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Kawamukai M. Regulation of sexual differentiation initiation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:475-492. [PMID: 38449372 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is an excellent model organism to explore cellular events owing to rich tools in genetics, molecular biology, cellular biology, and biochemistry. Schizosaccharomyces pombe proliferates continuously when nutrients are abundant but arrests in G1 phase upon depletion of nutrients such as nitrogen and glucose. When cells of opposite mating types are present, cells conjugate, fuse, undergo meiosis, and finally form 4 spores. This sexual differentiation process in S. pombe has been studied extensively. To execute sexual differentiation, the glucose-sensing cAMP-PKA (cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A) pathway, nitrogen-sensing TOR (target of rapamycin) pathway, and SAPK (stress-activating protein kinase) pathway are crucial, and the MAPK (mitogen-activating protein kinase) cascade is essential for pheromone sensing. These signals regulate ste11 at the transcriptional and translational levels, and Ste11 is modified in multiple ways. This review summarizes the initiation of sexual differentiation in S. pombe based on results I have helped to obtain, including the work of many excellent researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kawamukai
- D epartment of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Japan
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Ohshima T, Jiajun Z, Fukamachi T, Ohno Y, Senoo H, Matsuo Y, Kawamukai M. A dominant negative 14-3-3 mutant in Schizosaccharomyces pombe distinguishes the binding proteins involved in sexual differentiation and check point. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291524. [PMID: 37788281 PMCID: PMC10547172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The homothallic fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe undergoes sexual differentiation when starved, but sam (skips the requirement of starvation for mating) mutants such as those carrying mutations in adenylate cyclase (cyr1) or protein kinase A (pka1) mate without starvation. Here, we identified sam3, a dominant negative allele of rad24, encoding one of two 14-3-3 proteins. Genetic mapping and whole-genome sequencing showed that the sam3 mutation comprises a change in nucleotide at position 959 from guanine to adenine, which switches the amino acid at position 185 from glutamic acid to lysine (E185K). We generated the rad24-E185K integrated mutant and its phenotype was similar to that of the sam3 mutant, including calcium sensitivity and UV non-sensitivity, but the phenotype is different from that of the Δrad24 strain. While the UV-sensitive phenotype was observed in the Δrad24 mutant, it was not observed in the sam3 and rad24-E185K mutants. The expression of the rad24-E185K gene in wild type cells induced spore formation in the nutrient rich medium, confirming rad24-E185K is dominant. This dominant effect of rad24-E185K was also observed in Δras1 and Δbyr2 diploid mutants, indicating that rad24-E185K generate stronger phenotype than rad24 null mutants. Ste11, the key transcription factor for sexual differentiation was expressed in sam3 mutants without starvation and it predominantly localized to the nucleus. The Rad24-E185K mutant protein retained its interaction with Check point kinase1 (Chk1), whereas it reduced interaction with Ste11, an RNA binding protein Mei2, and a MAPKKK Byr2, freeing these proteins from negative regulation by Rad24, that account for the sam phenotype and UV non-sensitive phenotype. Glucose depletion in rad24-E185K or Δpka1 Δrad24 double mutation induced haploid meiosis, leading to the formation of spores in haploid. The position of glutamic acid 185 is conserved in all major 14-3-3s; hence, our finding of a dominant negative allele of 14-3-3 is useful for understanding 14-3-3s in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Ohshima
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Zhang Jiajun
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Takuki Fukamachi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yuko Ohno
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Hiroko Senoo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsuo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawamukai
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan
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Arcangioli B, Gangloff S. The Fission Yeast Mating-Type Switching Motto: "One-for-Two" and "Two-for-One". Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2023; 87:e0000821. [PMID: 36629411 PMCID: PMC10029342 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00008-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizosaccharomyces pombe is an ascomycete fungus that divides by medial fission; it is thus commonly referred to as fission yeast, as opposed to the distantly related budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The reproductive lifestyle of S. pombe relies on an efficient genetic sex determination system generating a 1:1 sex ratio and using alternating haploid/diploid phases in response to environmental conditions. In this review, we address how one haploid cell manages to generate two sister cells with opposite mating types, a prerequisite to conjugation and meiosis. This mating-type switching process depends on two highly efficient consecutive asymmetric cell divisions that rely on DNA replication, repair, and recombination as well as the structure and components of heterochromatin. We pay special attention to the intimate interplay between the genetic and epigenetic partners involved in this process to underscore the importance of basic research and its profound implication for a better understanding of chromatin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Arcangioli
- Genome Dynamics Unit, Genomes and Genetics Department, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Serge Gangloff
- Genome Dynamics Unit, Genomes and Genetics Department, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
- UMR3525, Genetics of Genomes, CNRS-Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
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Hu Y, Luo Y, Yin D, Zhao L, Wang Y, Yao R, Zhang P, Wu X, Li M, Hidalgo E, Huang Y. Schizosaccharomyces pombe MAP kinase Sty1 promotes survival of Δppr10 cells with defective mitochondrial protein synthesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 152:106308. [PMID: 36174923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Deletion of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe pentatricopeptide repeat gene ppr10 severely impairs mitochondrial translation, resulting in defective oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). ppr10 deletion also induces iron starvation response, resulting in increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reduced viability under fermentative conditions. S. pombe has two principal stress-response pathways, which are mediated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase Sty1 and the basic leucine zipper transcription factor Pap1, respectively. In this study, we examined the roles of Sty1 and Pap1 in the cellular response to the mitochondrial translation defect caused by ppr10 deletion. We found that ppr10 deletion resulted in two waves of stress protein activation. The early response occurred in exponential phase and resulted in the expression of a subset of stress proteins including Gst2 and Obr1. The upregulation of some of these stress proteins in Δppr10 cells in early response is dependent on the basal nuclear levels of Sty1 or Pap1. The late response occurred in early stationary phase and coincided with the stable localization of Sty1 and Pap1 in the nucleus, presumably resulting in persistent activation of a large set of stress proteins. Deletion of sty1 in Δppr10 cells caused severe defects in cell division and growth, and further impaired cell viability. Deletion of the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase gene sod2 whose expression is controlled by Sty1 severely inhibited the growth of Δppr10 cells. Overexpression of sod2 improves the viability of Δppr10 cells. Our results support an important role for Sty1 in counteracting stress induced by ppr10 deletion under fermentative growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dan Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yirong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rui Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Minjie Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Elena Hidalgo
- Departament de Ciènces Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ying Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Spataro V, Buetti-Dinh A. POH1/Rpn11/PSMD14: a journey from basic research in fission yeast to a prognostic marker and a druggable target in cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:788-799. [PMID: 35501388 PMCID: PMC9428165 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
POH1/Rpn11/PSMD14 is a highly conserved protein in eukaryotes from unicellular organisms to human and has a crucial role in cellular homoeostasis. It is a subunit of the regulatory particle of the proteasome, where it acts as an intrinsic deubiquitinase removing polyubiquitin chains from substrate proteins. This function is not only coupled to the translocation of substrates into the core of the proteasome and their subsequent degradation but also, in some instances, to the stabilisation of ubiquitinated proteins through their deubiquitination. POH1 was initially discovered as a functional homologue of the fission yeast gene pad1+, which confers drug resistance when overexpressed. In translational studies, expression of POH1 has been found to be increased in several tumour types relative to normal adjacent tissue and to correlate with tumour progression, higher tumour grade, decreased sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs and poor prognosis. Proteasome inhibitors targeting the core particle of the proteasome are highly active in the treatment of myeloma, and recently developed POH1 inhibitors, such as capzimin and thiolutin, have shown promising anticancer activity in cell lines of solid tumours and leukaemia. Here we give an overview of POH1 function in the cell, of its potential role in oncogenesis and of recent progress in developing POH1-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Spataro
- Service of Medical Oncology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ospedale San Giovanni, Via Gallino, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Antoine Buetti-Dinh
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Environmental Constructions and Design, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), via Mirasole 22a, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, Batiment Genopode, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Varberg JM, Unruh JR, Bestul AJ, Khan AA, Jaspersen SL. Quantitative analysis of nuclear pore complex organization in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/7/e202201423. [PMID: 35354597 PMCID: PMC8967992 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of nuclear pores in Schizosaccharomyces pombe identifies regions of heterogeneous NPC density and composition and shows that NPCs are excluded near the spindle pole body by Lem2-mediated centromere tethering. The number, distribution, and composition of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) in the nuclear envelope varies between cell types and changes during cellular differentiation and in disease. To understand how NPC density and organization are controlled, we analyzed the NPC number and distribution in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe using structured illumination microscopy. The small size of yeast nuclei, genetic features of fungi, and our robust image analysis pipeline allowed us to study NPCs in intact nuclei under multiple conditions. Our data revealed that NPC density is maintained across a wide range of nuclear sizes. Regions of reduced NPC density are observed over the nucleolus and surrounding the spindle pole body (SPB). Lem2-mediated tethering of the centromeres to the SPB is required to maintain NPC exclusion near SPBs. These findings provide a quantitative understanding of NPC number and distribution in S. pombe and show that interactions between the centromere and the nuclear envelope influences local NPC distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jay R Unruh
