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Taylor SJP, Bel Borja L, Soubigou F, Houston J, Cheerambathur DK, Pelisch F. BUB-1 and CENP-C recruit PLK-1 to control chromosome alignment and segregation during meiosis I in C. elegans oocytes. eLife 2023; 12:e84057. [PMID: 37067150 PMCID: PMC10156168 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is a key post-translational modification that is utilised in many biological processes for the rapid and reversible regulation of protein localisation and activity. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK-1) is essential for both mitotic and meiotic cell divisions, with key functions being conserved in eukaryotes. The roles and regulation of PLK-1 during mitosis have been well characterised. However, the discrete roles and regulation of PLK-1 during meiosis have remained obscure. Here, we used Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes to show that PLK-1 plays distinct roles in meiotic spindle assembly and/or stability, chromosome alignment and segregation, and polar body extrusion during meiosis I. Furthermore, by a combination of live imaging and biochemical analysis we identified the chromosomal recruitment mechanisms of PLK-1 during C. elegans oocyte meiosis. The spindle assembly checkpoint kinase BUB-1 directly recruits PLK-1 to the kinetochore and midbivalent while the chromosome arm population of PLK-1 depends on a direct interaction with the centromeric-associated protein CENP-CHCP-4. We found that perturbing both BUB-1 and CENP-CHCP-4 recruitment of PLK-1 leads to severe meiotic defects, resulting in highly aneuploid oocytes. Overall, our results shed light on the roles played by PLK-1 during oocyte meiosis and provide a mechanistic understanding of PLK-1 targeting to meiotic chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel JP Taylor
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Laura Bel Borja
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Flavie Soubigou
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jack Houston
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego BranchLa JollaUnited States
| | - Dhanya K Cheerambathur
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology & Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Federico Pelisch
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
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2
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Meghini F, Martins T, Zhang Q, Loyer N, Trickey M, Abula Y, Yamano H, Januschke J, Kimata Y. APC/C-dependent degradation of Spd2 regulates centrosome asymmetry in Drosophila neural stem cells. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55607. [PMID: 36852890 PMCID: PMC10074082 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A functional centrosome is vital for the development and physiology of animals. Among numerous regulatory mechanisms of the centrosome, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis is known to be critical for the precise regulation of centriole duplication. However, its significance beyond centrosome copy number control remains unclear. Using an in vitro screen for centrosomal substrates of the APC/C ubiquitin ligase in Drosophila, we identify several conserved pericentriolar material (PCM) components, including the inner PCM protein Spd2. We show that Spd2 levels are controlled by the interphase-specific form of APC/C, APC/CFzr , in cultured cells and developing brains. Increased Spd2 levels compromise neural stem cell-specific asymmetric PCM recruitment and microtubule nucleation at interphase centrosomes, resulting in partial randomisation of the division axis and segregation patterns of the daughter centrosome in the following mitosis. We further provide evidence that APC/CFzr -dependent Spd2 degradation restricts the amount and mobility of Spd2 at the daughter centrosome, thereby facilitating the accumulation of Polo-dependent Spd2 phosphorylation for PCM recruitment. Our study underpins the critical role of cell cycle-dependent proteolytic regulation of the PCM in stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Torcato Martins
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nicolas Loyer
- School of Life Science, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Yusanjiang Abula
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jens Januschke
- School of Life Science, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Yuu Kimata
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Ren M, Yang Y, Heng KHY, Ng LY, Chong CYY, Ng YT, Gorur-Shandilya S, Lee RMQ, Lim KL, Zhang J, Koh TW. MED13 and glycolysis are conserved modifiers of α-synuclein-associated neurodegeneration. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111852. [PMID: 36543134 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) is important in synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease (PD). While genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of synucleinopathies have identified many risk loci, the underlying genes have not been shown for most loci. Using Drosophila, we screened 3,471 mutant chromosomes for genetic modifiers of α-synuclein and identified 12 genes. Eleven modifiers have human orthologs associated with diseases, including MED13 and CDC27, which lie within PD GWAS loci. Drosophila Skd/Med13 and glycolytic enzymes are co-upregulated by α-syn-associated neurodegeneration. While elevated α-syn compromises mitochondrial function, co-expressing skd/Med13 RNAi and α-syn synergistically increase the ratio of oxidized-to-reduced glutathione. The resulting neurodegeneration can be suppressed by overexpressing a glycolytic enzyme or treatment with deferoxamine, suggesting that compensatory glycolysis is neuroprotective. In addition, the functional relationship between α-synuclein, MED13, and glycolytic enzymes is conserved between flies and mice. We propose that hypoxia-inducible factor and MED13 are part of a druggable pathway for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengda Ren
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308207, Singapore; National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China
| | | | - Lu Yi Ng
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | | | - Yan Ting Ng
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | | | - Rachel Min Qi Lee
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Kah Leong Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308207, Singapore; National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China; China National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China
| | - Tong-Wey Koh
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore.
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4
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Fernández-Sainz J, Pacheco-Liñán PJ, Granadino-Roldán JM, Bravo I, Rubio-Martínez J, Albaladejo J, Garzón-Ruiz A. Shedding light on the binding mechanism of kinase inhibitors BI-2536, Volasetib and Ro-3280 with their pharmacological target PLK1. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 232:112477. [PMID: 35644070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the interactions of the novel kinase inhibitors BI-2536, Volasetib (BI-6727) and Ro-3280 with the pharmacological target PLK1 have been studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular dynamics calculations. High Stern-Volmer constants were found in fluorescence experiments suggesting the formation of stable protein-ligand complexes. In addition, it was observed that the binding constant between BI-2536 and PLK1 increases about 100-fold in presence of the phosphopeptide Cdc25C-p that docks to the polo box domain of the protein and releases the kinase domain. All the determined binding constants are higher for the kinase inhibitors than for their competitor for the active center (ATP) being BI-2536 and Volasertib the inhibitors that showed more affinity for PLK1. Calculated binding free energies confirmed the higher affinity of PLK1 for BI-2536 and Volasertib than for ATP. The higher affinity of the inhibitors to PLK1 compared to ATP was mainly attributed to stronger van der Waals interactions. Results may help with the challenge of designing and developing new kinase inhibitors more effective in clinical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Fernández-Sainz
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cronista Ballesteros Gómez, 1, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Pedro J Pacheco-Liñán
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cronista Ballesteros Gómez, 1, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - José M Granadino-Roldán
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Campus "Las Lagunillas" s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Iván Bravo
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cronista Ballesteros Gómez, 1, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Jaime Rubio-Martínez
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Institut de Recerca en Quimica Teorica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Albaladejo
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Andrés Garzón-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cronista Ballesteros Gómez, 1, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
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5
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Kim T. Recent Progress on the Localization of PLK1 to the Kinetochore and Its Role in Mitosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095252. [PMID: 35563642 PMCID: PMC9102930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate distribution of the replicated genome during cell division is essential for cell survival and healthy organismal development. Errors in this process have catastrophic consequences, such as birth defects and aneuploidy, a hallmark of cancer cells. PLK1 is one of the master kinases in mitosis and has multiple functions, including mitotic entry, chromosome segregation, spindle assembly checkpoint, and cytokinesis. To dissect the role of PLK1 in mitosis, it is important to understand how PLK1 localizes in the specific region in cells. PLK1 localizes at the kinetochore and is essential in spindle assembly checkpoint and chromosome segregation. However, how PLK1 localizes at the kinetochore remains elusive. Here, we review the recent literature on the kinetochore recruitment mechanisms of PLK1 and its roles in spindle assembly checkpoint and attachment between kinetochores and spindle microtubules. Together, this review provides an overview of how the local distribution of PLK1 could regulate major pathways in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyung Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
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6
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Ding Y, Liu H, Zhang C, Bao Z, Yu S. Polo-like kinases as potential targets and PLK2 as a novel biomarker for the prognosis of human glioblastoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:2320-2334. [PMID: 35256538 PMCID: PMC8954957 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The most prevalent malignant central nervous system (CNS) cancer is glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). PLKs (polo-like kinases) are a kind of serine-threonine kinase that modulate DNA replication, mitosis, and stress responses. PLKs in GBM need to be better studied and examined in terms of their expression, function, along with prognostic significance. Using an existing publicly available data set, we evaluated the expression level and prognostic relevance of PLKs in GBM patients at the molecular level. The biological processes along with cascades of the screened gene were predicted using the functional enrichment of Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. The data illustrated that PLK1/3/4 contents were greater in GBM tissues than in non-tumorous tissues, but PLK2/5 expression levels were lower. PLK2 expression was also linked to patient outcome in GBM. Our findings imply that PLKs might be useful molecular indicators as well as prospective treatment targets for GBM. A PLK2 inhibitor has been studied for the first time in a glioma cell in this work. In glioma cells, ON1231320 has anticancer effects. Finally, a summary of PLK inhibitors is presented, along with projections for future progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanjie Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanbao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoshi Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqing Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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7
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Microtubule and Actin Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Male Meiotic Cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040695. [PMID: 35203341 PMCID: PMC8870657 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila dividing spermatocytes offer a highly suitable cell system in which to investigate the coordinated reorganization of microtubule and actin cytoskeleton systems during cell division of animal cells. Like male germ cells of mammals, Drosophila spermatogonia and spermatocytes undergo cleavage furrow ingression during cytokinesis, but abscission does not take place. Thus, clusters of primary and secondary spermatocytes undergo meiotic divisions in synchrony, resulting in cysts of 32 secondary spermatocytes and then 64 spermatids connected by specialized structures called ring canals. The meiotic spindles in Drosophila males are substantially larger than the spindles of mammalian somatic cells and exhibit prominent central spindles and contractile rings during cytokinesis. These characteristics make male meiotic cells particularly amenable to immunofluorescence and live imaging analysis of the spindle microtubules and the actomyosin apparatus during meiotic divisions. Moreover, because the spindle assembly checkpoint is not robust in spermatocytes, Drosophila male meiosis allows investigating of whether gene products required for chromosome segregation play additional roles during cytokinesis. Here, we will review how the research studies on Drosophila male meiotic cells have contributed to our knowledge of the conserved molecular pathways that regulate spindle microtubules and cytokinesis with important implications for the comprehension of cancer and other diseases.
