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Zihni Korkmaz M, Yemenoğlu H, Günaçar DN, Ustaoğlu G, Ateş Yildirim E. The effects of vitamin D deficiency on mandibular bone structure: a retrospective radiological study. Oral Radiol 2023; 39:67-74. [PMID: 35277812 PMCID: PMC8916492 DOI: 10.1007/s11282-022-00602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of vitamin D deficiency on the mandibular bone structure by fractal analysis and panoramic morphometric indices. METHODS Ninety participants were divided into three groups as 30 individuals with severe vitamin D deficiency, 30 individuals with vitamin D deficiency, and 30 individuals with vitamin D sufficiency. Fractal dimension analysis (FD), panoramic mandibular index (PMI), mandibular cortical index (MCI), and mandibular cortical thickness measurement (CTM) were evaluated on panoramic radiographs. RESULTS FD values of the patients with vitamin D deficiency were found to be statistically lower than the patients with vitamin D sufficiency (p < 0.05). FD value of supracortical area above the angulus mandible (FD2) in patients with severe vitamin D deficiency was significantly lower than FD values (p = 0.002). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the CTM (p > 0.05). PMI was significantly lower in patients with severe vitamin D deficiency (p < 0.001). There was a significant difference in MCI values between the groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Vitamin D deficiency causes a decrease in bone mineral density in the mandible, and an increase in alveolar porosity. FD analysis and radiomorphometric indices in panoramic radiographs can be used to assess osteoporotic changes in patients with vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Zihni Korkmaz
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, TR-53100, Rize, Turkey.
| | - Hatice Yemenoğlu
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, TR-53100, Rize, Turkey
| | - Dilara Nil Günaçar
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Gülbahar Ustaoğlu
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Esra Ateş Yildirim
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
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2
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Verma S, Chaturvedi V, Ganguly NK, Mittal SA. Vitamin D deficiency: concern for rheumatoid arthritis and COVID-19? Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:4351-4362. [PMID: 34453644 PMCID: PMC8401347 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is an immunomodulatory hormone with an established role in calcium and phosphate metabolism and skeletal mineralization. Evidence showing its immunological benefits by regulating essential components of the innate and adaptive immune system is prevalent. Vitamin D deficiency is reported worldwide and is thereby found to be associated with various immune-related diseases. Rheumatoid Arthritis and COVID-19 are two such diseases, sharing a similar hyperinflammatory response. Various studies have found an association of lower Vitamin D levels to be associated with both these diseases. However, contrasting data is also reported. We review here the available scientific data on risk factor association and supplementation benefits of Vitamin D in Rheumatoid Arthritis and COVID-19, intending to critically evaluate the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Verma
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ved Chaturvedi
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - N K Ganguly
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
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3
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Basch CH, Sullivan M, Kecojevic A, Quinones N. Information About COVID-19 Testing on College Websites in the New York City Metropolitan Area. J Community Health 2021; 46:887-892. [PMID: 33569669 PMCID: PMC7875451 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-021-00970-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The continuing COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the Fall reopening plans among institutions of higher education (IHEs) in the United States (U.S.). While recommendations were made to conduct COVID-19 testing of students and staff, it is unclear as to what extent IHEs were able to engage in testing. IHEs also play a critical role in provision of accurate information related to COVID-19 to students and staff. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to assess available information on COVID-19 testing on IHEs' websites in the New York City (NYC) metropolitan area. IHEs' websites were screened for the presence of content related to COVID-19 testing. Larger institutions (> 10,000 students) were more likely than smaller institutions (≤ 5000 students) to provide information on how to make an appointment for COVID-19 testing (χ2(2) = 8.1, P < 0.05), and information on free testing (χ2(2) = 7.0, P < 0.05). Of 150 IHEs included, 124 (82.7%) IHE's reported testing data to the campus community, with the majority providing this data biweekly (62.9%). A total of 116 IHEs recorded at least one positive COVID-19 case among their students or staff during the Fall semester. Smaller-sized institutions reported a significantly lower number of cases than medium- (P < 0.001) and large-sized (P = 0.003) institutions. Additional differences related to testing modalities and provision of information were observed according to schools' state jurisdictions. Although geographically close, IHEs in the NYC metropolitan area did not provide information on COVID-19 testing in a uniform and comprehensive fashion, which may further contribute to public confusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey H Basch
- Department of Public Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, 07470, USA.