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Andrew J Bestul
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Azqa A Khan
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Sue L Jaspersen
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA .,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the Basic Leucine Zipper (bZIP) Transcription Factor Gene Family in Fusarium graminearum. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040607. [PMID: 35456413 PMCID: PMC9028111 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) is a widely found transcription factor family that plays regulatory roles in a variety of cellular processes including cell growth and development and various stress responses. However, the bZIP gene family has not been well studied at a genome-wide scale in Fusarium graminearum (Fg), a potent pathogen of cereal grains. In the present study, we conducted a genome-wide identification, characterization, and expression profiling of 22 F. graminearum bZIP (FgbZIP) genes at different developmental stages and under various abiotic stresses. All identified FgbZIPs were categorized into nine groups based on their sequence similarity and phylogenetic tree analysis. Furthermore, the gene structure analysis, conserved motif analysis, chromosomal localization, protein network studies, and synteny analysis were performed. The symmetry of the exon and intron varied with the phylogenetic groups. The post-translational modifications (PTMs) analysis also predicted several phosphorylation sites in FgbZIPs, indicating their functional diversity in cellular processes. The evolutionary study identified many orthogroups among eight species and also predicted several gene duplication events in F. graminearum. The protein modeling indicated the presence of a higher number of α-helices and random coils in their structures. The expression patterns of FgbZIP genes showed that 5 FgbZIP genes, including FgbZIP_1.1, FgbZIP_1.3, FgbZIP_2.6 FgbZIP_3.1 and FgbZIP_4.3, had high expression at different growth and conidiogenesis stages. Similarly, eight genes including FgbZIP_1.1, FgbZIP_1.6, FgbZIP_2.3, FgbZIP_2.4, FgbZIP_4.1, FgbZIP_4.2, FgbZIP_4.3 and FgbZIP_4.6 demonstrated their putative role in response to various abiotic stresses. In summary, these results provided basic information regarding FgbZIPs which are helpful for further functional analysis.
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Cansado J, Soto T, Franco A, Vicente-Soler J, Madrid M. The Fission Yeast Cell Integrity Pathway: A Functional Hub for Cell Survival upon Stress and Beyond. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:jof8010032. [PMID: 35049972 PMCID: PMC8781887 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival of eukaryotic organisms during environmental changes is largely dependent on the adaptive responses elicited by signal transduction cascades, including those regulated by the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathways. The Cell Integrity Pathway (CIP), one of the three MAPK pathways found in the simple eukaryote fission of yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, shows strong homology with mammalian Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinases (ERKs). Remarkably, studies over the last few decades have gradually positioned the CIP as a multi-faceted pathway that impacts multiple functional aspects of the fission yeast life cycle during unperturbed growth and in response to stress. They include the control of mRNA-stability through RNA binding proteins, regulation of calcium homeostasis, and modulation of cell wall integrity and cytokinesis. Moreover, distinct evidence has disclosed the existence of sophisticated interplay between the CIP and other environmentally regulated pathways, including Stress-Activated MAP Kinase signaling (SAPK) and the Target of Rapamycin (TOR). In this review we present a current overview of the organization and underlying regulatory mechanisms of the CIP in S. pombe, describe its most prominent functions, and discuss possible targets of and roles for this pathway. The evolutionary conservation of CIP signaling in the dimorphic fission yeast S. japonicus will also be addressed.
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Kumar A, Nanda JS, Saini S, Singh J. An RNAi-independent role of AP1-like stress response factor Pap1 in centromere and mating-type silencing in Schizosaccaromyces pombe. J Biosci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jin LQ, John BH, Hu J, Selzer ME. Activated Erk Is an Early Retrograde Signal After Spinal Cord Injury in the Lamprey. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:580692. [PMID: 33250705 PMCID: PMC7674770 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.580692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that spinal cord transection (TX) in the lamprey causes mRNA to accumulate in the injured tips of large reticulospinal (RS) axons. We sought to determine whether this mRNA accumulation results from phosphorylation and transport of retrograde signals, similar to what has been reported in mammalian peripheral nerve. Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (Erk), mediates the neurite outgrowth-promoting effects of many neurotrophic factors. To assess the role of Erk in retrograde signaling of RS axon injury, we used immunoblot and immunohistochemistry to determine the changes in phosphorylated Erk (p-Erk) in the spinal cord after spinal cord TX. Immunostaining for p-Erk increased within axons and local cell bodies, most heavily within the 1-2 mm closest to the TX site, at between 3 and 6 h post-TX. In axons, p-Erk was concentrated in 3-5 μm granules that became less numerous with distance from the TX. The retrograde molecular motor dynein colocalized with p-Erk, but vimentin, which in peripheral nerve was reported to participate with p-Erk as part of a retrograde signal complex, did not colocalize with p-Erk, even though vimentin levels were elevated post-TX. The results suggest that p-Erk, but not vimentin, may function as a retrograde axotomy signal in lamprey central nervous system neurons, and that this signal may induce transcription of mRNA, which is then transported down the axon to its injured tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qing Jin
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brittany H. John
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jianli Hu
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael E. Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Ohtsuka H, Shimasaki T, Aiba H. Genes affecting the extension of chronological lifespan in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast). Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:623-642. [PMID: 33064911 PMCID: PMC8246873 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
So far, more than 70 genes involved in the chronological lifespan (CLS) of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (fission yeast) have been reported. In this mini‐review, we arrange and summarize these genes based on the reported genetic interactions between them and the physical interactions between their products. We describe the signal transduction pathways that affect CLS in S. pombe: target of rapamycin complex 1, cAMP‐dependent protein kinase, Sty1, and Pmk1 pathways have important functions in the regulation of CLS extension. Furthermore, the Php transcription complex, Ecl1 family proteins, cyclin Clg1, and the cyclin‐dependent kinase Pef1 are important for the regulation of CLS extension in S. pombe. Most of the known genes involved in CLS extension are related to these pathways and genes. In this review, we focus on the individual genes regulating CLS extension in S. pombe and discuss the interactions among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Álvarez-Herrera C, Maisanaba S, Repetto G. Investigation of mechanisms of toxicity and exclusion by transporters of the preservatives triclosan and propylparaben using batteries of Schizosaccharomyces pombe strains. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:108983. [PMID: 31810592 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) and propylparaben (PPB) are antimicrobials widely used. They present many similarities in their applications and also in their human and environmental health risks. In order to investigate the mechanisms of toxic action and the efflux pumps involved in their detoxication, we used a strategy with batteries of Schizosaccharomyces pombe yeast strains, either defective in cell signalling, in detoxification pumps, or in cell surveillance mechanisms. Yeast were exposed up to 20 h in solid medium or in liquid medium in 96-well plates. The mechanisms of action investigated were spindle defects (mph1), stress (pmk1), DNA interference (rad3) or diverse effects (MDR-sup). The efflux pumps investigated were Bfr1, Pmd1, Mfs1 and Caf5 or the Pap1 transcription factor. Here we show that TCS was 75 times more toxic than PPB in the wild type fission yeast. More oxidative stress and less protection by exclusion pumps were observed for TCS than for PPB. The cytotoxicity produced by TCS decreased from bfr1>mfs1>pmd1 > pap1 and caf5A deficient strains. In contrast, cytotoxic concentrations of PPB caused only a mild stress. The protection provided for PPB by the transporters was more marked than for TCS, decreasing from Pmd1, Caf5, Mfs1 and Bfr1. Furthermore, microtubule and DNA interferences were revealed for PPB, according to the cytotoxicity of mph1 and rad3 defective cells, respectively. As both compounds present complex adverse effects at concentrations close to exposure, and their combination clearly causes a strong potentiation, more exhaustive controls and regulations in their use should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Repetto
- Area of Toxicology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
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Chemical screening identifies an extract from marine Pseudomonas sp.-PTR-08 as an anti-aging agent that promotes fission yeast longevity by modulating the Pap1-ctt1 + pathway and the cell cycle. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:33-43. [PMID: 31612412 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a degenerative process characterized by progressive deterioration of cellular components, ultimately resulting in mortality, in which massive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are implicated as crucial factors. At the same time, natural products are rich sources from which to isolate and characterize potential anti-aging compounds. The current study was designed to extract compounds from the marine bacterium Pseudomonas sp. and investigate their in vitro antioxidant and anti-glycation activities, as well as their in vivo effects on aging in the model organism Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In vitro assays showed that a Pseudomonas sp. PTR-08 extract exhibited the best antioxidant and anti-glycation activities. Further, direct administration of the extract significantly increased yeast longevity, accompanied by induction of the yeast oxidative stress response. Molecular analyses indicated that selected extract dramatically up-regulated the expression of pap1+, which encodes the transcriptional factor Pap1 and ctt1+, which encodes catalase, following H2O2 treatment. In line with these results, catalase activity significantly increased, leading to a decrease in intracellular ROS. In addition, this extract may delay the G1 phase of the yeast cell cycle, leading to an extended lifespan. Moreover, our findings indicated that the extract contains pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-, which substantially promotes anti-aging activity in yeast. However, further research must be conducted to better understand the role of this compound in our system.