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8
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Barbosa J, Sunkel CE, Conde C. The Role of Mitotic Kinases and the RZZ Complex in Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments: Doing the Right Link. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:787294. [PMID: 35155423 PMCID: PMC8832123 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.787294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, the interaction of kinetochores (KTs) with microtubules (MTs) drives chromosome congression to the spindle equator and supports the segregation of sister chromatids. Faithful genome partition critically relies on the ability of chromosomes to establish and maintain proper amphitelic end-on attachments, a configuration in which sister KTs are connected to robust MT fibers emanating from opposite spindle poles. Because the capture of spindle MTs by KTs is error prone, cells use mechanisms that sense and correct inaccurate KT-MT interactions before committing to segregate sister chromatids in anaphase. If left unresolved, these errors can result in the unequal distribution of chromosomes and lead to aneuploidy, a hallmark of cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular strategies that monitor the formation and fine-tuning of KT-MT attachments. We describe the complex network of proteins that operates at the KT-MT interface and discuss how AURORA B and PLK1 coordinate several concurrent events so that the stability of KT-MT attachments is precisely modulated throughout mitotic progression. We also outline updated knowledge on how the RZZ complex is regulated to ensure the formation of end-on attachments and the fidelity of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Barbosa
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: João Barbosa, ; Claudio E. Sunkel, ; Carlos Conde,
| | - Claudio E. Sunkel
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: João Barbosa, ; Claudio E. Sunkel, ; Carlos Conde,
| | - Carlos Conde
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: João Barbosa, ; Claudio E. Sunkel, ; Carlos Conde,
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9
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Xiao Q, Dong ZQ, Zhu Y, Zhang Q, Yang X, Xiao M, Chen P, Lu C, Pan MH. Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) Induces G2/M Arrest to Promote Viral Multiplication by Depleting BmCDK1. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121098. [PMID: 34940186 PMCID: PMC8708760 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Baculoviruses arrest the cell cycle in the S or G2/M phase in insect cells, but the exact mechanism of this process still remains obscure. Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV), one of the best characterized baculoviruses, is an important pathogen in silkworms. In the present study, we determined that downregulation of BmCDK1 and BmCyclin B expression was required for BmNPV-mediated G2/M phase arrest, which plays an essential role in facilitating BmNPV replication. Further investigations showed that BmNPV IAP1 interacted with BmCDK1. The overexpression of the BmNPV iap1 gene led to the accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase, and BmNPV iap1 gene knockdown attenuated the effect of BmNPV-mediated G2/M phase arrest. These findings enhance the understanding of BmNPV pathogenesis, and indicate a novel mechanism through which baculoviruses impact the cell cycle progression. Abstract Understanding virus–host interaction is very important for delineating the mechanism involved in viral replication and host resistance. Baculovirus, an insect virus, can cause S or G2/M phase arrest in insect cells. However, the roles and mechanism of Baculovirus-mediated S or G2/M phase arrest are not fully understood. Our results, obtained using flow cytometry (FCM), tubulin-labeling, BrdU-labeling, and CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS), showed that Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) induced G2/M phase arrest and inhibited cellular DNA replication as well as cell proliferation in BmN-SWU1 cells. We found that BmNPV induced G2/M arrest to support its replication and proliferation by reducing the expression of BmCDK1 and BmCyclin B. Co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that BmNPV IAP1 interacted with BmCDK1. BmNPV iap1 was involved in the process of BmNPV-induced G2/M arrest by reducing the content of BmCDK1. Taken together, our results improve the understanding of the virus–host interaction network, and provide a potential target gene that connects apoptosis and the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.X.); (Z.-Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.X.); (P.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zhan-Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.X.); (Z.-Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.X.); (P.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.X.); (Z.-Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.X.); (P.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.X.); (Z.-Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.X.); (P.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.X.); (Z.-Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.X.); (P.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Miao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.X.); (Z.-Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.X.); (P.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.X.); (Z.-Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.X.); (P.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.X.); (Z.-Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.X.); (P.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (M.-H.P.); Tel.: +86-23-6825-0346 (C.L.); +86-23-6825-0076 (M.-H.P.); Fax: +86-23-6825-1128 (C.L. & M.-H.P.)
| | - Min-Hui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.X.); (Z.-Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.X.); (P.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (M.-H.P.); Tel.: +86-23-6825-0346 (C.L.); +86-23-6825-0076 (M.-H.P.); Fax: +86-23-6825-1128 (C.L. & M.-H.P.)
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10
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Wang CH, Lu TJ, Wang LK, Wu CC, Chen ML, Kuo CY, Shyu RY, Tsai FM. Tazarotene-induced gene 1 interacts with Polo-like kinase 2 and inhibits cell proliferation in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:2347-2356. [PMID: 34314079 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tazarotene-induced gene 1 (TIG1) is considered to be a tumor suppressor gene that is highly expressed in normal or well-differentiated colon tissues, while downregulation of TIG1 expression occurs in poorly differentiated colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues. However, it is still unclear how TIG1 regulates the tumorigenesis of CRC. Polo-like kinases (Plks) are believed to play an important role in regulating the cell cycle. The performance of PLK2 in CRC is negatively correlated with the differentiation status of CRC tissues. Here, we found that PLK2 can induce the growth of CRC cells and that TIG1 can prevent PLK2 from promoting the proliferation of CRC cells. We also found that the expression of PLK2 in CRC cells was associated with low levels of Fbxw7 protein and increased expression of cyclin E1. When TIG1 was coexpressed with PLK2, the changes in Fbxw7/cyclin E1 levels induced by PLK2 were reversed. In contrast, silencing TIG1 promoted the proliferation of CRC, and when PLK2 was also silenced, the proliferation of CRC cells induced by TIG1 silencing was significantly inhibited. The above research results suggest that TIG1 can regulate the tumorigenesis of CRC by regulating the activity of PLK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Ju Lu
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Kai Wang
- Radiation Biology Core Laboratory, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chieh Wu
- Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital Keelung Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Liang Chen
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Yen Kuo
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Yaun Shyu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Ming Tsai
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Loss of telomere silencing is accompanied by dysfunction of Polo kinase and centrosomes during Drosophila oogenesis and early development. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258156. [PMID: 34624021 PMCID: PMC8500440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are nucleoprotein complexes that protect the ends of eukaryotic linear chromosomes from degradation and fusions. Telomere dysfunction leads to cell growth arrest, oncogenesis, and premature aging. Telomeric RNAs have been found in all studied species; however, their functions and biogenesis are not clearly understood. We studied the mechanisms of development disorders observed upon overexpression of telomeric repeats in Drosophila. In somatic cells, overexpression of telomeric retrotransposon HeT-A is cytotoxic and leads to the accumulation of HeT-A Gag near centrosomes. We found that RNA and RNA-binding protein Gag encoded by the telomeric retrotransposon HeT-A interact with Polo and Cdk1 mitotic kinases, which are conserved regulators of centrosome biogenesis and cell cycle. The depletion of proteins Spindle E, Ccr4 or Ars2 resulting in HeT-A overexpression in the germline was accompanied by mislocalization of Polo as well as its abnormal stabilization during oogenesis and severe deregulation of centrosome biogenesis leading to maternal-effect embryonic lethality. These data suggest a mechanistic link between telomeric HeT-A ribonucleoproteins and cell cycle regulators that ensures the cell response to telomere dysfunction.
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12
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Jadhav M, Sankhe K, Bhandare RR, Edis Z, Bloukh SH, Khan TA. Synthetic Strategies of Pyrimidine-Based Scaffolds as Aurora Kinase and Polo-like Kinase Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:5170. [PMID: 34500603 PMCID: PMC8434097 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The past few decades have witnessed significant progress in anticancer drug discovery. Small molecules containing heterocyclic moieties have attracted considerable interest for designing new antitumor agents. Of these, the pyrimidine ring system is found in multitude of drug structures, and being the building unit of DNA and RNA makes it an attractive scaffold for the design and development of anticancer drugs. Currently, 22 pyrimidine-containing entities are approved for clinical use as anticancer drugs by the FDA. An exhaustive literature search indicates several publications and more than 59 patents from the year 2009 onwards on pyrimidine derivatives exhibiting potent antiproliferative activity. These pyrimidine derivatives exert their activity via diverse mechanisms, one of them being inhibition of protein kinases. Aurora kinase (AURK) and polo-like kinase (PLK) are protein kinases involved in the regulation of the cell cycle. Within the numerous pyrimidine-based small molecules developed as anticancer agents, this review focuses on the pyrimidine fused heterocyclic compounds modulating the AURK and PLK proteins in different phases of clinical trials as anticancer agents. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of synthetic strategies for the preparation of pyrimidine derivatives and their associated biological activity on AURK/PLK. It will also present an overview of the synthesis of the heterocyclic-2-aminopyrimidine, 4-aminopyrimidine and 2,4-diaminopyrimidine scaffolds, and one of the pharmacophores in AURK/PLK inhibitors is described systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrunal Jadhav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, India; (M.J.); (K.S.)
| | - Kaksha Sankhe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, India; (M.J.); (K.S.)
| | - Richie R. Bhandare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates;
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Zehra Edis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates;
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Samir Haj Bloukh
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tabassum Asif Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, India; (M.J.); (K.S.)
