1
|
Lam FW, Brown CA, Ronca SE. Recombinant Rod Domain of Vimentin Reduces SARS-CoV-2 Viral Replication by Blocking Spike Protein-ACE2 Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2477. [PMID: 38473724 PMCID: PMC10931652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is the primary preventive intervention, there are still few antiviral therapies available, with current drugs decreasing viral replication once the virus is intracellular. Adding novel drugs to target additional points in the viral life cycle is paramount in preventing future pandemics. The purpose of this study was to create and test a novel protein to decrease SARS-CoV-2 replication. We created the recombinant rod domain of vimentin (rhRod) in E. coli and used biolayer interferometry to measure its affinity to the SARS-CoV-2 S1S2 spike protein and the ability to block the SARS-CoV-2-ACE2 interaction. We performed plaque assays to measure rhRod's effect on SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero E6 cells. Finally, we measured lung inflammation in SARS-CoV-2-exposed K18-hACE transgenic mice given intranasal and intraperitoneal rhRod. We found that rhRod has a high affinity for the S1S2 protein with a strong ability to block S1S2-ACE2 interactions. The daily addition of rhRod decreased viral replication in Vero E6 cells starting at 48 h at concentrations >1 µM. Finally, SARS-CoV-2-infected mice receiving rhRod had decreased lung inflammation compared to mock-treated animals. Based on our data, rhRod decreases SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro and lung inflammation in vivo. Future studies will need to evaluate the protective effects of rhRod against additional viral variants and identify the optimal dosing scheme that both prevents viral replication and host lung injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fong Wilson Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA (S.E.R.)
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cameron August Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA (S.E.R.)
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shannon Elizabeth Ronca
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA (S.E.R.)
- William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tan C, Wang N, Deng S, Wu X, Yue C, Jia X, Lyu Y. The development and application of pseudoviruses: assessment of SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16234. [PMID: 38077431 PMCID: PMC10710176 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients can recover fully, the disease remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. In addition to the consequences of acute infection, a proportion of the population experiences long-term adverse effects associated with SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, it is still critical to comprehend the virus's characteristics and how it interacts with its host to develop effective drugs and vaccines against COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, a replication-deficient recombinant glycoprotein chimeric viral particle, enables investigations of highly pathogenic viruses to be conducted without the constraint of high-level biosafety facilities, considerably advancing virology and being extensively employed in the study of SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes three methods of establishing SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and current knowledge in vaccine development, neutralizing antibody research, and antiviral drug screening, as well as recent progress in virus entry mechanism and susceptible cell screening. We also discuss the potential advantages and disadvantages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conglian Tan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation, Medical College, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
- Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Nian Wang
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shanshan Deng
- Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation, Medical College, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
- Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Changwu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation, Medical College, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xu Jia
- Non-coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuhong Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Drugs Innovation and Transformation, Medical College, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kushwaha ND, Mohan J, Kushwaha B, Ghazi T, Nwabuife JC, Koorbanally N, Chuturgoon AA. A comprehensive review on the global efforts on vaccines and repurposed drugs for combating COVID-19. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115719. [PMID: 37597435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
The recently discovered coronavirus, known as SARS-CoV-2, is a highly contagious and potentially lethal viral infection that was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Since the beginning of the pandemic, an unprecedented number of COVID-19 vaccine candidates have been investigated for their potential to manage the pandemic. Herein, we reviewed vaccine development and the associated research effort, both traditional and forward-looking, to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of their technology, in addition to their efficacy limitations against mutant SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, we report repurposed drug discovery, which mainly focuses on virus-based and host-based targets, as well as their inhibitors. SARS-CoV-2 targets include the main protease (Mpro), and RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp), which are the most well-studied and conserved across coronaviruses, enabling the development of broad-spectrum inhibitors of these enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narva Deshwar Kushwaha
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Jivanka Mohan
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Babita Kushwaha
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Terisha Ghazi
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Joshua C Nwabuife
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Neil Koorbanally
- School of Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Anil A Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang RY, Zhou SH, Feng RR, Wen Y, Ding D, Zhang ZM, Wei HW, Guo J. Adjuvant-Free COVID-19 Vaccine with Glycoprotein Antigen Oxidized by Periodate Rapidly Elicits Potent Immune Responses. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:915-923. [PMID: 37009726 PMCID: PMC10081833 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Modification of antigens to improve their immunogenicity represents a promising direction for the development of protein vaccine. Here, we designed facilely prepared adjuvant-free vaccines in which the N-glycan of SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) glycoprotein was oxidized by sodium periodate. This strategy only minimally modifies the glycans and does not interfere with the epitope peptides. The RBD glycoprotein oxidized by high concentrations of periodate (RBDHO) significantly enhanced antigen uptake mediated by scavenger receptors and promoted the activation of antigen-presenting cells. Without any external adjuvant, two doses of RBDHO elicited 324- and 27-fold increases in IgG antibody titers and neutralizing antibody titers, respectively, compared to the unmodified RBD antigen. Meanwhile, the RBDHO vaccine could cross-neutralize all of the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. In addition, RBDHO effectively enhanced cellular immune responses. This study provides a new insight for the development of adjuvant-free protein vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shi-Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ran-Ran Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yu Wen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Dong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hua-Wei Wei
- Jiangsu East-Mab Biomedical Technology
Co. Ltd, Nantong 226499, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan 430079, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ding D, Wen Y, Liao CM, Yin XG, Zhang RY, Wang J, Zhou SH, Zhang ZM, Zou YK, Gao XF, Wei HW, Yang GF, Guo J. Self-Adjuvanting Protein Vaccine Conjugated with a Novel Synthetic TLR4 Agonist on Virus-Like Liposome Induces Potent Immunity against SARS-CoV-2. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1467-1483. [PMID: 36625758 PMCID: PMC9844103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Exploring potent adjuvants and new vaccine strategies is crucial for the development of protein vaccines. In this work, we synthesized a new TLR4 agonist, structurally simplified lipid A analogue GAP112, as a potent built-in adjuvant to improve the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD protein. The new TLR4 agonist GAP112 was site-selectively conjugated on the N-terminus of RBD to construct an adjuvant-protein conjugate vaccine in a liposomal formulation. It is the first time that a TLR4 agonist is site-specifically and quantitatively conjugated to a protein antigen. Compared with an unconjugated mixture of GAP112/RBD, a two-dose immunization of the GAP112-RBD conjugate vaccine strongly activated innate immune cells, elicited a 223-fold increase in RBD-specific antibodies, and markedly enhanced T-cell responses. Antibodies induced by GAP112-RBD also effectively cross-neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants (Delta/B.1.617.2 and Omicron/B.1.1.529). This conjugate strategy provides an effective method to greatly enhance the immunogenicity of antigen in protein vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Yu Wen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Chun-Miao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Xu-Guang Yin
- School of Medicine, Shaoxing
University, Shaoxing312000, China
| | - Ru-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Shi-Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Yong-Ke Zou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Gao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and
Instrumentation, East China University of Technology,
Nanchang330013, China
| | - Hua-Wei Wei
- Jiangsu East-Mab Biomedical Technology
Co. Ltd, Nantong226499, China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of
Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing
Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base
of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan430079, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Svetlova J, Gustin D, Manuvera V, Shirokov D, Shokina V, Prusakov K, Aldarov K, Kharlampieva D, Matyushkina D, Bespyatykh J, Varizhuk A, Lazarev V, Vedekhina T. Microarray Profiling of Vaccination-Induced Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Interest and Concern. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113220. [PMID: 36362010 PMCID: PMC9655829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in surface proteins enable emerging variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to escape a substantial fraction of neutralizing antibodies and may thus weaken vaccine-driven immunity. To compare available vaccines and justify revaccination, rapid evaluation of antibody (Ab) responses to currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest (VOI) and concern (VOC) is needed. Here, we developed a multiplex protein microarray-based system for rapid profiling of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ab levels in human sera. The microarray system was validated using sera samples from SARS-CoV-2-free donors and those diagnosed with COVID-19 based on PCR and enzyme immunoassays. Microarray-based profiling of vaccinated donors revealed a substantial difference in anti-VOC Ab levels elicited by the replication-deficient adenovirus vector-base (Sputnik V) and whole-virion (CoviVac Russia COVID-19) vaccines. Whole-virion vaccine-induced Abs showed minor but statistically significant cross-reactivity with the human blood coagulation factor 1 (fibrinogen) and thrombin. However, their effects on blood clotting were negligible, according to thrombin time tests, providing evidence against the concept of pronounced cross-reactivity-related side effects of the vaccine. Importantly, all samples were collected in the pre-Omicron period but showed noticeable responses to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the Omicron spike protein. Thus, using the new express Ab-profiling system, we confirmed the inter-variant cross-reactivity of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 Abs and demonstrated the relative potency of the vaccines against new VOCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Svetlova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Gustin
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA—Russian Technological University, Vernadsky Avenue, 86, 119454 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentin Manuvera
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 9, Institutskiy per., Moscow Region, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Shirokov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- K. I. Skryabin Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Akademika Skryabina Street, 23, 109472 Moscow, Russia
| | - Varvara Shokina
- Scientific Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Scientific Driveway, 18, 117246 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill Prusakov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin Aldarov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Kharlampieva
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Matyushkina
- Scientific Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Scientific Driveway, 18, 117246 Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia Bespyatykh
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Varizhuk
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 9, Institutskiy per., Moscow Region, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Vassili Lazarev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 9, Institutskiy per., Moscow Region, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Tatiana Vedekhina