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Marte L, Boronat S, García-Santamarina S, Ayté J, Kitamura K, Hidalgo E. Identification of ubiquitin-proteasome system components affecting the degradation of the transcription factor Pap1. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101305. [PMID: 31514053 PMCID: PMC6742857 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling cascades respond to specific inputs, but also require active interventions to be maintained in their basal/inactive levels in the absence of the activating signal(s). In a screen to search for protein quality control components required for wild-type tolerance to oxidative stress in fission yeast, we have isolated eight gene deletions conferring resistance not only to H2O2 but also to caffeine. We show that dual resistance acquisition is totally or partially dependent on the transcription factor Pap1. Some gene products, such as the ribosomal-ubiquitin fusion protein Ubi1, the E2 conjugating enzyme Ubc2 or the E3 ligase Ubr1, participate in basal ubiquitin labeling of Pap1, and others, such as Rpt4, are non-essential constituents of the proteasome. We demonstrate here that basal nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of Pap1, occurring even in the absence of stress, is sufficient for the interaction of the transcription factor with nuclear Ubr1, and we identify a 30 amino acids peptide in Pap1 as the degron for this important E3 ligase. The isolated gene deletions increase only moderately the concentration of the transcription factor, but it is sufficient to enhance basal tolerance to stress, probably by disturbing the inactive stage of this signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Marte
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/ Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susanna Boronat
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/ Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarela García-Santamarina
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/ Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Ayté
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/ Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kenji Kitamura
- Center for Gene Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Elena Hidalgo
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/ Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Chien CT, Chen YC, Liu YC, Liang SH, Lin HH, Lin CH. The antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation resistance of Candida albicans is modulated by the Hog1 pathway and the Cap1 transcription factor. Med Mycol 2019; 57:618-627. [PMID: 30289464 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most important fungal pathogen afflicting humans, particularly immunocompromised patients. However, currently available antifungal drugs are limited and ineffective against drug-resistant strains. The development of new drugs or alternative therapeutic approaches to control fungal infections is urgent and necessary. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a new promising therapy for eradicating microorganism infections through combining visible light, photosensitizers, and oxygen to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although cytoprotective responses induced by photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been well studied in cancer cells, the mechanisms by which C. albicans responds to PDI are largely unknown. In this study, we first demonstrated that PDI induces C. albicans Hog1p activation. Deletion of any of the SSK2, PBS2, and HOG1 genes significantly decreased the survival rate after photochemical reactions, indicating that the Hog1 SAPK pathway is required for tolerance to PDI. Furthermore, the basic leucine zipper transcription factor Cap1 that regulates several downstream antioxidant genes was highly expressed during the response to PDI, and loss of CAP1 also resulted in decreased C. albicans survival rates. This study demonstrates the importance of the Hog1 SAPK and the Cap1 transcription factor, which regulates in resistance to PDI-mediated oxidative stress in C. albicans. Understanding the mechanisms by which C. albicans responds to PDI and consequently scavenges ROS will be very useful for the further development of therapeutics to control fungal infectious diseases, particularly those of the skin and mucosal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ting Chien
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chun Liu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsien-Hen Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Rodrigues-Pousada C, Devaux F, Caetano SM, Pimentel C, da Silva S, Cordeiro AC, Amaral C. Yeast AP-1 like transcription factors (Yap) and stress response: a current overview. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 6:267-285. [PMID: 31172012 PMCID: PMC6545440 DOI: 10.15698/mic2019.06.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Yeast adaptation to stress has been extensively studied. It involves large reprogramming of genome expression operated by many, more or less specific, transcription factors. Here, we review our current knowledge on the function of the eight Yap transcription factors (Yap1 to Yap8) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which were shown to be involved in various stress responses. More precisely, Yap1 is activated under oxidative stress, Yap2/Cad1 under cadmium, Yap4/Cin5 and Yap6 under osmotic shock, Yap5 under iron overload and Yap8/Arr1 by arsenic compounds. Yap3 and Yap7 seem to be involved in hydroquinone and nitrosative stresses, respectively. The data presented in this article illustrate how much knowledge on the function of these Yap transcription factors is advanced. The evolution of the Yap family and its roles in various pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungal species is discussed in the last section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudina Rodrigues-Pousada
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica Anónio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, Oeiras 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Frédéric Devaux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Soraia M Caetano
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica Anónio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, Oeiras 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pimentel
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica Anónio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, Oeiras 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sofia da Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica Anónio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, Oeiras 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Carolina Cordeiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica Anónio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, Oeiras 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Amaral
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica Anónio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, EAN, Oeiras 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
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Mendoza-Martínez AE, Cano-Domínguez N, Aguirre J. Yap1 homologs mediate more than the redox regulation of the antioxidant response in filamentous fungi. Fungal Biol 2019; 124:253-262. [PMID: 32389287 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression in response to increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a ubiquitous response in aerobic organisms. However, different organisms use different strategies to perceive and respond to high ROS levels. Yeast Yap1 is a paradigmatic example of a specific mechanism used by eukaryotic cells to link ROS sensing and gene regulation. The activation of this transcription factor by H2O2 is mediated by peroxiredoxins, which are widespread enzymes that use cysteine thiols to sense ROS, as well as to catalyze the reduction of peroxides to water. In filamentous fungi, Yap1 homologs and peroxiredoxins also are major regulators of the antioxidant response. However, Yap1 homologs are involved in a wider array of processes by regulating genes involved in nutrient assimilation, secondary metabolism, virulence and development. Such novel functions illustrate the divergent roles of ROS and other oxidizing compounds as important regulatory signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariann E Mendoza-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-242, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Nallely Cano-Domínguez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-242, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-242, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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18
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Nozaki S, Furuya K, Niki H. The Ras1-Cdc42 pathway is involved in hyphal development of Schizosaccharomyces japonicus. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 18:4939477. [PMID: 29566183 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimorphic yeasts transform into filamentous cells or hyphae in response to environmental cues. The mechanisms for the hyphal transition of dimorphic yeasts have mainly been studied in Candida albicans, an opportunistic human fungal pathogen. The Ras1-MAPK pathway is a major signal transduction pathway for hyphal transition in C. albicans. Recently, the non-pathogenic dimorphic yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus has also been used for genetic analyses of hyphal induction. We confirmed that Ras1-MAPK and other MAPK pathways exist in Sz. japonicus. To examine how hyphal transition is induced by environmental stress-triggered signal transduction, we studied the hyphal transition of deletion mutants of MAPK pathways in Sz. japonicus. We found that the MAPK pathways are not involved in hyphal induction, although the mating response is dependent on these pathways. However, only Ras1 deletion caused a severe defect in hyphal development via both DNA damage and environmental stressors. In fact, genes on the Cdc42 branch of the Ras1 (Ras1-Cdc42) pathway, efc25Sj, scd1Sj and scd2Sj, are required for hyphal development. Cell morphology analysis indicated that the apical growth of hyphal cells was inhibited in Ras1-Cdc42-pathway deletion mutants. Thus, the control of cell polarity by the Ras1-Cdc42 pathway is crucial for hyphal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Nozaki