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13
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Roopasree OJ, Adivitiya, Chakraborty S, Kateriya S, Veleri S. Centriole is the pivot coordinating dynamic signaling for cell proliferation and organization during early development in the vertebrates. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:2178-2197. [PMID: 34288241 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrates have an elaborate and functionally segmented body. It evolves from a single cell by systematic cell proliferation but attains a complex body structure with exquisite precision. This development requires two cellular events: cell cycle and ciliogenesis. For these events, the dynamic molecular signaling is converged at the centriole. The cell cycle helps in cell proliferation and growth of the body and is a highly regulated and integrated process. Its errors cause malignancies and developmental disorders. The cells newly proliferated are organized during organogenesis. For a cellular organization, dedicated signaling hubs are developed in the cells, and most often cilia are utilized. The cilium is generated from one of the centrioles involved in cell proliferation. The developmental signaling pathways hosted in cilia are essential for the elaboration of the body plan. The cilium's compartmental seclusion is ideal for noise-free molecular signaling and is essential for the precision of the body layout. The dysfunctional centrioles and primary cilia distort the development of body layout that manifest as serious developmental disorders. Thus, centriole has a dual role in the growth and cellular organization. It organizes dynamically expressed molecules of cell cycle and ciliogenesis and plays a balancing act to generate new cells and organize them during development. A putative master molecule may regulate and coordinate the dynamic gene expression at the centrioles. The convergence of many critical signaling components at the centriole reiterates the idea that centriole is a major molecular workstation involved in elaborating the structural design and complexity in vertebrates. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Roopasree
- Agroprocessing Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019 and Academy of CSIR, Uttar Pradesh - 201002, India
| | - Adivitiya
- Laboratory of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Soura Chakraborty
- Laboratory of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Suneel Kateriya
- Laboratory of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shobi Veleri
- Drug Safety Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, 500007, India
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14
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Zhang X, Hu Z, Li W, Liu Z, Li J, Wang Z, Martin VT, Yan B, Yu B. Circular RNA 0102049 suppresses the progression of osteosarcoma through modulating miR-520g-3p/PLK2 axis. Bioengineered 2021; 12:2022-2032. [PMID: 34060415 PMCID: PMC8806202 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1923259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a type of non-coding RNAs generated from back splicing to enhance or inhibit the progression of multiple human cancers including osteosarcoma (OS). Although circ_0102049 has been found to be highly expressed in OS cell lines, the role and specific mechanism of circ_0102049 in OS remains unclear. Here, we found that silence of circ_0102049 could significantly exacerbate the tumorigenesis of OS in vivo through sponging microRNA-520g-3p. Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2) was predicted to be a target of miR-520g-3p, and luciferase reporter assay revealed that overexpression of miR-520g-3p dramatically suppressed the expression of PLK2, whereas miR-520g-3p inhibitor promoted the PLK2 expression. Moreover, the silence of circ_0102049 could markedly promote the proliferation, invasion, migration and cell-cycle promotion while inhibiting the apoptosis of OS cell line MG63 cells in vitro through regulating miR-520g-3p/PLK2 axis. Taken together, the present study indicated that circ_0102049 suppressed the progression of osteosarcoma via modulating miR-520g-3p/PLK2/TAp73 axis, providing a potential therapeutic target for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengbo Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaoguan First People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Wenhu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaoguan First People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Zhongxun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaozhen Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Vidmi Taolam Martin
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Singh P, Pesenti ME, Maffini S, Carmignani S, Hedtfeld M, Petrovic A, Srinivasamani A, Bange T, Musacchio A. BUB1 and CENP-U, Primed by CDK1, Are the Main PLK1 Kinetochore Receptors in Mitosis. Mol Cell 2021; 81:67-87.e9. [PMID: 33248027 PMCID: PMC7837267 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Reflecting its pleiotropic functions, Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) localizes to various sub-cellular structures during mitosis. At kinetochores, PLK1 contributes to microtubule attachments and mitotic checkpoint signaling. Previous studies identified a wealth of potential PLK1 receptors at kinetochores, as well as requirements for various mitotic kinases, including BUB1, Aurora B, and PLK1 itself. Here, we combine ectopic localization, in vitro reconstitution, and kinetochore localization studies to demonstrate that most and likely all of the PLK1 is recruited through BUB1 in the outer kinetochore and centromeric protein U (CENP-U) in the inner kinetochore. BUB1 and CENP-U share a constellation of sequence motifs consisting of a putative PP2A-docking motif and two neighboring PLK1-docking sites, which, contingent on priming phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 and PLK1 itself, bind PLK1 and promote its dimerization. Our results rationalize previous observations and describe a unifying mechanism for recruitment of PLK1 to human kinetochores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marion E Pesenti
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefano Maffini
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sara Carmignani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marius Hedtfeld
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arsen Petrovic
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anupallavi Srinivasamani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tanja Bange
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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16
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Raab CA, Raab M, Becker S, Strebhardt K. Non-mitotic functions of polo-like kinases in cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188467. [PMID: 33171265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of mitotic protein kinases are currently being developed as non-neurotoxic alternatives of microtubule-targeting agents (taxanes, vinca alkaloids) which provide a substantial survival benefit for patients afflicted with different types of solid tumors. Among the mitotic kinases, the cyclin-dependent kinases, the Aurora kinases, the kinesin spindle protein and Polo-like kinases (PLKs) have emerged as attractive targets of cancer therapeutics. The functions of mammalian PLK1-5 are traditionally linked to the regulation of the cell cycle and to the stress response. Especially the key role of PLK1 and PLK4 in cellular growth and proliferation, their overexpression in multiple types of human cancer and their druggability, make them appealing targets for cancer therapy. Inhibitors for PLK1 and PLK4 are currently being tested in multiple cancer trials. The clinical success of microtubule-targeting agents is attributed not solely to the induction of a mitotic arrest in cancer cells, but also to non-mitotic effects like targeting intracellular trafficking on microtubules. This raises the question whether new cancer targets like PLK1 and PLK4 regulate critical non-mitotic functions in tumor cells. In this article we summarize the important roles of PLK1-5 for the regulation of non-mitotic signaling. Due to these functions it is conceivable that inhibitors for PLK1 or PLK4 can target interphase cells, which underscores their attractive potential as cancer drug targets. Moreover, we also describe the contribution of the tumor-suppressors PLK2, PLK3 and PLK5 to cancer cell signaling outside of mitosis. These observations highlight the urgent need to develop highly specific ATP-competitive inhibitors for PLK4 and for PLK1 like the 3rd generation PLK-inhibitor Onvansertib to prevent the inhibition of tumor-suppressor PLKs in- and outside of mitosis. The remarkable feature of PLKs to encompass a unique druggable domain, the polo-box-domain (PBD) that can be found only in PLKs offers the opportunity for the development of inhibitors that target PLKs exclusively. Beyond the development of mono-specific ATP-competitive PLK inhibitors, the PBD as drug target will support the design of new drugs that eradicate cancer cells based on the mitotic and non-mitotic function of PLK1 and PLK4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Raab
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sven Becker
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaus Strebhardt
- Department of Gynecology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, Partner Site Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany.