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lasagna A, Bergami F, Lilleri D, Percivalle E, Quaccini M, Serra F, Comolli G, Sarasini A, Sammartino JC, Ferrari A, Arena F, Secondino S, Cicognini D, Schiavo R, Lo Cascio G, Cavanna L, Baldanti F, Pedrazzoli P, Cassaniti I. Six-month humoral and cellular immune response to the third dose of BNT162b2 anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in the patients with solid tumors: a longitudinal cohort study with a focus on the variants of concern. ESMO Open 2022; 7:100574. [PMID: 36029652 PMCID: PMC9353611 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role and the durability of the immunogenicity of the third dose of vaccine against COVID-19 variants of concern in cancer patients have to be elucidated. Patients and methods We have prospectively evaluated the immunogenicity of the third dose of the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine in triggering both humoral and cell-mediated immune response in patients with solid tumors undergoing active treatment 6 months after the booster. Neutralizing antibody (NT Ab) titers and total anti-spike immunoglobulin G concentrations were measured in serum. Heparinized whole blood samples were used for the SARS-CoV-2 interferon-γ release assay (IGRA). Results Six months after the third dose only two patients (2.4%) showed negative spike-specific immunoglobulin G antibody levels (<33.8 BAU/ml). The median level of SARS-CoV-2 NT Abs decreased and only 39/83 (47%) subjects showed maximum levels of NT Abs. T-cellular positive response was observed in 38/61 (62.3%) patients; the highest median level of response was observed 21 days after the third dose (354 mIU/ml, interquartile range 83.3-846.3 mIU/ml). The lowest median level of NT Ab response was observed against the Omicron variant (1 : 10, interquartile range 1 : 10-1 : 40) with a significant reduced rate of responder subjects with respect to the wild-type strain (77.5% versus 95%; P = 0.0022) and Delta variant (77.5% versus 93.7%; P = 0.0053). During the follow-up period, seven patients (8%) had a confirmed post-vaccination infection, but none of them required hospitalization or oxygen therapy. Conclusions Our work highlights a significant humoral and cellular immune response among patients with solid tumors 6 months after the third BNT162b2 vaccine dose, although a reduction in neutralizing activity against Omicron was observed. Only two patients (2.4%) showed negative spike-specific IgG antibody levels (<33.8 BAU/ml) Only 39/83 (47%) subjects showed maximum level of neutralizing antibodies (NT Abs). T-cellular positive response was observed in 38/61 (62.3%) analyzed patients. The lowest median level of NT Ab response was observed against the Omicron variant. Seven patients (8%) had a post-vaccination infection; none of them required hospitalization or oxygen therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Lasagna
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
| | - F Bergami
- Molecular Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - D Lilleri
- Molecular Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - E Percivalle
- Molecular Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - M Quaccini
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - F Serra
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - G Comolli
- Molecular Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - A Sarasini
- Molecular Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - J C Sammartino
- Molecular Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - A Ferrari
- Molecular Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - F Arena
- Molecular Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - S Secondino
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - D Cicognini
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - R Schiavo
- Microbiology Unit, Hospital Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza, Italy
| | - G Lo Cascio
- Microbiology Unit, Hospital Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza, Italy
| | - L Cavanna
- Oncology Unit, Hospital Guglielmo da Saliceto, Piacenza, Italy
| | - F Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Departments of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Pavia, Italy
| | - P Pedrazzoli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Internal Medicine and Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - I Cassaniti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Virology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Murray SM, Barbanti M, Campbell C, Brown A, Chen L, Dhanapal J, Tseu B, Pervaiz O, Peters L, Springett S, Danby R, Adele S, Phillips E, Malone T, Amini A, Stafford L, Deeks AS, Dunachie S, Klenerman P, Peniket A, Barnes E, Kesavan M. Impaired humoral and cellular response to primary COVID-19 vaccination in patients less than 2 years after allogeneic bone marrow transplant. Br J Haematol 2022; 198:668-679. [PMID: 35655410 PMCID: PMC9348196 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients remain at high risk of adverse outcomes from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and emerging variants. The optimal prophylactic vaccine strategy for this cohort is not defined. T cell-mediated immunity is a critical component of graft-versus-tumour effect and in determining vaccine immunogenicity. Using validated anti-spike (S) immunoglobulin G (IgG) and S-specific interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot (IFNγ-ELIspot) assays we analysed response to a two-dose vaccination schedule (either BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1) in 33 HSCT recipients at ≤2 years from transplant, alongside vaccine-matched healthy controls (HCs). After two vaccines, infection-naïve HSCT recipients had a significantly lower rate of seroconversion compared to infection-naïve HCs (25/32 HSCT vs. 39/39 HCs no responders) and had lower S-specific T-cell responses. The HSCT recipients who received BNT162b2 had a higher rate of seroconversion compared to ChAdOx1 (89% vs. 74%) and significantly higher anti-S IgG titres (p = 0.022). S-specific T-cell responses were seen after one vaccine in HCs and HSCT recipients. However, two vaccines enhanced S-specific T-cell responses in HCs but not in the majority of HSCT recipients. These data demonstrate limited immunogenicity of two-dose vaccination strategies in HSCT recipients, bolstering evidence of the need for additional boosters and/or alternative prophylactic measures in this group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam M. Murray
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Maria Barbanti
- Department of Haematology, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Cori Campbell
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Anthony Brown
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Lucia Chen
- Department of Haematology, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Jay Dhanapal
- Department of Haematology, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Bing Tseu
- Department of Haematology, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Omer Pervaiz
- Department of Haematology, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Louis Peters
- Department of Haematology, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Sally Springett
- Department of Haematology, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Robert Danby
- Department of Haematology, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Sandra Adele
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Eloise Phillips
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Tom Malone
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Ali Amini
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
- Oxford Liver Unit, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Alexandra S. Deeks
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
- Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Andrew Peniket
- Department of Haematology, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Oxford Liver Unit, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Murali Kesavan
- Department of Haematology, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
- Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences DivisionUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Institute of Microbiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Shitong Qiao
- Institute of Microbiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Weibing Zhang
- Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenjing Ruan
- Institute of Microbiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- Institute of Microbiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - George F Gao
- Institute of Microbiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Darling TL, Ying B, Whitener B, VanBlargan LA, Bricker TL, Liang CY, Joshi A, Bamunuarachchi G, Seehra K, Schmitz AJ, Halfmann PJ, Kawaoka Y, Elbashir SM, Edwards DK, Thackray LB, Diamond MS, Boon ACM. mRNA-1273 and Ad26.COV2.S vaccines protect against the B.1.621 variant of SARS-CoV-2. Med 2022; 3:309-324.e6. [PMID: 35584653 PMCID: PMC9011903 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019, viral variants with greater transmissibility or immune-evasion properties have arisen, which could jeopardize recently deployed vaccine- and antibody-based countermeasures. METHODS Here, we evaluated in mice and hamsters the efficacy of a pre-clinical version of the Moderna mRNA vaccine (mRNA-1273) and the Johnson & Johnson recombinant adenoviral-vectored vaccine (Ad26.COV2.S) against the B.1.621 (Mu) variant of SARS-CoV-2, which contains spike mutations T95I, Y144S, Y145N, R346K, E484K, N501Y, D614G, P681H, and D950N. FINDINGS Immunization of 129S2 and K18-human ACE2 transgenic mice with the mRNA-1273 vaccine protected against weight loss, lung infection, and lung pathology after challenge with the B.1.621 or WA1/2020 N501Y/D614G SARS-CoV-2 strain. Similarly, immunization of 129S2 mice and Syrian hamsters with a high dose of Ad26.COV2.S reduced lung infection after B.1.621 virus challenge. CONCLUSIONS Thus, immunity induced by the mRNA-1273 or Ad26.COV2.S vaccine can protect against the B.1.621 variant of SARS-CoV-2 in multiple animal models. FUNDING This study was supported by the NIH (R01 AI157155 and U01 AI151810), NIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response [CEIRR] contracts 75N93021C00014 and 75N93021C00016, and the Collaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Centers [CIVIC] contract 75N93019C00051. It was also supported, in part, by the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis (HHSN272201400008C) and the Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure (JP21wm0125002) from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamarand L Darling
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Baoling Ying
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bradley Whitener
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura A VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Traci L Bricker
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chieh-Yu Liang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Astha Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gayan Bamunuarachchi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kuljeet Seehra
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aaron J Schmitz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA; Department of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | | | | | - Larissa B Thackray
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Himbert S, Gastaldo IP, Ahmed R, Pomier KM, Cowbrough B, Jahagirdar D, Ros S, Juhasz J, Stöver HDH, Ortega J, Melacini G, Bowdish DME, Rheinstädter MC. Erythro-VLPs: Anchoring SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins in erythrocyte liposomes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263671. [PMID: 35275926 PMCID: PMC8916654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel therapeutic strategies are needed to control the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic. Here, we present a protocol to anchor the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S-)protein in the cytoplasmic membranes of erythrocyte liposomes. A surfactant was used to stabilize the S-protein’s structure in the aqueous environment before insertion and to facilitate reconstitution of the S-proteins in the erythrocyte membranes. The insertion process was studied using coarse grained Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. Liposome formation and S-protein anchoring was studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS), ELV-protein co-sedimentation assays, fluorescent microcopy and cryo-TEM. The Erythro-VLPs (erythrocyte based virus like particles) have a well defined size of ∼200 nm and an average protein density on the outer membrane of up to ∼300 proteins/μm2. The correct insertion and functional conformation of the S-proteins was verified by dose-dependent binding to ACE-2 (angiotensin converting enzyme 2) in biolayer interferometry (BLI) assays. Seroconversion was observed in a pilot mouse trial after 14 days when administered intravenously, based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). This red blood cell based platform can open novel possibilities for therapeutics for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) including variants, and other viruses in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Himbert
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Origins Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Isabella Passos Gastaldo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Origins Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Rashik Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton ON, Canada
| | - Karla Martinez Pomier
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton ON, Canada
| | - Braeden Cowbrough
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Dushyant Jahagirdar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Samantha Ros
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Janos Juhasz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, Department of Medical Physics, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Harald D. H. Stöver
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Joaquin Ortega
