1
|
Pathania AS, Chava H, Balusu R, Pasupulati AK, Coulter DW, Challagundla KB. The crosstalk between non-coding RNAs and cell-cycle events: A new frontier in cancer therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200785. [PMID: 38595981 PMCID: PMC10973673 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The cell cycle comprises sequential events during which a cell duplicates its genome and divides it into two daughter cells. This process is tightly regulated to ensure that the daughter cell receives identical copied chromosomal DNA and that any errors in the DNA during replication are correctly repaired. Cyclins and their enzyme partners, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), are critical regulators of G- to M-phase transitions during the cell cycle. Mitogenic signals induce the formation of the cyclin/CDK complexes, resulting in phosphorylation and activation of the CDKs. Once activated, cyclin/CDK complexes phosphorylate specific substrates that drive the cell cycle forward. The sequential activation and inactivation of cyclin-CDK complexes are tightly controlled by activating and inactivating phosphorylation events induced by cell-cycle proteins. The non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which do not code for proteins, regulate cell-cycle proteins at the transcriptional and translational levels, thereby controlling their expression at different cell-cycle phases. Deregulation of ncRNAs can cause abnormal expression patterns of cell-cycle-regulating proteins, resulting in abnormalities in cell-cycle regulation and cancer development. This review explores how ncRNA dysregulation can disrupt cell division balance and discusses potential therapeutic approaches targeting these ncRNAs to control cell-cycle events in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anup S. Pathania
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Haritha Chava
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ramesh Balusu
- Department of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Anil K. Pasupulati
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India
| | - Don W. Coulter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kishore B. Challagundla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- The Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barrett AK, Shingare MR, Rechtsteiner A, Rodriguez KM, Le QN, Wijeratne TU, Mitchell CE, Membreno MW, Rubin SM, Müller GA. HDAC activity is dispensable for repression of cell-cycle genes by DREAM and E2F:RB complexes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4450. [PMID: 38789411 PMCID: PMC11126580 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a crucial role in transcriptional regulation and are implicated in various diseases, including cancer. They are involved in histone tail deacetylation and canonically linked to transcriptional repression. Previous studies suggested that HDAC recruitment to cell-cycle gene promoters via the retinoblastoma (RB) protein or the DREAM complex through SIN3B is essential for G1/S and G2/M gene repression during cell-cycle arrest and exit. Here we investigate the interplay among DREAM, RB, SIN3 proteins, and HDACs in the context of cell-cycle gene repression. Knockout of SIN3B does not globally derepress cell-cycle genes in non-proliferating HCT116 and C2C12 cells. Loss of SIN3A/B moderately upregulates several cell-cycle genes in HCT116 cells but does so independently of DREAM/RB. HDAC inhibition does not induce general upregulation of RB/DREAM target genes in arrested transformed or non-transformed cells. Our findings suggest that E2F:RB and DREAM complexes can repress cell-cycle genes without relying on HDAC activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Manisha R Shingare
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Rechtsteiner
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Kelsie M Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Quynh N Le
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Tilini U Wijeratne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Corbin E Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Miles W Membreno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Seth M Rubin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
| | - Gerd A Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Suleman M, Khattak A, Akbar F, Rizwan M, Tayyab M, Yousaf M, Khan A, Albekairi NA, Agouni A, Crovella S. Analysis of E2F1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms reveals deleterious non-synonymous substitutions that disrupt E2F1-RB protein interaction in cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129559. [PMID: 38242392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a medical condition that is caused by the abnormal growth and division of cells, leading to the formation of tumors. The E2F1 and RB pathways are critical in regulating cell cycle, and their dysregulation can contribute to the development of cancer. In this study, we analyzed experimentally reported SNPs in E2F1 and assessed their effects on the binding affinity with RB. Out of 46, nine mutations were predicted as deleterious, and further analysis revealed four highly destabilizing mutations (L206W, R232C, I254T, A267T) that significantly altered the protein structure. Molecular docking of wild-type and mutant E2F1 with RB revealed a docking score of -242 kcal/mol for wild-type, while the mutant complexes had scores ranging from -217 to -220 kcal/mol. Molecular simulation analysis revealed variations in the dynamics features of both mutant and wild-type complexes due to the acquired mutations. Furthermore, the total binding free energy for the wild-type E2F1-RB complex was -64.89 kcal/mol, while those of the L206W, R232C, I254T, and A267T E2F1-RB mutants were -45.90 kcal/mol, -53.52 kcal/mol, -55.67 kcal/mol, and -61.22 kcal/mol, respectively. Our study is the first to extensively analyze E2F1 gene mutations and identifies candidate mutations for further validation and potential targeting for cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suleman
- Laboratory of Animal Research Center (LARC) Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan.