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17
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Ren Y, Deng R, Zhang Q, Li J, Han B, Ye P. Bioinformatics analysis of key genes in triple negative breast cancer and validation of oncogene PLK1. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1637. [PMID: 33490149 PMCID: PMC7812170 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) refers to a special subtype that is deficient in the expression of estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2). In this study, a variety of bioinformatics analysis tools were used to screen Hub genes related to the occurrence and development of triple negative breast cancer, and their biological functions were analyzed. Methods Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) breast cancer microarray data GSE62931 was selected as the research object. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of DEGs was constructed using bioinformatics tools. The Hub genes were also screened. The Gene Ontology (GO) knowledgebase and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used for biological enrichment analysis. The Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) online tool was used to verify the expression of the screened genes and patient survival. The effects of polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) on the proliferation, invasion, migration, and dryness of breast cancer cells were verified using cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8), transwell migration assays, scratch tests, and clone formation tests. An animal model of subcutaneous xenotransplantation of breast cancer was established to evaluate the effect of PLK1 on the proliferation of breast cancer. Results A total of 824 DEGs were screened by GSE62931 microarray data; 405 of which were up-regulated and 419 of which were down-regulated. Functional enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly enriched in cancer-related pathways and were primarily involved in biological processes (BP) such as cell and mitotic division. From the Hub gene screening, PLK1 was further identified as the Hub gene associated with TNBC. Cell and animal experiments indicated that PLK1 promotes the proliferation, invasion, migration, and clone formation of breast cancer cells. Conclusions Gene chip combined with bioinformatics methods can effectively analyze the DEGs related to the occurrence and development of breast cancer, and the screening of PLK1 can provide theoretical guidance for further research on the molecular mechanism of breast cancer and the screening of molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ren
- Breast Department, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital/Xuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Rong Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Breast Department, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital/Xuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Breast Department, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital/Xuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Baosan Han
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Ye
- Shanghai Institute for Minimally Invasive Therapy, School of Medical Instrument & Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science & Technology, Shanghai, China
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18
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Takeda Y, Yamazaki K, Hashimoto K, Watanabe K, Chinen T, Kitagawa D. The centriole protein CEP76 negatively regulates PLK1 activity in the cytoplasm for proper mitotic progression. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs241281. [PMID: 32878946 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.241281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) dynamically changes its localization and plays important roles in proper mitotic progression. In particular, strict control of cytoplasmic PLK1 is needed to prevent mitotic defects. However, the regulation of cytoplasmic PLK1 is not fully understood. In this study, we show that CEP76, a centriolar protein, physically interacts with PLK1 and tightly controls the activation of cytoplasmic PLK1 during mitosis in human cells. We found that removal of centrosomes induced ectopic aggregation of PLK1, which is highly phosphorylated, in the cytoplasm during mitosis. Importantly, a targeted RNAi screen revealed that depletion of CEP76 resulted in a similar phenotype. In addition, depletion of CEP76 caused defective spindle orientation and mitotic delay. Moreover, the formation of ectopic PLK1 aggregates and defective spindle orientation were significantly suppressed by the inhibition of PLK1 kinase activity. Overall, these results demonstrate that CEP76 suppresses the aberrant activation of cytoplasmic PLK1 for proper mitotic progression.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Takeda
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kaho Yamazaki
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kaho Hashimoto
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koki Watanabe
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takumi Chinen
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daiju Kitagawa
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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19
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Kurasawa Y, An T, Li Z. Polo-like kinase in trypanosomes: an odd member out of the Polo family. Open Biol 2020; 10:200189. [PMID: 33050792 PMCID: PMC7653357 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinases (Plks) are evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine protein kinases playing crucial roles during multiple stages of mitosis and cytokinesis in yeast and animals. Plks are characterized by a unique Polo-box domain, which plays regulatory roles in controlling Plk activation, interacting with substrates and targeting Plk to specific subcellular locations. Plk activity and protein abundance are subject to temporal and spatial control through transcription, phosphorylation and proteolysis. In the early branching protists, Plk orthologues are present in some taxa, such as kinetoplastids and Giardia, but are lost in apicomplexans, such as Plasmodium. Works from characterizing a Plk orthologue in Trypanosoma brucei, a kinetoplastid protozoan, discover its essential roles in regulating the inheritance of flagellum-associated cytoskeleton and the initiation of cytokinesis, but not any stage of mitosis. These studies reveal evolutionarily conserved and species-specific features in the control of Plk activation, substrate recognition and protein abundance, and suggest the divergence of Plk function and regulation for specialized needs in this flagellated unicellular eukaryote.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ziyin Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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20
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Kumar T, Blondel L, Extavour CG. Topology-driven protein-protein interaction network analysis detects genetic sub-networks regulating reproductive capacity. eLife 2020; 9:54082. [PMID: 32901612 PMCID: PMC7550192 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic regulation of organ structure is a fundamental problem in developmental biology. Here, we use egg-producing structures of insect ovaries, called ovarioles, to deduce systems-level gene regulatory relationships from quantitative functional genetic analysis. We previously showed that Hippo signalling, a conserved regulator of animal organ size, regulates ovariole number in Drosophila melanogaster. To comprehensively determine how Hippo signalling interacts with other pathways in this regulation, we screened all known signalling pathway genes, and identified Hpo-dependent and Hpo-independent signalling requirements. Network analysis of known protein-protein interactions among screen results identified independent gene regulatory sub-networks regulating one or both of ovariole number and egg laying. These sub-networks predict involvement of previously uncharacterised genes with higher accuracy than the original candidate screen. This shows that network analysis combining functional genetic and large-scale interaction data can predict function of novel genes regulating development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Kumar
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Leo Blondel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Cassandra G Extavour
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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21
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Landmann C, Pierre-Elies P, Goutte-Gattat D, Montembault E, Claverie MC, Royou A. The Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex mediates the robust recruitment of Polo to DNA lesions during mitosis in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs244442. [PMID: 32487663 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.244442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage sensor Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex and Polo kinase are recruited to DNA lesions during mitosis. However, their mechanism of recruitment is elusive. Here, using live-cell imaging combined with micro-irradiation of single chromosomes, we analyze the dynamics of Polo and Mre11 at DNA lesions during mitosis in Drosophila These two proteins display distinct kinetics. Whereas Polo kinetics at double-strand breaks (DSBs) are Cdk1-driven, Mre11 promptly but briefly associates with DSBs regardless of the phase of mitosis and re-associates with DSBs in the proceeding interphase. Mechanistically, Polo kinase activity is required for its own recruitment and that of the mitotic proteins BubR1 and Bub3 to DSBs. Moreover, depletion of Rad50 severely impaired Polo kinetics at mitotic DSBs. Conversely, ectopic tethering of Mre11 to chromatin was sufficient to recruit Polo. Our study highlights a novel pathway that links the DSB sensor Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex and Polo kinase to initiate a prompt, decisive response to the presence of DNA damage during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Landmann
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Priscillia Pierre-Elies
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Damien Goutte-Gattat
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Emilie Montembault
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Marie-Charlotte Claverie
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Anne Royou
- CNRS, UMR5095, University of Bordeaux, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
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22
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Yu J, Xu H, Cui J, Chen S, Zhang H, Zou Y, Zhao J, Le S, Jiang L, Chen Z, Liu H, Zhang D, Xia J, Wu J. PLK1 Inhibition alleviates transplant-associated obliterative bronchiolitis by suppressing myofibroblast differentiation. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:11636-11652. [PMID: 32541091 PMCID: PMC7343459 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD) resulting from fibrosis is the major limiting factor for long-term survival of lung transplant patients. Myofibroblasts promote fibrosis in multiple organs, including the lungs. In this study, we identified PLK1 as a promoter of myofibroblast differentiation and investigated the mechanism by which its inhibition alleviates transplant-associated obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) during CAD. High-throughput bioinformatic analyses and experiments using the murine heterotopic tracheal transplantation model revealed that PLK1 is upregulated in grafts undergoing CAD as compared with controls, and that inhibiting PLK1 alleviates OB in vivo. Inhibition of PLK1 in vitro reduced expression of the specific myofibroblast differentiation marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and decreased phosphorylation of both MEK and ERK. Importantly, we observed a similar phenomenon in human primary fibroblasts. Our results thus highlight PLK1 as a promising therapeutic target for alleviating transplant-associated OB through suppression of TGF-β1-mediated myofibroblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhang Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Heng Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jikai Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yanqiang Zou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Sheng Le
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhang Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jiahong Xia
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
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Gao Z, Man X, Li Z, Bi J, Liu X, Li Z, Li J, Zhang Z, Kong C. PLK1 promotes proliferation and suppresses apoptosis of renal cell carcinoma cells by phosphorylating MCM3. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 27:412-423. [PMID: 31186514 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-019-0094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Minichromosome maintenance 3 (MCM3) protein has been widely studied due to its essential role in DNA replication. In addition, it is overexpressed in several human tumor types. However, the role of this protein in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is not widely known. In this study, we demonstrated that polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1)-mediated MCM3 phosphorylation regulates proliferation and apoptosis in RCC. Our results confirm that PLK1 and phospho-MCM3 (p-MCM3) are highly expressed in renal cell carcinoma. The expression of PLK1 is closely related to the clinical characteristics of renal cell carcinoma. They play important roles in the proliferation and apoptosis of RCC. In vitro, after overexpression of PLK1 or MCM3, the proliferation of RCC cells was significantly enhanced and cell apoptosis was inhibited, while after knockout, the proliferation of RCC cells was weakened and cell apoptosis was promoted. In addition, Mn2+-Phos-tag SDS-PAGE, western blotting, and immunofluorescence were utilized to determine that MCM3 is a physiological substrate of PLK1, which is phosphorylated on serine 112 (Ser112) in a PLK1-dependent manner. PLK1-mediated MCM3 phosphorylation promotes RCC cell cycle proliferation and suppresses apoptosis in vitro. Moreover, we found that PLK1-mediated MCM3 phosphorylation induced cellular proliferation and decreased apoptosis, as well as tumor growth in mice. Overall, we conclude that PLK1-mediated MCM3 phosphorylation is a novel mechanism to regulate RCC proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Gao