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Melacini
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton ON, Canada
| | - Dawn M. E. Bowdish
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Maikel C. Rheinstädter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Origins Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
COVID-19 severely impacted world health and, as a consequence of the measures implemented to stop the spread of the virus, also irreversibly damaged the world economy. Research shows that receiving the COVID-19 vaccine is the most successful measure to combat the virus and could also address its indirect consequences. However, vaccine hesitancy is growing worldwide and the WHO names this hesitancy as one of the top ten threats to global health. This study investigates the trend in positive attitudes towards vaccines across ten countries since a positive attitude is important. Furthermore, we investigate those variables related to having a positive attitude, as these factors could potentially increase the uptake of vaccines. We derive our text corpus from vaccine-related tweets, harvested in real-time from Twitter. Using Natural Language Processing (NLP), we derive the sentiment and emotions contained in the tweets to construct daily time-series data. We analyse a panel dataset spanning both the Northern and Southern hemispheres from 1 February 2021 to 31 July 2021. To determine the relationship between several variables and the positive sentiment (attitude) towards vaccines, we run various models, including POLS, Panel Fixed Effects and Instrumental Variables estimations. Our results show that more information about vaccines’ safety and the expected side effects are needed to increase positive attitudes towards vaccines. Additionally, government procurement and the vaccine rollout should improve. Accessibility to the vaccine should be a priority, and a collective effort should be made to increase positive messaging about the vaccine, especially on social media. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the emotional challenges associated with vaccine uptake and inform policymakers, health workers, and stakeholders who communicate to the public during infectious disease outbreaks. Additionally, the global fight against COVID-19 might be lost if the attitude towards vaccines is not improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talita Greyling
- School of Economics, College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Stephanié Rossouw
- School of Social Science & Public Policy, Faculty of Culture and Society, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Park HS, Shapiro JR, Sitaras I, Woldemeskel BA, Garliss CC, Dziedzic A, Sachithanandham J, Jedlicka AE, Caputo CA, Rousseau KE, Thakar M, Suwanmanee S, Hauk P, Aliyu L, Majewska NI, Koley S, Patel B, Broderick P, Mosnaim G, Heath SL, Spivak ES, Shenoy A, Bloch EM, Gniadek TJ, Shoham S, Casadevall A, Hanley D, Cox AL, Laeyendecker O, Betenbaugh MJ, Cramer SM, Mostafa HH, Pekosz A, Blankson JN, Klein SL, Tobian AA, Sullivan D, Gebo KA. Adaptive immune responses in vaccinated patients with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Alpha infection. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e155944. [PMID: 35104245 PMCID: PMC8983140 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Benchmarks for protective immunity from infection or severe disease after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are still being defined. Here, we characterized virus neutralizing and ELISA antibody levels, cellular immune responses, and viral variants in 4 separate groups: healthy controls (HCs) weeks (early) or months (late) following vaccination in comparison with symptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 after partial or full mRNA vaccination. During the period of the study, most symptomatic breakthrough infections were caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant. Neutralizing antibody levels in the HCs were sustained over time against the vaccine parent virus but decreased against the Alpha variant, whereas IgG titers and T cell responses against the parent virus and Alpha variant declined over time. Both partially and fully vaccinated patients with symptomatic infections had lower virus neutralizing antibody levels against the parent virus than the HCs, similar IgG antibody titers, and similar virus-specific T cell responses measured by IFN-γ. Compared with HCs, neutralization activity against the Alpha variant was lower in the partially vaccinated infected patients and tended to be lower in the fully vaccinated infected patients. In this cohort of breakthrough infections, parent virus neutralization was the superior predictor of breakthrough infections with the Alpha variant of SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sol Park
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Janna R. Shapiro
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ioannis Sitaras
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Bezawit A. Woldemeskel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Caroline C. Garliss
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda Dziedzic
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and
| | | | - Anne E. Jedlicka
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and
| | | | - Kimberly E. Rousseau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Manjusha Thakar
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - San Suwanmanee
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Pricila Hauk
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lateef Aliyu
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Natalia I. Majewska
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sushmita Koley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Bela Patel
- Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Giselle Mosnaim
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Sonya L. Heath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Emily S. Spivak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Aarthi Shenoy
- Hematology Oncology, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Evan M. Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas J. Gniadek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northshore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea L. Cox
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J. Betenbaugh
- Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven M. Cramer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Heba H. Mostafa
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joel N. Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron A.R. Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Sullivan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Kelly A. Gebo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kremsner PG, Ahuad Guerrero RA, Arana-Arri E, Aroca Martinez GJ, Bonten M, Chandler R, Corral G, De Block EJL, Ecker L, Gabor JJ, Garcia Lopez CA, Gonzales L, Granados González MA, Gorini N, Grobusch MP, Hrabar AD, Junker H, Kimura A, Lanata CF, Lehmann C, Leroux-Roels I, Mann P, Martinez-Reséndez MF, Ochoa TJ, Poy CA, Reyes Fentanes MJ, Rivera Mejia LM, Ruiz Herrera VV, Sáez-Llorens X, Schönborn-Kellenberger O, Schunk M, Sierra Garcia A, Vergara I, Verstraeten T, Vico M, Oostvogels L, Lovesio L, Diez F, Grazziani F, Ganaha MC, Zalatnik VJ, Dittrich RJ, Espínola L, Lambert S, Longhi A, Vecchio C, Mastruzzo M, Fernandez A, Borchowiek S, Potito R, Ahuad Guerrero RA, Guardiani FM, Castella S, Foccoli M, Pedernera A, Braida A, Durigan V, Martella C, Bobat A, Boggia BE, Nemi SA, Tartaglione JG, Piedimonte FC, De Bie J, Reynales Londoño H, Rodríguez Ordoñez PA, García Cruz JM, Bautista Toloza L, Ladino González MC, Zambrano Ochoa AP, Prieto Pradera I, Torres Hernandez D, Mazo Elorza DP, Collazos Lennis MF, Vanegas Dominguez B, Solano Mosquera LM, Fendel R, Fleischmann WA, Koehne E, Kreidenweiss A, Köhler C, Esen M, Horn C, Eberts S, Kroidl A, Huber K, Thiel V, Mazara Rosario S, Reyes G, Rivera L, Donastorg Y, Lantigua F, Torres Almanzar D, Candelario R, Peña Mendez L, Rosario Gomez N, Portolés-Pérez A, Ascaso del Río A, Laredo Velasco L, Bustinduy Odriozola MJ, Larrea Arranz I, Martínez Alcorta LI, Durán Laviña MI, Imaz-Ayo N, Meijide S, García-de-Vicuña A, Santorcuato A, Gallego M, Aguirre-García GM, Olmos Vega J, González Limón P, Vázquez Villar A, Chávez Barón J, Arredondo Saldaña F, Luján Palacios JDD, Camacho Choza LJ, Vázquez Saldaña EG, Ortega Dominguez SJ, Vega Orozco KS, Torres Quiroz IA, Martinez Avendaño A, Herrera Sanchez J, Guzman E, Castro Castrezana L, Ruiz Palacios y Santos GM, de Winter RFJ, de Jonge HK, Schnyder JL, Boersma W, Hessels L, Djamin R, van der Sar S, DeAntonio R, Peña M, Rebollon G, Rojas M, Escobar J, Hammerschlag Icaza B, Wong T DY, Barrera Perigault P, Ruiz S, Chan M, Arias Hoo DJ, Gil AI, Celis CR, Balmaceda MP, Flores O, Ochoa M, Peña B, de la Flor C, Webb CM, Cornejo E, Sanes F, Mayorga V, Valdiviezo G, Ramírez Lamas SP, Grandez Castillo GA, Lama JR, Matta Aguirre ME, Arancibia Luna LA, Carbajal Paulet Ó, Zambrano Ortiz J, Camara A, Guzman Quintanilla F, Diaz-Parra C, Morales-Oliva J, Cornejo RE, Ricalde SA, Vidal J, Rios Nogales L, Cheatham-Seitz D, Gregoraci G, Brecx A, Walz L, Vahrenhorst D, Seibel T, Quintini G. Efficacy and safety of the CVnCoV SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate in ten countries in Europe and Latin America (HERALD): a randomised, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2b/3 trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2022; 22:329-340. [PMID: 34826381 PMCID: PMC8610426 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Additional safe and efficacious vaccines are needed to control the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to analyse the efficacy and safety of the CVnCoV SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate. METHODS HERALD is a randomised, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2b/3 clinical trial conducted in 47 centres in ten countries in Europe and Latin America. By use of an interactive web response system and stratification by country and age group (18-60 years and ≥61 years), adults with no history of virologically confirmed COVID-19 were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive intramuscularly either two 0·6 mL doses of CVnCoV containing 12 μg of mRNA or two 0·6 mL doses of 0·9% NaCl (placebo) on days 1 and 29. The primary efficacy endpoint was the occurrence of a first episode of virologically confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 of any severity and caused by any strain from 15 days after the second dose. For the primary endpoint, the trial was considered successful if the lower limit of the CI was greater than 30%. Key secondary endpoints were the occurrence of a first episode of virologically confirmed moderate-to-severe COVID-19, severe COVID-19, and COVID-19 of any severity by age group. Primary safety outcomes were solicited local and systemic adverse events within 7 days after each dose and unsolicited adverse events within 28 days after each dose in phase 2b participants, and serious adverse events and adverse events of special interest up to 1 year after the second dose in phase 2b and phase 3 participants. Here, we report data up to June 18, 2021. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04652102, and EudraCT, 2020-003998-22, and is ongoing. FINDINGS Between Dec 11, 2020, and April 12, 2021, 39 680 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either CVnCoV (n=19 846) or placebo (n=19 834), of whom 19 783 received at least one dose of CVnCoV and 19 746 received at least one dose of placebo. After a mean observation period of 48·2 days (SE 0·2), 83 cases of COVID-19 occurred in the CVnCoV group (n=12 851) in 1735·29 person-years and 145 cases occurred in the placebo group (n=12 211) in 1569·87 person-years, resulting in an overall vaccine efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 of 48·2% (95·826% CI 31·0-61·4; p=0·016). Vaccine efficacy against moderate-to-severe COVID-19 was 70·7% (95% CI 42·5-86·1; CVnCoV 12 cases in 1735·29 person-years, placebo 37 cases in 1569·87 person-years). In participants aged 18-60 years, vaccine efficacy against symptomatic disease was 52·5% (95% CI 36·2-64·8; CVnCoV 71 cases in 1591·47 person-years, placebo, 136 cases in 1449·23 person-years). Too few cases occurred in participants aged 61 years or older (CVnCoV 12, placebo nine) to allow meaningful assessment of vaccine efficacy. Solicited adverse events, which were mostly systemic, were more common in CVnCoV recipients (1933 [96·5%] of 2003) than in placebo recipients (1344 [67·9%] of 1978), with 542 (27·1%) CVnCoV recipients and 61 (3·1%) placebo recipients reporting grade 3 solicited adverse events. The most frequently reported local reaction after any dose in the CVnCoV group was injection-site pain (1678 [83·6%] of 2007), with 22 grade 3 reactions, and the most frequently reported systematic reactions were fatigue (1603 [80·0%] of 2003) and headache (1541 [76·9%] of 2003). 82 (0·4%) of 19 783 CVnCoV recipients reported 100 serious adverse events and 66 (0·3%) of 19 746 placebo recipients reported 76 serious adverse events. Eight serious adverse events in five CVnCoV recipients and two serious adverse events in two placebo recipients were considered vaccination-related. None of the fatal serious adverse events reported (eight in the CVnCoV group and six in the placebo group) were considered to be related to study vaccination. Adverse events of special interest were reported for 38 (0·2%) participants in the CVnCoV group and 31 (0·2%) participants in the placebo group. These events were considered to be related to the trial vaccine for 14 (<0·1%) participants in the CVnCoV group and for five (<0·1%) participants in the placebo group. INTERPRETATION CVnCoV was efficacious in the prevention of COVID-19 of any severity and had an acceptable safety profile. Taking into account the changing environment, including the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, and timelines for further development, the decision has been made to cease activities on the CVnCoV candidate and to focus efforts on the development of next-generation vaccine candidates. FUNDING German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and CureVac.