| | - Aishma Khattak
- Department of Bioinformatics, Shaheed Benazir butto women university Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Fazal Akbar
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Tayyab
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, the University of Agriculture Peshawar.
| | - Muhammad Yousaf
- Centre for Animal Sciences and Fisheries, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan.
| | - Abbas Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Norah A Albekairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Post Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdelali Agouni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Laboratory of Animal Research Center (LARC) Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Morrison L, Loibl S, Turner NC. The CDK4/6 inhibitor revolution - a game-changing era for breast cancer treatment. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21:89-105. [PMID: 38082107 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00840-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibition in combination with endocrine therapy is the standard-of-care treatment for patients with advanced-stage hormone receptor-positive, HER2 non-amplified (HR+HER2-) breast cancer. These agents can also be administered as adjuvant therapy to patients with higher-risk early stage disease. Nonetheless, the clinical success of these agents has created several challenges, such as how to address acquired resistance, identifying which patients are most likely to benefit from therapy prior to treatment, and understanding the optimal timing of administration and sequencing of these agents. In this Review, we describe the rationale for targeting CDK4/6 in patients with breast cancer, including a summary of updated clinical evidence and how this should inform clinical practice. We also discuss ongoing research efforts that are attempting to address the various challenges created by the widespread implementation of these agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morrison
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Breast Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sibylle Loibl
- German Breast Group, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nicholas C Turner
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
- Breast Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Barrett A, Shingare MR, Rechtsteiner A, Wijeratne TU, Rodriguez KM, Rubin SM, Müller GA. HDAC activity is dispensable for repression of cell-cycle genes by DREAM and E2F:RB complexes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.28.564489. [PMID: 37961464 PMCID: PMC10634886 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.28.564489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are pivotal in transcriptional regulation, and their dysregulation has been associated with various diseases including cancer. One of the critical roles of HDAC-containing complexes is the deacetylation of histone tails, which is canonically linked to transcriptional repression. Previous research has indicated that HDACs are recruited to cell-cycle gene promoters through the RB protein or the DREAM complex via SIN3B and that HDAC activity is essential for repressing G1/S and G2/M cell-cycle genes during cell-cycle arrest and exit. In this study, we sought to explore the interdependence of DREAM, RB, SIN3 proteins, and HDACs in the context of cell-cycle gene repression. We found that genetic knockout of SIN3B did not lead to derepression of cell-cycle genes in non-proliferating HCT116 and C2C12 cells. A combined loss of SIN3A and SIN3B resulted in a moderate upregulation in mRNA expression of several cell-cycle genes in arrested HCT116 cells, however, these effects appeared to be independent of DREAM or RB. Furthermore, HDAC inhibition did not induce a general upregulation of RB and DREAM target gene expression in arrested transformed or non-transformed cells. Our findings provide evidence that E2F:RB and DREAM complexes can repress cell-cycle genes without reliance on HDAC activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Current Affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Manisha R. Shingare
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Andreas Rechtsteiner
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Tilini U. Wijeratne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Current Affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kelsie M. Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Seth M. Rubin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Gerd A. Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mir BA, Ahmad A, Farooq N, Priya MV, Siddiqui AH, Asif M, Manzoor R, Ishqi HM, Alomar SY, Rahaman PF. Increased expression of HPV-E7 oncoprotein correlates with a reduced level of pRb proteins via high viral load in cervical cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15075. [PMID: 37699974 PMCID: PMC10497568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common cause of sexually transmitted diseases and causes a wide range of pathologies including cervical carcinoma. Integration of the HR-HPV DNA into the host genome plays a crucial role in cervical carcinoma. An alteration of the pRb pathways by the E7 proteins is one of the mechanisms that's account for the transforming capacity of high-risk papillomavirus. For the proper understanding of the underline mechanism of the progression of the disease, the present study investigate the correlation of concentration of host pRb protein, viral E7 oncoprotein and viral load in early and advanced stages of cervical carcinoma. It was found that the viral load in early stages (stage I and II) was less (log10 transformed mean value 2.6 and 3.0) compared to advanced stages (stage III and IV) (Log10 transformed value 5.0 and 5.8) having high expression of HPV E7 onco-protein and reduced level of pRb protein, signifying the role of viral load and expression level of E7 oncoprotein in the progression of cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad Mir