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaojun Man
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jianbin Bi
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiankui Liu
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zeliang Li
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Chuize Kong
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping, 110001, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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24
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García IA, Garro C, Fernandez E, Soria G. Therapeutic opportunities for PLK1 inhibitors: Spotlight on BRCA1-deficiency and triple negative breast cancers. Mutat Res 2020; 821:111693. [PMID: 32172132 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2020.111693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polo-Like Kinases (PLKs) are central players of mitotic progression in Eukaryotes. Given the intimate relationship between cell cycle progression and cancer development, PLKs in general and PLK1 in particular have been thoroughly studied as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in oncology. The oncogenic properties of PLK1 overexpression across different types of human cancers are attributed to its roles in promoting mitotic entry, centrosome maturation, spindle assembly and cytokinesis. While several academic labs and pharmaceutical companies were able to develop potent and selective inhibitors of PLK1 (PLK1i) for preclinical research, such compounds have reached only limited success in clinical trials despite their great pharmacokinetics. Even though this could be attributed to multiple causes, the housekeeping roles of PLK1 in both normal and cancer cells are most likely the main reason for clinical trials failure and withdraw due to toxicities issues. Therefore, great efforts are being invested to position PLK1i in the treatment of specific types of cancers with revised dosages schemes. In this mini review we focus on two potential niches for PLK1i that are supported by recent evidence: triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) and BRCA1-deficient cancers. On the one hand, we recollect several lines of strong evidence indicating that TNBCs are among the cancers with highest PLK1 expression and sensitivity to PLK1i. These findings are encouraging because of the limited therapeutics options available for TNBC patients, which rely mainly on classic chemotherapy. On the other hand, we discuss recent evidence that unveils synthetic lethality induction by PLK1 inhibition in BRCA1-deficient cancers cells. This previously unforeseen therapeutic link between PLK1 and BRCA1 is promising because it defines novel therapeutic opportunities for PLK1i not only for breast cancer (i.e. TNBCs with BRCA1 deficiencies), but also for other types of cancers with BRCA1-deficiencies, such as pancreatic and prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Alejandra García
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIDIE-CONICET. Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cintia Garro
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Elmer Fernandez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIDIE-CONICET. Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gastón Soria
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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25
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Abstract
The coordinated activities of many protein kinases, acting on multiple protein substrates, ensures the error-free progression through mitosis of eukaryotic cells. Enormous research effort has thus been devoted to studying the roles and regulation of these mitotic kinases, and to the identification of their physiological substrates. Central for the timely deployment of specific protein kinases to their appropriate substrates during the cell division cycle are the many anchoring proteins, which serve critical regulatory roles. Through direct association, anchoring proteins are capable of modulating the catalytic activity and/or sub-cellular distribution of the mitotic kinases they associate with. The key roles of some anchoring proteins in cell division are well-established, whilst others are still being unearthed. Here, we review the current knowledge on anchoring proteins for some mitotic kinases, and highlight how targeting anchoring proteins for inhibition, instead of the mitotic kinases themselves, could be advantageous for disrupting the cell division cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Fulcher
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Gopal P Sapkota
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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26
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Kanca O, Zirin J, Garcia-Marques J, Knight SM, Yang-Zhou D, Amador G, Chung H, Zuo Z, Ma L, He Y, Lin WW, Fang Y, Ge M, Yamamoto S, Schulze KL, Hu Y, Spradling AC, Mohr SE, Perrimon N, Bellen HJ. An efficient CRISPR-based strategy to insert small and large fragments of DNA using short homology arms. eLife 2019; 8:e51539. [PMID: 31674908 PMCID: PMC6855806 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported a CRISPR-mediated knock-in strategy into introns of Drosophila genes, generating an attP-FRT-SA-T2A-GAL4-polyA-3XP3-EGFP-FRT-attP transgenic library for multiple uses (Lee et al., 2018a). The method relied on double stranded DNA (dsDNA) homology donors with ~1 kb homology arms. Here, we describe three new simpler ways to edit genes in flies. We create single stranded DNA (ssDNA) donors using PCR and add 100 nt of homology on each side of an integration cassette, followed by enzymatic removal of one strand. Using this method, we generated GFP-tagged proteins that mark organelles in S2 cells. We then describe two dsDNA methods using cheap synthesized donors flanked by 100 nt homology arms and gRNA target sites cloned into a plasmid. Upon injection, donor DNA (1 to 5 kb) is released from the plasmid by Cas9. The cassette integrates efficiently and precisely in vivo. The approach is fast, cheap, and scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Jonathan Zirin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - Shannon Marie Knight
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Donghui Yang-Zhou
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Gabriel Amador
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Hyunglok Chung
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Liwen Ma
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Yuchun He
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Wen-Wen Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Ming Ge
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Karen L Schulze
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Allan C Spradling
- Department of EmbryologyHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Carnegie Institution for ScienceBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Stephanie E Mohr
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
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27
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Cell Cycle Kinase Polo Is Controlled by a Widespread 3' Untranslated Region Regulatory Sequence in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00581-18. [PMID: 31085682 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00581-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative polyadenylation generates transcriptomic diversity, although the physiological impact and regulatory mechanisms involved are still poorly understood. The cell cycle kinase Polo is controlled by alternative polyadenylation in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR), with critical physiological consequences. Here, we characterized the molecular mechanisms required for polo alternative polyadenylation. We identified a conserved upstream sequence element (USE) close to the polo proximal poly(A) signal. Transgenic flies without this sequence show incorrect selection of polo poly(A) signals with consequent downregulation of Polo expression levels and insufficient/defective activation of Polo kinetochore targets Mps1 and Aurora B. Deletion of the USE results in abnormal mitoses in neuroblasts, revealing a role for this sequence in vivo We found that Hephaestus binds to the USE RNA and that hephaestus mutants display defects in polo alternative polyadenylation concomitant with a striking reduction in Polo protein levels, leading to mitotic errors and aneuploidy. Bioinformatic analyses show that the USE is preferentially localized upstream of noncanonical polyadenylation signals in Drosophila melanogaster genes. Taken together, our results revealed the molecular mechanisms involved in polo alternative polyadenylation, with remarkable physiological functions in Polo expression and activity at the kinetochores, and disclosed a new in vivo function for USEs in Drosophila melanogaster.
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28
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Addis Jones O, Tiwari A, Olukoga T, Herbert A, Chan KL. PLK1 facilitates chromosome biorientation by suppressing centromere disintegration driven by BLM-mediated unwinding and spindle pulling. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2861. [PMID: 31253795 PMCID: PMC6599003 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10938-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Centromeres provide a pivotal function for faithful chromosome segregation. They serve as a foundation for the assembly of the kinetochore complex and spindle connection, which is essential for chromosome biorientation. Cells lacking Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) activity suffer severe chromosome alignment defects, which is believed primarily due to unstable kinetochore-microtubule attachment. Here, we reveal a previously undescribed mechanism named 'centromere disintegration' that drives chromosome misalignment in PLK1-inactivated cells. We find that PLK1 inhibition does not necessarily compromise metaphase establishment, but instead its maintenance. We demonstrate that this is caused by unlawful unwinding of DNA by BLM helicase at a specific centromere domain underneath kinetochores. Under bipolar spindle pulling, the distorted centromeres are promptly decompacted into DNA threadlike molecules, leading to centromere rupture and whole-chromosome arm splitting. Consequently, chromosome alignment collapses. Our study unveils an unexpected role of PLK1 as a chromosome guardian to maintain centromere integrity for chromosome biorientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Addis Jones
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 7BG, UK
| | - Ankana Tiwari
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 7BG, UK
| | - Tomisin Olukoga
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 7BG, UK
| | - Alex Herbert
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 7BG, UK
| | - Kok-Lung Chan
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 7BG, UK.
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29
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Murga-Zamalloa C, Inamdar KV, Wilcox RA. The role of aurora A and polo-like kinases in high-risk lymphomas. Blood Adv 2019; 3:1778-1787. [PMID: 31186254 PMCID: PMC6560346 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk lymphomas (HRLs) are associated with dismal outcomes and remain a therapeutic challenge. Recurrent genetic and molecular alterations, including c-myc expression and aurora A kinase (AAK) and polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) activation, promote cell proliferation and contribute to the highly aggressive natural history associated with these lymphoproliferative disorders. In addition to its canonical targets regulating mitosis, the AAK/PLK1 axis directly regulates noncanonical targets, including c-myc. Recent studies demonstrate that HRLs, including T-cell lymphomas and many highly aggressive B-cell lymphomas, are dependent upon the AAK/PLK1 axis. Therefore, the AAK/PLK1 axis has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target in these lymphomas. In addition to reviewing these recent findings, we summarize the rationale for targeting AAK/PLK1 in high-risk and c-myc-driven lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Murga-Zamalloa
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; and
| | | | - Ryan A Wilcox
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; and
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30
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de Cárcer G. The Mitotic Cancer Target Polo-Like Kinase 1: Oncogene or Tumor Suppressor? Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E208. [PMID: 30862113 PMCID: PMC6470689 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The master mitotic regulator, Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), is an essential gene for the correct execution of cell division. Plk1 has strong clinical relevance, as it is considered a bona fide cancer target, it is found overexpressed in a large collection of different cancer types and this tumoral overexpression often correlates with poor patient prognosis. All these data led the scientific community to historically consider Plk1 as an oncogene. Although there is a collection of scientific reports showing how Plk1 can contribute to tumor progression, recent data from different laboratories using mouse models, show that Plk1 can surprisingly play as a tumor suppressor. Therefore, the fact that Plk1 is an oncogene is now under debate. This review summarizes the proposed mechanisms by which Plk1 can play as an oncogene or as a tumor suppressor, and extrapolates this information to clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo de Cárcer