| | - Marianne Sullivan
- Department of Public Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, 07470, USA
| | | | - Nasia Quinones
- Department of Public Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ, 07470, USA
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4
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Takahashi S, Peluso MJ, Hakim J, Turcios K, Janson O, Routledge I, Busch MP, Hoh R, Tai V, Kelly JD, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Henrich TJ, Greenhouse B, Rodríguez-Barraquer I. SARS-CoV-2 serology across scales: a framework for unbiased seroprevalence estimation incorporating antibody kinetics and epidemic recency. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.09.09.21263139. [PMID: 34545373 PMCID: PMC8452112 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.09.21263139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Serosurveys are a key resource for measuring SARS-CoV-2 cumulative incidence. A growing body of evidence suggests that asymptomatic and mild infections (together making up over 95% of all infections) are associated with lower antibody titers than severe infections. Antibody levels also peak a few weeks after infection and decay gradually. We developed a statistical approach to produce adjusted estimates of seroprevalence from raw serosurvey results that account for these sources of spectrum bias. We incorporate data on antibody responses on multiple assays from a post-infection longitudinal cohort, along with epidemic time series to account for the timing of a serosurvey relative to how recently individuals may have been infected. We applied this method to produce adjusted seroprevalence estimates from five large-scale SARS-CoV-2 serosurveys across different settings and study designs. We identify substantial differences between reported and adjusted estimates of over two-fold in the results of some surveys, and provide a tool for practitioners to generate adjusted estimates with pre-set or custom parameter values. While unprecedented efforts have been launched to generate SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence estimates over this past year, interpretation of results from these studies requires properly accounting for both population-level epidemiologic context and individual-level immune dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Takahashi
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Michael J. Peluso
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jill Hakim
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Keirstinne Turcios
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Owen Janson
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Isobel Routledge
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Michael P. Busch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Viva Tai
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - J. Daniel Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Timothy J. Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Macdonald JC, Browne C, Gulbudak H. Modelling COVID-19 outbreaks in USA with distinct testing, lockdown speed and fatigue rates. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210227. [PMID: 34386248 PMCID: PMC8334836 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Each state in the USA exhibited a unique response to the COVID-19 outbreak, along with variable levels of testing, leading to different actual case burdens in the country. In this study, via per capita testing dependent ascertainment rates, along with case and death data, we fit a minimal epidemic model for each state. We estimate infection-level responsive lockdown/self-quarantine entry and exit rates (representing government and behavioural reaction), along with the true number of cases as of 31 May 2020. Ultimately, we provide error-corrected estimates for commonly used metrics such as infection fatality ratio and overall case ascertainment for all 55 states and territories considered, along with the USA in aggregate, in order to correlate outbreak severity with first wave intervention attributes and suggest potential management strategies for future outbreaks. We observe a theoretically predicted inverse proportionality relation between outbreak size and lockdown rate, with scale dependent on the underlying reproduction number and simulations suggesting a critical population quarantine 'half-life' of 30 days independent of other model parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Macdonald
- Department of Mathematics, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70503-2014 USA
| | - C. Browne
- Department of Mathematics, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70503-2014 USA
| | - H. Gulbudak
- Department of Mathematics, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70503-2014 USA
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6
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Reicher S, Ratzon R, Ben-Sahar S, Hermoni-Alon S, Mossinson D, Shenhar Y, Friger M, Lustig Y, Alroy-Preis S, Anis E, Sadetzki S, Kaliner E. Nationwide seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Israel. Eur J Epidemiol 2021; 36:727-734. [PMID: 33884542 PMCID: PMC8059683 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-021-00749-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The first local spread of COVID-19 in Israel was detected in March 2020. Due to the diversity in clinical presentations of COVID-19, diagnosis by RT-PCR alone might miss patients with mild or no symptoms. Serology testing may better evaluate the actual magnitude of the spread of infection in the population. This is the first nationwide seroprevalence study conducted in Israel. It is one of the most widespread to be conducted thus far, and the largest per-country population size. The survey was conducted between June 28 and September 14, 2020 and included 54,357 patients who arrived at the Health Maintenance Organizations to undergo a blood test for any reason. A patient was considered seropositive after two consecutive positive results with two different kits (Abbott and DiaSorin).The overall seroprevalence was 3.8% (95%CI 3.7-4.0), males higher than females [4.9% (95%CI 4.6-5.2) vs. 3.1% (95%CI 2.9-3.3) respectively]. Adolescents had the highest prevalence [7.8% (95%CI 7.0-8.6)] compared to other age groups. Participants who had undergone RT-PCR testing had a tenfold higher risk to be seropositive. The prevalence-to-incidence ratio was 4.5-15.7. Serology testing is an important complimentary tool for assessing the actual magnitude of infection and thus essential for implementing policy measures to control the pandemic. A positive serology test result was recently accepted in Israel as being sufficient to define recovery, with possible far-reaching consequences, such as the deploying of employees to ensure the maintenance of a functional economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay Reicher
- Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, 39 Yirmiyahu Street, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Ronit Ratzon
- Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, 39 Yirmiyahu Street, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shay Ben-Sahar
- Schneider Children's Medical Center, Clalit Research Institute, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - David Mossinson
- Meuhedet Health Services, 124 Ibn Gvirol Street, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yotam Shenhar
- Leumit Health Services, 3 Ariel Sharon Street, Or Yehuda, Israel
| | - Michael Friger
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Yaniv Lustig
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Sharon Alroy-Preis
- Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, 39 Yirmiyahu Street, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Emilia Anis
- Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, 39 Yirmiyahu Street, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Siegal Sadetzki
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Gertner Institute, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ehud Kaliner
- Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, 39 Yirmiyahu Street, Jerusalem, Israel
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7
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Ioannidis JPA. Reconciling estimates of global spread and infection fatality rates of COVID-19: An overview of systematic evaluations. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13554. [PMID: 33768536 PMCID: PMC8250317 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimates of community spread and infection fatality rate (IFR) of COVID-19 have varied across studies. Efforts to synthesize the evidence reach seemingly discrepant conclusions. METHODS Systematic evaluations of seroprevalence studies that had no restrictions based on country and which estimated either total number of people infected and/or aggregate IFRs were identified. Information was extracted and compared on eligibility criteria, searches, amount of evidence included, corrections/adjustments of seroprevalence and death counts, quantitative syntheses and handling of heterogeneity, main estimates and global representativeness. RESULTS Six systematic evaluations were eligible. Each combined data from 10 to 338 studies (9-50 countries), because of different eligibility criteria. Two evaluations had some overt flaws in data, violations of stated eligibility criteria and biased eligibility criteria (eg excluding studies with few deaths) that consistently inflated IFR estimates. Perusal of quantitative synthesis methods also exhibited several challenges and biases. Global representativeness was low with 78%-100% of the evidence coming from Europe or the Americas; the two most problematic evaluations considered only one study from other continents. Allowing for these caveats, four evaluations largely agreed in their main final estimates for global spread of the pandemic and the other two evaluations would also agree after correcting overt flaws and biases. CONCLUSIONS All systematic evaluations of seroprevalence data converge that SARS-CoV-2 infection is widely spread globally. Acknowledging residual uncertainties, the available evidence suggests average global IFR of ~0.15% and ~1.5-2.0 billion infections by February 2021 with substantial differences in IFR and in infection spread across continents, countries and locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. A. Ioannidis
- Departments of Medicine, of Epidemiology and Population Health, of Biomedical Data Science, and of Statistics, and Meta‐Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS)Stanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
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8
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Tsitsilonis OE, Paraskevis D, Lianidou E, Terpos E, Akalestos A, Pierros V, Kostaki EG, Kastritis E, Moutsatsou P, Politou M, Scorilas A, Sphicopoulos T, Thomaidis N, Trougakos IP, Tsakris A, Voulgaris N, Daskalaki CC, Evangelakou Z, Fouki C, Gianniou DD, Gumeni S, Kostopoulos IV, Manola MS, Orologas-Stavrou N, Panteli C, Papanagnou ED, Rousakis P, Sklirou AD, Smilkou S, Stergiopoulou D, Tsiodras S, Dimopoulos MA, Sfikakis PP. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Asymptomatic in Nearly Half of Adults with Robust Anti-Spike Protein Receptor-Binding Domain Antibody Response. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:207. [PMID: 33801380 PMCID: PMC7998869 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Between June and November 2020, we assessed plasma antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleocapsid protein in 4996 participants (aged 18-82 years, 34.5% men) from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. The weighted overall prevalence was 1.6% and monthly prevalence correlated with viral RNA-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections in Greece, in the same period. Notably, 49% of seropositive cases reported no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection-related clinical symptoms and 33% were unsuspected of their previous infection. Additionally, levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies against the spike-protein receptor-binding domain were similar between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, irrespective of age and gender. Using Food and Drug Administration Emergency Use Authorization-approved assays, these results support the need for such studies on pandemic evaluation and highlight the development of robust humoral immune responses even among asymptomatic individuals. The high percentage of unsuspected/asymptomatic active cases, which may contribute to community transmission for more days than that of cases who are aware and self-isolate, underscores the necessity of measures across the population for the efficient control of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ourania E. Tsitsilonis
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (I.P.T.); (C.C.D.); (Z.E.); (D.D.G.); (S.G.); (I.V.K.); (M.S.M.); (N.O.-S.); (C.P.); (E.-D.P.); (P.R.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Dimitrios Paraskevis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, NKUA, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.G.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Evi Lianidou
- Department of Chemistry, NKUA, 15771 Athens, Greece; (E.L.); (N.T.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Alexandra General Hospital, NKUA, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.T.); (E.K.); (M.-A.D.)