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Genetic Strains Research Center, National institute of Genetics, 1111, Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kanji Furuya
- Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hironori Niki
- Microbial Genetics Laboratory, Genetic Strains Research Center, National institute of Genetics, 1111, Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 1111, Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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19
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Sanchez-Marinas M, Gimenez-Zaragoza D, Martin-Ramos E, Llanes J, Cansado J, Pujol MJ, Bachs O, Aligue R. Cmk2 kinase is essential for survival in arsenite by modulating translation together with RACK1 orthologue Cpc2 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 129:116-126. [PMID: 30236788 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Different studies have demonstrated multiple effects of arsenite on human physiology. However, there are many open questions concerning the mechanism of response to arsenite. Schizosaccharomyces pombe activates the Sty1 MAPK pathway as a common response to several stress conditions. The specificity of the response is due to the activation of different transcription factors and specific targets such the Cmk2 MAPKAP kinase. We have previously shown that Cmk2 is phosphorylated and activated by the MAPK Sty1 in response to oxidative stress. Here, we report that Cmk2 kinase is specifically necessary to overcome the stress caused by metalloid agents, in particular arsenite. Deletion of cmk2 increases the protein level of various components of the MAPK pathway. Moreover, Cmk2 negatively regulates translation through the Cpc2 kinase: the RACK1 orthologue in fission yeast. RACK1 is a receptor for activated C-kinase. Interestingly, RACK1 is a constituent of the eukaryotic ribosome specifically localized in the head region of the 40 S subunit. Cmk2 controls arsenite response through Cpc2 and it does so through Cpc2 ribosomal function, as observed in genetic analysis using a Cpc2 mutant unable to bind to ribosome. These findings suggest a role for Cmk2 in regulating translation and facilitating adaptation to arsenite stress in the ribosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sanchez-Marinas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Facultat de Medicina, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERONC, Barcelona 08036, Catalunya, Spain
| | - David Gimenez-Zaragoza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Facultat de Medicina, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERONC, Barcelona 08036, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Edgar Martin-Ramos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Facultat de Medicina, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERONC, Barcelona 08036, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Julia Llanes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Facultat de Medicina, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERONC, Barcelona 08036, Catalunya, Spain
| | - José Cansado
- Yeast Physiology Group, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia 30071, Spain
| | - Maria Jesús Pujol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Facultat de Medicina, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERONC, Barcelona 08036, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Oriol Bachs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Facultat de Medicina, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERONC, Barcelona 08036, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Rosa Aligue
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Facultat de Medicina, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERONC, Barcelona 08036, Catalunya, Spain.
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20
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Paliwal S, Wheeler R, D Wolkow T. Pap1 + confers microtubule damage resistance to mut2a, an extragenic suppressor of the rad26:4A allele in S. pombe. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2018; 7:97-106. [PMID: 30426027 DOI: 10.22099/mbrc.2018.29705.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
The DNA structure checkpoint protein Rad26ATRIP is also required for an interphase microtubule damage response. This checkpoint delays spindle pole body separation and entry into mitosis following treatment of cells with microtubule poisons. This checkpoint requires cytoplasmic Rad26ATRIP, which is compromised by the rad26:4A allele that inhibits cytoplasmic accumulation of Rad26ATRIP following microtubule damage. The rad26::4a allele also disrupts minichromosome stability and cellular morphology, suggesting that the interphase microtubule damage checkpoint pathway operates in an effort to maintain chromosome stability and proper cell shape. To identify other proteins of the Rad26-dependent interphase microtubule damage response, we used ultra violet (UV) radiation to identify extragenic interaction suppressors of the rad26::4A growth defect on microtubule poisons. One suppressor mutation, which we named mut2a, permitted growth of rad26:4A cells on MBC media and conferred sensitivity to a microtubulin poison upon genetic outcross. In an attempt to clone this interaction suppressor using a genomic library complementation strategy, we instead isolated pap1 + as an extracopy suppressor of the mut2a growth defect. We discuss the mechanism by which pap1 + overexpression may allow growth of mut2a cells in conditions that destabilize microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Paliwal
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway Colorado Springs, CO 80918
| | - Robert Wheeler
- Pine Creek high school, 10750 Thunder Mountain Ave, Colorado Springs, CO 80908
| | - Tom D Wolkow
- Department of Biology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway Colorado Springs, CO 80918
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21
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Dysfunction of Prohibitin 2 Results in Reduced Susceptibility to Multiple Antifungal Drugs via Activation of the Oxidative Stress-Responsive Transcription Factor Pap1 in Fission Yeast. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00860-18. [PMID: 30181366 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00860-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The fight against resistance to antifungal drugs requires a better understanding of the underlying cellular mechanisms. In order to gain insight into the mechanisms leading to antifungal drug resistance, we performed a genetic screen on a model organism, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, to identify genes whose overexpression caused resistance to antifungal drugs, including clotrimazole and terbinafine. We identified the phb2 + gene, encoding a highly conserved mitochondrial protein, prohibitin (Phb2), as a novel determinant of reduced susceptibility to multiple antifungal drugs. Unexpectedly, deletion of the phb2 + gene also exhibited antifungal drug resistance. Overexpression of the phb2 + gene failed to cause drug resistance when the pap1 + gene, encoding an oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor, was deleted. Furthermore, pap1+ mRNA expression was significantly increased when the phb2 + gene was overexpressed or deleted. Importantly, either overexpression or deletion of the phb2 + gene stimulated the synthesis of NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS), as measured by the cell-permeant fluorescent NO probe DAF-FM DA (4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate) and the ROS probe DCFH-DA (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate), respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that Phb2 dysfunction results in reduced susceptibility to multiple antifungal drugs by increasing NO and ROS synthesis due to dysfunctional mitochondria, thereby activating the transcription factor Pap1 in fission yeast.
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22
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Protection from Disulfide Stress by Inhibition of Pap1 Nuclear Export in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genetics 2018; 210:857-868. [PMID: 30181192 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate subcellular localization of regulatory factors is critical for cellular function. Pap1, a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling transcription factor of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, is redox regulated for localization and antistress function. In this study, we find that overproduction of a peptide conjugate containing the nuclear export signal of Oxs1, a conserved eukaryotic protein that, along with Pap1, regulates certain diamide responsive genes, can retain Pap1 in the nucleus before stress by competing for nuclear export. The nuclear retention of Pap1 upregulates several drug resistance genes to prime the cells for higher tolerance to disulfide stress. Overproduction of Oxs1 also upregulates these same genes, not by competing for export but by binding directly to the drug resistance gene promoters for Pap1-mediated activation. Of medical relevance is that this may suggest a gene therapy approach of using nuclear export signal conjugates to suppress the nuclear export of biomolecules.