- Cell Cycle & Cancer Biomarkers Group, Cancer Biology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas"Alberto Sols" (IIBm), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,(CSIC-UAM), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Verma V, Maresca TJ. Microtubule plus-ends act as physical signaling hubs to activate RhoA during cytokinesis. eLife 2019; 8:38968. [PMID: 30758285 PMCID: PMC6398982 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are essential for cleavage furrow positioning during cytokinesis, but the mechanisms by which MT-derived signals spatially define regions of cortical contractility are unresolved. In this study cytokinesis regulators visualized in Drosophila melanogaster (Dm) cells were found to localize to and track MT plus-ends during cytokinesis. The RhoA GEF Pebble (Dm ECT2) did not evidently tip-track, but rather localized rapidly to cortical sites contacted by MT plus-tips, resulting in RhoA activation and enrichment of myosin-regulatory light chain. The MT plus-end localization of centralspindlin was compromised following EB1 depletion, which resulted in a higher incidence of cytokinesis failure. Centralspindlin plus-tip localization depended on the C-terminus and a putative EB1-interaction motif (hxxPTxh) in RacGAP50C. We propose that MT plus-end-associated centralspindlin recruits a cortical pool of Dm ECT2 upon physical contact to activate RhoA and to trigger localized contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Verma
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
| | - Thomas J Maresca
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
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32
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Abstract
Centrosome amplification is a feature of multiple tumour types and has been postulated to contribute to both tumour initiation and tumour progression. This chapter focuses on the mechanisms by which an increase in centrosome number might lead to an increase or decrease in tumour progression and the role of proteins that regulate centrosome number in driving tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunabha Bose
- KS215, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sorab N Dalal
- KS215, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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33
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Bonner AM, Hawley RS. Functional Consequences of the Evolution of Matrimony, a Meiosis-Specific Inhibitor of Polo Kinase. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:69-83. [PMID: 30351378 PMCID: PMC6340472 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is a defining characteristic of eukaryotes, believed to have evolved only once, over one billion years ago. While the general progression of meiotic events is conserved across multiple diverse organisms, the specific pathways and proteins involved can be highly divergent, even within species from the same genus. Here we investigate the rapid evolution of Matrimony (Mtrm), a female meiosis-specific regulator of Polo kinase (Polo) in Drosophila. Mtrm physically interacts with Polo and is required to restrict the activity of Polo during meiosis. Despite Mtrm’s critical role in meiosis, sequence conservation within the genus Drosophila is poor. To explore the functional significance of this rapid divergence, we expressed Mtrm proteins from 12 different Drosophila species in the Drosophila melanogaster female germline. Distantly related Mtrm homologs are able to both physically interact with D. melanogaster Polo and rescue the meiotic defects seen in mtrm mutants. However, these distant homologs are not properly degraded after the completion of meiosis. Rather, they continue to inhibit Polo function in the early embryo, resulting in dominant maternal-effect lethality. We show that the ability of Mtrm to be properly degraded, and thus release Polo, is partially due to residues or motifs found within Mtrm’s least-conserved regions. We hypothesize that, while Mtrm regions critical for its meiotic function are under strong purifying selection, changes that occurred in its unconserved regions may have been advantageous, potentially by affecting the timing or duration of meiosis and/or the early embryonic divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Scott Hawley
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
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34
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Colicino EG, Hehnly H. Regulating a key mitotic regulator, polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 75:481-494. [PMID: 30414309 PMCID: PMC7113694 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During cell division, duplicated genetic material is separated into two distinct daughter cells. This process is essential for initial tissue formation during development and to maintain tissue integrity throughout an organism's lifetime. To ensure the efficacy and efficiency of this process, the cell employs a variety of regulatory and signaling proteins that function as mitotic regulators and checkpoint proteins. One vital mitotic regulator is polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a highly conserved member of the polo-like kinase family. Unique from its paralogues, it functions specifically during mitosis as a regulator of cell division. PLK1 is spatially and temporally enriched at three distinct subcellular locales; the mitotic centrosomes, kinetochores, and the cytokinetic midbody. These localization patterns allow PLK1 to phosphorylate specific downstream targets to regulate mitosis. In this review, we will explore how polo-like kinases were originally discovered and diverged into the five paralogues (PLK1-5) in mammals. We will then focus specifically on the most conserved, PLK1, where we will discuss what is known about how its activity is modulated, its role during the cell cycle, and new, innovative tools that have been developed to examine its function and interactions in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica G. Colicino
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUpstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew York
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUpstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew York
- Department of BiologySyracuse UniversitySyracuseNew York
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Tvedte ES, Forbes AA, Logsdon JM. Retention of Core Meiotic Genes Across Diverse Hymenoptera. J Hered 2018; 108:791-806. [PMID: 28992199 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esx062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms of meiosis are critical for proper gamete formation in sexual organisms. Functional studies in model organisms have identified genes essential for meiosis, yet the extent to which this core meiotic machinery is conserved across non-model systems is not fully understood. Moreover, it is unclear whether deviation from canonical modes of sexual reproduction is accompanied by modifications in the genetic components involved in meiosis. We used a robust approach to identify and catalogue meiosis genes in Hymenoptera, an insect order typically characterized by haplodiploid reproduction. Using newly available genome data, we searched for 43 genes involved in meiosis in 18 diverse hymenopterans. Seven of eight genes with roles specific to meiosis were found across a majority of surveyed species, suggesting the preservation of core meiotic machinery in haplodiploid hymenopterans. Phylogenomic analyses of the inventory of meiosis genes and the identification of shared gene duplications and losses provided support for the grouping of species within Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonomorpha, and Aculeata clades, along with a paraphyletic Symphyta. The conservation of meiosis genes across Hymenoptera provides a framework for studying transitions between reproductive modes in this insect group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Tvedte
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Andrew A Forbes
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - John M Logsdon
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Maniswami RR, Prashanth S, Karanth AV, Koushik S, Govindaraj H, Mullangi R, Rajagopal S, Jegatheesan SK. PLK4: a link between centriole biogenesis and cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 22:59-73. [PMID: 29171762 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1410140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polo like kinase (PLK) is known to play a pivotal role in various cell cycle processes to perpetuate proper division and growth of the cells. Polo like kinase-4 (PLK4) is one such kinase that appears in low abundance and plays a well-characterized role in centriole duplication. PLK4 deregulation (i.e. both overexpression and depletion of PLK4), leads to altered mitotic fidelity and thereby triggers tumorigenesis. Hence, over the last few years PLK4 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of various advanced cancers. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the basic structure, expression, localization and functions of PLK4 along with its regulation by various proteins. We also discuss the role of altered PLK4 activity in the onset of cancer and the current pre-clinical and clinical inhibitors to regulate PLK4. Expert opinion: PLK4 mediated centriole duplication has a crucial role in maintaining mitotic correctness in normal cells, while its deregulation has a greater impact on genesis of cancer. Henceforth, a deep knowledge of the PLK4 levels, its role and interactions with various proteins in cancer is required to design effective inhibitors for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sindhu Koushik
- a Jubilant Biosys Ltd, Bioinformatics , Bangalore , India
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Kachaner D, Garrido D, Mehsen H, Normandin K, Lavoie H, Archambault V. Coupling of Polo kinase activation to nuclear localization by a bifunctional NLS is required during mitotic entry. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1701. [PMID: 29167465 PMCID: PMC5700101 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Polo kinase is a master regulator of mitosis and cytokinesis conserved from yeasts to humans. Polo is composed of an N-term kinase domain (KD) and a C-term polo-box domain (PBD), which regulates its subcellular localizations. The PBD and KD can interact and inhibit each other, and this reciprocal inhibition is relieved when Polo is phosphorylated at its activation loop. How Polo activation and localization are coupled during mitotic entry is unknown. Here we report that PBD binding to the KD masks a nuclear localization signal (NLS). Activating phosphorylation of the KD leads to exposure of the NLS and entry of Polo into the nucleus before nuclear envelope breakdown. Failures of this mechanism result in misregulation of the Cdk1-activating Cdc25 phosphatase and lead to mitotic and developmental defects in Drosophila. These results uncover spatiotemporal mechanisms linking master regulatory enzymes during mitotic entry. Drosophila Polo kinase is the founding member of the Polo-Like Kinase (PLK) family and a master regulator of mitosis and cytokinesis. Here the authors uncover a molecular mechanism for the spatiotemporal regulation of Polo kinase during mitotic entry through a phosphorylation event that triggers nuclear import.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kachaner
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3J7.,Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Damien Garrido
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3J7.,Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Haytham Mehsen
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Karine Normandin
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Hugo Lavoie
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Vincent Archambault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3J7. .,Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3J7.
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Drug-Free Approach To Study the Unusual Cell Cycle of Giardia intestinalis. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00384-16. [PMID: 28959734 PMCID: PMC5607323 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00384-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis is a protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis, a form of severe and infectious diarrhea. Despite the importance of the cell cycle in the control of proliferation and differentiation during a giardia infection, it has been difficult to study this process due to the absence of a synchronization procedure that would not induce cellular damage resulting in artifacts. We utilized counterflow centrifugal elutriation (CCE), a size-based separation technique, to successfully obtain fractions of giardia cultures enriched in G1, S, and G2. Unlike drug-induced synchronization of giardia cultures, CCE did not induce double-stranded DNA damage or endoreplication. We observed increases in the appearance and size of the median body in the cells from elutriation fractions corresponding to the progression of the cell cycle from early G1 to late G2. Consequently, CCE could be used to examine the dynamics of the median body and other structures and organelles in the giardia cell cycle. For the cell cycle gene expression studies, the actin-related gene was identified by the program geNorm as the most suitable normalizer for reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis of the CCE samples. Ten of 11 suspected cell cycle-regulated genes in the CCE fractions have expression profiles in giardia that resemble those of higher eukaryotes. However, the RNA levels of these genes during the cell cycle differ less than 4-fold to 5-fold, which might indicate that large changes in gene expression are not required by giardia to regulate the cell cycle. IMPORTANCE Giardias are among the most commonly reported intestinal protozoa in the world, with infections seen in humans and over 40 species of animals. The life cycle of giardia alternates between the motile trophozoite and the infectious cyst. The regulation of the cell cycle controls the proliferation of giardia trophozoites during an active infection and contains the restriction point for the differentiation of trophozoite to cyst. Here, we developed counterflow centrifugal elutriation as a drug-free method to obtain fractions of giardia cultures enriched in cells from the G1, S, and G2 stages of the cell cycle. Analysis of these fractions showed that the cells do not show side effects associated with the drugs used for synchronization of giardia cultures. Therefore, counterflow centrifugal elutriation would advance studies on key regulatory events during the giardia cell cycle and identify potential drug targets to block giardia proliferation and transmission.
