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Tan C, Wang N, Deng S, Wu X, Yue C, Jia X, Lyu Y. The development and application of pseudoviruses: assessment of SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16234. [PMID: 38077431 PMCID: PMC10710176 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients can recover fully, the disease remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. In addition to the consequences of acute infection, a proportion of the population experiences long-term adverse effects associated with SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, it is still critical to comprehend the virus's characteristics and how it interacts with its host to develop effective drugs and vaccines against COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, a replication-deficient recombinant glycoprotein chimeric viral particle, enables investigations of highly pathogenic viruses to be conducted without the constraint of high-level biosafety facilities, considerably advancing virology and being extensively employed in the study of SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes three methods of establishing SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and current knowledge in vaccine development, neutralizing antibody research, and antiviral drug screening, as well as recent progress in virus entry mechanism and susceptible cell screening. We also discuss the potential advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conglian Tan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation, Medical College, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
- Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Nian Wang
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shanshan Deng
- Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation, Medical College, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
- Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Changwu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation, Medical College, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xu Jia
- Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuhong Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation, Medical College, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
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2
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Mouro V, Fischer A. Dealing with a mucosal viral pandemic: lessons from COVID-19 vaccines. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:584-594. [PMID: 35505121 PMCID: PMC9062288 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The development and deployment of vaccines against COVID-19 demonstrated major successes in providing immunity and preventing severe disease and death. Yet SARS-CoV-2 evolves and vaccine-induced protection wanes, meaning progress in vaccination strategies is of upmost importance. New vaccines directed at emerging viral strains are being developed while vaccination schemes with booster doses and combinations of different platform-based vaccines are being tested in trials and real-world settings. Despite these diverse approaches, COVID-19 vaccines are only delivered intramuscularly, whereas the nasal mucosa is the primary site of infection with SARS-CoV-2. Preclinical mucosal vaccines with intranasal or oral administration demonstrate promising results regarding mucosal IgA generation and tissue-resident lymphocyte responses against SARS-CoV-2. By mounting an improved local humoral and cell-mediated response, mucosal vaccination could be a safe and effective way to prevent infection, block transmission and contribute to reduce SARS-CoV-2 spread. However, questions and limitations remain: how effectively and reproducibly will vaccines penetrate mucosal barriers? Will vaccine-induced mucosal IgA responses provide sustained protection against infection?
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Affiliation(s)
- Violette Mouro
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Alain Fischer
- Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Immunology and Pediatric Hematology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France
- Collège de France, Paris, France
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3
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Toh CH, Wang G, Parker AL. The aetiopathogenesis of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. Clin Med (Lond) 2022; 22:140-144. [PMID: 38589175 PMCID: PMC8966812 DOI: 10.7861/clinmed.2022-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the new science emanating from the COVID-19 pandemic, effective vaccine development has made a huge difference and saved countless lives. Vaccine roll-out led to the identification of rare cases of severe thrombotic and thrombocytopenic problems in some recipients. This apparent coupling of thrombosis with haemorrhagic potentiation might seem baffling but the ensuing clinical investigation rapidly shed important light on its molecular mechanism. This review outlines the current understanding on the role of adenovirus-based platforms, the immunogenic triggers and the immunothrombotic response underlying vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia.