| | | | - Vassilios Pierros
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, NKUA, 15784 Athens, Greece; (V.P.); (T.S.)
| | - Evangelia Georgia Kostaki
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, NKUA, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.G.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Efstathios Kastritis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Alexandra General Hospital, NKUA, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.T.); (E.K.); (M.-A.D.)
| | - Paraskevi Moutsatsou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University General Hospital Attikon, NKUA, 12462 Haidari, Greece;
| | - Marianna Politou
- Hematology Laboratory-Blood Bank, Aretaieio Hospital, School of Medicine, NKUA, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (I.P.T.); (C.C.D.); (Z.E.); (D.D.G.); (S.G.); (I.V.K.); (M.S.M.); (N.O.-S.); (C.P.); (E.-D.P.); (P.R.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Thomas Sphicopoulos
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, NKUA, 15784 Athens, Greece; (V.P.); (T.S.)
| | - Nikolaos Thomaidis
- Department of Chemistry, NKUA, 15771 Athens, Greece; (E.L.); (N.T.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Ioannis P. Trougakos
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (I.P.T.); (C.C.D.); (Z.E.); (D.D.G.); (S.G.); (I.V.K.); (M.S.M.); (N.O.-S.); (C.P.); (E.-D.P.); (P.R.); (A.D.S.)
| | | | | | - Christina C. Daskalaki
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (I.P.T.); (C.C.D.); (Z.E.); (D.D.G.); (S.G.); (I.V.K.); (M.S.M.); (N.O.-S.); (C.P.); (E.-D.P.); (P.R.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Zoi Evangelakou
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (I.P.T.); (C.C.D.); (Z.E.); (D.D.G.); (S.G.); (I.V.K.); (M.S.M.); (N.O.-S.); (C.P.); (E.-D.P.); (P.R.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Christina Fouki
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, NKUA, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.G.K.); (C.F.)
| | - Despoina D. Gianniou
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (I.P.T.); (C.C.D.); (Z.E.); (D.D.G.); (S.G.); (I.V.K.); (M.S.M.); (N.O.-S.); (C.P.); (E.-D.P.); (P.R.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Sentiljana Gumeni
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (I.P.T.); (C.C.D.); (Z.E.); (D.D.G.); (S.G.); (I.V.K.); (M.S.M.); (N.O.-S.); (C.P.); (E.-D.P.); (P.R.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Ioannis V. Kostopoulos
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (I.P.T.); (C.C.D.); (Z.E.); (D.D.G.); (S.G.); (I.V.K.); (M.S.M.); (N.O.-S.); (C.P.); (E.-D.P.); (P.R.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Maria S. Manola
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (I.P.T.); (C.C.D.); (Z.E.); (D.D.G.); (S.G.); (I.V.K.); (M.S.M.); (N.O.-S.); (C.P.); (E.-D.P.); (P.R.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Nikolaos Orologas-Stavrou
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (I.P.T.); (C.C.D.); (Z.E.); (D.D.G.); (S.G.); (I.V.K.); (M.S.M.); (N.O.-S.); (C.P.); (E.-D.P.); (P.R.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Chrysanthi Panteli
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (I.P.T.); (C.C.D.); (Z.E.); (D.D.G.); (S.G.); (I.V.K.); (M.S.M.); (N.O.-S.); (C.P.); (E.-D.P.); (P.R.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Eleni-Dimitra Papanagnou
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (I.P.T.); (C.C.D.); (Z.E.); (D.D.G.); (S.G.); (I.V.K.); (M.S.M.); (N.O.-S.); (C.P.); (E.-D.P.); (P.R.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Pantelis Rousakis
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (I.P.T.); (C.C.D.); (Z.E.); (D.D.G.); (S.G.); (I.V.K.); (M.S.M.); (N.O.-S.); (C.P.); (E.-D.P.); (P.R.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Aimilia D. Sklirou
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (I.P.T.); (C.C.D.); (Z.E.); (D.D.G.); (S.G.); (I.V.K.); (M.S.M.); (N.O.-S.); (C.P.); (E.-D.P.); (P.R.); (A.D.S.)
| | - Stavroula Smilkou
- Department of Chemistry, NKUA, 15771 Athens, Greece; (E.L.); (N.T.); (S.S.); (D.S.)
| | | | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University Hospital Attikon, NKUA, 12462 Haidari, Greece;
| | - Meletios-Athanasios Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Alexandra General Hospital, NKUA, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.T.); (E.K.); (M.-A.D.)
| | - Petros P. Sfikakis
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, NKUA, 15772 Athens, Greece;
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