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Frappaolo A, Sechi S, Belloni G, Piergentili R, Giansanti MG. Visualization of cleavage furrow proteins in fixed dividing spermatocytes. Methods Cell Biol 2017; 137:85-103. [PMID: 28065322 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinesis separates the cytoplasmic organelles and the duplicated genome into two daughter cells at the end of cell division. In animal cell cytokinesis, assembly and constriction of the contractile apparatus must be finely coordinated with plasma membrane remodeling and vesicle trafficking at the cleavage furrow. Accurate control of these events during cell cleavage is a fundamental task in all organisms and is also essential for maintaining ploidy and preventing neoplastic transformation. Drosophila male meiosis provides a well-suited cell system for exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying cytokinesis, combining the powerful tools of Drosophila genetics with unique cytological characteristics. Remarkably the large size of male meiotic cells highly facilitates cytological analysis of cytokinesis. Here we describe the main procedures that we use for fixing and visualizing cleavage furrow proteins in male meiotic cells. Moreover, we detail our protocol to detect protein interactions in fixed dividing spermatocytes by applying in situ proximity ligation assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Frappaolo
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Università di Roma Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - S Sechi
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Università di Roma Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - G Belloni
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Università di Roma Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - R Piergentili
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Università di Roma Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - M G Giansanti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Università di Roma Sapienza, Roma, Italy
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de Cárcer G, Wachowicz P, Martínez-Martínez S, Oller J, Méndez-Barbero N, Escobar B, González-Loyola A, Takaki T, El Bakkali A, Cámara JA, Jiménez-Borreguero LJ, Bustelo XR, Cañamero M, Mulero F, de Los Ángeles Sevilla M, Montero MJ, Redondo JM, Malumbres M. Plk1 regulates contraction of postmitotic smooth muscle cells and is required for vascular homeostasis. Nat Med 2017; 23:964-974. [PMID: 28692064 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), an essential regulator of cell division, is currently undergoing clinical evaluation as a target for cancer therapy. We report an unexpected function of Plk1 in sustaining cardiovascular homeostasis. Plk1 haploinsufficiency in mice did not induce obvious cell proliferation defects but did result in arterial structural alterations, which frequently led to aortic rupture and death. Specific ablation of Plk1 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) led to reduced arterial elasticity, hypotension, and an impaired arterial response to angiotensin II in vivo. Mechanistically, we found that Plk1 regulated angiotensin II-dependent activation of RhoA and actomyosin dynamics in VSMCs in a mitosis-independent manner. This regulation depended on Plk1 kinase activity, and the administration of small-molecule Plk1 inhibitors to angiotensin II-treated mice led to reduced arterial fitness and an elevated risk of aneurysm and aortic rupture. We thus conclude that a partial reduction of Plk1 activity that does not block cell division can nevertheless impair aortic homeostasis. Our findings have potentially important implications for current approaches aimed at PLK1 inhibition for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo de Cárcer
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paulina Wachowicz
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Martínez-Martínez
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodelling and Inflammation Group, Spanish National Cardiovascular Centre (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en RED (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Oller
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodelling and Inflammation Group, Spanish National Cardiovascular Centre (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en RED (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Méndez-Barbero
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodelling and Inflammation Group, Spanish National Cardiovascular Centre (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Escobar
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Tohru Takaki
- Clare Hall Laboratories, London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Aicha El Bakkali
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Cámara
- Molecular Imaging Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis J Jiménez-Borreguero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en RED (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Advanced Imaging Unit, Spanish National Cardiovascular Centre (CNIC), and Cardiac Imaging Department, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xosé R Bustelo
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer de Salamanca, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cañamero
- Comparative Pathology Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Mulero
- Molecular Imaging Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - María de Los Ángeles Sevilla
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jose Montero
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Redondo
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodelling and Inflammation Group, Spanish National Cardiovascular Centre (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en RED (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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Kumar S, Sharma G, Chakraborty C, Sharma AR, Kim J. Regulatory functional territory of PLK-1 and their substrates beyond mitosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:37942-37962. [PMID: 28415805 PMCID: PMC5514964 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK-1) is a well-known (Ser/Thr) mitotic protein kinase and is considered as a proto-oncogene. As hyper-activation of PLK-1 is broadly associated with poor prognosis and cancer progression, it is one of the most extensively studied mitotic kinases. During mitosis, PLK-1 regulates various cell cycle events, such as spindle pole maturation, chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. However, studies have demonstrated that the role of PLK-1 is not only restricted to mitosis, but PLK-1 can also regulate other vital events beyond mitosis, including transcription, translation, ciliogenesis, checkpoint adaptation and recovery, apoptosis, chromosomes dynamics etc. Recent reviews have tried to define the regulatory role of PLK-1 during mitosis progression and tumorigenesis, but its' functional role beyond mitosis is still largely unexplored. PLK-1 can regulate the activity of many proteins that work outside of its conventional territory. The dysregulation of these proteins can cause diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, tumorigenesis etc. and may also lead to drug resistance. Thus, in this review, we discussed the versatile role of PLK-1 and tried to collect data to validate its' functional role in cell cycle regulation apart from mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chucheonsi, Gangwondo, Republic of Korea
| | - Garima Sharma
- Institute For Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chucheonsi, Gangwondo, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Bio-informatics, School of Computer and Information Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute For Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chucheonsi, Gangwondo, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chucheonsi, Gangwondo, Republic of Korea
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Lattao R, Kovács L, Glover DM. The Centrioles, Centrosomes, Basal Bodies, and Cilia of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2017; 206:33-53. [PMID: 28476861 PMCID: PMC5419478 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.198168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles play a key role in the development of the fly. They are needed for the correct formation of centrosomes, the organelles at the poles of the spindle that can persist as microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) into interphase. The ability to nucleate cytoplasmic microtubules (MTs) is a property of the surrounding pericentriolar material (PCM). The centriole has a dual life, existing not only as the core of the centrosome but also as the basal body, the structure that templates the formation of cilia and flagellae. Thus the structure and functions of the centriole, the centrosome, and the basal body have an impact upon many aspects of development and physiology that can readily be modeled in Drosophila Centrosomes are essential to give organization to the rapidly increasing numbers of nuclei in the syncytial embryo and for the spatially precise execution of cell division in numerous tissues, particularly during male meiosis. Although mitotic cell cycles can take place in the absence of centrosomes, this is an error-prone process that opens up the fly to developmental defects and the potential of tumor formation. Here, we review the structure and functions of the centriole, the centrosome, and the basal body in different tissues and cultured cells of Drosophila melanogaster, highlighting their contributions to different aspects of development and cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Lattao
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
| | - Levente Kovács
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
| | - David M Glover
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
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Kiryanov A, Natala S, Jones B, McBride C, Feher V, Lam B, Liu Y, Honda K, Uchiyama N, Kawamoto T, Hikichi Y, Zhang L, Hosfield D, Skene R, Zou H, Stafford J, Cao X, Ichikawa T. Structure-based design and SAR development of 5,6-dihydroimidazolo[1,5-f]pteridine derivatives as novel Polo-like kinase-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1311-1315. [PMID: 28169164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Using structure-based drug design, we identified a novel series of 5,6-dihydroimidazolo[1,5-f]pteridine PLK1 inhibitors. Rational improvements to compounds of this class resulted in single-digit nanomolar enzyme and cellular activity against PLK1, and oral bioavailability. Compound 1 exhibits >7 fold induction of phosphorylated Histone H3 and is efficacious in an in vivo HT-29 tumor xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Kiryanov
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego 92121, USA.
| | - Srinivasa Natala
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego 92121, USA
| | - Benjamin Jones
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego 92121, USA
| | | | - Victoria Feher
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego 92121, USA
| | - Betty Lam
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego 92121, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego 92121, USA
| | - Kouhei Honda
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 2-26-1, Muraokahigashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-855, Japan
| | - Noriko Uchiyama
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 2-26-1, Muraokahigashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-855, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kawamoto
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 2-26-1, Muraokahigashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-855, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hikichi
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 2-26-1, Muraokahigashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-855, Japan
| | - Lilly Zhang
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego 92121, USA
| | - David Hosfield
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego 92121, USA
| | - Robert Skene
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego 92121, USA
| | - Hua Zou
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego 92121, USA
| | - Jeffrey Stafford
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego 92121, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cao
- Takeda California, 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego 92121, USA
| | - Takashi Ichikawa
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, 2-26-1, Muraokahigashi, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-855, Japan
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Normandin K, Lavallée JF, Futter M, Beautrait A, Duchaine J, Guiral S, Marinier A, Archambault V. Identification of Polo-like kinase 1 interaction inhibitors using a novel cell-based assay. Sci Rep 2016; 5:37581. [PMID: 27874094 PMCID: PMC5118709 DOI: 10.1038/srep37581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) plays several roles in cell division and it is a recognized cancer drug target. Plk1 levels are elevated in cancer and several types of cancer cells are hypersensitive to Plk1 inhibition. Small molecule inhibitors of the kinase domain (KD) of Plk1 have been developed. Their selectivity is limited, which likely contributes to their toxicity. Polo-like kinases are characterized by a Polo-Box Domain (PBD), which mediates interactions with phosphorylation substrates or regulators. Inhibition of the PBD could allow better selectivity or result in different effects than inhibition of the KD. In vitro screens have been used to identify PBD inhibitors with mixed results. We developed the first cell-based assay to screen for PBD inhibitors, using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET). We screened through 112 983 compounds and characterized hits in secondary biochemical and biological assays. Subsequent Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) analysis on our most promising hit revealed that it requires an alkylating function for its activity. In addition, we show that the previously reported PBD inhibitors thymoquinone and Poloxin are also alkylating agents. Our cell-based assay is a promising tool for the identification of new PBD inhibitors with more drug-like profiles using larger and more diverse chemical libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Normandin
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jean-François Lavallée
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marie Futter
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Beautrait
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jean Duchaine
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sébastien Guiral
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Anne Marinier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Vincent Archambault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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Manic G, Corradi F, Sistigu A, Siteni S, Vitale I. Molecular Regulation of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint by Kinases and Phosphatases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 328:105-161. [PMID: 28069132 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a surveillance mechanism contributing to the preservation of genomic stability by monitoring the microtubule attachment to, and/or the tension status of, each kinetochore during mitosis. The SAC halts metaphase to anaphase transition in the presence of unattached and/or untensed kinetochore(s) by releasing the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC) from these improperly-oriented kinetochores to inhibit the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). The reversible phosphorylation of a variety of substrates at the kinetochore by antagonistic kinases and phosphatases is one major signaling mechanism for promptly turning on or turning off the SAC. In such a complex network, some kinases act at the apex of the SAC cascade by either generating (monopolar spindle 1, MPS1/TTK and likely polo-like kinase 1, PLK1), or contributing to generate (Aurora kinase B) kinetochore phospho-docking sites for the hierarchical recruitment of the SAC proteins. Aurora kinase B, MPS1 and budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 (BUB1) also promote sister chromatid biorientation by modulating kinetochore microtubule stability. Moreover, MPS1, BUB1, and PLK1 seem to play key roles in APC/C inhibition by mechanisms dependent and/or independent on MCC assembly. The protein phosphatase 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A) are recruited to kinetochores to oppose kinase activity. These phosphatases reverse the phosphorylation of kinetochore targets promoting the microtubule attachment stabilization, sister kinetochore biorientation and SAC silencing. The kinase-phosphatase network is crucial as it renders the SAC a dynamic, graded-signaling, high responsive, and robust process thereby ensuring timely anaphase onset and preventing the generation of proneoplastic aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Manic
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
| | - F Corradi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - A Sistigu
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - S Siteni
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
| | - I Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
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An Amino-Terminal Polo Kinase Interaction Motif Acts in the Regulation of Centrosome Formation and Reveals a Novel Function for centrosomin (cnn) in Drosophila. Genetics 2016; 201:685-706. [PMID: 26447129 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.181842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of the pericentriolar matrix (PCM) and a fully functional centrosome in syncytial Drosophila melanogaster embryos requires the rapid transport of Cnn during initiation of the centrosome replication cycle. We show a Cnn and Polo kinase interaction is apparently required during embryogenesis and involves the exon 1A-initiating coding exon, suggesting a subset of Cnn splice variants is regulated by Polo kinase. During PCM formation exon 1A Cnn-Long Form proteins likely bind Polo kinase before phosphorylation by Polo for Cnn transport to the centrosome. Loss of either of these interactions in a portion of the total Cnn protein pool is sufficient to remove native Cnn from the pool, thereby altering the normal localization dynamics of Cnn to the PCM. Additionally, Cnn-Short Form proteins are required for polar body formation, a process known to require Polo kinase after the completion of meiosis. Exon 1A Cnn-LF and Cnn-SF proteins, in conjunction with Polo kinase, are required at the completion of meiosis and for the formation of functional centrosomes during early embryogenesis.
