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Owens A, Zhang T, Gu P, Hart J, Stobbs J, Cieslak M, Elomaa P, Prusinkiewicz P. The hidden diversity of vascular patterns in flower heads. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:423-439. [PMID: 38361330 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Vascular systems are intimately related to the shape and spatial arrangement of the plant organs they support. We investigate the largely unexplored association between spiral phyllotaxis and the vascular system in Asteraceae flower heads. We imaged heads of eight species using synchrotron-based X-ray micro-computed tomography and applied original virtual reality and haptic software to explore head vasculature in three dimensions. We then constructed a computational model to infer a plausible patterning mechanism. The vascular system in the head of the model plant Gerbera hybrida is qualitatively different from those of Bellis perennis and Helianthus annuus, characterized previously. Cirsium vulgare, Craspedia globosa, Echinacea purpurea, Echinops bannaticus, and Tanacetum vulgare represent variants of the Bellis and Helianthus systems. In each species, the layout of the main strands is stereotypical, but details vary. The observed vascular patterns can be generated by a common computational model with different parameter values. In spite of the observed differences of vascular systems in heads, they may be produced by a conserved mechanism. The diversity and irregularities of vasculature stand in contrast with the relative uniformity and regularity of phyllotactic patterns, confirming that phyllotaxis in heads is not driven by the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Owens
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Philmo Gu
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jeremy Hart
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jarvis Stobbs
- Canadian Light Source Inc., 44 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Mikolaj Cieslak
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Paula Elomaa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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2
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Xiang DL, Li GS. Control of leaf development in the water fern Ceratopteris richardii by the auxin efflux transporter CrPINMa in the CRISPR/Cas9 analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:322. [PMID: 38654173 PMCID: PMC11040788 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PIN-FORMED genes (PINs) are crucial in plant development as they determine the directionality of auxin flow. They are present in almost all land plants and even in green algae. However, their role in fern development has not yet been determined. This study aims to investigate the function of CrPINMa in the quasi-model water fern Ceratopteris richardii. RESULTS CrPINMa possessed a long central hydrophilic loop and characteristic motifs within it, which indicated that it belonged to the canonical rather than the non-canonical PINs. CrPINMa was positioned in the lineage leading to Arabidopsis PIN6 but not that to its PIN1, and it had undergone numerous gene duplications. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing had been performed in ferns for the first time, producing diverse mutations including local frameshifts for CrPINMa. Plants possessing disrupted CrPINMa exhibited retarded leaf emergence and reduced leaf size though they could survive and reproduce at the same time. CrPINMa transcripts were distributed in the shoot apical meristem, leaf primordia and their vasculature. Finally, CrPINMa proteins were localized to the plasma membrane rather than other cell parts. CONCLUSIONS CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing is feasible in ferns, and that PINs can play a role in fern leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Liang Xiang
- College of Biological Resources and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Gui-Sheng Li
- College of Biological Resources and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China.
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3
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Favre P, van Schaik E, Schorderet M, Yerly F, Reinhardt D. Regulation of tissue growth in plants - A mathematical modeling study on shade avoidance response in Arabidopsis hypocotyls. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1285655. [PMID: 38486850 PMCID: PMC10938469 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1285655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Plant growth is a plastic phenomenon controlled both by endogenous genetic programs and by environmental cues. The embryonic stem, the hypocotyl, is an ideal model system for the quantitative study of growth due to its relatively simple geometry and cellular organization, and to its essentially unidirectional growth pattern. The hypocotyl of Arabidopsis thaliana has been studied particularly well at the molecular-genetic level and at the cellular level, and it is the model of choice for analysis of the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), a growth reaction that allows plants to compete with neighboring plants for light. During SAS, hypocotyl growth is controlled primarily by the growth hormone auxin, which stimulates cell expansion without the involvement of cell division. Methods We assessed hypocotyl growth at cellular resolution in Arabidopsis mutants defective in auxin transport and biosynthesis and we designed a mathematical auxin transport model based on known polar and non-polar auxin transporters (ABCB1, ABCB19, and PINs) and on factors that control auxin homeostasis in the hypocotyl. In addition, we introduced into the model biophysical properties of the cell types based on precise cell wall measurements. Results and Discussion Our model can generate the observed cellular growth patterns based on auxin distribution along the hypocotyl resulting from production in the cotyledons, transport along the hypocotyl, and general turnover of auxin. These principles, which resemble the features of mathematical models of animal morphogen gradients, allow to generate robust shallow auxin gradients as they are expected to exist in tissues that exhibit quantitative auxin-driven tissue growth, as opposed to the sharp auxin maxima generated by patterning mechanisms in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Favre
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Evert van Schaik
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Florence Yerly
- Haute école d’ingénierie et d’architecture Fribourg, Haute Ecole Spécialisée de Suisse Occidentale (HES-SO), University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Didier Reinhardt
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Kuhn A, Roosjen M, Mutte S, Dubey SM, Carrillo Carrasco VP, Boeren S, Monzer A, Koehorst J, Kohchi T, Nishihama R, Fendrych M, Sprakel J, Friml J, Weijers D. RAF-like protein kinases mediate a deeply conserved, rapid auxin response. Cell 2024; 187:130-148.e17. [PMID: 38128538 PMCID: PMC10783624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant-signaling molecule auxin triggers fast and slow cellular responses across land plants and algae. The nuclear auxin pathway mediates gene expression and controls growth and development in land plants, but this pathway is absent from algal sister groups. Several components of rapid responses have been identified in Arabidopsis, but it is unknown if these are part of a conserved mechanism. We recently identified a fast, proteome-wide phosphorylation response to auxin. Here, we show that this response occurs across 5 land plant and algal species and converges on a core group of shared targets. We found conserved rapid physiological responses to auxin in the same species and identified rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF)-like protein kinases as central mediators of auxin-triggered phosphorylation across species. Genetic analysis connects this kinase to both auxin-triggered protein phosphorylation and rapid cellular response, thus identifying an ancient mechanism for fast auxin responses in the green lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Kuhn
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Roosjen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sumanth Mutte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shiv Mani Dubey
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aline Monzer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jasper Koehorst
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Blanco-Touriñán N, Hardtke CS. Connecting emerging with existing vasculature above and below ground. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 76:102461. [PMID: 37774454 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The vascular system was essential for plants to colonize land by facilitating the transport of water, nutrients, and minerals throughout the body. Our current knowledge on the molecular-genetic control of vascular tissue specification and differentiation is mostly based on studies in the Arabidopsis primary root. To what degree these regulatory mechanisms in the root meristem can be extrapolated to vascular tissue development in other organs is a question of great interest. In this review, we discuss the most recent progress on cotyledon vein formation, with a focus on polar auxin transport-dependent and -independent mechanisms. We also provide an overview of vasculature formation in postembryonic organs, namely lateral roots, which is more complex than anticipated as several tissues of the parent root must act in a spatio-temporally coordinated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Blanco-Touriñán
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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6
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Jobert F, Yadav S, Robert S. Auxin as an architect of the pectin matrix. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6933-6949. [PMID: 37166384 PMCID: PMC10690733 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a versatile plant growth regulator that triggers multiple signalling pathways at different spatial and temporal resolutions. A plant cell is surrounded by the cell wall, a complex and dynamic network of polysaccharides. The cell wall needs to be rigid to provide mechanical support and protection and highly flexible to allow cell growth and shape acquisition. The modification of the pectin components, among other processes, is a mechanism by which auxin activity alters the mechanical properties of the cell wall. Auxin signalling precisely controls the transcriptional output of several genes encoding pectin remodelling enzymes, their local activity, pectin deposition, and modulation in different developmental contexts. This review examines the mechanism of auxin activity in regulating pectin chemistry at organ, cellular, and subcellular levels across diverse plant species. Moreover, we ask questions that remain to be addressed to fully understand the interplay between auxin and pectin in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Jobert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
- CRRBM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - Sandeep Yadav
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
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7
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Cowling CL, Dash L, Kelley DR. Roles of auxin pathways in maize biology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6989-6999. [PMID: 37493143 PMCID: PMC10690729 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones play a central role in plant development and environmental responses. Auxin is a classical hormone that is required for organ formation, tissue patterning, and defense responses. Auxin pathways have been extensively studied across numerous land plant lineages, including bryophytes and eudicots. In contrast, our understanding of the roles of auxin in maize morphogenesis and immune responses is limited. Here, we review evidence for auxin-mediated processes in maize and describe promising areas for future research in the auxin field. Several recent transcriptomic and genetic studies have demonstrated that auxin is a key influencer of both vegetative and reproductive development in maize (namely roots, leaves, and kernels). Auxin signaling has been implicated in both maize shoot architecture and immune responses through genetic and molecular analyses of the conserved co-repressor RAMOSA ENHANCER LOCUS2. Polar auxin transport is linked to maize drought responses, root growth, shoot formation, and leaf morphogenesis. Notably, maize has been a key system for delineating auxin biosynthetic pathways and offers many opportunities for future investigations on auxin metabolism. In addition, crosstalk between auxin and other phytohormones has been uncovered through gene expression studies and is important for leaf and root development in maize. Collectively these studies point to auxin as a cornerstone for maize biology that could be leveraged for improved crop resilience and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Cowling