Collapse
|
15
|
Cha HH, Lim SY, Kwon JS, Kim JY, Bae S, Jung J, Kim SH. Comparison of antibody responses after the 1st and 2nd doses of COVID-19 vaccine with those of patients with mild or severe COVID-19. Korean J Intern Med 2022; 37:455-459. [PMID: 35272444 PMCID: PMC8925962 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2021.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Data comparing the antibody responses of different coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine platforms according to dose with natural severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection-induced antibody responses are limited. METHODS Blood samples from adult patients with mild and severe COVID-19 and healthcare workers who received ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (2nd dose at 12-week intervals) and BNT162b2 vaccine (2nd dose at 3-week intervals) were collected and compared by immunoglobulin G immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 specific spike protein using an in-house-developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS A total of 53 patients, including 12 and 41 with mild and severe COVID-19, respectively, were analyzed. In addition, a total of 73 healthcare workers, including 37 who received ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and 36 who received BNT162b2, were enrolled. Antibody responses after the first and second doses of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or the first dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine were similar to those in convalescent patients with mild COVID-19, but lower than those in convalescent patients with severe COVID-19, respectively. However, after the second dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine, the antibody response was comparable to that in convalescent patients with severe COVID-19. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the second dose of mRNA vaccination may be more beneficial in terms of long-term immunity and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 variant infection than a single dose of COVID-19 vaccination or homologous second challenge ChAdOx1 nCoV-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Hee Cha
- Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - So Yun Lim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Kwon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Ji Yeun Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Seongman Bae
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Jiwon Jung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Borgoyakova MB, Karpenko LI, Rudometov AP, Volosnikova EA, Merkuleva IA, Starostina EV, Zadorozhny AM, Isaeva AA, Nesmeyanova VS, Shanshin DV, Baranov KO, Volkova NV, Zaitsev BN, Orlova LA, Zaykovskaya AV, Pyankov OV, Danilenko ED, Bazhan SI, Shcherbakov DN, Taranin AV, Ilyichev AA. Self-Assembled Particles Combining SARS-CoV-2 RBD Protein and RBD DNA Vaccine Induce Synergistic Enhancement of the Humoral Response in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2188. [PMID: 35216301 PMCID: PMC8876144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that a range of vaccines against COVID-19 have already been created and are used for mass vaccination, the development of effective, safe, technological, and affordable vaccines continues. We have designed a vaccine that combines the recombinant protein and DNA vaccine approaches in a self-assembled particle. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 was conjugated to polyglucin:spermidine and mixed with DNA vaccine (pVAXrbd), which led to the formation of particles of combined coronavirus vaccine (CCV-RBD) that contain the DNA vaccine inside and RBD protein on the surface. CCV-RBD particles were characterized with gel filtration, electron microscopy, and biolayer interferometry. To investigate the immunogenicity of the combined vaccine and its components, mice were immunized with the DNA vaccine pVAXrbd or RBD protein as well as CCV-RBD particles. The highest antigen-specific IgG and neutralizing activity were induced by CCV-RBD, and the level of antibodies induced by DNA or RBD alone was significantly lower. The cellular immune response was detected only in the case of DNA or CCV-RBD vaccination. These results demonstrate that a combination of DNA vaccine and RBD protein in one construct synergistically increases the humoral response to RBD protein in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariya B. Borgoyakova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Larisa I. Karpenko
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Andrey P. Rudometov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Volosnikova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Iuliia A. Merkuleva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Ekaterina V. Starostina
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Alexey M. Zadorozhny
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Anastasiya A. Isaeva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Valentina S. Nesmeyanova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Daniil V. Shanshin
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Konstantin O. Baranov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (K.O.B.); (A.V.T.)
| | - Natalya V. Volkova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Boris N. Zaitsev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Lyubov A. Orlova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Anna V. Zaykovskaya
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Oleg V. Pyankov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Elena D. Danilenko
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Sergei I. Bazhan
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Dmitry N. Shcherbakov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Alexander V. Taranin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (K.O.B.); (A.V.T.)
| | - Alexander A. Ilyichev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (M.B.B.); (A.P.R.); (E.A.V.); (I.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (A.M.Z.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (D.V.S.); (N.V.V.); (B.N.Z.); (L.A.O.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.D.D.); (S.I.B.); (D.N.S.); (A.A.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bearth A, Berthold A, Siegrist M. People’s perceptions of, willingness-to-take preventive remedies and their willingness-to-vaccinate during times of heightened health threats. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263351. [PMID: 35108313 PMCID: PMC8809555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pandemics, such as the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, represents a health threat to humans worldwide. During times of heightened health risks, the public’s perceptions, and acceptance of evidence-based preventive measures, such as vaccines, is of high relevance. Moreover, people might seek other preventive remedies to protect themselves from getting infected (e.g., herbal remedies, nutritional supplements). A recent study on consumers’ preference for naturalness showed that people put more weight on perceived naturalness of a preventive remedy compared to a curative one. This result was attributed to the increased focus on perceived effectiveness as opposed to perceived risk. This raises the question whether the current pandemic would shift people’s perceptions from prevention to curing and thus, exhibit a preference for synthetic remedies because they are seen as more effective. The present online experiment (conducted in April 2021) investigated people’s perceptions of vaccines and remedies within the context of the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. A 2x2 between-subject design with type of remedy (natural vs. synthetic) and salience of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (high vs. low) was conducted in Switzerland in spring 2021 (N = 452). The data did not provide evidence of a curative mindset for preventive remedies, as the participants exhibited a clear preference for the natural remedy compared to the synthetic remedy. Our study stresses the importance of understanding people’s mindsets on how to protect themselves from infection with a virus during an ongoing pandemic to tackle misinformation and vaccine hesitancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bearth
- Consumer Behavior, Institute for Environmental Decisions (IED), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Anne Berthold
- Consumer Behavior, Institute for Environmental Decisions (IED), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Siegrist
- Consumer Behavior, Institute for Environmental Decisions (IED), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ballas ZK. 2021: The Year in Review. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:887-889. [PMID: 35077773 PMCID: PMC8799312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
19
|
Gallant AJ, Nicholls LAB, Rasmussen S, Cogan N, Young D, Williams L. Changes in attitudes to vaccination as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study of older adults in the UK. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261844. [PMID: 34941951 PMCID: PMC8699689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines has brought an unprecedented focus on public attitudes to vaccines, with intention to accept a COVID-19 vaccine fluctuating during the pandemic. However, it is unclear how the pandemic may influence attitudes and behaviour in relation to vaccines in general. The aim of the current study is to examine older adults' changes in vaccination attitudes and behaviour over the first year of the pandemic. METHODS In February-March 2020 (before the first COVID-19 national lockdown in the UK), 372 older adults (aged 65+) provided sociodemographic information, self-reported influenza vaccine uptake, and completed two measures of vaccination attitudes: the 5C scale and the Vaccination Attitudes Examination Scale. One-year later, following rollout of COVID-19 vaccines to older adults, participants provided information on their COVID-19 and influenza vaccine uptake in the previous 12 months, and completed the 5C and VAX scales again. Paired samples t-tests were used to examine changes in vaccination attitudes over time. RESULTS Almost all participants (98.7%) had received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine, and a significant increase in influenza uptake was identified (83.6% in 2020 to 91.6% in 2021). Complacency, mistrust of vaccine benefit, concerns about commercial profiteering, and constraints to vaccination had significantly decreased between Time 1 and Time 2, and collective responsibility had significant increased. However, calculation and worries about unforeseen future effects had increased, indicating that participants now perceived higher risks related to vaccination and were taking a more deliberative information-seeking approach. CONCLUSION The results show significant changes in vaccination attitudes across the pandemic. These changes suggest that while older adults became less complacent about the importance of vaccines, concerns about potential risks associated with vaccination increased. It will be important for public health communication to address these concerns for all vaccines offered to this group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise A. Brown Nicholls
- School of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Rasmussen
- School of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Cogan
- School of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David Young
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn Williams
- School of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ramasamy MN, Minassian AM, Ewer KJ, Flaxman AL, Folegatti PM, Owens DR, Voysey M, Aley PK, Angus B, Babbage G, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Berry L, Bibi S, Bittaye M, Cathie K, Chappell H, Charlton S, Cicconi P, Clutterbuck EA, Colin-Jones R, Dold C, Emary KRW, Fedosyuk S, Fuskova M, Gbesemete D, Green C, Hallis B, Hou MM, Jenkin D, Joe CCD, Kelly EJ, Kerridge S, Lawrie AM, Lelliott A, Lwin MN, Makinson R, Marchevsky NG, Mujadidi Y, Munro APS, Pacurar M, Plested E, Rand J, Rawlinson T, Rhead S, Robinson H, Ritchie AJ, Ross-Russell AL, Saich S, Singh N, Smith CC, Snape MD, Song R, Tarrant R, Themistocleous Y, Thomas KM, Villafana TL, Warren SC, Watson MEE, Douglas AD, Hill AVS, Lambe T, Gilbert SC, Faust SN, Pollard AJ. Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet 2021; 396:1979-1993. [PMID: 33220855 PMCID: PMC7674972 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32466-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 992] [Impact Index Per Article: 330.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults (aged ≥70 years) are at increased risk of severe disease and death if they develop COVID-19 and are therefore a priority for immunisation should an efficacious vaccine be developed. Immunogenicity of vaccines is often worse in older adults as a result of immunosenescence. We have reported the immunogenicity of a novel chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222), in young adults, and now describe the safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine in a wider range of participants, including adults aged 70 years and older. METHODS In this report of the phase 2 component of a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial (COV002), healthy adults aged 18 years and older were enrolled at two UK clinical research facilities, in an age-escalation manner, into 18-55 years, 56-69 years, and 70 years and older immunogenicity subgroups. Participants were eligible if they did not have severe or uncontrolled medical comorbidities or a high frailty score (if aged ≥65 years). First, participants were recruited to a low-dose cohort, and within each age group, participants were randomly assigned to receive either intramuscular ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (2·2 × 1010 virus particles) or a control vaccine, MenACWY, using block randomisation and stratified by age and dose group and study site, using the following ratios: in the 18-55 years group, 1:1 to either two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or two doses of MenACWY; in the 56-69 years group, 3:1:3:1 to one dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, one dose of MenACWY, two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, or two doses of MenACWY; and in the 70 years and older, 5:1:5:1 to one dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, one dose of MenACWY, two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, or two doses of MenACWY. Prime-booster regimens were given 28 days apart. Participants were then recruited to the standard-dose cohort (3·5-6·5 × 1010 virus particles of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) and the same randomisation procedures were followed, except the 18-55 years group was assigned in a 5:1 ratio to two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or two doses of MenACWY. Participants and investigators, but not staff administering the vaccine, were masked to vaccine allocation. The specific objectives of this report were to assess the safety and humoral and cellular immunogenicity of a single-dose and two-dose schedule in adults older than 55 years. Humoral responses at baseline and after each vaccination until 1 year after the booster were assessed using an in-house standardised ELISA, a multiplex immunoassay, and a live severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) microneutralisation assay (MNA80). Cellular responses were assessed using an ex-vivo IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay. The coprimary outcomes of the trial were efficacy, as measured by the number of cases of symptomatic, virologically confirmed COVID-19, and safety, as measured by the occurrence of serious adverse events. Analyses were by group allocation in participants who received the vaccine. Here, we report the preliminary findings on safety, reactogenicity, and cellular and humoral immune responses. This study is ongoing and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04400838, and ISRCTN, 15281137. FINDINGS Between May 30 and Aug 8, 2020, 560 participants were enrolled: 160 aged 18-55 years (100 assigned to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, 60 assigned to MenACWY), 160 aged 56-69 years (120 assigned to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19: 40 assigned to MenACWY), and 240 aged 70 years and older (200 assigned to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19: 40 assigned to MenACWY). Seven participants did not receive the boost dose of their assigned two-dose regimen, one participant received the incorrect vaccine, and three were excluded from immunogenicity analyses due to incorrectly labelled samples. 280 (50%) of 552 analysable participants were female. Local and systemic reactions were more common in participants given ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 than in those given the control vaccine, and similar in nature to those previously reported (injection-site pain, feeling feverish, muscle ache, headache), but were less common in older adults (aged ≥56 years) than younger adults. In those receiving two standard doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, after the prime vaccination local reactions were reported in 43 (88%) of 49 participants in the 18-55 years group, 22 (73%) of 30 in the 56-69 years group, and 30 (61%) of 49 in the 70 years and older group, and systemic reactions in 42 (86%) participants in the 18-55 years group, 23 (77%) in the 56-69 years group, and 32 (65%) in the 70 years and older group. As of Oct 26, 2020, 13 serious adverse events occurred during the study period, none of which were considered to be related to either study vaccine. In participants who received two doses of vaccine, median anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 IgG responses 28 days after the boost dose were similar across the three age cohorts (standard-dose groups: 18-55 years, 20 713 arbitrary units [AU]/mL [IQR 13 898-33 550], n=39; 56-69 years, 16 170 AU/mL [10 233-40 353], n=26; and ≥70 years 17 561 AU/mL [9705-37 796], n=47; p=0·68). Neutralising antibody titres after a boost dose were similar across all age groups (median MNA80 at day 42 in the standard-dose groups: 18-55 years, 193 [IQR 113-238], n=39; 56-69 years, 144 [119-347], n=20; and ≥70 years, 161 [73-323], n=47; p=0·40). By 14 days after the boost dose, 208 (>99%) of 209 boosted participants had neutralising antibody responses. T-cell responses peaked at day 14 after a single standard dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (18-55 years: median 1187 spot-forming cells [SFCs] per million peripheral blood mononuclear cells [IQR 841-2428], n=24; 56-69 years: 797 SFCs [383-1817], n=29; and ≥70 years: 977 SFCs [458-1914], n=48). INTERPRETATION ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 appears to be better tolerated in older adults than in younger adults and has similar immunogenicity across all age groups after a boost dose. Further assessment of the efficacy of this vaccine is warranted in all age groups and individuals with comorbidities. FUNDING UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midlands NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maheshi N Ramasamy