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Yukawa M, Yamauchi T, Kurisawa N, Ahmed S, Kimura KI, Toda T. Fission yeast cells overproducing HSET/KIFC1 provides a useful tool for identification and evaluation of human kinesin-14 inhibitors. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 116:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Goshen-Lago T, Melamed D, Admon A, Engelberg D. Isolation and Characterization of Intrinsically Active (MEK-Independent) Mutants of Mpk1/Erk. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1487:65-88. [PMID: 27924559 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6424-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular-regulated kinase (Erk) pathway is a major determinant in the control of diverse cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and motility. The pathway executes its effects through kinases of the Erk family. Erks are not only critical for a variety of physiological processes, but are also associated with neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and a large number of human cancers. However, the exact role of each Erk molecule in these biological and pathological processes is not fully determined. An efficient strategy for revealing these roles is to activate each Erk isoform individually, in a signal independent manner, and to monitor the molecular, physiological, and pathological effects. This could be achieved by developing intrinsically active variants for each Erk isoform and splicing variant and expressing these molecules individually in biological systems. A screening method that selects for relevant and useful active mutants of Erks is described in this chapter. The main principle of the method is to screen for mutants of Erk that function in the total absence of their relevant MEKs. Another principle is that the screen should be unbiased toward particular domains or mechanisms of action. We describe how these principles are combined into a screen that takes advantage of the yeast Mpk1/Erk pathway. Following the description of how intrinsically active Mpk1 molecules are isolated, we provide comprehensive and detailed descriptions of the methods used to characterize their catalytic activity, autophosphorylation capabilities, and phosphorylation status, as well as the methods used to determine the precise phosphorylated sites. The principles of the screen and the methods described here could be easily adapted for any Erk molecule in any organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Goshen-Lago
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Dganit Melamed
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Arie Admon
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - David Engelberg
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel. .,CREATE-NUS-HUJ Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation Programme, National University of Singapore, 1 CREATE WAY, Innovation Wing, #03-09, Singapore, 138602, Singapore. .,Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
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Mendoza-Martínez AE, Lara-Rojas F, Sánchez O, Aguirre J. NapA Mediates a Redox Regulation of the Antioxidant Response, Carbon Utilization and Development in Aspergillus nidulans. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:516. [PMID: 28424666 PMCID: PMC5371717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The redox-regulated transcription factors (TFs) of the bZIP AP1 family, such as yeast Yap1 and fission yeast Pap1, are activated by peroxiredoxin proteins (Prxs) to regulate the antioxidant response. Previously, Aspergillus nidulans mutants lacking the Yap1 ortholog NapA have been characterized as sensitive to H2O2 and menadione. Here we study NapA roles in relation to TFs SrrA and AtfA, also involved in oxidant detoxification, showing that these TFs play different roles in oxidative stress resistance, catalase gene regulation and development, during A. nidulans life cycle. We also uncover novel NapA roles in repression of sexual development, normal conidiation, conidial mRNA accumulation, and carbon utilization. The phenotypic characterization of ΔgpxA, ΔtpxA, and ΔtpxB single, double and triple peroxiredoxin mutants in wild type or ΔnapA backgrounds shows that none of these Prxs is required for NapA function in H2O2 and menadione resistance. However, these Prxs participate in a minor NapA-independent H2O2 resistance pathway and NapA and TpxA appear to regulate conidiation along the same route. Using transcriptomic analysis we show that during conidial development NapA-dependent gene expression pattern is different from canonical oxidative stress patterns. In the course of conidiation, NapA is required for regulation of at least 214 genes, including ethanol utilization genes alcR, alcA and aldA, and large sets of genes encoding proteins involved in transcriptional regulation, drug detoxification, carbohydrate utilization and secondary metabolism, comprising multiple oxidoreductases, membrane transporters and hydrolases. In agreement with this, ΔnapA mutants fail to grow or grow very poorly in ethanol, arabinose or fructose as sole carbon sources. Moreover, we show that NapA nuclear localization is induced not only by oxidative stress but also by growth in ethanol and by carbon starvation. Together with our previous work, these results show that SakA-AtfA, SrrA and NapA oxidative stress-sensing pathways regulate essential aspects of spore physiology (i.e., cell cycle arrest, dormancy, drug production and detoxification, and carbohydrate utilization).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariann E Mendoza-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCoyoacán, Mexico
| | - Fernando Lara-Rojas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCoyoacán, Mexico
| | - Olivia Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCoyoacán, Mexico
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCoyoacán, Mexico
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Latrunculin A-Induced Perturbation of the Actin Cytoskeleton Mediates Pap1p-Dependent Induction of the Caf5p Efflux Pump in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:723-730. [PMID: 28040778 PMCID: PMC5295615 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.037903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
As part of an earlier study aimed at uncovering gene products with roles in defending against latrunculin A (LatA)-induced cytoskeletal perturbations, we identified three members of the oxidative stress response pathway: the Pap1p AP-1-like transcription factor, the Imp1p α-importin, and the Caf5p efflux pump. In this report, we characterize the pathway further and show that Pap1p translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in an Imp1p-dependent manner upon LatA treatment. Moreover, preventing this translocation, through the addition of a nuclear export signal (NES), confers the same characteristic LatA-sensitive phenotype exhibited by pap1Δ cells. Lastly, we show that the caf5 gene is induced upon exposure to LatA and that Pap1p is required for this transcriptional upregulation. Importantly, the expression of trr1, a Pap1p target specifically induced in response to oxidative stress, is not significantly altered by LatA treatment. Taken together, these results suggest a model in which LatA-mediated cytoskeletal perturbations are sensed, triggering the Imp1p-dependent translocation of Pap1p to the nucleus and the induction of the caf5 gene (independently of oxidative stress).
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The Cell Killing Mechanisms of Hydroxyurea. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7110099. [PMID: 27869662 PMCID: PMC5126785 DOI: 10.3390/genes7110099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyurea is a well-established inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase that has a long history of scientific interest and clinical use for the treatment of neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases. It is currently the staple drug for the management of sickle cell anemia and chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Due to its reversible inhibitory effect on DNA replication in various organisms, hydroxyurea is also commonly used in laboratories for cell cycle synchronization or generating replication stress. However, incubation with high concentrations or prolonged treatment with low doses of hydroxyurea can result in cell death and the DNA damage generated at arrested replication forks is generally believed to be the direct cause. Recent studies in multiple model organisms have shown that oxidative stress and several other mechanisms may contribute to the majority of the cytotoxic effect of hydroxyurea. This review aims to summarize the progress in our understanding of the cell-killing mechanisms of hydroxyurea, which may provide new insights towards the improvement of chemotherapies that employ this agent.