- Zoology Section, School of Sciences, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Arif Ahmad
- Zoology Section, School of Sciences, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nighat Farooq
- Zoology Section, School of Sciences, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Hyderabad, India
| | - M Vishnu Priya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MNJ Cancer Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - A H Siddiqui
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - M Asif
- Zoology Section, School of Sciences, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rouquia Manzoor
- Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Hassan Mubarak Ishqi
- Department of Surgery and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Suliman Y Alomar
- Department of Zoology, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - P F Rahaman
- Zoology Section, School of Sciences, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Hyderabad, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Flint AC, Mitchell DK, Angus SP, Smith AE, Bessler W, Jiang L, Mang H, Li X, Lu Q, Rodriguez B, Sandusky GE, Masters AR, Zhang C, Dang P, Koenig J, Johnson GL, Shen W, Liu J, Aggarwal A, Donoho GP, Willard MD, Bhagwat SV, Wade Clapp D, Rhodes SD. Combined CDK4/6 and ERK1/2 Inhibition Enhances Antitumor Activity in NF1-Associated Plexiform Neurofibroma. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:3438-3456. [PMID: 37406085 PMCID: PMC11060649 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-2854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Plexiform neurofibromas (PNF) are peripheral nerve sheath tumors that cause significant morbidity in persons with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), yet treatment options remain limited. To identify novel therapeutic targets for PNF, we applied an integrated multi-omic approach to quantitatively profile kinome enrichment in a mouse model that has predicted therapeutic responses in clinical trials for NF1-associated PNF with high fidelity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Utilizing RNA sequencing combined with chemical proteomic profiling of the functionally enriched kinome using multiplexed inhibitor beads coupled with mass spectrometry, we identified molecular signatures predictive of response to CDK4/6 and RAS/MAPK pathway inhibition in PNF. Informed by these results, we evaluated the efficacy of the CDK4/6 inhibitor, abemaciclib, and the ERK1/2 inhibitor, LY3214996, alone and in combination in reducing PNF tumor burden in Nf1flox/flox;PostnCre mice. RESULTS Converging signatures of CDK4/6 and RAS/MAPK pathway activation were identified within the transcriptome and kinome that were conserved in both murine and human PNF. We observed robust additivity of the CDK4/6 inhibitor, abemaciclib, in combination with the ERK1/2 inhibitor, LY3214996, in murine and human NF1(Nf1) mutant Schwann cells. Consistent with these findings, the combination of abemaciclib (CDK4/6i) and LY3214996 (ERK1/2i) synergized to suppress molecular signatures of MAPK activation and exhibited enhanced antitumor activity in Nf1flox/flox;PostnCre mice in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide rationale for the clinical translation of CDK4/6 inhibitors alone and in combination with therapies targeting the RAS/MAPK pathway for the treatment of PNF and other peripheral nerve sheath tumors in persons with NF1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C. Flint
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Dana K. Mitchell
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Steven P. Angus
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Abbi E. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Waylan Bessler
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Henry Mang
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Qingbo Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brooke Rodriguez
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - George E. Sandusky
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andi R. Masters
- Clinical Pharmacology Analytical Core, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Pengtao Dang
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Jenna Koenig
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Gary L. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Weihua Shen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jiangang Liu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amit Aggarwal
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gregory P. Donoho