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Linkan Dash
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Dior R Kelley
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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8
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Liu J, Shi X, Zhong T, Jie W, Xu R, Ding Y, Ding C. PINOID and PIN-FORMED Paralogous Genes Are Required for Leaf Morphogenesis in Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1146-1158. [PMID: 37540575 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Auxin plays an essential role in modulating leaf development. However, its role in leaf development in rice (Oryza sativa L.) remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that PINOID (OsPID) and two Sister-of-PIN1s, termed PIN-FORMED1c (OsPIN1c) and OsPIN1d, are necessary for rice leaf development. The ospin1c ospin1d null mutant lines presented severe defects in leaf morphogenesis, including drooping and semi-drooping blades, an abnormally thickened sheath and lamina joint, and fused leaves with absent ligules and auricles. Loss-of-function ospid mutants displayed generally similar leaf morphology but lacked leaf fusion. Interestingly, misshaped leaf genesis displayed a preference for being ipsilateral. In addition, OsPIN1c and OsPID were commonly localized in the initiating leaf primordia. Furthermore, accompanied by the more severe organ morphogenesis in the ospin1c ospin1d ospid triple mutant, RNA sequencing analysis revealed that many genes essential for leaf development have an altered expression level. Together, this study furthers our understanding of the role auxin transport plays during leaf development in monocot rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Liu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
- Rice Research Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 602 Nanlian Road, Nanchang 330200, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi'an Shi
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhui Zhong
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanrong Jie
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihan Xu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengqiang Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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9
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Ramans-Harborough S, Kalverda AP, Manfield IW, Thompson GS, Kieffer M, Uzunova V, Quareshy M, Prusinska JM, Roychoudhry S, Hayashi KI, Napier R, del Genio C, Kepinski S. Intrinsic disorder and conformational coexistence in auxin coreceptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221286120. [PMID: 37756337 PMCID: PMC10556615 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221286120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AUXIN/INDOLE 3-ACETIC ACID (Aux/IAA) transcriptional repressor proteins and the TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESISTANT 1/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX (TIR1/AFB) proteins to which they bind act as auxin coreceptors. While the structure of TIR1 has been solved, structural characterization of the regions of the Aux/IAA protein responsible for auxin perception has been complicated by their predicted disorder. Here, we use NMR, CD and molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the N-terminal domains of the Aux/IAA protein IAA17/AXR3. We show that despite the conformational flexibility of the region, a critical W-P bond in the core of the Aux/IAA degron motif occurs at a strikingly high (1:1) ratio of cis to trans isomers, consistent with the requirement of the cis conformer for the formation of the fully-docked receptor complex. We show that the N-terminal half of AXR3 is a mixture of multiple transiently structured conformations with a propensity for two predominant and distinct conformational subpopulations within the overall ensemble. These two states were modeled together with the C-terminal PB1 domain to provide the first complete simulation of an Aux/IAA. Using MD to recreate the assembly of each complex in the presence of auxin, both structural arrangements were shown to engage with the TIR1 receptor, and contact maps from the simulations match closely observations of NMR signal-decreases. Together, our results and approach provide a platform for exploring the functional significance of variation in the Aux/IAA coreceptor family and for understanding the role of intrinsic disorder in auxin signal transduction and other signaling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Ramans-Harborough
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Arnout P. Kalverda
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Iain W. Manfield
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Gary S. Thompson
- Wellcome Biological Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, CanterburyCT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Kieffer
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Veselina Uzunova
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CoventryCV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mussa Quareshy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CoventryCV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Suruchi Roychoudhry
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Ken-ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Bioscience, Okayama University of Science, Okayama700-0005, Japan
| | - Richard Napier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CoventryCV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Charo del Genio
- Centre for Fluid and Complex Systems, Coventry University, CoventryCV1 5FB, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Kepinski
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Zhang Y, Zhang N, Chai X, Sun T. Machine learning for image-based multi-omics analysis of leaf veins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4928-4941. [PMID: 37410807 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Veins are a critical component of the plant growth and development system, playing an integral role in supporting and protecting leaves, as well as transporting water, nutrients, and photosynthetic products. A comprehensive understanding of the form and function of veins requires a dual approach that combines plant physiology with cutting-edge image recognition technology. The latest advancements in computer vision and machine learning have facilitated the creation of algorithms that can identify vein networks and explore their developmental progression. Here, we review the functional, environmental, and genetic factors associated with vein networks, along with the current status of research on image analysis. In addition, we discuss the methods of venous phenotype extraction and multi-omics association analysis using machine learning technology, which could provide a theoretical basis for improving crop productivity by optimizing the vein network architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Zhang
- Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiujuan Chai
- Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Big Data, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St, Beijing 100081, China
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11
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Wang Y, Jiao Y. Cell signaling in the shoot apical meristem. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:70-82. [PMID: 37224874 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Distinct from animals, plants maintain organogenesis from specialized tissues termed meristems throughout life. In the shoot apex, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) produces all aerial organs, such as leaves, from its periphery. For this, the SAM needs to precisely balance stem cell renewal and differentiation, which is achieved through dynamic zonation of the SAM, and cell signaling within functional domains is key for SAM functions. The WUSCHEL-CLAVATA feedback loop plays a key role in SAM homeostasis, and recent studies have uncovered new components, expanding our understanding of the spatial expression and signaling mechanism. Advances in polar auxin transport and signaling have contributed to knowledge of the multifaceted roles of auxin in the SAM and organogenesis. Finally, single-cell techniques have expanded our understanding of the cellular functions within the shoot apex at single-cell resolution. In this review, we summarize the most up-to-date understanding of cell signaling in the SAM and focus on the multiple levels of regulation of SAM formation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261325, China
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12
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Marconi M, Wabnik K. Computer models of cell polarity establishment in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:42-53. [PMID: 37144853 PMCID: PMC10469401 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant development is a complex task, and many processes involve changes in the asymmetric subcellular distribution of cell components that strongly depend on cell polarity. Cell polarity regulates anisotropic growth and polar localization of membrane proteins and helps to identify the cell's position relative to its neighbors within an organ. Cell polarity is critical in a variety of plant developmental processes, including embryogenesis, cell division, and response to external stimuli. The most conspicuous downstream effect of cell polarity is the polar transport of the phytohormone auxin, which is the only known hormone transported in a polar fashion in and out of cells by specialized exporters and importers. The biological processes behind the establishment of cell polarity are still unknown, and researchers have proposed several models that have been tested using computer simulations. The evolution of computer models has progressed in tandem with scientific discoveries, which have highlighted the importance of genetic, chemical, and mechanical input in determining cell polarity and regulating polarity-dependent processes such as anisotropic growth, protein subcellular localization, and the development of organ shapes. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of computer models of cell polarity establishment in plants, focusing on the molecular and cellular mechanisms, the proteins involved, and the current state of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marconi
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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Scarpella E. Axes and polarities in leaf vein formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:112-124. [PMID: 37261944 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
For multicellular organisms to develop, cells must grow, divide, and differentiate along preferential or exclusive orientations or directions. Moreover, those orientations, or axes, and directions, or polarities, must be coordinated between cells within and between tissues. Therefore, how axes and polarities are coordinated between cells is a key question in biology. In animals, such coordination mainly depends on cell migration and direct interaction between proteins protruding from the plasma membrane. Both cell movements and direct cell-cell interactions are prevented in plants by cell walls that surround plant cells and keep them apart and in place. Therefore, plants have evolved unique mechanisms to coordinate their cell axes and polarities. Here I will discuss evidence suggesting that understanding how leaf veins form may uncover those unique mechanisms. Indeed, unlike previously thought, the cell-to-cell polar transport of the plant hormone auxin along developing veins cannot account for many features of vein patterning. Instead, those features can be accounted for by models of vein patterning that combine polar auxin transport with auxin diffusion through plasmodesmata along the axis of developing veins. Though it remains unclear whether such a combination of polar transport and axial diffusion of auxin can account for the formation of the variety of vein patterns found in plant leaves, evidence suggests that such a combined mechanism may control plant developmental processes beyond vein patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
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14
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Liu Q, Teng S, Deng C, Wu S, Li H, Wang Y, Wu J, Cui X, Zhang Z, Quick WP, Brutnell TP, Sun X, Lu T. SHORT ROOT and INDETERMINATE DOMAIN family members govern PIN-FORMED expression to regulate minor vein differentiation in rice. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:2848-2870. [PMID: 37154077 PMCID: PMC10396363 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