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Dankai W, Pongpom M, Youngchim S, Cooper CR, Vanittanakom N. The yapA Encodes bZIP Transcription Factor Involved in Stress Tolerance in Pathogenic Fungus Talaromyces marneffei. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163778. [PMID: 27706212 PMCID: PMC5051730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Talaromyces marneffei, formerly Penicillium marneffei, is a thermally dimorphic fungus. It causes a fatal disseminated disease in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Studies on the stress defense mechanism of T. marneffei can lead to a better understanding of the pathogenicity and the progression of the disease due to this fungus. The basic leucine-zipper (bZip) transcription factor gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, named yap1 (yeast activating protein-1), is known as a crucial central regulator of stress responses including those caused by oxidative agents, cadmium, and drugs. An ortholog of yap1, designated yapA, was identified in T. marneffei. We found that the yapA gene was involved in growth and fungal cell development. The yapA deletion mutant exhibited delays in the rate of growth, germination, and conidiation. Surprisingly, the yapA gene was also involved in the pigmentation of T. marneffei. Moreover, the mutant was sensitive to oxidative stressors such as H2O2 and menadione, similar to S. cerevisiae yap1 mutant, as well as the nitrosative stressor NaNO2. In addition, the yapA mutant demonstrated significantly decreased survival in human macrophage THP-1 compared to wild-type and complemented strains. This study reveals the role of yapA in fungal growth, cell development, stress response, and potential virulence in T. marneffei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiyada Dankai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Monsicha Pongpom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sirida Youngchim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chester R. Cooper
- Center for Applied Chemical Biology and Department of Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH, 44555, United States of America
| | - Nongnuch Vanittanakom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a popular model eukaryotic organism to study diverse aspects of mammalian biology, including responses to cellular stress triggered by redox imbalances within its compartments. The review considers the current knowledge on the signaling pathways that govern the transcriptional response of fission yeast cells to elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide. Particular attention is paid to the mechanisms that yeast cells employ to promote cell survival in conditions of intermediate and acute oxidative stress. The role of the Sty1/Spc1/Phh1 mitogen-activated protein kinase in regulating gene expression at multiple levels is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manos A Papadakis
- a Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Christopher T Workman
- a Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , Denmark
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He Y, Chen Y, Song W, Zhu L, Dong Z, Ow DW. A Pap1-Oxs1 signaling pathway for disulfide stress in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 45:106-114. [PMID: 27664222 PMCID: PMC5224502 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a Pap1–Oxs1 pathway for diamide-induced disulfide stress in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, where the nucleocytoplasmic HMG protein Oxs1 acts cooperatively with Pap1 to regulate transcription. Oxs1 and Pap1 form a complex when cells are exposed to diamide or Cd that causes disulfide stress. When examined for promoters up-regulated by diamide, effective Pap1 binding to these targets requires Oxs1, and vice versa. With some genes, each protein alone enhances transcription, but the presence of both exerts an additive positive effect. In other genes, although transcription is induced by diamide, Oxs1 or Pap1 plays a negative role with full de-repression requiring loss of both proteins. In a third class of genes, Oxs1 positively regulates expression, but in its absence, Pap1 plays a negative role. The Oxs1–Pap1 regulatory interaction appears evolutionarily conserved, as heterologous (human, mouse and Arabidopsis) Oxs1 and Pap1-homologues can bind interchangeably with each other in vitro, and at least in the fission yeast, heterologous Oxs1 and Pap1-homologues can substitute for S. pombe Oxs1 and Pap1 to enhance stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei He
- Plant Gene Engineering Center, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Plant Gene Engineering Center, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wen Song
- Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA/UC Berkeley, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Lei Zhu
- Plant Gene Engineering Center, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhicheng Dong
- Plant Gene Engineering Center, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - David W Ow
- Plant Gene Engineering Center, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China .,Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA/UC Berkeley, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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31
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Grant CM, Dawes IW. Synthesis and role of glutathione in protection against oxidative stress in yeast. Redox Rep 2016; 2:223-9. [DOI: 10.1080/13510002.1996.11747054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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32
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Buscà R, Pouysségur J, Lenormand P. ERK1 and ERK2 Map Kinases: Specific Roles or Functional Redundancy? Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:53. [PMID: 27376062 PMCID: PMC4897767 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The MAP kinase signaling cascade Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK has been involved in a large variety of cellular and physiological processes that are crucial for life. Many pathological situations have been associated to this pathway. More than one isoform has been described at each level of the cascade. In this review we devoted our attention to ERK1 and ERK2, which are the effector kinases of the pathway. Whether ERK1 and ERK2 specify functional differences or are in contrast functionally redundant, constitutes an ongoing debate despite the huge amount of studies performed to date. In this review we compiled data on ERK1 vs. ERK2 gene structures, protein sequences, expression levels, structural and molecular mechanisms of activation and substrate recognition. We have also attempted to perform a rigorous analysis of studies regarding the individual roles of ERK1 and ERK2 by the means of morpholinos, siRNA, and shRNA silencing as well as gene disruption or gene replacement in mice. Finally, we comment on a recent study of gene and protein evolution of ERK isoforms as a distinct approach to address the same question. Our review permits the evaluation of the relevance of published studies in the field especially when measurements of global ERK activation are taken into account. Our analysis favors the hypothesis of ERK1 and ERK2 exhibiting functional redundancy and points to the concept of the global ERK quantity, and not isoform specificity, as being the essential determinant to achieve ERK function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Buscà
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7284, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre A. Lacassagne, Institute for Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis Nice, France
| | - Jacques Pouysségur
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7284, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre A. Lacassagne, Institute for Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice, University of Nice-Sophia AntipolisNice, France; Centre Scientifique de MonacoMonaco, Monaco
| | - Philippe Lenormand
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7284, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre A. Lacassagne, Institute for Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis Nice, France
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Vjestica A, Merlini L, Dudin O, Bendezu FO, Martin SG. Microscopy of Fission Yeast Sexual Lifecycle. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27022830 DOI: 10.3791/53801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been an invaluable model system in studying the regulation of the mitotic cell cycle progression, the mechanics of cell division and cell polarity. Furthermore, classical experiments on its sexual reproduction have yielded results pivotal to current understanding of DNA recombination and meiosis. More recent analysis of fission yeast mating has raised interesting questions on extrinsic stimuli response mechanisms, polarized cell growth and cell-cell fusion. To study these topics in detail we have developed a simple protocol for microscopy of the entire sexual lifecycle. The method described here is easily adjusted to study specific mating stages. Briefly, after being grown to exponential phase in a nitrogen-rich medium, cell cultures are shifted to a nitrogen-deprived medium for periods of time suited to the stage of the sexual lifecycle that will be explored. Cells are then mounted on custom, easily built agarose pad chambers for imaging. This approach allows cells to be monitored from the onset of mating to the final formation of spores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Merlini
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne
| | - Omaya Dudin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne
| | | | - Sophie G Martin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne;
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Maekawa H, Kaneko Y. Inversion of the chromosomal region between two mating type loci switches the mating type in Hansenula polymorpha. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004796. [PMID: 25412462 PMCID: PMC4238957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast mating type is determined by the genotype at the mating type locus (MAT). In homothallic (self-fertile) Saccharomycotina such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluveromyces lactis, high-efficiency switching between a and α mating types enables mating. Two silent mating type cassettes, in addition to an active MAT locus, are essential components of the mating type switching mechanism. In this study, we investigated the structure and functions of mating type genes in H. polymorpha (also designated as Ogataea polymorpha). The H. polymorpha genome was found to harbor two MAT loci, MAT1 and MAT2, that are ∼18 kb apart on the same chromosome. MAT1-encoded α1 specifies α cell identity, whereas none of the mating type genes were required for a identity and mating. MAT1-encoded α2 and MAT2-encoded a1 were, however, essential for meiosis. When present in the location next to SLA2 and SUI1 genes, MAT1 or MAT2 was transcriptionally active, while the other was repressed. An inversion of the MAT intervening region was induced by nutrient limitation, resulting in the swapping of the chromosomal locations of two MAT loci, and hence switching of mating type identity. Inversion-deficient mutants exhibited severe defects only in mating with each other, suggesting that this inversion is the mechanism of mating type switching and homothallism. This chromosomal inversion-based mechanism represents a novel form of mating type switching that requires only two MAT loci. The mating system of Saccharomycotina has evolved from the ancestral heterothallic system as seen in Yarrowia lipolytica to homothallism as seen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The acquisition of silent cassettes was an important step towards homothallism. However, some Saccharomycotina species that diverged from the common ancestor before the acquisition of silent cassettes are also homothallic, including Hansenula polymorpha. We investigated the structure and functions of the mating type locus (MAT) in H. polymorpha, and found two MAT loci, MAT1 and MAT2. Although MAT1 contains both a and α information, the results suggest that it functions as MATα. MATa is represented by MAT2, which is located at a distance of 18 kb from MAT1. The functional repression of MAT1 or MAT2 was required to establish a or α mating type identity in individual cells. The chromosomal location of MAT1 and MAT2 was found to influence their transcriptional status, with only one locus maintained in an active state. An inversion of the MAT intervening region resulted in the switching of the two MAT loci and hence of mating type identity, which was required for homothallism. This chromosomal inversion-based mechanism represents a novel form of mating type switching that requires two MAT loci, of which only one is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Maekawa
- Yeast Genetic Resources Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoshinobu Kaneko
- Yeast Genetic Resources Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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35
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García-Santamarina S, Boronat S, Hidalgo E. Reversible Cysteine Oxidation in Hydrogen Peroxide Sensing and Signal Transduction. Biochemistry 2014; 53:2560-80. [DOI: 10.1021/bi401700f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarela García-Santamarina
- Oxidative
Stress and Cell
Cycle Group, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la
Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susanna Boronat
- Oxidative
Stress and Cell
Cycle Group, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la
Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Hidalgo
- Oxidative
Stress and Cell
Cycle Group, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la
Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Belfield C, Queenan C, Rao H, Kitamura K, Walworth NC. The oxidative stress responsive transcription factor Pap1 confers DNA damage resistance on checkpoint-deficient fission yeast cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89936. [PMID: 24587136 PMCID: PMC3934961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells invoke mechanisms to promote survival when confronted with cellular stress or damage to the genome. The protein kinase Chk1 is an integral and conserved component of the DNA damage response pathway. Mutation or inhibition of Chk1 results in mitotic death when cells are exposed to DNA damage. Oxidative stress activates a pathway that results in nuclear accumulation of the bZIP transcription factor Pap1. We report the novel finding that fission yeast Pap1 confers resistance to drug- and non-drug-induced DNA damage even when the DNA damage checkpoint is compromised. Multi-copy expression of Pap1 restores growth to chk1-deficient cells exposed to camptothecin or hydroxyurea. Unexpectedly, increased Pap1 expression also promotes survival of chk1-deficient cells with mutations in genes encoding DNA ligase (cdc17) or DNA polymerase δ (cdc6), but not DNA replication initiation mutants. The ability of Pap1 to confer resistance to DNA damage was not specific to chk1 mutants, as it also improved survival of rad1- and rad9-deficient cells in the presence of CPT. To confer resistance to DNA damage Pap1 must localize to the nucleus and be transcriptionally active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Belfield
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Craig Queenan
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Hui Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kenji Kitamura
- Center for Gene Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nancy C. Walworth
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Member, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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37
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Boronat S, Domènech A, Paulo E, Calvo IA, García-Santamarina S, García P, Encinar del Dedo J, Barcons A, Serrano E, Carmona M, Hidalgo E. Thiol-based H2O2 signalling in microbial systems. Redox Biol 2014; 2:395-9. [PMID: 24563858 PMCID: PMC3926117 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine residues, and in particular their thiolate groups, react not only with reactive oxygen species but also with electrophiles and with reactive nitrogen species. Thus, cysteine oxidation has often been linked to the toxic effects of some of these reactive molecules. However, thiol-based switches are common in protein sensors of antioxidant cascades, in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. We will describe here three redox sensors, the transcription factors OxyR, Yap1 and Pap1, which respond by disulfide bond formation to hydrogen peroxide stress, focusing specially on the differences among the three peroxide-sensing mechanisms.