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Tcheou J, Raskin A, Singh G, Kawabata H, Bielak D, Sun W, González-Domínguez I, Sather DN, García-Sastre A, Palese P, Krammer F, Carreño JM. Safety and Immunogenicity Analysis of a Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV-HXP-S) Expressing the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 in Sprague Dawley Rats. Front Immunol 2021; 12:791764. [PMID: 34868082 PMCID: PMC8637447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.791764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite global vaccination efforts, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve and spread globally. Relatively high vaccination rates have been achieved in most regions of the United States and several countries worldwide. However, access to vaccines in low- and mid-income countries (LMICs) is still suboptimal. Second generation vaccines that are universally affordable and induce systemic and mucosal immunity are needed. Here we performed an extended safety and immunogenicity analysis of a second-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccine consisting of a live Newcastle disease virus vector expressing a pre-fusion stabilized version of the spike protein (NDV-HXP-S) administered intranasally (IN), intramuscularly (IM), or IN followed by IM in Sprague Dawley rats. Local reactogenicity, systemic toxicity, and post-mortem histopathology were assessed after the vaccine administration, with no indication of severe local or systemic reactions. Immunogenicity studies showed that the three vaccination regimens tested elicited high antibody titers against the wild type SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the NDV vector. Moreover, high antibody titers were induced against the spike of B.1.1.7 (alpha), B.1.351 (beta) and B.1.617.2 (delta) variants of concern (VOCs). Importantly, robust levels of serum antibodies with neutralizing activity against the authentic SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 isolate were detected after the boost. Overall, our study expands the pre-clinical safety and immunogenicity characterization of NDV-HXP-S and reinforces previous findings in other animal models about its high immunogenicity. Clinical testing of this vaccination approach is ongoing in different countries including Thailand, Vietnam, Brazil and Mexico.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
- COVID-19 Vaccines/genetics
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Newcastle disease virus/genetics
- Newcastle disease virus/immunology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Safety
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnstone Tcheou
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ariel Raskin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hisaaki Kawabata
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dominika Bielak
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Weina Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Irene González-Domínguez
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Gagne M, Corbett KS, Flynn BJ, Foulds KE, Wagner DA, Andrew SF, Todd JPM, Honeycutt CC, McCormick L, Nurmukhambetova ST, Davis-Gardner ME, Pessaint L, Bock KW, Nagata BM, Minai M, Werner AP, Moliva JI, Tucker C, Lorang CG, Zhao B, McCarthy E, Cook A, Dodson A, Mudvari P, Roberts-Torres J, Laboune F, Wang L, Goode A, Kar S, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Yang ES, Shi W, Ploquin A, Doria-Rose N, Carfi A, Mascola JR, Boritz EA, Edwards DK, Andersen H, Lewis MG, Suthar MS, Graham BS, Roederer M, Moore IN, Nason MC, Sullivan NJ, Douek DC, Seder RA. Protection from SARS-CoV-2 Delta one year after mRNA-1273 vaccination in nonhuman primates is coincident with an anamnestic antibody response in the lower airway. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34729558 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.23.465542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
mRNA-1273 vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 Delta wanes over time; however, there are limited data on the impact of durability of immune responses on protection. We immunized rhesus macaques at weeks 0 and 4 and assessed immune responses over one year in blood, upper and lower airways. Serum neutralizing titers to Delta were 280 and 34 reciprocal ID 50 at weeks 6 (peak) and 48 (challenge), respectively. Antibody binding titers also decreased in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Four days after challenge, virus was unculturable in BAL and subgenomic RNA declined ∼3-log 10 compared to control animals. In nasal swabs, sgRNA declined 1-log 10 and virus remained culturable. Anamnestic antibody responses (590-fold increase) but not T cell responses were detected in BAL by day 4 post-challenge. mRNA-1273-mediated protection in the lungs is durable but delayed and potentially dependent on anamnestic antibody responses. Rapid and sustained protection in upper and lower airways may eventually require a boost.
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Tada T, Zhou H, Samanovic MI, Dcosta BM, Cornelius A, Mulligan MJ, Landau NR. Comparison of Neutralizing Antibody Titers Elicited by mRNA and Adenoviral Vector Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 Variants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34312623 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.19.452771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has raised concerns regarding possible decreases in vaccine efficacy. Here, neutralizing antibody titers elicited by mRNA-based and an adenoviral vector-based vaccine against variant pseudotyped viruses were compared. BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273-elicited antibodies showed modest neutralization resistance against Beta, Delta, Delta plus and Lambda variants whereas Ad26.COV2.S-elicited antibodies from a significant fraction of vaccinated individuals were of low neutralizing titer (IC 50 <50). The data underscore the importance of surveillance for breakthrough infections that result in severe COVID-19 and suggest the benefit of a second immunization following Ad26.COV2.S to increase protection against the variants.
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