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | - Katie J Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy L Flaxman
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Daniel R Owens
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Merryn Voysey
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Parvinder K Aley
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Brian Angus
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gavin Babbage
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Lisa Berry
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Sagida Bibi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Katrina Cathie
- Paediatric Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Harry Chappell
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Sue Charlton
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Paola Cicconi
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Clutterbuck
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Colin-Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christina Dold
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine R W Emary
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Diane Gbesemete
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Catherine Green
- Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bassam Hallis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Mimi M Hou
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Jenkin
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth J Kelly
- AstraZeneca BioPharmaceuticals Research and Development, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Simon Kerridge
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Alice Lelliott
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - May N Lwin
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Natalie G Marchevsky
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yama Mujadidi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alasdair P S Munro
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Mihaela Pacurar
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Emma Plested
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jade Rand
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Sarah Rhead
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Hannah Robinson
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and Oxford Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Amy L Ross-Russell
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Stephen Saich
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Nisha Singh
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine C Smith
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew D Snape
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rinn Song
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Tarrant
- Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Kelly M Thomas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Tonya L Villafana
- AstraZeneca BioPharmaceuticals Research and Development, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Sarah C Warren
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Alexander D Douglas
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Saul N Faust
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust and Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
The pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has upended healthcare systems and economies around the world. Rapid understanding of the structural biology and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 has allowed the development of emergency use or FDA-approved vaccines and various candidate vaccines. Among the recently developed SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccines, natural protein-based nanoparticles well suited for multivalent antigen presentation and enhanced immune stimulation to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses are currently being investigated. This mini-review presents recent innovations in protein-based nanoparticle vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. The design and strategy of displaying antigenic domains, including spike protein, receptor-binding domain (RBD), and other domains on the surface of various protein-based nanoparticles and the performance of the developed nanoparticle-based vaccines are highlighted. In the final part of this review, we summarize and discuss recent advances in clinical trials and provide an outlook on protein-based nanoparticle vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Dong Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Nayeon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Yeram Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fröba M, Große M, Setz C, Rauch P, Auth J, Spanaus L, Münch J, Ruetalo N, Schindler M, Morokutti-Kurz M, Graf P, Prieschl-Grassauer E, Grassauer A, Schubert U. Iota-Carrageenan Inhibits Replication of SARS-CoV-2 and the Respective Variants of Concern Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413202. [PMID: 34947999 PMCID: PMC8709357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread around the world and remains a major public health threat. Vaccine inefficiency, vaccination breakthroughs and lack of supply, especially in developing countries, as well as the fact that a non-negligible part of the population either refuse vaccination or cannot be vaccinated due to age, pre-existing illness or non-response to existing vaccines intensify this issue. This might also contribute to the emergence of new variants, being more efficiently transmitted, more virulent and more capable of escaping naturally acquired and vaccine-induced immunity. Hence, the need of effective and viable prevention options to reduce viral transmission is of outmost importance. In this study, we investigated the antiviral effect of iota-, lambda- and kappa-carrageenan, sulfated polysaccharides extracted from red seaweed, on SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan type and the spreading variants of concern (VOCs) Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. Carrageenans as part of broadly used nasal and mouth sprays as well as lozenges have the potential of first line defense to inhibit the infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we demonstrate by using a SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus particles (SSPL) system and patient-isolated SARS-CoV-2 VOCs to infect transgenic A549ACE2/TMPRSS2 and Calu-3 human lung cells that all three carrageenan types exert antiviral activity. Iota-carrageenan exhibits antiviral activity with comparable IC50 values against the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan type and the VOCs. Altogether, these results indicate that iota-carrageenan might be effective for prophylaxis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections independent of the present and potentially future variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fröba
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.F.); (M.G.); (C.S.); (P.R.); (J.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Maximilian Große
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.F.); (M.G.); (C.S.); (P.R.); (J.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Christian Setz
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.F.); (M.G.); (C.S.); (P.R.); (J.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Pia Rauch
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.F.); (M.G.); (C.S.); (P.R.); (J.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Janina Auth
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.F.); (M.G.); (C.S.); (P.R.); (J.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Lucas Spanaus
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.F.); (M.G.); (C.S.); (P.R.); (J.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Natalia Ruetalo
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (N.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (N.R.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Philipp Graf
- Marinomed Biotech AG, A-2100 Korneuburg, Austria; (M.M.-K.); (P.G.); (E.P.-G.); (A.G.)
| | | | - Andreas Grassauer
- Marinomed Biotech AG, A-2100 Korneuburg, Austria; (M.M.-K.); (P.G.); (E.P.-G.); (A.G.)
| | - Ulrich Schubert
- Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.F.); (M.G.); (C.S.); (P.R.); (J.A.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-85-26478
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Banga Ndzouboukou JL, Zhang YD, Lei Q, Lin XS, Yao ZJ, Fu H, Yuan LY, Fan XL. Human IgM and IgG Responses to an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. Curr Med Sci 2021; 41:1081-1086. [PMID: 34741251 PMCID: PMC8571008 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-021-2461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic warrants accelerated efforts to test vaccine candidates. To explore the influencing factors on vaccine-induced effects, antibody responses to an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy individuals who were not previously infected by COVID-19 were assessed. Methods All subjects aged 18–60 years who did not have SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of screening from June 19, 2021, to July 02, 2021, were approached for inclusion. All participants received two doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Serum IgM and IgG antibodies were detected using a commercial kit after the second dose of vaccination. A positive result was defined as 10 AU/mL or more and a negative result as less than 10 AU/mL. This retrospective study included 97 infection-naïve individuals (mean age 35.6 years; 37.1% male, 62.9% female). Results The seropositive rates of IgM and IgG antibody responses elicited after the second dose of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine were 3.1% and 74.2%, respectively. IgG antibody levels were significantly higher than IgM levels (P<0.0001). Sex had no effect on IgM and IgG antibody response after the second dose. The mean anti-IgG level in older persons (⩾42 years) was significantly lower than that of younger recipients. There was a significantly lower antibody level at > 42 days compared to that at 0–20 days (P<0.05) and 21–31 days (P<0.05) after the second dose. Conclusion IgG antibody response could be induced by inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy individuals (>18 years), which can be influenced by age and detection time after the second dose of vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Lewis Banga Ndzouboukou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Yan-di Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Qing Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Xiao-song Lin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Zong-jie Yao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Le-yong Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen, 518055 China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China
| | - Xiong-lin Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lallow EO, Jhumur NC, Ahmed I, Kudchodkar SB, Roberts CC, Jeong M, Melnik JM, Park SH, Muthumani K, Shan JW, Zahn JD, Shreiber DI, Singer JP, Park YK, Maslow JN, Lin H. Novel suction-based in vivo cutaneous DNA transfection platform. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabj0611. [PMID: 34739313 PMCID: PMC8570601 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This work reports a suction-based cutaneous delivery method for in vivo DNA transfection. Following intradermal Mantoux injection of plasmid DNA in a rat model, a moderate negative pressure is applied to the injection site, a technique similar to Chinese báguàn and Middle Eastern hijama cupping therapies. Strong GFP expression was demonstrated with pEGFP-N1 plasmids where fluorescence was observed as early as 1 hour after dosing. Modeling indicates a strong correlation between focal strain/stress and expression patterns. The absence of visible and/or histological tissue injury contrasts with current in vivo transfection systems such as electroporation. Specific utility was demonstrated with a synthetic SARS-CoV-2 DNA vaccine, which generated host humoral immune response in rats with notable antibody production. This method enables an easy-to-use, cost-effective, and highly scalable platform for both laboratorial transfection needs and clinical applications for nucleic acid–based therapeutics and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emran O. Lallow
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Nandita C. Jhumur
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ijaz Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | | | | | | | - Juliet M. Melnik
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sarah H. Park
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | | | - Jerry W. Shan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Zahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - David I. Shreiber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Singer
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | | | - Joel N. Maslow
- GeneOne Life Science, Seoul, South Korea
- Corresponding author. (J.N.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Corresponding author. (J.N.M.); (H.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Elliott T, Yehia BR, Winegar AL, Raja JK, Jones A, Shockley E, Cacchione J. Analysis of COVID-19 vaccine non-intent by essential vs non-essential worker, demographic, and socioeconomic status among 101,048 US adults. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258540. [PMID: 34710101 PMCID: PMC8553079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
As of May 2021, over 286 million coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine doses have been administered across the country. This data is promising, however there are still populations that, despite availability, are declining vaccination. We reviewed vaccine likelihood and receptiveness to recommendation from a doctor or nurse survey responses from 101,048 adults (≥18 years old) presenting to 442 primary care clinics in 8 states and the District of Columbia. Occupation was self-reported and demographic information extracted from the medical record, with 58.3% (n = 58,873) responding they were likely to receive the vaccine, 23.6% (n = 23,845) unlikely, and 18.1% (n = 18,330) uncertain. We found that essential workers were 18% less likely to receive the COVID-19 vaccination. Of those who indicated they were not already “very likely” to receive the vaccine, a recommendation from a nurse or doctor resulted in 16% of respondents becoming more likely to receive the vaccine, although certain occupations were less likely than others to be receptive to recommendations. To our knowledge, this is the first study to look at vaccine intent and receptiveness to recommendations from a doctor or nurse across specific essential worker occupations, and may help inform future early phase, vaccine rollouts and public health measure implementations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Elliott
- Clinical and Network Services, Ascension Health, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Baligh R. Yehia
- Clinical and Network Services, Ascension Health, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Angela L. Winegar
- Clinical and Network Services, Ascension Health, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Ascension Data Science Institute, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jyothi Karthik Raja