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39
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Kawałek A, Lefevre SD, Veenhuis M, van der Klei IJ. Peroxisomal catalase deficiency modulates yeast lifespan depending on growth conditions. Aging (Albany NY) 2013; 5:67-83. [PMID: 23425686 PMCID: PMC3616232 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We studied the role of peroxisomal catalase in chronological aging of the yeastHansenula polymorpha in relation to various growth substrates. Catalase-deficient (cat) cells showed a similar chronological life span (CLS) relative to the wild-type control upon growth on carbon and nitrogen sources that are not oxidized by peroxisomal enzymes. However, when media contained methylamine, which is oxidized by peroxisomal amine oxidase, the CLS of cat cells was significantly reduced. Conversely, the CLS of cat cells was enhanced relative to the wild-type control, when cells were grown on methanol, which is oxidized by peroxisomal alcohol oxidase. At these conditions strongly enhanced ROS levels were observed during the exponential growth phase of cat cells. This was paralleled by activation of the transcription factor Yap1, as well as an increase in the levels of the antioxidant enzymes cytochrome c peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Upon deletion of the genes encoding Yap1 or cytochrome c peroxidase, the CLS extension of cat cells on methanol was abolished. These findings reveal for the first time an important role of enhanced cytochrome c peroxidase levels in yeast CLS extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kawałek
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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40
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Calvo IA, Ayté J, Hidalgo E. Reversible thiol oxidation in the H2O2-dependent activation of the transcription factor Pap1. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:2279-84. [PMID: 23525001 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.124370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible thiol oxidation is both a mark of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) toxicity and an initiator of signalling events. H2O2 sensors contain exposed and reactive cysteine residues, which become transiently oxidized as an activation mechanism. In fission yeast, the Pap1 (pombe AP-1) transcription factor is normally cytosolic, and upon H2O2 stress it undergoes post-translational modifications impairing its nuclear export; genetic evidences suggested the formation of a disulphide bond in Pap1 as a triggering activation event. Nuclear Pap1 is then recruited to about 50-80 promoters and induces an adaptation response. We have now dissected the role of all seven cysteine residues in Pap1 using genetic and proteomic techniques, and we show that four of them are required for Pap1 to be activated by H2O2 stress. Thus, mutants lacking each one of these cysteine residues display sensitivity to peroxides. Furthermore, these mutant proteins do not become oxidized by H2O2 and cannot bind to promoters or trigger the Pap1-dependent gene expression program. We also demonstrate, by proteomic analysis of reduced and oxidized Pap1, that these four cysteine residues are reversibly oxidized upon H2O2 stress. Our study suggests that not just one but probably two disulphide bonds are required to promote the important conformational changes that trigger Pap1 activation and nuclear accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Calvo
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
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41
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Kovacikova I, Polakova S, Benko Z, Cipak L, Zhang L, Rumpf C, Miadokova E, Gregan J. A knockout screen for protein kinases required for the proper meiotic segregation of chromosomes in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:618-24. [PMID: 23370392 PMCID: PMC3594262 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The reduction of chromosome number during meiosis is achieved by two successive rounds of chromosome segregation after just single round of DNA replication. To identify novel proteins required for the proper segregation of chromosomes during meiosis, we analyzed the consequences of deleting Schizosaccharomyces pombe genes predicted to encode protein kinases that are not essential for cell viability. We show that Mph1, a member of the Mps1 family of spindle assembly checkpoint kinases, is required to prevent meiosis I homolog non-disjunction. We also provide evidence for a novel function of Spo4, the fission yeast ortholog of Dbf4-dependent Cdc7 kinase, in regulating the length of anaphase II spindles. In the absence of Spo4, abnormally elongated anaphase II spindles frequently overlap and thus destroy the linear order of nuclei in the ascus. Our observation that the spo4Δ mutant phenotype can be partially suppressed by inhibiting Cdc2-as suggests that dysregulation of the activity of this cyclin-dependent kinase may cause abnormal elongation of anaphase II spindles in spo4Δ mutant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Kovacikova
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Chromosome Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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42
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Penney M, Samejima I, Wilkinson CR, McInerny CJ, Mathiassen SG, Wallace M, Toda T, Hartmann-Petersen R, Gordon C. Fission yeast 26S proteasome mutants are multi-drug resistant due to stabilization of the Pap1 transcription factor. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50796. [PMID: 23209828 PMCID: PMC3507774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report the result of a genetic screen for mutants resistant to the microtubule poison methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate (MBC) that were also temperature sensitive for growth. In total the isolated mutants were distributed in ten complementation groups. Cloning experiments revealed that most of the mutants were in essential genes encoding various 26S proteasome subunits. We found that the proteasome mutants are multi-drug resistant due to stabilization of the stress-activated transcription factor Pap1. We show that the ubiquitylation and ultimately the degradation of Pap1 depend on the Rhp6/Ubc2 E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme and the Ubr1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Accordingly, mutants lacking Rhp6 or Ubr1 display drug-resistant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Penney
- Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Itaru Samejima
- Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline R. Wilkinson
- Cell Regulation Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. McInerny
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Søs G. Mathiassen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mairi Wallace
- Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Takashi Toda
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Colin Gordon
- Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Kawashima SA, Takemoto A, Nurse P, Kapoor TM. Analyzing fission yeast multidrug resistance mechanisms to develop a genetically tractable model system for chemical biology. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2012; 19:893-901. [PMID: 22840777 PMCID: PMC3589755 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemical inhibitors can help analyze dynamic cellular processes, particularly when probes are active in genetically tractable model systems. Although fission yeast has served as an important model system, which shares more cellular processes (e.g., RNAi) with humans than budding yeast, its use for chemical biology has been limited by its multidrug resistance (MDR) response. Using genomics and genetics approaches, we identified the key transcription factors and drug-efflux transporters responsible for fission yeast MDR and designed strains sensitive to a wide-range of chemical inhibitors, including commonly used probes. We used this strain, along with acute chemical inhibition and high-resolution imaging, to examine metaphase spindle organization in a "closed" mitosis. Together, our findings suggest that our fission yeast strains will allow the use of several inhibitors as probes, discovery of new inhibitors, and analysis of drug action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ai Takemoto
- Laboratory of Yeast Genetics and Cell Biology Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Paul Nurse