C3 and C4 grasses directly and indirectly provide the vast majority of calories to the human diet, yet our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving photosynthetic productivity in grasses is largely unexplored. Ground meristem cells divide to form mesophyll or vascular initial cells early in leaf development in C3 and C4 grasses. Here we define a genetic circuit composed of SHORT ROOT (SHR), INDETERMINATE DOMAIN (IDD), and PIN-FORMED (PIN) family members that specifies vascular identify and ground cell proliferation in leaves of both C3 and C4 grasses. Ectopic expression and loss-of-function mutant studies of SHR paralogs in the C3 plant Oryza sativa (rice) and the C4 plant Setaria viridis (green millet) revealed the roles of these genes in both minor vein formation and ground cell differentiation. Genetic and in vitro studies further suggested that SHR regulates this process through its interactions with IDD12 and 13. We also revealed direct interactions of these IDD proteins with a putative regulatory element within the auxin transporter gene PIN5c. Collectively, these findings indicate that a SHR-IDD regulatory circuit mediates auxin transport by negatively regulating PIN expression to modulate minor vein patterning in the grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute (BRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
- Joint Laboratory for Photosynthesis Enhancement and C4 Rice Development, BRI, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shouzhen Teng
- Biotechnology Research Institute (BRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
- Joint Laboratory for Photosynthesis Enhancement and C4 Rice Development, BRI, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chen Deng
- Joint Laboratory for Photosynthesis Enhancement and C4 Rice Development, BRI, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Suting Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute (BRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
- Joint Laboratory for Photosynthesis Enhancement and C4 Rice Development, BRI, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haoshu Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute (BRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
- Joint Laboratory for Photosynthesis Enhancement and C4 Rice Development, BRI, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- Joint Laboratory for Photosynthesis Enhancement and C4 Rice Development, BRI, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinxia Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute (BRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
- Joint Laboratory for Photosynthesis Enhancement and C4 Rice Development, BRI, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuean Cui
- Biotechnology Research Institute (BRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
- Joint Laboratory for Photosynthesis Enhancement and C4 Rice Development, BRI, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute (BRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
- Joint Laboratory for Photosynthesis Enhancement and C4 Rice Development, BRI, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China
| | - William Paul Quick
- Joint Laboratory for Photosynthesis Enhancement and C4 Rice Development, BRI, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China
- C4 Rice Centre, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna 4030, Philippines
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Thomas P Brutnell
- Joint Laboratory for Photosynthesis Enhancement and C4 Rice Development, BRI, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuehui Sun
- Biotechnology Research Institute (BRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
- Joint Laboratory for Photosynthesis Enhancement and C4 Rice Development, BRI, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tiegang Lu
- Biotechnology Research Institute (BRI), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
- Joint Laboratory for Photosynthesis Enhancement and C4 Rice Development, BRI, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China
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15
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Robil JM, McSteen P. Hormonal control of medial-lateral growth and vein formation in the maize leaf. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:125-141. [PMID: 36404129 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Parallel veins are characteristic of monocots, including grasses (Poaceae). Therefore, how parallel veins develop as the leaf grows in the medial-lateral (ML) dimension is a key question in grass leaf development. Using fluorescent protein reporters, we mapped auxin, cytokinin (CK), and gibberellic acid (GA) response patterns in maize (Zea mays) leaf primordia. We further defined the roles of these hormones in ML growth and vein formation through combinatorial genetic analyses and measurement of hormone concentrations. We discovered a novel pattern of auxin response in the adaxial protoderm that we hypothesize has important implications for the orderly formation of 3° veins early in leaf development. In addition, we found an auxin transport and response pattern in the margins that correlate with the transition from ML to proximal-distal growth. We present evidence that auxin efflux precedes CK response in procambial strand development. We also determined that GA plays an early role in the shoot apical meristem as well as a later role in the primordium to restrict ML growth. We propose an integrative model whereby auxin regulates ML growth and vein formation in the maize leaf through control of GA and CK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janlo M Robil
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Loyola Heights, Quezon City, Metro Manila, 1108, Philippines
| | - Paula McSteen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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16
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Pi M, Zhong R, Hu S, Cai Z, Plunkert M, Zhang W, Liu Z, Kang C. A GT-1 and PKc domain-containing transcription regulator SIMPLE LEAF1 controls compound leaf development in woodland strawberry. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1391-1404. [PMID: 36319612 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are strikingly diverse in terms of shapes and complexity. The wild and cultivated strawberry plants mostly develop trifoliate compound leaves, yet the underlying genetic basis remains unclear in this important fruit crop in Rosaceae. Here, we identified two EMS mutants designated simple leaf1 (sl1-1 and sl1-2) and one natural simple-leafed mutant monophylla in Fragaria vesca. Their causative mutations all reside in SL1 (FvH4_7g28640) causing premature stop codon at different positions in sl1-1 and sl1-2 and an eight-nucleotide insertion (GTTCATCA) in monophylla. SL1 encodes a transcription regulator with the conserved DNA-binding domain GT-1 and the catalytic domain of protein kinases PKc. Expression of SL1pro::SL1 in sl1-1 completely restored compound leaf formation. The 35S::SL1 lines developed palmate-like leaves with four or five leaflets at a low penetrance. However, overexpressing the truncated SL1ΔPK caused no phenotypes, probably due to the disruption of homodimerization. SL1 is preferentially expressed at the tips of leaflets and serrations. Moreover, SL1 is closely associated with the auxin pathway and works synergistically with FveLFYa in leaf morphogenesis. Overall, our work uncovered a new type of transcription regulator that promotes compound leaf formation in the woodland strawberry and shed new lights on the diversity of leaf complexity control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Pi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ruhan Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shaoqiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhuoying Cai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Madison Plunkert
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhongchi Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Chunying Kang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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17
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Zhai L, Yan A, Shao K, Wang S, Wang Y, Chen ZH, Xu J. Large Vascular Bundle Phloem Area 4 enhances grain yield and quality in rice via source-sink-flow. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:317-334. [PMID: 36179092 PMCID: PMC9806617 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In rice (Oryza sativa L.), vascular bundle phloem tissue in the panicle neck is vital for the transport of photosynthetic products from leaf to panicle and is positively associated with grain yield. However, genetic regulation of the single large vascular bundle phloem area (LVPA) in rice panicle neck tissue remains poorly understood. In this study, we carried out genome-wide association analysis of LVPA in the panicle neck using 386 rice accessions and isolated and characterized the gene LVPA4, which is allelic to NARROW LEAF1 (NAL1). Phenotypic analyses were carried out on the near-isogenic line (NIL) NIL-LVPA4LT in the high-yielding indica (xian) cultivar Teqing and on overexpression lines transformed with a vector carrying the Lemont alleles of LVPA4. Both NIL-LVPA4LT and LVPA4 overexpression lines exhibited significantly increased LVPA, enlarged flag leaf size, and improved panicle type. NIL-LVPA4LT had a 7.6%-9.6% yield increase, mainly due to the significantly higher filled grain number per panicle, larger vascular system for transporting photoassimilates to spikelets, and more sufficient source supply that could service the increased sink capacity. Moreover, NIL-LVPA4LT had improved grain quality compared with Teqing, which was mainly attributed to substantial improvement in grain filling, especially for inferior spikelets in NIL-LVPA4LT. The single-nucleotide variation in the third exon of LVPA4 was associated with LVPA, spikelet number, and leaf size throughout sequencing analysis in 386 panels. The results demonstrate that LVPA4 has synergistic effects on source capacity, sink size, and flow transport and plays crucial roles in rice productivity and grain quality, thus revealing the value of LVPA4 in rice breeding programs for improved varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiyuan Zhai
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - An Yan
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Kuitian Shao
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Jianlong Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, Guangdong, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, Hainan, China
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18
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Genome-Wide Identification of Wheat KNOX Gene Family and Functional Characterization of TaKNOX14-D in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415918. [PMID: 36555558 PMCID: PMC9784718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The KNOX genes play important roles in maintaining SAM and regulating the development of plant leaves. However, the TaKNOX genes in wheat are still not well understood, especially their role in abiotic stress. In this study, a total of 36 KNOX genes were identified, and we demonstrated the function of the TaKNOX14-D gene under mechanical injury and cold stress. Thirty-six TaKNOX genes were divided into two groups, and thirty-four TaKNOX genes were predicted to be located in the nucleus by Cell-PLoc. These genes contained five tandem duplications. Fifteen collinear gene pairs were exhibited in wheat and rice, one collinear gene pair was exhibited in wheat and Arabidopsis. The phylogenetic tree and motif analysis suggested that the TaKNOX gene appeared before C3 and C4 diverged. Gene structure showed that the numbers of exons and introns in TaKNOX gene are different. Wheat TaKNOX genes showed different expression patterns during the wheat growth phase, with seven TaKNOX genes being highly expressed in the whole growth period. These seven genes were also highly expressed in most tissues, and also responded to most abiotic stress. Eleven TaKNOX genes were up-regulated in the tillering node during the leaf regeneration period after mechanical damage. When treating the wheat with different hormones, the expression patterns of TaKNOX were changed, and results showed that ABA promoted TaKNOX expression and seven TaKNOX genes were up-regulated under cytokinin and auxin treatment. Overexpression of the TaKNOX14-D gene in Arabidopsis could increase the leaf size, plant height and seed size. This gene overexpression in Arabidopsis also increased the compensatory growth capacity after mechanical damage. Overexpression lines also showed high resistance to cold stress. This study provides a better understanding of the TaKNOX genes.