- Clinical and Network Services, Ascension Health, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Ascension Data Science Institute, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ashlin Jones
- Clinical and Network Services, Ascension Health, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Ascension Data Science Institute, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Erin Shockley
- Clinical and Network Services, Ascension Health, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Ascension Data Science Institute, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joseph Cacchione
- Clinical and Network Services, Ascension Health, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Vaghela G, Hermoso C, Ahmadi A, Lucero-Prisno DE. Sex Workers Should Be Included in COVID-19 Vaccination Efforts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105:1460-1462. [PMID: 34695788 PMCID: PMC8641315 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic takes its toll on citizens across the globe, more people turn to sex work for survival. Because sex work is inherently physical and intimate, sex workers become defenseless against the virus and act as a bridge for transmitting the virus to their clients and society. Often, sex workers are the victims of violence and homelessness, and are devoid of health-care facilities, including HIV treatment, and are frequently exposed to a large number of individuals as dictated by the nature of their work. Their survival instincts would drive them to take part in their usual job to earn money, despite added health risks, to survive and feed their families. Worldwide, sex workers do not fully benefit from the COVID-19 responses, particularly in health, social, and economic aid assistance and services. Hence, it is essential to include this vulnerable population in the COVID-19 vaccination programs to halt the further spread of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Attaullah Ahmadi
- Medical Research Center, Kateb University, Kabul, Afghanistan
- Department of Public Health, International School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Meyer M, Wang Y, Edwards D, Smith GR, Rubenstein AB, Ramanathan P, Mire CE, Pietzsch C, Chen X, Ge Y, Cheng WS, Henry C, Woods A, Ma L, Stewart-Jones GB, Bock KW, Minai M, Nagata BM, Periasamy S, Shi PY, Graham BS, Moore IN, Ramos I, Troyanskaya OG, Zaslavsky E, Carfi A, Sealfon SC, Bukreyev A. Attenuated activation of pulmonary immune cells in mRNA-1273-vaccinated hamsters after SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e148036. [PMID: 34449440 PMCID: PMC8516449 DOI: 10.1172/jci148036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mRNA-1273 vaccine is effective against SARS-CoV-2 and was granted emergency use authorization by the FDA. Clinical studies, however, cannot provide the controlled response to infection and complex immunological insight that are only possible with preclinical studies. Hamsters are the only model that reliably exhibits severe SARS-CoV-2 disease similar to that in hospitalized patients, making them pertinent for vaccine evaluation. We demonstrate that prime or prime-boost administration of mRNA-1273 in hamsters elicited robust neutralizing antibodies, ameliorated weight loss, suppressed SARS-CoV-2 replication in the airways, and better protected against disease at the highest prime-boost dose. Unlike in mice and nonhuman primates, low-level virus replication in mRNA-1273-vaccinated hamsters coincided with an anamnestic response. Single-cell RNA sequencing of lung tissue permitted high-resolution analysis that is not possible in vaccinated humans. mRNA-1273 prevented inflammatory cell infiltration and the reduction of lymphocyte proportions, but enabled antiviral responses conducive to lung homeostasis. Surprisingly, infection triggered transcriptome programs in some types of immune cells from vaccinated hamsters that were shared, albeit attenuated, with mock-vaccinated hamsters. Our results support the use of mRNA-1273 in a 2-dose schedule and provide insight into the potential responses within the lungs of vaccinated humans who are exposed to SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Meyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Computer Science and
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Gregory R. Smith
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aliza B. Rubenstein
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Palaniappan Ramanathan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Chad E. Mire
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Colette Pietzsch
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yongchao Ge
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wan Sze Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - LingZhi Ma
- Moderna Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Kevin W. Bock
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Mahnaz Minai
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Bianca M. Nagata
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Sivakumar Periasamy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian N. Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Irene Ramos
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Olga G. Troyanskaya
- Department of Computer Science and
- Lewis-Sigler Institute of Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elena Zaslavsky
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Stuart C. Sealfon
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Israelow B, Mao T, Klein J, Song E, Menasche B, Omer SB, Iwasaki A. Adaptive immune determinants of viral clearance and protection in mouse models of SARS-CoV-2. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabl4509. [PMID: 34623900 PMCID: PMC9047536 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abl4509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused more than 160 million infections and more than 3 million deaths worldwide. Although effective vaccines are currently being deployed, the adaptive immune determinants that promote viral clearance and confer protection remain poorly defined. Using mouse models of SARS-CoV-2, we demonstrate that both humoral and cellular adaptive immunity contribute to viral clearance in the setting of primary infection. Furthermore, we find that either convalescent mice or mice that receive mRNA vaccination are protected from both homologous infection and infection with a variant of concern, B.1.351. In addition, we find that this protection is largely mediated by antibody response and not cellular immunity. These results highlight the in vivo protective capacity of antibodies generated to both vaccine and natural infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Israelow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tianyang Mao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan Klein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eric Song
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bridget Menasche
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Saad B. Omer
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Neidleman J, Luo X, McGregor M, Xie G, Murray V, Greene WC, Lee SA, Roan NR. mRNA vaccine-induced T cells respond identically to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern but differ in longevity and homing properties depending on prior infection status. eLife 2021; 10:e72619. [PMID: 34636722 PMCID: PMC8545397 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While mRNA vaccines are proving highly efficacious against SARS-CoV-2, it is important to determine how booster doses and prior infection influence the immune defense they elicit, and whether they protect against variants. Focusing on the T cell response, we conducted a longitudinal study of infection-naïve and COVID-19 convalescent donors before vaccination and after their first and second vaccine doses, using a high-parameter CyTOF analysis to phenotype their SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells. Vaccine-elicited spike-specific T cells responded similarly to stimulation by spike epitopes from the ancestral, B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variant strains, both in terms of cell numbers and phenotypes. In infection-naïve individuals, the second dose boosted the quantity and altered the phenotypic properties of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells, while in convalescents the second dose changed neither. Spike-specific T cells from convalescent vaccinees differed strikingly from those of infection-naïve vaccinees, with phenotypic features suggesting superior long-term persistence and ability to home to the respiratory tract including the nasopharynx. These results provide reassurance that vaccine-elicited T cells respond robustly to emerging viral variants, confirm that convalescents may not need a second vaccine dose, and suggest that vaccinated convalescents may have more persistent nasopharynx-homing SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells compared to their infection-naïve counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Neidleman
- Department or Urology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Gladstone Institute of VirologySan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Xiaoyu Luo
- Gladstone Institute of VirologySan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Matthew McGregor
- Department or Urology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Gladstone Institute of VirologySan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Guorui Xie
- Department or Urology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Gladstone Institute of VirologySan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Victoria Murray
- University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | | | - Sulggi A Lee
- Medicine, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Nadia R Roan
- Department or Urology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Gladstone Institute of VirologySan FranciscoUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Greenberger LM, Saltzman LA, Senefeld JW, Johnson PW, DeGennaro LJ, Nichols GL. Anti-spike antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination in patients with B cell-derived hematologic malignancies. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:1297-1299. [PMID: 34509182 PMCID: PMC8421105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
MESH Headings
- 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibody Formation
- BNT162 Vaccine
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- COVID-19 Vaccines/pharmacology
- Female
- Hematologic Neoplasms/immunology
- Hematologic Neoplasms/therapy
- Humans
- Immunization, Secondary
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/immunology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/immunology
- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/therapy
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathon W Senefeld
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Patrick W Johnson
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Golan Y, Prahl M, Cassidy A, Lin CY, Ahituv N, Flaherman VJ, Gaw SL. Evaluation of Messenger RNA From COVID-19 BTN162b2 and mRNA-1273 Vaccines in Human Milk. JAMA Pediatr 2021; 175:1069-1071. [PMID: 34228115 PMCID: PMC8261686 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yarden Golan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Mary Prahl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Arianna Cassidy
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Christine Y. Lin
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Stephanie L. Gaw
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Appelman B, van der Straten K, Lavell AHA, Schinkel M, Slim MA, Poniman M, Burger JA, Oomen M, Tejjani K, Vlaar APJ, Wiersinga WJ, Smulders YM, van Vught LA, Sanders RW, van Gils MJ, Bomers MK, Sikkens JJ. Time since SARS-CoV-2 infection and humoral immune response following BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination. EBioMedicine 2021; 72:103589. [PMID: 34571363 PMCID: PMC8461365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To optimise the use of available SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, some advocate delaying second vaccination for individuals infected within six months. We studied whether post-vaccination immune response is equally potent in individuals infected over six months prior to vaccination. METHODS We tested serum IgG binding to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and neutralising capacity in 110 healthcare workers, before and after both BNT162b2 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccinations. We compared outcomes between participants with more recent infection (n = 18, median two months, IQR 2-3), with infection-vaccination interval over six months (n = 19, median nine months, IQR 9-10), and to those not previously infected (n = 73). FINDINGS Both recently and earlier infected participants showed comparable humoral immune responses after a single mRNA vaccination, while exceeding those of previously uninfected persons after two vaccinations with 2.5 fold (p = 0.003) and 3.4 fold (p < 0.001) for binding antibody levels, and 6.4 and 7.2 fold for neutralisation titres, respectively (both p < 0.001). The second vaccine dose yielded no further substantial improvement of the humoral response in the previously infected participants (0.97 fold, p = 0.92), while it was associated with a 4 fold increase in antibody binding levels and 18 fold increase in neutralisation titres in previously uninfected participants (both p < 0.001). Adjustment for potential confounding of sex and age did not affect these findings. INTERPRETATION Delaying the second vaccination in individuals infected up to ten months prior may constitute a more efficient use of limited vaccine supplies. FUNDING Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development ZonMw; Corona Research Fund Amsterdam UMC; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brent Appelman
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Karlijn van der Straten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - A H Ayesha Lavell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel Schinkel
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Marleen A Slim
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Meliawati Poniman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Judith A Burger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Melissa Oomen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Khadija Tejjani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander P J Vlaar
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - W Joost Wiersinga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Yvo M Smulders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Lonneke A van Vught
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Marije K Bomers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands.
| | - Jonne J Sikkens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Karyagina AS, Gromov AV, Grunina TM, Lyaschuk AM, Grishin AV, Strukova NV, Generalova MS, Galushkina ZM, Soboleva LA, Dobrinina OY, Bolshakova TN, Subbotina ME, Romanovskaya-Romanko EA, Krasilnikov IV, Polyakov NB, Solovyev AI, Grumov DA, Zhukhovitsky VG, Ryabova EI, Prokofiev VV, Lunin VG. Development of a Platform for Producing Recombinant Protein Components of Epitope Vaccines for the Prevention of COVID-19. Biochemistry Moscow 2021; 86:1275-1287. [PMID: 34903153 PMCID: PMC8527442 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new platform for creating anti-coronavirus epitope vaccines has been developed. Two loop-like epitopes with lengths of 22 and 42 amino acid residues were selected from the receptor-binding motif of the Spike protein from the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus that participate in a large number of protein-protein interactions in the complexes with ACE2 and neutralizing antibodies. Two types of hybrid proteins, including one of the two selected epitopes, were constructed. To fix conformation of the selected epitopes, an approach using protein scaffolds was used. The homologue of Rop protein from the Escherichia coli ColE1 plasmid containing helix-turn-helix motif was used as an epitope scaffold for the convergence of C- and N-termini of the loop-like epitopes. Loop epitopes were inserted into the turn region. The conformation was additionally fixed by a disulfide bond formed between the cysteine residues present within the epitopes. For the purpose of multimerization, either aldolase from Thermotogamaritima, which forms a trimer in solution, or alpha-helical trimerizer of the Spike protein from SARS‑CoV‑2, was attached to the epitopes incorporated into the Rop-like protein. To enable purification on the heparin-containing sorbents, a short fragment from the heparin-binding hemagglutinin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was inserted at the C-terminus of the hybrid proteins. All the obtained proteins demonstrated high level of immunogenicity after triplicate parenteral administration to mice. Sera from the mice immunized with both aldolase-based hybrid proteins and the Spike protein SARS‑CoV‑2 trimerizer-based protein with a longer epitope interacted with both the inactivated SARS‑CoV‑2 virus and the Spike protein receptor-binding domain at high titers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Karyagina
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia.