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Wachowicz P, Fernández-Miranda G, Marugán C, Escobar B, de Cárcer G. Genetic depletion of Polo-like kinase 1 leads to embryonic lethality due to mitotic aberrancies. Bioessays 2016; 38 Suppl 1:S96-S106. [PMID: 27417127 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201670908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays multiple and essential roles during the cell division cycle. Its inhibition in cultured cells leads to severe mitotic aberrancies and cell death. Whereas previous reports suggested that Plk1 depletion in mice leads to a non-mitotic arrest in early embryos, we show here that the bi-allelic Plk1 depletion in mice certainly results in embryonic lethality due to extensive mitotic aberrations at the morula stage, including multi- and mono-polar spindles, impaired chromosome segregation and cytokinesis failure. In addition, the conditional depletion of Plk1 during mid-gestation leads also to severe mitotic aberrancies. Our data also confirms that Plk1 is completely dispensable for mitotic entry in vivo. On the other hand, Plk1 haploinsufficient mice are viable, and Plk1-heterozygous fibroblasts do not harbor any cell cycle alterations. Plk1 is overexpressed in many human tumors, suggesting a therapeutic benefit of inhibiting Plk1, and specific small-molecule inhibitors for this kinase are now being evaluated in clinical trials. Therefore, the different Plk1 mouse models here presented are a valuable tool to reexamine the relevance of the mitotic kinase Plk1 during mammalian development and animal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wachowicz
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gonzalo Fernández-Miranda
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Marugán
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Escobar
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Centre (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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Wang ZD, Shen LP, Chang C, Zhang XQ, Chen ZM, Li L, Chen H, Zhou PK. Long noncoding RNA lnc-RI is a new regulator of mitosis via targeting miRNA-210-3p to release PLK1 mRNA activity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25385. [PMID: 27160062 PMCID: PMC4861912 DOI: 10.1038/srep25385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that lncRNAs play critical roles in various biological processes, but many have not been functionally characterized. Here, we report a novel radiation-inducible lncRNA, namely lnc-RI which is essential for cell survival and appropriate mitotic progression. Our data indicated that knockdown of lnc-RI resulted in spindle abnormalities and mitotic arrest simultaneously with sharply decreased mRNA and protein expression of PLK1, a key regulator of mitosis. Our data demonstrated that PLK1 is a key downstream mediator of lnc-RI in regulating mitosis, whereby lnc-RI competitively bound to the negative PLK1 regulating miRNA, miRNA-210-p3. Taken together, we have identified lnc-RI as a new regulator of mitosis which acts by releasing PLK1 mRNA activity via competition for binding to miRNA-210-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Dong Wang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ping Shen
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Chang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Radiation Hygiene, College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421000, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Qing Zhang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Min Chen
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
| | - Ping-Kun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P. R. China
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Radiation Hygiene, College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421000, P.R. China
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Esmaeeli-Nieh S, Fenckova M, Porter IM, Motazacker MM, Nijhof B, Castells-Nobau A, Asztalos Z, Weißmann R, Behjati F, Tzschach A, Felbor U, Scherthan H, Sayfati SM, Ropers HH, Kahrizi K, Najmabadi H, Swedlow JR, Schenck A, Kuss AW. BOD1 Is Required for Cognitive Function in Humans and Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006022. [PMID: 27166630 PMCID: PMC4864283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a stop-mutation in the BOD1 (Biorientation Defective 1) gene, which co-segregates with intellectual disability in a large consanguineous family, where individuals that are homozygous for the mutation have no detectable BOD1 mRNA or protein. The BOD1 protein is required for proper chromosome segregation, regulating phosphorylation of PLK1 substrates by modulating Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity during mitosis. We report that fibroblast cell lines derived from homozygous BOD1 mutation carriers show aberrant localisation of the cell cycle kinase PLK1 and its phosphatase PP2A at mitotic kinetochores. However, in contrast to the mitotic arrest observed in BOD1-siRNA treated HeLa cells, patient-derived cells progressed through mitosis with no apparent segregation defects but at an accelerated rate compared to controls. The relatively normal cell cycle progression observed in cultured cells is in line with the absence of gross structural brain abnormalities in the affected individuals. Moreover, we found that in normal adult brain tissues BOD1 expression is maintained at considerable levels, in contrast to PLK1 expression, and provide evidence for synaptic localization of Bod1 in murine neurons. These observations suggest that BOD1 plays a cell cycle-independent role in the nervous system. To address this possibility, we established two Drosophila models, where neuron-specific knockdown of BOD1 caused pronounced learning deficits and significant abnormalities in synapse morphology. Together our results reveal novel postmitotic functions of BOD1 as well as pathogenic mechanisms that strongly support a causative role of BOD1 deficiency in the aetiology of intellectual disability. Moreover, by demonstrating its requirement for cognitive function in humans and Drosophila we provide evidence for a conserved role of BOD1 in the development and maintenance of cognitive features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Esmaeeli-Nieh
- Department for Human Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michaela Fenckova
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Iain M. Porter
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - M. Mahdi Motazacker
- Department for Human Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bonnie Nijhof
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anna Castells-Nobau
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Zoltan Asztalos
- Department Genetics, Aktogen Limited, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Aktogen Hungary Ltd., Bay Zoltán Nonprofit Ltd., Institute for Biotechnology, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Robert Weißmann
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Farkhondeh Behjati
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andreas Tzschach
- Department for Human Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Felbor
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Harry Scherthan
- Department for Human Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verbindung mit der Universität Ulm, München, Germany
| | - Seyed Morteza Sayfati
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - H. Hilger. Ropers
- Department for Human Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jason R. Swedlow
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Schenck
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Andreas W. Kuss
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Chen JLY, Chen JP, Huang YS, Tsai YC, Tsai MH, Jaw FS, Cheng JCH, Kuo SH, Shieh MJ. Radiosensitization in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Effect of polo-like kinase 1 inhibition. Strahlenther Onkol 2016; 192:260-8. [PMID: 26952039 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-016-0951-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the efficacy of polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibition on radiosensitivity in vitro and in vivo by a pharmacologic approach using the highly potent PLK1 inhibitor volasertib. METHODS AND MATERIALS Human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines KYSE 70 and KYSE 150 were used to evaluate the synergistic effect of volasertib and irradiation in vitro using cell viability assay, colony formation assay, cell cycle phase analysis, and western blot, and in vivo using ectopic tumor models. RESULTS Volasertib decreased ESCC cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Combination of volasertib and radiation caused G2/M cell cycle arrest, increased cyclin B levels, and induced apoptosis. Volasertib significantly enhanced radiation-induced death in ESCC cells by a mechanism involving the enhancement of histone H3 phosphorylation and significant cell cycle interruption. The combination of volasertib plus irradiation delayed the growth of ESCC tumor xenografts markedly compared with either treatment modality alone. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro results suggested that targeting PLK1 might be a viable approach to improve the effects of radiation in ESCC. In vivo studies showed that PLK1 inhibition with volasertib during irradiation significantly improved local tumor control when compared to irradiation or drug treatment alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Ling-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Pai Chen
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sen Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, No.7, Chung-Shan South Road, 100, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan.
| | - Yuan-Chun Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Shan Jaw
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jason Chia-Hsien Cheng
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Hsin Kuo
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jium Shieh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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