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Chen K, Qu C, Zhang XY, Wang W, Gu CR, Liu GF, Yu QB, Yang CP, Jiang J. Molecular mechanism of leaf adaxial upward curling caused by BpPIN3 suppression in Betula pendula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1060228. [PMID: 36531359 PMCID: PMC9751824 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1060228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are one of the vegetative organs of plants that are essential for plant growth and development. PIN-FORMED (PINs) gene is an indoleacetic acid (IAA) transporter that plays a critical role in leaf development. To determine the function of BpPIN3 in leaf polarity formation in Betula pendula, the transgenic lines with BpPIN3 overexpression (OE) and BpPIN3-reduced expression (RE) were analyzed using the Agrobacterium-mediated method. The RE lines displayed the characteristics of leaf margin adaxial upward curling, with lower expression of BpPIN3 resulting in greater rolling. Tissue localization of IAA in the auxin GUS reporter system proved that auxin in the RE was mainly distributed in the secondary veins, palisade tissues, and epidermal cells in the leaf margin area. The auxin content in the leaf margin area was significantly greater than that in the main vein tissue. The cell density of the palisade tissue and the ratio of palisade tissue to spongy tissue in the curled leaf margin of the RE lines were found to be significantly decreased. RNA-seq analysis revealed that the RE hormone-signaling pathway genes were significantly enriched compared with those of the OE and WT lines; in particular, the auxin response-related genes SAURs (i.e., SAUR23, SAUR24, SAUR28, and SAUR50) and GH3.10 were found to be significantly upregulated. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that BpPIN3 expression at the leaf margin was significantly lower than that near the main vein in the RE lines. In contrast, the expression levels of SAURs and GH3.10 were significantly higher than those near the midrib. In conclusion, BpPIN3 regulates the expression of auxin response-related genes and the polar transport of auxin to change the polar form of the proximal and distal axes of birch leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao-yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chen-rui Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Gui-feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Qi-bin Yu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Chuan-ping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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20
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von der Mark C, Cruz TMD, Blanco‐Touriñan N, Rodriguez‐Villalon A. Bipartite phosphoinositide-dependent modulation of auxin signaling during xylem differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1734-1747. [PMID: 36039703 PMCID: PMC9826227 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient root-to-shoot delivery of water and nutrients in plants relies on the correct differentiation of xylem cells into hollow elements. While auxin is integral to the formation of xylem cells, it remains poorly characterized how each subcellular pool of this hormone regulates this process. Combining genetic and cell biological approaches, we investigated the bipartite activity of nucleoplasmic vs plasma membrane-associated phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate kinases PIP5K1 and its homolog PIP5K2 in Arabidopsis thaliana roots and uncovered a novel mechanism by which phosphoinositides integrate distinct aspects of the auxin signaling cascade and, in turn, regulate the onset of xylem differentiation. The appearance of undifferentiated cells in protoxylem strands of pip5k1 pip5k2 is phenomimicked in auxin transport and perception mutants and can be partially restored by the nuclear residence of PIP5K1. By contrast, exclusion of PIP5K1 from the nucleus hinders the auxin-mediated induction of the xylem master regulator VASCULAR RELATED NAC DOMAIN (VND) 7. A xylem-specific increase of auxin levels abolishes pip5k1 pip5k2 vascular defects, indicating that the establishment of auxin maxima is required to activate VND7-mediated xylem differentiation. Our results describe a new mechanism by which distinct subcellular pools of phosphoinositides integrate auxin transport and perception to initiate xylem differentiation in a spatiotemporal manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia von der Mark
- Department of BiologySwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) ZurichCH‐8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Tiago M. D. Cruz
- Department of BiologySwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) ZurichCH‐8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Noel Blanco‐Touriñan
- Department of BiologySwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) ZurichCH‐8092ZurichSwitzerland
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21
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Laha NP, Giehl RFH, Riemer E, Qiu D, Pullagurla NJ, Schneider R, Dhir YW, Yadav R, Mihiret YE, Gaugler P, Gaugler V, Mao H, Zheng N, von Wirén N, Saiardi A, Bhattacharjee S, Jessen HJ, Laha D, Schaaf G. INOSITOL (1,3,4) TRIPHOSPHATE 5/6 KINASE1-dependent inositol polyphosphates regulate auxin responses in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2722-2738. [PMID: 36124979 PMCID: PMC9706486 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The combinatorial phosphorylation of myo-inositol results in the generation of different inositol phosphates (InsPs), of which phytic acid (InsP6) is the most abundant species in eukaryotes. InsP6 is also an important precursor of the higher phosphorylated inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs), such as InsP7 and InsP8, which are characterized by a diphosphate moiety and are also ubiquitously found in eukaryotic cells. While PP-InsPs regulate various cellular processes in animals and yeast, their biosynthesis and functions in plants has remained largely elusive because plant genomes do not encode canonical InsP6 kinases. Recent work has shown that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) INOSITOL (1,3,4) TRIPHOSPHATE 5/6 KINASE1 (ITPK1) and ITPK2 display in vitro InsP6 kinase activity and that, in planta, ITPK1 stimulates 5-InsP7 and InsP8 synthesis and regulates phosphate starvation responses. Here we report a critical role of ITPK1 in auxin-related processes that is independent of the ITPK1-controlled regulation of phosphate starvation responses. Those processes include primary root elongation, root hair development, leaf venation, thermomorphogenic and gravitropic responses, and sensitivity to exogenously applied auxin. We found that the recombinant auxin receptor complex, consisting of the F-Box protein TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1 (TIR1), ARABIDOPSIS SKP1 HOMOLOG 1 (ASK1), and the transcriptional repressor INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID INDUCIBLE 7 (IAA7), binds to anionic inositol polyphosphates with high affinity. We further identified a physical interaction between ITPK1 and TIR1, suggesting a localized production of 5-InsP7, or another ITPK1-dependent InsP/PP-InsP isomer, to activate the auxin receptor complex. Finally, we demonstrate that ITPK1 and ITPK2 function redundantly to control auxin responses, as deduced from the auxin-insensitive phenotypes of itpk1 itpk2 double mutant plants. Our findings expand the mechanistic understanding of auxin perception and suggest that distinct inositol polyphosphates generated near auxin receptors help to fine-tune auxin sensitivity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo F H Giehl
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben 06466, Germany
| | - Esther Riemer
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Danye Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & CIBSS–The Center for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Naga Jyothi Pullagurla
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Robin Schneider
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | | | - Ranjana Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Yeshambel Emewodih Mihiret
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Philipp Gaugler
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Verena Gaugler
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Haibin Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Ning Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben 06466, Germany
| | - Adolfo Saiardi
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology (MRC-LMCB), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Saikat Bhattacharjee
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Plant Resistance, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Henning J Jessen
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & CIBSS–The Center for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
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22
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Band LR. Plasmodesmata play a key role in leaf vein patterning. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001806. [PMID: 36170211 PMCID: PMC9518881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf veins provide a vital transport route in plants, and the formation of vein patterns has fascinated many scientists over the years. This Primer explores a new PLOS Biology study which reveals how transport through plasmodesmata plays a key role in vein patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah R. Band
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine and Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Linh NM, Scarpella E. Leaf vein patterning is regulated by the aperture of plasmodesmata intercellular channels. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001781. [PMID: 36166438 PMCID: PMC9514613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To form tissue networks, animal cells migrate and interact through proteins protruding from their plasma membranes. Plant cells can do neither, yet plants form vein networks. How plants do so is unclear, but veins are thought to form by the coordinated action of the polar transport and signal transduction of the plant hormone auxin. However, plants inhibited in both pathways still form veins. Patterning of vascular cells into veins is instead prevented in mutants lacking the function of the GNOM (GN) regulator of auxin transport and signaling, suggesting the existence of at least one more GN-dependent vein-patterning pathway. Here we show that in Arabidopsis such a pathway depends on the movement of auxin or an auxin-dependent signal through plasmodesmata (PDs) intercellular channels. PD permeability is high where veins are forming, lowers between veins and nonvascular tissues, but remains high between vein cells. Impaired ability to regulate PD aperture leads to defects in auxin transport and signaling, ultimately leading to vein patterning defects that are enhanced by inhibition of auxin transport or signaling. GN controls PD aperture regulation, and simultaneous inhibition of auxin signaling, auxin transport, and regulated PD aperture phenocopies null gn mutants. Therefore, veins are patterned by the coordinated action of three GN-dependent pathways: auxin signaling, polar auxin transport, and movement of auxin or an auxin-dependent signal through PDs. Such a mechanism of tissue network formation is unprecedented in multicellular organisms. How do plants form vein networks, in the absence of cellular migration or direct cell-cell interaction? This study shows that a GNOM-dependent combination of polar auxin transport, auxin signal transduction, and movement of an auxin signal through plasmodesmata patterns leaf vascular cells into veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Manh Linh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- * E-mail:
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24
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Bakker BH, Faver TE, Hupkes HJ, Merks RMH, van der Voort J. Scaling relations for auxin waves. J Math Biol 2022; 85:41. [PMID: 36163567 PMCID: PMC9512763 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-022-01793-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We analyze an 'up-the-gradient' model for the formation of transport channels of the phytohormone auxin, through auxin-mediated polarization of the PIN1 auxin transporter. We show that this model admits a family of travelling wave solutions that is parameterized by the height of the auxin-pulse. We uncover scaling relations for the speed and width of these waves and verify these rigorous results with numerical computations. In addition, we provide explicit expressions for the leading-order wave profiles, which allows the influence of the biological parameters in the problem to be readily identified. Our proofs are based on a generalization of the scaling principle developed by Friesecke and Pego to construct pulse solutions to the classic Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsingou model, which describes a one-dimensional chain of coupled nonlinear springs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Hilde Bakker