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, 127550, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Alexander V Gromov
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Tatyana M Grunina
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, 127550, Russia
| | - Alexander M Lyaschuk
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Alexander V Grishin
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Natalia V Strukova
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Maria S Generalova
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Zoya M Galushkina
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Lyubov' A Soboleva
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Olga Yu Dobrinina
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Tatyana N Bolshakova
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Marina E Subbotina
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia.
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, 127550, Russia
| | | | - Igor V Krasilnikov
- Saint Petersburg Institute of Vaccines and Sera, FMBA, St. Petersburg, 198320, Russia
| | - Nikita B Polyakov
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey I Solovyev
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Daniil A Grumov
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Vladimir G Zhukhovitsky
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Ekaterina I Ryabova
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Prokofiev
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Vladimir G Lunin
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, 127550, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine is a member of the so-called vector vaccines and uses two different vectors (Ad26 priming and Ad5 boost) to reduce the risk of a reduction in the effectiveness of the vaccination. Real life data indicate an efficacy of the vaccine above 97%. Low cost and no need for ultra-cold storage temperature temperatures are other pluses of the Sputnik V vaccine. However, there are also several important shortcomings that must be considered such as the possible reduction of its immunogenicity in the presence of very high Ad5 neutralizing antibody titres and the decrease with age of the antibody titres neutralizing the virus. Furthermore, there is emerging documentation that Sputnik V has a reduced neutralizing capacity against the Beta variant and all variants with the spike protein carrying the E484K substitution. Nevertheless, due to its characteristics, Sputnik V could be another useful means of satisfying the need for mass vaccination. However, it is imperative to document the efficacy and safety of the Sputnik V vaccine in individuals with high pre-existing anti-Ad26 and Ad5-neutralizing antibody titres and in those under the age of 18 or older than 60 years and be certain that Sputnik V does not cause the rare development of immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. It is hoped that the now widespread use of this vaccine will generate a large pragmatic real-world study with data accessible to anyone interested in verifying them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cazzola
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Filomena Mazzeo
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Naples "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Matera
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Patel N, Bouchard J, Oliver MB, Badowski ME, Carreno JJ. Early clinical trial data and real-world assessment of COVID-19 vaccines: Insights from the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Pharmacotherapy 2021; 41:837-850. [PMID: 34689348 PMCID: PMC8662264 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
As of August 2021, there were three COVID-19 vaccines available in the United States for the prevention of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). The purpose of this narrative review is to examine the early experience from the Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of BNT162b2 (Pfizer, Inc./BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna, Inc.), and Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson and Johnson/Janssen Global Services, LLC) through July 2021. The EUA data from the clinical trials have largely been corroborated by real-world effectiveness investigations post-authorization. These studies indicate that immunity is obtained within 2 weeks post-vaccination and may endure for 6 months. The immunity conferred by the vaccines may also be effective against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Additionally, populations not included in the emergency use authorization studies may also benefit from vaccination. This look back at the initial clinical experience can be used by the global community to inform and develop COVID-19 vaccine programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nimish Patel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Meredith B. Oliver
- M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's HospitalMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
COVIDSurg Collaborative, GlobalSurg Collaborative. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives: data from an international prospective cohort study. Br J Surg 2021; 108:1056-63. [PMID: 33761533 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. METHODS The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18-49, 50-69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. RESULTS NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst case 3066). NNVs for surgical patients remained favourable at a range of SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates in sensitivity analysis modelling. Globally, prioritizing preoperative vaccination of patients needing elective surgery ahead of the general population could prevent an additional 58 687 (best case 115 007, worst case 20 177) COVID-19-related deaths in 1 year. CONCLUSION As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population.
Collapse
|
37
|
Lv H, Li B, Deng J, Ye L, Gao W, Shu CM, Bi M. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives: data from an international prospective cohort study. Br J Surg 2021; 108:1056-1063. [PMID: 33761533 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.121093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. METHODS The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18-49, 50-69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. RESULTS NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst case 3066). NNVs for surgical patients remained favourable at a range of SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates in sensitivity analysis modelling. Globally, prioritizing preoperative vaccination of patients needing elective surgery ahead of the general population could prevent an additional 58 687 (best case 115 007, worst case 20 177) COVID-19-related deaths in 1 year. CONCLUSION As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population.
Collapse
|
38
|
Swan DA, Goyal A, Bracis C, Moore M, Krantz E, Brown E, Cardozo-Ojeda F, Reeves DB, Gao F, Gilbert PB, Corey L, Cohen MS, Janes H, Dimitrov D, Schiffer JT. Mathematical Modeling of Vaccines That Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Transmission. Viruses 2021; 13:1921. [PMID: 34696352 PMCID: PMC8539635 DOI: 10.3390/v13101921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccine clinical trials assess efficacy against disease (VEDIS), the ability to block symptomatic COVID-19. They only partially discriminate whether VEDIS is mediated by preventing infection completely, which is defined as detection of virus in the airways (VESUSC), or by preventing symptoms despite infection (VESYMP). Vaccine efficacy against transmissibility given infection (VEINF), the decrease in secondary transmissions from infected vaccine recipients, is also not measured. Using mathematical modeling of data from King County Washington, we demonstrate that if the Moderna (mRNA-1273QS) and Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) vaccines, which demonstrated VEDIS > 90% in clinical trials, mediate VEDIS by VESUSC, then a limited fourth epidemic wave of infections with the highly infectious B.1.1.7 variant would have been predicted in spring 2021 assuming rapid vaccine roll out. If high VEDIS is explained by VESYMP, then high VEINF would have also been necessary to limit the extent of this fourth wave. Vaccines which completely protect against infection or secondary transmission also substantially lower the number of people who must be vaccinated before the herd immunity threshold is reached. The limited extent of the fourth wave suggests that the vaccines have either high VESUSC or both high VESYMP and high VEINF against B.1.1.7. Finally, using a separate intra-host mathematical model of viral kinetics, we demonstrate that a 0.6 log vaccine-mediated reduction in average peak viral load might be sufficient to achieve 50% VEINF, which suggests that human challenge studies with a relatively low number of infected participants could be employed to estimate all three vaccine efficacy metrics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Swan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
| | - Ashish Goyal
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
| | - Chloe Bracis
- TIMC-IMAG/BCM, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Mia Moore
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
| | - Elizabeth Krantz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
| | - Elizabeth Brown
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Fabian Cardozo-Ojeda
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
| | - Daniel B. Reeves
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
| | - Fei Gao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Myron S. Cohen
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Holly Janes
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dobromir Dimitrov
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yang W, Shaman J. Development of a model-inference system for estimating epidemiological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5573. [PMID: 34552095 PMCID: PMC8458278 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25913-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To support COVID-19 pandemic planning, we develop a model-inference system to estimate epidemiological properties of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern using case and mortality data while accounting for under-ascertainment, disease seasonality, non-pharmaceutical interventions, and mass-vaccination. Applying this system to study three variants of concern, we estimate that B.1.1.7 has a 46.6% (95% CI: 32.3-54.6%) transmissibility increase but nominal immune escape from protection induced by prior wild-type infection; B.1.351 has a 32.4% (95% CI: 14.6-48.0%) transmissibility increase and 61.3% (95% CI: 42.6-85.8%) immune escape; and P.1 has a 43.3% (95% CI: 30.3-65.3%) transmissibility increase and 52.5% (95% CI: 0-75.8%) immune escape. Model simulations indicate that B.1.351 and P.1 could outcompete B.1.1.7 and lead to increased infections. Our findings highlight the importance of preventing the spread of variants of concern, via continued preventive measures, prompt mass-vaccination, continued vaccine efficacy monitoring, and possible updating of vaccine formulations to ensure high efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Shaman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Nearly 40 years have passed since the initial cases of infection with the human mmunodeficiency virus (HIV) were identified as a new disease entity and the cause of acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS). This virus, unlike any other, is capable of causing severe suppression of our adaptive immune defense mechanisms by directly infecting and destroying helper T cells leading to increased susceptibility to a wide variety of microbial pathogens, especially those considered to be intracellular or opportunistic. After T cells are infected, HIV reproduces itself via a somewhat unique mechanism involving various metabolic steps, which includes the use of a reverse transcriptase enzyme that enables the viral RNA to produce copies of its complementary DNA. Subsequent physiologic steps lead to the production of new virus progeny and the eventual death of the invaded T cell. Fortunately, both serologic and molecular tests (such as PCR) can be used to confirm the diagnosis of an HIV infection. In the wake of the current COVID-19 pandemic, it appears that people living with HIV/AIDS are equally or slightly more susceptible to the etiologic agent, SARS-CoV-2, than the general population having intact immune systems, but they may have more serious outcomes. Limited clinical trials have also shown that the currently available COVID-19 vaccines are both safe and effective in affording protection to HIV/AIDS patients. In this review, we further explore the unique dynamic of HIV/AIDS in the context of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic and the implementation of vaccines as a protective measure against COVID-19, as well as what immune parameters and safeguards should be monitored in this immunocompromised group following vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria M. Plummer
- Department of Clinical Specialties, Division of Pathology, New York Institute of Technology, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA;
| | - Charles S. Pavia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sun W, He L, Zhang H, Tian X, Bai Z, Sun L, Yang L, Jia X, Bi Y, Luo T, Cheng G, Fan W, Liu W, Li J. The self-assembled nanoparticle-based trimeric RBD mRNA vaccine elicits robust and durable protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in mice. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:340. [PMID: 34504054 PMCID: PMC8426336 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00750-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As COVID-19 continues to spread rapidly worldwide and variants continue to emerge, the development and deployment of safe and effective vaccines are urgently needed. Here, we developed an mRNA vaccine based on the trimeric receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein fused to ferritin-formed nanoparticles (TF-RBD). Compared to the trimeric form of the RBD mRNA vaccine (T-RBD), TF-RBD delivered intramuscularly elicited robust and durable humoral immunity as well as a Th1-biased cellular response. After further challenge with live SARS-CoV-2, immunization with a two-shot low-dose regimen of TF-RBD provided adequate protection in hACE2-transduced mice. In addition, the mRNA template of TF-RBD was easily and quickly engineered into a variant vaccine to address SARS-CoV-2 mutations. The TF-RBD multivalent vaccine produced broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies against Alpha (B.1.1.7) and Beta (B.1.351) variants. This mRNA vaccine based on the encoded self-assembled nanoparticle-based trimer RBD provides a reference for the design of mRNA vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lihong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - He Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaodong Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihua Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingrong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Diagne ML, Rwezaura H, Tchoumi SY, Tchuenche JM. A Mathematical Model of COVID-19 with Vaccination and Treatment. Comput Math Methods Med 2021; 2021:1250129. [PMID: 34497662 PMCID: PMC8421179 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1250129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We formulate and theoretically analyze a mathematical model of COVID-19 transmission mechanism incorporating vital dynamics of the disease and two key therapeutic measures-vaccination of susceptible individuals and recovery/treatment of infected individuals. Both the disease-free and endemic equilibrium are globally asymptotically stable when the effective reproduction number R 0(v) is, respectively, less or greater than unity. The derived critical vaccination threshold is dependent on the vaccine efficacy for disease eradication whenever R 0(v) > 1, even if vaccine coverage is high. Pontryagin's maximum principle is applied to establish the existence of the optimal control problem and to derive the necessary conditions to optimally mitigate the spread of the disease. The model is fitted with cumulative daily Senegal data, with a basic reproduction number R 0 = 1.31 at the onset of the epidemic. Simulation results suggest that despite the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination and treatment to mitigate the spread of COVID-19, when R 0(v) > 1, additional efforts such as nonpharmaceutical public health interventions should continue to be implemented. Using partial rank correlation coefficients and Latin hypercube sampling, sensitivity analysis is carried out to determine the relative importance of model parameters to disease transmission. Results shown graphically could help to inform the process of prioritizing public health intervention measures to be implemented and which model parameter to focus on in order to mitigate the spread of the disease. The effective contact rate b, the vaccine efficacy ε, the vaccination rate v, the fraction of exposed individuals who develop symptoms, and, respectively, the exit rates from the exposed and the asymptomatic classes σ and ϕ are the most impactful parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Diagne
- Departement de Mathematiques, UFR des Sciences et Technologies, Universite de Thies, Thies, Senegal
| | - H. Rwezaura
- Mathematics Department, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35062, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - S. Y. Tchoumi
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences ENSAI, University of Ngaoundere, P. O. Box 455 Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - J. M. Tchuenche
- School of Computational and Communication Sciences and Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Heald AH, Stedman M, Horne L, Rea R, Whyte M, Gibson JM, Livingston M, Anderson SG, Ollier W. Analysis of Continuous Blood Glucose Data in People with Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM) After COVID-19 Vaccination Indicates a Possible Link Between the Immune and the Metabolic Response. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2021; 15:1204-1205. [PMID: 34323111 PMCID: PMC8411469 DOI: 10.1177/19322968211026291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian H. Heald
- The School of Medicine and Manchester
Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology,
Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
- Adrian H. Heald, DM, Department of Diabetes and
Endocrinology, Salford Royal Hospital, Stott Lane, Salford M6 8HD, UK.
