-localized with ER-GFP (endoplasmic reticulum targeting peptide (HDEL peptide fused with GFP). Co-expression of NSm with ER-GFP showed that the ER-network was transformed into vesicles indicating that NSm interacts with ER and remodels it. Mutations in the conserved hydrophobic region of NSm (residues 130-138) did not abolish the formation of vesicles. Additionally, the conserved prolines at positions 140 and 142 were found to be essential for targeting the vesicles to the cell membrane. Further, systematic deletion of amino acid residues from N- and C-terminus demonstrated that N-terminal 203 amino acids are dispensable for the vesicle formation. On the other hand, the C-terminal coiled coil domain when expressed alone could also form vesicles. These results suggest that GBNV NSm remodels the ER network by forming vesicles via its interaction through the C-terminal coiled coil domain. Interestingly, NSm interacts with NP in vitro and coexpression of these two proteins in planta resulted in the relocalization of NP to PD and this relocalization was abolished when the N-terminal unfolded region of NSm was deleted. Thus, the NSm interacts with NP via its N-terminal unfolded region and the NSm-NP complex could in turn interact with the ER membrane via the C-terminal coiled coil domain of NSm to form vesicles that are targeted to PD and there by assist the cell to cell movement of the viral genome complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - H S Savithri
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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Leastro M, Pallás V, Resende R, Sánchez-Navarro J. The movement proteins (NSm) of distinct tospoviruses peripherally associate with cellular membranes and interact with homologous and heterologous NSm and nucleocapsid proteins. Virology 2015; 478:39-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Tripathi D, Raikhy G, Pappu HR. Movement and nucleocapsid proteins coded by two tospovirus species interact through multiple binding regions in mixed infections. Virology 2015; 478:137-47. [PMID: 25666522 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Negative-stranded tospoviruses (family: Bunyaviridae) are among the most agronomically important viruses. Some of the tospoviruses are known to exist as mixed infections in the same host plant. Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) were used to study virus-virus interaction in dually infected host plants. Viral genes of both viruses were separately cloned into binary pSITE-BiFC vectors. BiFC results showed that the N and NSm proteins of IYSV interact with their counterparts coded by TSWV in dually infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants. BiFC results were further confirmed by pull down and yeast-2-hybrid (Y2H) assays. Interacting regions of the N and NSm proteins were also identified by Y2H system and β-galactosidase activity. Several regions of the N and NSm were found interacting with each other. The regions involved in these interactions are presumed to be critical for the functioning of the tospovirus N and NSm proteins. This is the first report of in vivo protein interactions of distinct tospoviruses in mixed infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwaker Tripathi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646430, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
| | - Gaurav Raikhy
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646430, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
| | - Hanu R Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646430, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA.
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Tripathi D, Raikhy G, Goodin MM, Dietzgen RG, Pappu HR. In vivo localization of iris yellow spot tospovirus (Bunyaviridae)-encoded proteins and identification of interacting regions of nucleocapsid and movement proteins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118973. [PMID: 25781476 PMCID: PMC4363525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Localization and interaction studies of viral proteins provide important information about their replication in their host plants. Tospoviruses (Family Bunyaviridae) are economically important viruses affecting numerous field and horticultural crops. Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV), one of the tospoviruses, has recently emerged as an important viral pathogen of Allium spp. in many parts of the world. We studied the in vivo localization and interaction patterns of the IYSV proteins in uninfected and infected Nicotiana benthamiana and identified the interacting partners. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis demonstrated homotypic and heterotypic interactions between IYSV nucleocapsid (N) and movement (NSm) proteins. These interactions were further confirmed by pull-down assays. Additionally, interacting regions of IYSV N and NSm were identified by the yeast-2-hybrid system and β-galactosidase assay. The N protein self-association was found to be mediated through the N- and C-terminal regions making head to tail interaction. Self-interaction of IYSV NSm was shown to occur through multiple interacting regions. In yeast-2-hybrid assay, the N- and C-terminal regions of IYSV N protein interacted with an N-terminal region of IYSV NSm protein. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our studies provide new insights into localization and interactions of IYSV N and NSm proteins. Molecular basis of these interactions was studied and is discussed in the context of tospovirus assembly, replication, and infection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwaker Tripathi
- Department of Plant Pathology, P.O. Box 646430, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gaurav Raikhy
- Department of Plant Pathology, P.O. Box 646430, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Goodin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Ralf G. Dietzgen
- QAAFI, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, P.O. Box 646430, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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Gong X, Hurtado O, Wang B, Wu C, Yi M, Giraldo M, Valent B, Goodin M, Farman M. pFPL Vectors for High-Throughput Protein Localization in Fungi: Detecting Cytoplasmic Accumulation of Putative Effector Proteins. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:107-121. [PMID: 25390188 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-14-0144-ta] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As part of a large-scale project whose goal was to identify candidate effector proteins in Magnaporthe oryzae, we developed a suite of vectors that facilitate high-throughput protein localization experiments in fungi. These vectors utilize Gateway recombinational cloning to place a gene's promoter and coding sequences upstream and in frame with enhanced cyan fluorescent protein, green fluorescent protein (GFP), monomeric red fluorescence protein (mRFP), and yellow fluorescent protein or a nucleus-targeted mCHERRY variant. The respective Gateway cassettes were incorporated into Agrobacterium-based plasmids to allow efficient fungal transformation using hygromycin or geneticin resistance selection. mRFP proved to be more sensitive than the GFP spectral variants for monitoring proteins secreted in planta; and extensive testing showed that Gateway-derived fusion proteins produced localization patterns identical to their "directly fused" counterparts. Use of plasmid for fungal protein localization (pFPL) vectors with two different selectable markers provided a convenient way to label fungal cells with different fluorescent proteins. We demonstrate the utility of the pFPL vectors for identifying candidate effector proteins and we highlight a number of important factors that must be taken into consideration when screening for proteins that are translocated across the host plasma membrane.
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Interaction study of rice stripe virus proteins reveals a region of the nucleocapsid protein (NP) required for NP self-interaction and nuclear localization. Virus Res 2014; 183:6-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Non-structural proteins of arthropod-borne bunyaviruses: roles and functions. Viruses 2013; 5:2447-68. [PMID: 24100888 PMCID: PMC3814597 DOI: 10.3390/v5102447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses within the Bunyaviridae family are tri-segmented, negative-stranded RNA viruses. The family includes several emerging and re-emerging viruses of humans, animals and plants, such as Rift Valley fever virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, La Crosse virus, Schmallenberg virus and tomato spotted wilt virus. Many bunyaviruses are arthropod-borne, so-called arboviruses. Depending on the genus, bunyaviruses encode, in addition to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the different structural proteins, one or several non-structural proteins. These non-structural proteins are not always essential for virus growth and replication but can play an important role in viral pathogenesis through their interaction with the host innate immune system. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge and understanding of insect-borne bunyavirus non-structural protein function(s) in vertebrate, plant and arthropod.
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