- Mathematical Institute, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9512, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy E. Faver
- Department of Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, 850 Polytechnic Lane, MD #9085, Marietta, GA 30060 USA
| | - Hermen Jan Hupkes
- Mathematical Institute, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9512, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland M. H. Merks
- Mathematical Institute and Institute of Biology Leiden, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9512, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle van der Voort
- Mathematical Institute, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9512, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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25
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Liu W, Chen T, Liu Y, Le QT, Wang R, Lee H, Xiong L. The Plastidial DIG5 Protein Affects Lateral Root Development by Regulating Flavonoid Biosynthesis and Auxin Transport in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810642. [PMID: 36142550 PMCID: PMC9501241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To reveal the mechanisms underlying root adaptation to drought stress, we isolated and characterized an Arabidopsis mutant, dig5 (drought inhibition of lateral root growth 5), which exhibited increased sensitivity to the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) for the inhibition of lateral root growth. The dig5 mutant also had fewer lateral roots under normal conditions and the aerial parts were yellowish with a lower level of chlorophylls. The mutant seedlings also displayed phenotypes indicative of impaired auxin transport, such as abnormal root curling, leaf venation defects, absence of apical hook formation, and reduced hypocotyl elongation in darkness. Auxin transport assays with [3H]-labeled indole acetic acid (IAA) confirmed that dig5 roots were impaired in polar auxin transport. Map-based cloning and complementation assays indicated that the DIG5 locus encodes a chloroplast-localized tRNA adenosine deaminase arginine (TADA) that is involved in chloroplast protein translation. The levels of flavonoids, which are naturally occurring auxin transport inhibitors in plants, were significantly higher in dig5 roots than in the wild type roots. Further investigation showed that flavonoid biosynthetic genes were upregulated in dig5. Introduction of the flavonoid biosynthetic mutation transparent testa 4 (tt4) into dig5 restored the lateral root growth of dig5. Our study uncovers an important role of DIG5/TADA in retrogradely controlling flavonoid biosynthesis and lateral root development. We suggest that the DIG5-related signaling pathways, triggered likely by drought-induced chlorophyll breakdown and leaf senescence, may potentially help the plants to adapt to drought stress through optimizing the root system architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
- High-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yajie Liu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tang, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quang Tri Le
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Ruigang Wang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Hojoung Lee
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
| | - Liming Xiong
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tang, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Agribiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
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26
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Wei X, Huang Y, Nguyen STT, Collings DA, McCurdy DW. Asymmetric wall ingrowth deposition in Arabidopsis phloem parenchyma transfer cells is tightly associated with sieve elements. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5414-5427. [PMID: 35609084 PMCID: PMC9467654 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, polarized deposition of wall ingrowths in phloem parenchyma (PP) transfer cells (TCs) occurs adjacent to cells of the sieve element/companion cell (SE/CC) complex. However, the spatial relationships between these different cell types in minor veins, where phloem loading occurs, are poorly understood. PP TC development and wall ingrowth localization were compared with those of other phloem cells in leaves of Col-0 and the transgenic lines AtSUC2::AtSTP9-GFP (green fluorescent protein) and AtSWEET11::AtSWEET11-GFP that identify CCs and PP cells, respectively. The development of PP TCs in minor veins, indicated by deposition of wall ingrowths, proceeded basipetally in leaves. However, not all PP cells develop wall ingrowths, and higher levels of deposition occur in abaxial- compared with adaxial-positioned PP TCs. Furthermore, the deposition of wall ingrowths was exclusively initiated on and preferentially covered the PP TC/SE interface, rather than the PP TC/CC interface, and only occurred in PP cells that were adjacent to SEs. Collectively, these results demonstrate a tight association between SEs and wall ingrowth deposition in PP TCs and suggest the existence of two subtypes of PP cells in leaf minor veins. Compared with PP cells, PP TCs showed more abundant accumulation of AtSWEET11-GFP, indicating functional differences in phloem loading between PP and PP TCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Wei
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callahan NSW 2308, Australia
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei 430070, China
| | - Suong T T Nguyen
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callahan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - David A Collings
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callahan NSW 2308, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia
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Yu Q, Ge L, Ahmad S, Luo D, Li X. A perspective on the molecular mechanism in the control of organ internal (IN) asymmetry during petal development. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac202. [PMID: 36349080 PMCID: PMC9634759 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Floral zygomorphy (monosymmetry) is a key innovation in flowering plants and is related to the coevolution of plants and their animal pollinators. The molecular basis underlying floral zygomorphy has been analysed, and two regulatory pathways have been identified: one determines the dorsoventral (DV) asymmetry along the floral plan, and the other controls organ internal (IN) asymmetry during petal development. While strides have been made to understand the molecular mechanism controlling DV asymmetry, which mainly involves an interplay between TCP and MYB transcription factors, the molecular pathway regulating IN asymmetry remains largely unknown. In this review, we discuss what is known about regulators and the molecular pathway regulating IN asymmetry. Our analysis revealed that the regulation of IN asymmetry occurs at the cellular, tissue, and organ genesis levels during petal development and that the regulatory mechanism is likely integrated into different developmental paths, such as floral and root nodule development. Although the molecular regulation of IN asymmetry is not be a linear path, a key hub for the regulatory network could be vascular patterning during petal organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxia Yu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Liangfa Ge
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Sagheer Ahmad
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Da Luo
- Corresponding authors. E-mails: ;
| | - Xin Li
- Corresponding authors. E-mails: ;
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Genome-Wide Characterization of PIN Auxin Efflux Carrier Gene Family in Mikania micrantha. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710183. [PMID: 36077586 PMCID: PMC9456128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mikania micrantha, recognized as one of the world's top 10 pernicious weeds, is a rapidly spreading tropical vine that has invaded the coastal areas of South China, causing serious economic losses and environmental damage. Rapid stem growth is an important feature of M. micrantha which may be related to its greater number of genes involved in auxin signaling and transport pathways and its ability to synthesize more auxin under adverse conditions to promote or maintain stem growth. Plant growth and development is closely connected to the regulation of endogenous hormones, especially the polar transport and asymmetric distribution of auxin. The PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux carrier gene family plays a key role in the polar transport of auxin and then regulates the growth of different plant tissues, which could indicate that the rapid growth of M. micrantha is closely related to this PIN-dependent auxin regulation. In this study, 11 PIN genes were identified and the phylogenetic relationship and structural compositions of the gene family in M. micrantha were analyzed by employing multiple bioinformatic methods. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the PIN proteins could be divided into five distinct clades. The structural analysis revealed that three putative types of PIN (canonical, noncanonical and semi-canonical) exist among the proteins according to the length and the composition of the hydrophilic domain. The majority of the PINs were involved in the process of axillary bud differentiation and stem response under abiotic stress, indicating that M. micrantha may regulate its growth, development and stress response by regulating PIN expression in the axillary bud and stem, which may help explain its strong growth ability and environmental adaptability. Our study emphasized the structural features and stress response patterns of the PIN gene family and provided useful insights for further study into the molecular mechanism of auxin-regulated growth and control in M. micrantha.
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29
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Kinoshita A, Tsukaya H. Auxin and cytokinin control fate determination of cotyledons in the one-leaf plant Monophyllaea glabra. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:980138. [PMID: 36119619 PMCID: PMC9481249 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.980138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One-leaf plants in the Gesneriaceae family initially have two cotyledons of identical size; one cotyledon stops growing shortly after germination, whereas the other continues indeterminate growth. Factors involved in the unequal growth have been investigated, and a competitive relationship between the two cotyledons was previously proposed. However, questions regarding the fate determination of the two cotyledons remain: Why does only one cotyledon grow indeterminately while the other stops; is the fate of the cotyledons reversible; and what role does light quality play in the fate determination of the cotyledons? In this study, physiological experiments using the one-leaf plant species Monophyllaea glabra suggest that a biased auxin concentration between the two cotyledons and subsequent cytokinin levels may determine the fate of the cotyledons. In addition, observation of relatively mature individuals without hormone treatment and younger individuals with cytokinin treatment under laboratory growth conditions revealed that the fate determination of the microcotyledon is reversible. Although light quality has been suggested to be important for the determination of cotyledon fate in Streptocarpus rexii, an anisocotylous species, we conclude that light quality is not important in M. glabra.
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30
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Jedličková V, Ebrahimi Naghani S, Robert HS. On the trail of auxin: Reporters and sensors. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3200-3213. [PMID: 35708654 PMCID: PMC9421466 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin is a master regulator of plant growth and development in response to many endogenous and environmental signals. The underlying coordination of growth is mediated by the formation of auxin maxima and concentration gradients. The visualization of auxin dynamics and distribution can therefore provide essential information to increase our understanding of the mechanisms by which auxin orchestrates these growth and developmental processes. Several auxin reporters have been developed to better perceive the auxin distribution and signaling machinery in vivo. This review focuses on different types of auxin reporters and biosensors used to monitor auxin distribution and its dynamics, as well as auxin signaling, at the cellular and tissue levels in different plant species. We provide a brief history of each reporter and biosensor group and explain their principles and utilities.