- Laboratory of Yeast Genetics and Cell Biology Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Gulshan K, Thommandru B, Moye-Rowley WS. Proteolytic degradation of the Yap1 transcription factor is regulated by subcellular localization and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Not4. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:26796-805. [PMID: 22707721 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.384719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yap1 is a transcriptional regulatory protein that serves as a central determinant of oxidative stress tolerance. Activity of this factor is regulated in large part by control of its subcellular location. In the absence of oxidants, Yap1 is primarily located in the cytoplasm. Upon oxidant challenge, Yap1 accumulates rapidly in the nucleus where it activates expression of genes required for oxidative stress tolerance such as the thioredoxin TRX2. Here, we demonstrate that Yap1 degradation is accelerated in response to oxidative stress. Yap1 is folded differently depending on the oxidant used to induce its nuclear localization but is degraded similarly, irrespective of its folded status. Mutant forms of Yap1 that are constitutively trapped in the nucleus are degraded in the absence of an oxidant signal. Degradation requires the ability of the protein to bind DNA and a domain in the amino-terminal region of the factor. Inhibition of the proteasome prevents Yap1 turnover. Screening a variety of mutants involved in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis demonstrated an important role for the nuclear ubiquitin ligase Not4 in Yap1 degradation. Not4 was found to bind to Yap1 in an oxidant-stimulated fashion. The Candida albicans Yap1 homologue (Cap1) also was degraded after oxidant challenge. These data uncover a new, conserved pathway for regulation of the oxidative stress response that serves to temporally limit the duration of Yap1-dependent transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Gulshan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Otsubo Y, Yamamoto M. Signaling pathways for fission yeast sexual differentiation at a glance. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2789-93. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.094771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Otsubo
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Calvo IA, García P, Ayté J, Hidalgo E. The transcription factors Pap1 and Prr1 collaborate to activate antioxidant, but not drug tolerance, genes in response to H2O2. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:4816-24. [PMID: 22344694 PMCID: PMC3367182 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the transcription factor Pap1 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe regulates transcription of genes required for adaptation to oxidative stress and for tolerance to toxic drugs. H2O2 induces oxidation of Pap1, its nuclear accumulation and expression of more than fifty Pap1-dependent genes. Oxidation and nuclear accumulation of Pap1 can also be accomplished by genetic inhibition of thioredoxin reductase. Furthermore, genetic alteration of the nuclear export pathway, or mutations in Pap1 nuclear export signal trigger nuclear accumulation of reduced Pap1. We show here that a subset of Pap1-dependent genes, such as those coding for the efflux pump Caf5, the ubiquitin-like protein Obr1 or the dehydrogenase SPCC663.08c, only require nuclear Pap1 for activation, whereas another subset of genes, those coding for the antioxidants catalase, sulfiredoxin or thioredoxin reductase, do need oxidized Pap1 to form a heterodimer with the constitutively nuclear transcription factor Prr1. The ability of Pap1 to bind and activate drug tolerance promoters is independent on Prr1, whereas its affinity for the antioxidant promoters is significantly enhanced upon association with Prr1. This finding suggests that the activation of both antioxidant and drug resistance genes in response to oxidative stress share a common inducer, H2O2, but alternative effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Calvo
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Department de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr. Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Park MS, Kim HJ, Park AR, Ahn K, Lim HW, Lim CJ. Pap1p-dependent upregulation of thioredoxin 3 and thioredoxin reductase genes from the fission yeast under nitrosative stress. Can J Microbiol 2012; 58:206-11. [DOI: 10.1139/w11-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sik Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - A Rum Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Kisup Ahn
- Department of Health and Environment, Baekseok Culture University, Cheonan 330-705, Korea
| | - Hye-Won Lim
- Shebah Biotech Inc., Chuncheon Biotechnology Foundation, Hi-Tech Venture Town, Chuncheon 200-161, Korea
| | - Chang-Jin Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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Abstract
A common need for microbial cells is the ability to respond to potentially toxic environmental insults. Here we review the progress in understanding the response of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to two important environmental stresses: heat shock and oxidative stress. Both of these stresses are fundamental challenges that microbes of all types will experience. The study of these environmental stress responses in S. cerevisiae has illuminated many of the features now viewed as central to our understanding of eukaryotic cell biology. Transcriptional activation plays an important role in driving the multifaceted reaction to elevated temperature and levels of reactive oxygen species. Advances provided by the development of whole genome analyses have led to an appreciation of the global reorganization of gene expression and its integration between different stress regimens. While the precise nature of the signal eliciting the heat shock response remains elusive, recent progress in the understanding of induction of the oxidative stress response is summarized here. Although these stress conditions represent ancient challenges to S. cerevisiae and other microbes, much remains to be learned about the mechanisms dedicated to dealing with these environmental parameters.
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49
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Meng Q, Xia Y. c-Jun, at the crossroad of the signaling network. Protein Cell 2011; 2:889-98. [PMID: 22180088 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Jun, the most extensively studied protein of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) complex, is involved in numerous cell activities, such as proliferation, apoptosis, survival, tumorigenesis and tissue morphogenesis. Earlier studies focused on the structure and function have led to the identification of c-Jun as a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor that acts as homo- or heterodimer, binding to DNA and regulating gene transcription. Later on, it was shown that extracellular signals can induce post-translational modifications of c-Jun, resulting in altered transcriptional activity and target gene expression. More recent work has uncovered multiple layers of a complex regulatory scheme in which c-Jun is able to crosstalk, amplify and integrate different signals for tissue development and disease. One example of such scheme is the autocrine amplification loop, in which signal-induced AP-1 activates the c-Jun gene promoter, while increased c-Jun expression feedbacks to potentiate AP-1 activity. Another example of such scheme, based on recent characterization of gene knockout mice, is that c-Jun integrates signals of several developmental pathways, including EGFR-ERK, EGFR-RhoA-ROCK, and activin B-MAP3K1-JNK for embryonic eyelid closure. After more than two decades of extensive research, c-Jun remains at the center stage of a molecular network with mysterious functional properties, some of which are yet to be discovered. In this article, we will provide a brief historical overview of studies on c-Jun regulation and function, and use eyelid development as an example to illustrate the complexity of c-Jun crosstalking with signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghang Meng
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Quinn J, Malakasi P, Smith DA, Cheetham J, Buck V, Millar JBA, Morgan BA. Two-component mediated peroxide sensing and signal transduction in fission yeast. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:153-65. [PMID: 20919928 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Two-component related proteins play a major role in regulating the oxidative stress response in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. For example, the peroxide-sensing Mak2 and Mak3 histidine kinases regulate H(2)O(2)-induced activation of the Sty1 stress-activated protein kinase pathway, and the Skn7-related response regulator transcription factor, Prr1, is essential for activation of the core oxidative stress response genes. Here, we investigate the mechanism by which the S. pombe two-component system senses H(2)O(2), and the potential role of two-component signaling in the regulation of Prr1. Significantly, we demonstrate that PAS and GAF domains present in the Mak2 histidine kinase are essential for redox-sensing and activation of Sty1. In addition, we find that Prr1 is required for the transcriptional response to a wide range of H(2)O(2) concentrations and, furthermore, that two-component regulation of Prr1 is specifically required for the response of cells to high levels of H(2)O(2). Significantly, this provides the first demonstration that the conserved two-component phosphorylation site on Skn7-related proteins influences resistance to oxidative stress and oxidative stress-induced gene expression. Collectively, these data provide new insights into the two-component mediated sensing and signaling mechanisms underlying the response of S. pombe to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Quinn
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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