| | | | - Linda Horne
- Vernova Healthcare, Watersgreen Medical
Centre, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Rustam Rea
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and
Metabolism and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS FT,
Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Whyte
- Department of Clinical & Experimental
Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - J. Martin Gibson
- The School of Medicine and Manchester
Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology,
Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Mark Livingston
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Black
Country Pathology Services, Walsall Manor Hospital, Walsall, UK
| | - Simon G. Anderson
- University of the West Indies, Cavehill
Campus, Barbados, Saint Michael Barbados
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty
of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - William Ollier
- Faculty of Science and Engineering,
Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Vaishya R, Malani A, Sharma H, Vaish A, Singh SK. COVID vaccination provided protection from severe disease despite low Cycle threshold (Ct) values. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15:102281. [PMID: 34530382 PMCID: PMC8434748 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raju Vaishya
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, Sarita Vihar, New Delhi 110076, India.
| | - Arpita Malani
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, Sarita Vihar, New Delhi 110076, India.
| | - Himani Sharma
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, Sarita Vihar, New Delhi 110076, India.
| | - Abhishek Vaish
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, Sarita Vihar, New Delhi 110076, India.
| | - Sujeet Kumar Singh
- National Centre for Disease Contgrol, Shamnath Marg, Delhi 110054, India.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Li X, Zhang L, Chen S, Ji W, Li C, Ren L. Recent progress on the mutations of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and suggestions for prevention and controlling of the pandemic. Infect Genet Evol 2021; 93:104971. [PMID: 34146731 PMCID: PMC8213438 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has caused a global pandemic in the past year, which poses continuing threat to human beings. To date, more than 3561 mutations in the viral spike protein were identified, including 2434 mutations that cause amino acid changes with 343 amino acids located in the viral receptor-binding domain (RBD). Among these mutations, the most representative ones are substitution mutations such as D614G, N501Y, Y453F, N439K/R, P681H, K417N/T, and E484K, and deletion mutations of ΔH69/V70 and Δ242-244, which confer the virus with enhanced infectivity, transmissibility, and resistance to neutralization. In this review, we discussed the recent findings of SARS-CoV-2 for highlighting mutations and variants on virus transmissibility and pathogenicity. Moreover, several suggestions for prevention and controlling the pandemic are also proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi' An Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi' An Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Si Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi' An Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Weilong Ji
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi' An Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chang Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Linzhu Ren
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi' An Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Victor PJ, Mathews KP, Paul H, Mammen JJ, Murugesan M. Protective Effect of COVID-19 Vaccine Among Health Care Workers During the Second Wave of the Pandemic in India. Mayo Clin Proc 2021; 96:2493-2494. [PMID: 34366135 PMCID: PMC8233962 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hema Paul
- Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Vandeputte J, Van Damme P, Neyts J, Audonnet JC, Baay M, Neels P. Animal experiments show impact of vaccination on reduction of SARS-CoV-2 virus circulation: A model for vaccine development? Biologicals 2021; 73:1-7. [PMID: 34489162 PMCID: PMC8414133 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the pre-clinical phase, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were tested in animal models, including exposure trials, to investigate protection against SARS-CoV-2. These studies paved the way for clinical development. The objective of our review was to provide an overview of published animal exposure results, focussing on the capacity of vaccines to reduce/prevent viral shedding. METHOD Using Medline, we retrieved eighteen papers on eight different vaccine platforms in four animal models. Data were extracted on presence/absence of viral RNA in nose, throat, or lungs, and neutralizing antibody levels in the blood. RESULTS All vaccines showed a tendency of reduced viral load after exposure. Particularly nasal swab results are likely to give an indication about the impact on virus excretion in the environment. Similarly, the reduction or prevention of viral replication in the bronchoalveolar environment might be related with disease prevention, explaining the high efficacy in clinical trials. DISCUSSION Although it remains difficult to compare the results directly, the potential for a strong reduction of transmission was shown, indicating that the animal models predicted what is observed in the field after large scale human vaccination. This merits further attention for standardization of exposure experiments, with the intention to speed up future vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Vandeputte
- International Alliance for Biological Standardization, Geneve, Switzerland; International Alliance for Biological Standardization Europe, Lyon, France.
| | - P Van Damme
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination and Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J C Audonnet
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Saint Priest, France
| | - M Baay
- P95 Epidemiology & Pharmacovigilance, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Neels
- International Alliance for Biological Standardization, Geneve, Switzerland; International Alliance for Biological Standardization Europe, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Affiliation(s)
- Mini Kamboj
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine and Division of Quality and Safety, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Tretyn A, Szczepanek J, Skorupa M, Jarkiewicz-Tretyn J, Sandomierz D, Dejewska J, Ciechanowska K, Jarkiewicz-Tretyn A, Koper W, Pałgan K. Differences in the Concentration of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies Post-COVID-19 Recovery or Post-Vaccination. Cells 2021; 10:1952. [PMID: 34440721 PMCID: PMC8391384 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
At the end of 2020, population-based vaccination programs with new generation mRNA-based vaccines began almost all over the world. The aim of the study was to evaluate the titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies against the S1 subunit of the virus's spike protein as a marker of the humoral response in 477 patients and the concentration of interferon-gamma as an indicator of cellular response in 28 individuals. In our studies, we used serological enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. IgG was measured in weeks 2 and 3 after the first dose and 1-5 weeks after the second dose of an mRNA vaccine in seropositive and seronegative individuals as well as in symptomatic and asymptomatic convalescents. High levels of antibodies were observed in 98% of our vaccinated cohort, and the presence of protective T cells was confirmed in the blood samples of all participants. The humoral immune response is diversified and is visible as early as 2-3 weeks after the first dose of the mRNA vaccine. The level of protection increased significantly after the second dose, with the increase being much greater in pre-vaccine healthy subjects and less in convalescents. In the second and third weeks after the second dose, the concentration of IgG antibodies was the highest, and in the following weeks, it decreased gradually. Regular serological measurements on eight subjects show that antibody titers are lower four months after vaccination than before the second dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Tretyn
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.T.); (M.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Joanna Szczepanek
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Monika Skorupa
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.T.); (M.S.); (J.D.)
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Joanna Jarkiewicz-Tretyn
- Non-Public Health Care Centre, Cancer Genetics Laboratory, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.J.-T.); (D.S.); (K.C.); (A.J.-T.)
| | - Dorota Sandomierz
- Non-Public Health Care Centre, Cancer Genetics Laboratory, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.J.-T.); (D.S.); (K.C.); (A.J.-T.)
| | - Joanna Dejewska
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.T.); (M.S.); (J.D.)
- Non-Public Health Care Centre, Cancer Genetics Laboratory, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.J.-T.); (D.S.); (K.C.); (A.J.-T.)
| | - Karolina Ciechanowska
- Non-Public Health Care Centre, Cancer Genetics Laboratory, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.J.-T.); (D.S.); (K.C.); (A.J.-T.)
| | - Aleksander Jarkiewicz-Tretyn
- Non-Public Health Care Centre, Cancer Genetics Laboratory, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.J.-T.); (D.S.); (K.C.); (A.J.-T.)
- Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology, 02-008 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Wojciech Koper
- The Voivodeship Sanitary-Epidemiological Station in Bydgoszcz, 85-031 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Pałgan
- Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Otto SP, Day T, Arino J, Colijn C, Dushoff J, Li M, Mechai S, Van Domselaar G, Wu J, Earn DJD, Ogden NH. The origins and potential future of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in the evolving COVID-19 pandemic. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R918-R929. [PMID: 34314723 PMCID: PMC8220957 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
One year into the global COVID-19 pandemic, the focus of attention has shifted to the emergence and spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). After nearly a year of the pandemic with little evolutionary change affecting human health, several variants have now been shown to have substantial detrimental effects on transmission and severity of the virus. Public health officials, medical practitioners, scientists, and the broader community have since been scrambling to understand what these variants mean for diagnosis, treatment, and the control of the pandemic through nonpharmaceutical interventions and vaccines. Here we explore the evolutionary processes that are involved in the emergence of new variants, what we can expect in terms of the future emergence of VOCs, and what we can do to minimise their impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Otto
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Troy Day
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Julien Arino
- Department of Mathematics and Data Science Nexus, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Caroline Colijn
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jonathan Dushoff
- Department of Biology and M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Michael Li
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 3W4, Canada
| | - Samir Mechai
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, St. Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Gary Van Domselaar
- National Microbiology Laboratory - Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Jianhong Wu
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - David J D Earn
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics and M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Nicholas H Ogden
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, St. Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|