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31
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Guo K, Huang C, Miao Y, Cosgrove DJ, Hsia KJ. Leaf morphogenesis: The multifaceted roles of mechanics. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1098-1119. [PMID: 35662674 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a rich diversity of biological forms, and the diversity of leaves is especially notable. Mechanisms of leaf morphogenesis have been studied in the past two decades, with a growing focus on the interactive roles of mechanics in recent years. Growth of plant organs involves feedback by mechanical stress: growth induces stress, and stress affects growth and morphogenesis. Although much attention has been given to potential stress-sensing mechanisms and cellular responses, the mechanical principles guiding morphogenesis have not been well understood. Here we synthesize the overarching roles of mechanics and mechanical stress in multilevel and multiple stages of leaf morphogenesis, encompassing leaf primordium initiation, phyllotaxis and venation patterning, and the establishment of complex mature leaf shapes. Moreover, the roles of mechanics at multiscale levels, from subcellular cytoskeletal molecules to single cells to tissues at the organ scale, are articulated. By highlighting the role of mechanical buckling in the formation of three-dimensional leaf shapes, this review integrates the perspectives of mechanics and biology to provide broader insights into the mechanobiology of leaf morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Guo
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Changjin Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - K Jimmy Hsia
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore.
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32
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Kastanaki E, Blanco-Touriñán N, Sarazin A, Sturchler A, Gujas B, Vera-Sirera F, Agustí J, Rodriguez-Villalon A. A genetic framework for proximal secondary vein branching in the Arabidopsis thaliana embryo. Development 2022; 149:275816. [PMID: 35723181 PMCID: PMC9270971 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over time, plants have evolved flexible self-organizing patterning mechanisms to adapt tissue functionality for continuous organ growth. An example of this process is the multicellular organization of cells into a vascular network in foliar organs. An important, yet poorly understood component of this process is secondary vein branching, a mechanism employed to extend vascular tissues throughout the cotyledon surface. Here, we uncover two distinct branching mechanisms during embryogenesis by analyzing the discontinuous vein network of the double mutant cotyledon vascular pattern 2 (cvp2) cvp2-like 1 (cvl1). Similar to wild-type embryos, distal veins in cvp2 cvl1 embryos arise from the bifurcation of cell files contained in the midvein, whereas proximal branching is absent in this mutant. Restoration of this process can be achieved by increasing OCTOPUS dosage as well as by silencing RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN KINASE 2 (RPK2) expression. Although RPK2-dependent rescue of cvp2 cvl1 is auxin- and CLE peptide-independent, distal branching involves polar auxin transport and follows a distinct regulatory mechanism. Our work defines a genetic network that confers plasticity to Arabidopsis embryos to spatially adapt vascular tissues to organ growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kastanaki
- Group of Plant Vascular Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Noel Blanco-Touriñán
- Group of Plant Vascular Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland,Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Alexis Sarazin
- Group of RNA Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Sturchler
- Group of Plant Vascular Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bojan Gujas
- Group of Plant Vascular Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francisco Vera-Sirera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Agustí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antia Rodriguez-Villalon
- Group of Plant Vascular Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland,Authors for correspondence (; )
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Yue X, Su T, Xin X, Li P, Wang W, Yu Y, Zhang D, Zhao X, Wang J, Sun L, Jin G, Yu S, Zhang F. The Adaxial/Abaxial Patterning of Auxin and Auxin Gene in Leaf Veins Functions in Leafy Head Formation of Chinese Cabbage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:918112. [PMID: 35755702 PMCID: PMC9224592 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.918112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaf curling is an essential prerequisite for the formation of leafy heads in Chinese cabbage. However, the part or tissue that determines leaf curvature remains largely unclear. In this study, we first introduced the auxin-responsive marker DR5::GUS into the Chinese cabbage genome and visualized its expression during the farming season. We demonstrated that auxin response is adaxially/abaxially distributed in leaf veins. Together with the fact that leaf veins occupy considerable proportions of the Chinese cabbage leaf, we propose that leaf veins play a crucial supporting role as a framework for heading. Then, by combining analyses of QTL mapping and a time-course transcriptome from heading Chinese cabbage and non-heading pak choi during the farming season, we identified the auxin-related gene BrPIN5 as a strong candidate for leafy head formation. PIN5 displays an adaxial/abaxial expression pattern in leaf veins, similar to that of DR5::GUS, revealing an involvement of BrPIN5 in leafy head development. The association of BrPIN5 function with heading was further confirmed by its haplo-specificity to heading individuals in both a natural population and two segregating populations. We thus conclude that the adaxial/abaxial patterning of auxin and auxin genes in leaf veins functions in the formation of the leafy head in Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Yue
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of the Vegetable Postharvest Treatment of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Institute of Agri-Food Processing and Nutrition (IAPN), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tongbing Su
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xin
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Peirong Li
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Wang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Yangjun Yu
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Deshuang Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyun Zhao
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing, China
| | - Liling Sun
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing, China
| | - Guihua Jin
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing, China
| | - Shuancang Yu
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Fenglan Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
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34
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Bilanovičová V, Rýdza N, Koczka L, Hess M, Feraru E, Friml J, Nodzyński T. The Hydrophilic Loop of Arabidopsis PIN1 Auxin Efflux Carrier Harbors Hallmarks of an Intrinsically Disordered Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6352. [PMID: 35683031 PMCID: PMC9181416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Much of plant development depends on cell-to-cell redistribution of the plant hormone auxin, which is facilitated by the plasma membrane (PM) localized PIN FORMED (PIN) proteins. Auxin export activity, developmental roles, subcellular trafficking, and polarity of PINs have been well studied, but their structure remains elusive besides a rough outline that they contain two groups of 5 alpha-helices connected by a large hydrophilic loop (HL). Here, we focus on the PIN1 HL as we could produce it in sufficient quantities for biochemical investigations to provide insights into its secondary structure. Circular dichroism (CD) studies revealed its nature as an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP), manifested by the increase of structure content upon thermal melting. Consistent with IDPs serving as interaction platforms, PIN1 loops homodimerize. PIN1 HL cytoplasmic overexpression in Arabidopsis disrupts early endocytic trafficking of PIN1 and PIN2 and causes defects in the cotyledon vasculature formation. In summary, we demonstrate that PIN1 HL has an intrinsically disordered nature, which must be considered to gain further structural insights. Some secondary structures may form transiently during pairing with known and yet-to-be-discovered interactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Bilanovičová
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (N.R.); (L.K.); (M.H.)
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Rýdza
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (N.R.); (L.K.); (M.H.)
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lilla Koczka
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (N.R.); (L.K.); (M.H.)
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hess
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (N.R.); (L.K.); (M.H.)
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Feraru
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (E.F.); (J.F.)
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (IMPB), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (E.F.); (J.F.)
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Tomasz Nodzyński
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (N.R.); (L.K.); (M.H.)
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Abstract
Auxin has always been at the forefront of research in plant physiology and development. Since the earliest contemplations by Julius von Sachs and Charles Darwin, more than a century-long struggle has been waged to understand its function. This largely reflects the failures, successes, and inevitable progress in the entire field of plant signaling and development. Here I present 14 stations on our long and sometimes mystical journey to understand auxin. These highlights were selected to give a flavor of the field and to show the scope and limits of our current knowledge. A special focus is put on features that make auxin unique among phytohormones, such as its dynamic, directional transport network, which integrates external and internal signals, including self-organizing feedback. Accented are persistent mysteries and controversies. The unexpected discoveries related to rapid auxin responses and growth regulation recently disturbed our contentment regarding understanding of the auxin signaling mechanism. These new revelations, along with advances in technology, usher us into a new, exciting era in auxin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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Yao B, Huang R, Zhang Z, Shi S. Seed-Borne Erwinia persicina Affects the Growth and Physiology of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Front Microbiol 2022; 13:891188. [PMID: 35694312 PMCID: PMC9178255 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.891188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed-borne Erwinia persicina can be transmitted globally via alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed trade, but there is limited information about the impact of this plant-pathogenic bacterium on alfalfa plants. In this study, strain Cp2, isolated from alfalfa seeds, was confirmed by whole-genome sequencing to belong to E. persicina. Subsequently, the effects of Cp2 on alfalfa growth and physiology were evaluated by constructing a rhizosphere infection model. Strain Cp2 had a strong inhibitory effect on the elongation and growth of alfalfa roots, which was very unfavorable to these perennial plants. Furthermore, an increased number of leaf spots and yellowing symptoms were observed in plants of the Cp2 group from day 10 to day 21 and the strain Cp2 was re-isolated from these leaves. Correlation between growth and photosynthetic parameters was analyzed and the significant decreases in fresh weight and root and plant lengths in the Cp2 group were related to the marked reduction of chlorophyll b, carotenoid, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance of leaves (r > 0.75). In addition, nine physiological indicators of root, stem, and leaf were measured in the plants 21 days after treatment with Cp2. The physiological response of root and leaf to Cp2 treatment was stronger than that of stem. The physiological indicators with the greatest response to Cp2 infection were further explored through principal component analysis, and superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and soluble protein showed the greatest changes in roots, stems, and leaves (P < 0.001). Among tissues, the commonality was the change of soluble protein. Therefore, soluble protein is speculated to be a physiological marker during alfalfa–E. persicina interactions. These findings indicate that once E. persicina spreads from alfalfa seeds to the rhizosphere, it can invade alfalfa roots and cause disease. This study demonstrates that this plant pathogenic bacterium may be a potential threat to new environment when they spread via seed trade and these “dangerous hitchhikers” warrant further attention, especially in the study of bacterial diseases in pasture-based production systems.
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Lacalli TC. Patterning, From Conifers to Consciousness: Turing’s Theory and Order From Fluctuations. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:871950. [PMID: 35592249 PMCID: PMC9111979 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.871950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a brief account of Turing’s ideas on biological pattern and the events that led to their wider acceptance by biologists as a valid way to investigate developmental pattern, and of the value of theory more generally in biology. Periodic patterns have played a key role in this process, especially 2D arrays of oriented stripes, which proved a disappointment in theoretical terms in the case of Drosophila segmentation, but a boost to theory as applied to skin patterns in fish and model chemical reactions. The concept of “order from fluctuations” is a key component of Turing’s theory, wherein pattern arises by selective amplification of spatial components concealed in the random disorder of molecular and/or cellular processes. For biological examples, a crucial point from an analytical standpoint is knowing the nature of the fluctuations, where the amplifier resides, and the timescale over which selective amplification occurs. The answer clarifies the difference between “inelegant” examples such as Drosophila segmentation, which is perhaps better understood as a programmatic assembly process, and “elegant” ones expressible in equations like Turing’s: that the fluctuations and selection process occur predominantly in evolutionary time for the former, but in real time for the latter, and likewise for error suppression, which for Drosophila is historical, in being lodged firmly in past evolutionary events. The prospects for a further extension of Turing’s ideas to the complexities of brain development and consciousness is discussed, where a case can be made that it could well be in neuroscience that his ideas find their most important application.
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Perico C, Tan S, Langdale JA. Developmental regulation of leaf venation patterns: monocot versus eudicots and the role of auxin. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:783-803. [PMID: 35020214 PMCID: PMC9994446 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organisation and patterning of the vascular network in land plants varies in different taxonomic, developmental and environmental contexts. In leaves, the degree of vascular strand connectivity influences both light and CO2 harvesting capabilities as well as hydraulic capacity. As such, developmental mechanisms that regulate leaf venation patterning have a direct impact on physiological performance. Development of the leaf venation network requires the specification of procambial cells within the ground meristem of the primordium and subsequent proliferation and differentiation of the procambial lineage to form vascular strands. An understanding of how diverse venation patterns are manifest therefore requires mechanistic insight into how procambium is dynamically specified in a growing leaf. A role for auxin in this process was identified many years ago, but questions remain. In this review we first provide an overview of the diverse venation patterns that exist in land plants, providing an evolutionary perspective. We then focus on the developmental regulation of leaf venation patterns in angiosperms, comparing patterning in eudicots and monocots, and the role of auxin in each case. Although common themes emerge, we conclude that the developmental mechanisms elucidated in eudicots are unlikely to fully explain how parallel venation patterns in monocot leaves are elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Perico
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RdOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Sovanna Tan
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RdOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Jane A. Langdale
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RdOxfordOX1 3RBUK
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Liu Z, Wang J, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Qin A, Yu X, Zhao Z, Wu R, Guo C, Bawa G, Rochaix J, Sun X. Identification of novel regulators required for early development of vein pattern in the cotyledons by single-cell RNA-sequencing. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:7-22. [PMID: 35218590 PMCID: PMC9310732 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The leaf veins of higher plants contain a highly specialized vascular system comprised of xylem and phloem cells that transport water, organic compounds and mineral nutrients. The development of the vascular system is controlled by phytohormones that interact with complex transcriptional regulatory networks. Before the emergence of true leaves, the cotyledons of young seedlings perform photosynthesis that provides energy for the sustainable growth and survival of seedlings. However, the mechanisms underlying the early development of leaf veins in cotyledons are still not fully understood, in part due to the complex cellular composition of this tissue. To better understand the development of leaf veins, we analyzed 14 117 single cells from 3-day-old cotyledons using single-cell RNA sequencing. Based on gene expression patterns, we identified 10 clusters of cells and traced their developmental trajectories. We discovered multiple new marker genes and developmental features of leaf veins. The transcription factor networks of some cell types indicated potential roles of CYCLING DOF FACTOR 5 (CDF5) and REPRESSOR OF GA (RGA) in the early development and function of the leaf veins in cotyledons. These new findings lay a foundation for understanding the early developmental dynamics of cotyledon veins. The mechanisms underlying the early development of leaf veins in cotyledons are still not fully understood. In this study, we comprehensively characterized the early differentiation and development of leaf veins in 3-day-old cotyledons based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. We identified the cell types and novel marker genes of leaf veins and characterized the novel regulators of leaf vein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Jiajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Yaping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Aizhi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Xiaole Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Zihao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Chenxi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - George Bawa
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
| | - Jean‐David Rochaix
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaGeneva1211Switzerland
| | - Xuwu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Henan University85 Minglun StreetKaifeng475001China
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40
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Tissue specificity and responses to abiotic stresses and hormones of PIN genes in rice. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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41
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Proteome-wide cellular thermal shift assay reveals unexpected cross-talk between brassinosteroid and auxin signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118220119. [PMID: 35254915 PMCID: PMC8931322 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118220119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical genetics, which investigates biological processes using small molecules, is gaining interest in plant research. However, a major challenge is to uncover the mode of action of the small molecules. Here, we applied the cellular thermal shift assay coupled with mass spectrometry (CETSA MS) to intact Arabidopsis cells and showed that bikinin, the plant-specific glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inhibitor, changed the thermal stability of some of its direct targets and putative GSK3-interacting proteins. In combination with phosphoproteomics, we also revealed that GSK3s phosphorylated the auxin carrier PIN-FORMED1 and regulated its polarity that is required for the vascular patterning in the leaf. Despite the growing interest in using chemical genetics in plant research, small molecule target identification remains a major challenge. The cellular thermal shift assay coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (CETSA MS) that monitors changes in the thermal stability of proteins caused by their interactions with small molecules, other proteins, or posttranslational modifications, allows the discovery of drug targets or the study of protein–metabolite and protein–protein interactions mainly in mammalian cells. To showcase the applicability of this method in plants, we applied CETSA MS to intact Arabidopsis thaliana cells and identified the thermal proteome of the plant-specific glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inhibitor, bikinin. A comparison between the thermal and the phosphoproteomes of bikinin revealed the auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) as a substrate of the Arabidopsis GSK3s that negatively regulate the brassinosteroid signaling. We established that PIN1 phosphorylation by the GSK3s is essential for maintaining its intracellular polarity that is required for auxin-mediated regulation of vascular patterning in the leaf, thus revealing cross-talk between brassinosteroid and auxin signaling.
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Cieslak M, Owens A, Prusinkiewicz P. Computational Models of Auxin-Driven Patterning in Shoots. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040097. [PMID: 34001531 PMCID: PMC8886983 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Auxin regulates many aspects of plant development and behavior, including the initiation of new outgrowth, patterning of vascular systems, control of branching, and responses to the environment. Computational models have complemented experimental studies of these processes. We review these models from two perspectives. First, we consider cellular and tissue-level models of interaction between auxin and its transporters in shoots. These models form a coherent body of results exploring different hypotheses pertinent to the patterning of new outgrowth and vascular strands. Second, we consider models operating at the level of plant organs and entire plants. We highlight techniques used to reduce the complexity of these models, which provide a path to capturing the essence of studied phenomena while running simulations efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Cieslak
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andrew Owens
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Hajný J, Tan S, Friml J. Auxin canalization: From speculative models toward molecular players. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 65:102174. [PMID: 35123880 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Among the most fascinated properties of the plant hormone auxin is its ability to promote formation of its own directional transport routes. These gradually narrowing auxin channels form from the auxin source toward the sink and involve coordinated, collective polarization of individual cells. Once established, the channels provide positional information, along which new vascular strands form, for example, during organogenesis, regeneration, or leave venation. The main prerequisite of this still mysterious auxin canalization mechanism is a feedback between auxin signaling and its directional transport. This is manifested by auxin-induced re-arrangements of polar, subcellular localization of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin exporters. Immanent open questions relate to how position of auxin source and sink as well as tissue context are sensed and translated into tissue polarization and how cells communicate to polarize coordinately. Recently, identification of the first molecular players opens new avenues into molecular studies of this intriguing example of self-organizing plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Hajný
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria; Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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Liu J, Zhang C, Han J, Fang X, Xu H, Liang C, Li D, Yang Y, Cui Z, Wang R, Song J. Genome-Wide Analysis of KNOX Transcription Factors and Expression Pattern of Dwarf-Related KNOX Genes in Pear. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:806765. [PMID: 35154223 PMCID: PMC8831332 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.806765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX) transcription factors (TFs) belonging to the homeobox TF family play important roles in plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic and biotic stress. However, little information is available on KNOX TF in pear (Pyrus). In this study, 19 PbKNOXs TFs were re-identified in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the TFs were clustered into three groups with 10 conserved motifs, some of which were group- or subgroup-specific, implying that they are important for the functions of the KNOX in these clades. PbKNM1 and PbKNM2 are KNM (encodes a MEINOX domain but not a homeodomain) genes identified in pear for the first time. KNOX genes in Pyrus and Malus were closely related, and a collinear relationship among PbKNOX genes in Pyrus and Malus was observed. Analysis of the expression patterns of PbKNOX genes in different tissues, at various growth stages, and in response to abiotic and biotic stress revealed that PbKNOXs are involved in plant growth and development. Our comparative transcriptional analysis of dwarf mutant varieties revealed that genes belonging to class I are highly expressed compared with genes in other classes. Analysis of the expression of PbKNOX genes in the hybrid offspring of vigorous and dwarf varieties revealed that PbKNOX genes were highly expressed in the vigorous offspring and weakly expressed in the dwarf offspring. These findings provide new insight into the function of KNOX TFs in pear and will aid future studies of dwarf fruit trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chenxiao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingyue Han
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyun Fang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongpeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chenglin Liang
- Haidu College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laiyang, China
| | - Dingli Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingjie Yang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenhua Cui
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ran Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiankun Song
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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45
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Linh NM, Scarpella E. Confocal Imaging of Developing Leaves. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e349. [PMID: 35072973 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Questions in developmental biology are most frequently addressed by using fluorescent markers of otherwise invisible cell states. In plants, such questions can be addressed most conveniently in leaves. Indeed, from the formation of stomata and trichomes within the leaf epidermis to that of vein networks deep into the leaf inner tissue, leaf cells and tissues differentiate anew during the development of each leaf. Moreover, leaves are produced in abundance and are easily accessible to visualization and perturbation. Yet a detailed procedure for the perturbation, dissection, mounting, and imaging of developing leaves has not been described. Here we address this limitation (1) by providing robust, step-by-step protocols for the local application of the plant hormone auxin to developing leaves and for the routine dissection and mounting of leaves and leaf primordia, and (2) by offering practical guidelines for the optimization of imaging parameters for confocal microscopy. We describe the procedure for the first leaves of Arabidopsis, but the same approach can be easily applied to other leaves of Arabidopsis or to leaves of other plants. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Support Protocol 1: Preparation of plant growth medium Support Protocol 2: Preparation of growth medium plates Basic Protocol 1: Seed sterilization, sowing, and germination, and seedling growth Support Protocol 3: Preparation of IAA-lanolin paste Basic Protocol 2: Application of IAA-lanolin paste to 3.5-DAG first leaves Basic Protocol 3: Dissection of 3- to 6-DAG first leaves and leaf primordia Basic Protocol 4: Dissection of 1- and 2-DAG first-leaf primordia Basic Protocol 5: Mounting of dissected leaves and leaf primordia Support Protocol 4: Quality check of mounted leaves and leaf primordia by fluorescence microscopy Basic Protocol 6: Imaging of mounted leaves and leaf primordia by confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Manh Linh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Heisler MG. Integration of Core Mechanisms Underlying Plant Aerial Architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:786338. [PMID: 34868186 PMCID: PMC8637408 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.786338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade or so important progress has been made in identifying and understanding a set of patterning mechanisms that have the potential to explain many aspects of plant morphology. These include the feedback loop between mechanical stresses and interphase microtubules, the regulation of plant cell polarity and the role of adaxial and abaxial cell type boundaries. What is perhaps most intriguing is how these mechanisms integrate in a combinatorial manner that provides a means to generate a large variety of commonly seen plant morphologies. Here, I review our current understanding of these mechanisms and discuss the links between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus G. Heisler
- School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Lu J, Pan C, Li X, Huang Z, Shu J, Wang X, Lu X, Pan F, Hu J, Zhang H, Su W, Zhang M, Du Y, Liu L, Guo Y, Li J. OBV (obscure vein), a C 2H 2 zinc finger transcription factor, positively regulates chloroplast development and bundle sheath extension formation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaf veins. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:230. [PMID: 34719693 PMCID: PMC8558323 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00659-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Leaf veins play an important role in plant growth and development, and the bundle sheath (BS) is believed to greatly improve the photosynthetic efficiency of C4 plants. The OBV mutation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) results in dark veins and has been used widely in processing tomato varieties. However, physiological performance has difficulty explaining fitness in production. In this study, we confirmed that this mutation was caused by both the increased chlorophyll content and the absence of bundle sheath extension (BSE) in the veins. Using genome-wide association analysis and map-based cloning, we revealed that OBV encoded a C2H2L domain class transcription factor. It was localized in the nucleus and presented cell type-specific gene expression in the leaf veins. Furthermore, we verified the gene function by generating CRISPR/Cas9 knockout and overexpression mutants of the tomato gene. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that OBV was involved in regulating chloroplast development and photosynthesis, which greatly supported the change in chlorophyll content by mutation. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that OBV affected the growth and development of tomato by regulating chloroplast development in leaf veins. This study also provides a solid foundation to further decipher the mechanism of BSEs and to understand the evolution of photosynthesis in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chunyang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zejun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jinshuai Shu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Feng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wenyue Su
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yongchen Du
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanmei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Junming Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Lee D, Hua L, Khoshravesh R, Giuliani R, Kumar I, Cousins A, Sage TL, Hibberd JM, Brutnell TP. Engineering chloroplast development in rice through cell-specific control of endogenous genetic circuits. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:2291-2303. [PMID: 34328250 PMCID: PMC8541780 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The engineering of C4 photosynthetic activity into the C3 plant rice has the potential to nearly double rice yields. To engineer a two-cell photosynthetic system in rice, the rice bundle sheath (BS) must be rewired to enhance photosynthetic capacity. Here, we show that BS chloroplast biogenesis is enhanced when the transcriptional activator, Oryza sativa Cytokinin GATA transcription factor 1 (OsCGA1), is driven by a vascular specific promoter. Ectopic expression of OsCGA1 resulted in increased BS chloroplast planar area and increased expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANG), required for the biogenesis of photosynthetically active chloroplasts in BS cells of rice. A further refinement using a DNAse dead Cas9 (dCas9) activation module driven by the same cell-type specific promoter, directed enhanced chloroplast development of the BS cells when gRNA sequences were delivered by the dCas9 module to the promoter of the endogenous OsCGA1 gene. Single gRNA expression was sufficient to mediate the transactivation of both the endogenous gene and a transgenic GUS reporter fused with OsCGA1 promoter. Our results illustrate the potential for tissue-specific dCas9-activation and the co-regulation of genes needed for multistep engineering of C4 rice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lei Hua
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Roxana Khoshravesh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biologythe University of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Department of Biologythe University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Rita Giuliani
- School of Biological SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWAUSA
| | | | - Asaph Cousins
- School of Biological SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWAUSA
| | - Tammy L. Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biologythe University of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | | | - Thomas P. Brutnell
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSt. LouisMOUSA
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Joint Laboratory for Photosynthesis Enhancement and C4 Rice DevelopmentBiotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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Yang W, Yao D, Wu H, Zhao W, Chen Y, Tong C. Multivariate genome-wide association study of leaf shape in a Populus deltoides and P. simonii F1 pedigree. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259278. [PMID: 34710178 PMCID: PMC8553126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf morphology exhibits tremendous diversity between and within species, and is likely related to adaptation to environmental factors. Most poplar species are of great economic and ecological values and their leaf morphology can be a good predictor for wood productivity and environment adaptation. It is important to understand the genetic mechanism behind variation in leaf shape. Although some initial efforts have been made to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for poplar leaf traits, more effort needs to be expended to unravel the polygenic architecture of the complex traits of leaf shape. Here, we performed a genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) of poplar leaf shape traits in a randomized complete block design with clones from F1 hybrids of Populus deltoides and Populus simonii. A total of 35 SNPs were identified as significantly associated with the multiple traits of a moderate number of regular polar radii between the leaf centroid and its edge points, which could represent the leaf shape, based on a multivariate linear mixed model. In contrast, the univariate linear mixed model was applied as single leaf traits for GWAS, leading to genomic inflation; thus, no significant SNPs were detected for leaf length, measures of leaf width, leaf area, or the ratio of leaf length to leaf width under genomic control. Investigation of the candidate genes showed that most flanking regions of the significant leaf shape-associated SNPs harbored genes that were related to leaf growth and development and to the regulation of leaf morphology. The combined use of the traditional experimental design and the multivariate linear mixed model could greatly improve the power in GWAS because the multiple trait data from a large number of individuals with replicates of clones were incorporated into the statistical model. The results of this study will enhance the understanding of the genetic mechanism of leaf shape variation in Populus. In addition, a moderate number of regular leaf polar radii can largely represent the leaf shape and can be used for GWAS of such a complicated trait in Populus, instead of the higher-dimensional regular radius data that were previously considered to well represent leaf shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguo Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in South China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dan Yao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in South China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hainan Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in South China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in South China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in South China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunfa Tong
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in South China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail:
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50
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Control of vein-forming, striped gene expression by auxin signaling. BMC Biol 2021; 19:213. [PMID: 34556094 PMCID: PMC8461865 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of gene expression in striped domains is a key building block of biological patterning, from the recursive formation of veins in plant leaves to that of ribs and vertebrae in our bodies. In animals, gene expression is activated in striped domains by the differential affinity of broadly expressed transcription factors for their target genes and the combinatorial interaction between such target genes. In plants, how gene expression is activated in striped domains is instead unknown. We address this question for the broadly expressed MONOPTEROS (MP) transcription factor and its target gene ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA HOMEOBOX FACTOR8 (ATHB8). Results We find that ATHB8 promotes vein formation and that such vein-forming function depends on both levels of ATHB8 expression and width of ATHB8 expression domains. We further find that ATHB8 expression is activated in striped domains by a combination of (1) activation of ATHB8 expression through binding of peak levels of MP to a low-affinity MP-binding site in the ATHB8 promoter and (2) repression of ATHB8 expression by MP target genes of the AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC-ACID-INDUCIBLE family. Conclusions Our findings suggest that a common regulatory logic controls activation of gene expression in striped domains in both plants and animals despite the independent evolution of their multicellularity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01143-9.
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