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Melinda D. Willard
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shripad V. Bhagwat
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - D. Wade Clapp
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Steven D. Rhodes
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liang XB, Dai ZC, Zou R, Tang JX, Yao CW. The Therapeutic Potential of CDK4/6 Inhibitors, Novel Cancer Drugs, in Kidney Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13558. [PMID: 37686364 PMCID: PMC10487876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a crucial pathological feature in cancers and kidney diseases, playing a significant role in disease progression. Cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6 not only contribute to cell cycle progression but also participate in cell metabolism, immunogenicity and anti-tumor immune responses. Recently, CDK4/6 inhibitors have gained approval for investigational treatment of breast cancer and various other tumors. Kidney diseases and cancers commonly exhibit characteristic pathological features, such as the involvement of inflammatory cells and persistent chronic inflammation. Remarkably, CDK4/6 inhibitors have demonstrated impressive efficacy in treating non-cancerous conditions, including certain kidney diseases. Current studies have identified the renoprotective effect of CDK4/6 inhibitors, presenting a novel idea and potential direction for treating kidney diseases in the future. In this review, we briefly reviewed the cell cycle in mammals and the role of CDK4/6 in regulating it. We then provided an introduction to CDK4/6 inhibitors and their use in cancer treatment. Additionally, we emphasized the importance of these inhibitors in the treatment of kidney diseases. Collectively, growing evidence demonstrates that targeting CDK4 and CDK6 through CDK4/6 inhibitors might have therapeutic benefits in various cancers and kidney diseases and should be further explored in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ji-Xin Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Diseases of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Cui-Wei Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Diseases of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
MEKs/ERKs-mediated FBXO1/E2Fs interaction interference modulates G 1/S cell cycle transition and cancer cell proliferation. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:44-58. [PMID: 36607545 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
E2F 1, 2, and 3a, (refer to as E2Fs) are a subfamily of E2F transcription factor family that play essential roles in cell-cycle progression, DNA replication, DNA repair, apoptosis, and differentiation. Although the transcriptional regulation of E2Fs has focused on pocket protein retinoblastoma protein complex, recent studies indicate that post-translational modification and stability regulation of E2Fs play key roles in diverse cellular processes. In this study, we found that FBXO1, a component of S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1)-cullin 1-F-box protein (SCF) complex, is an E2Fs binding partner. Furthermore, FBXO1 to E2Fs binding induced K48 ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of E2Fs. Binding domain analysis indicated that the Arg (R)/Ile (I) and R/Val (V) motifs, which are located in the dimerization domain of E2Fs, of E2F 1 and 3a and E2F2, respectively, acted as degron motifs (DMs) for FBXO1. Notably, RI/AA or RV/AA mutation in the DMs reduced FBXO1-mediated ubiquitination and prolonged the half-lives of E2Fs. Importantly, the stabilities of E2Fs were affected by phosphorylation of threonine residues located near RI and RV residues of DMs. Phosphorylation prediction database analysis and specific inhibitor analysis revealed that MEK/ERK signaling molecules play key roles in FBXO1/E2Fs' interaction and modulate E2F protein turnover. Moreover, both elevated E2Fs protein levels by knockdown of FBXO1 and decreased E2Fs protein levels by sh-E2F3a delayed G1/S cell cycle transition, resulting in inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. These results demonstrated that FBXO1-E2Fs axis-mediated precise E2Fs stability regulation plays a key role in cell proliferation via G1/S cell cycle transition.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hashemi L, Ormsbee ME, Patel PJ, Nielson JA, Ahlander J, Padash Barmchi M. A Drosophila model of HPV16-induced cancer reveals conserved disease mechanism. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278058. [PMID: 36508448 PMCID: PMC9744332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) cause almost all cervical cancers and a significant number of vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV16 and 18 are the most prevalent types among HR-HPVs and together cause more than 70% of all cervical cancers. Low vaccination rate and lack of molecularly-targeted therapeutics for primary therapy have led to a slow reduction in cervical cancer incidence and high mortality rate. Hence, creating new models of HPV-induced cancer that can facilitate understanding of the disease mechanism and identification of key cellular targets of HPV oncogenes are important for development of new interventions. Here in this study, we used the tissue-specific expression technique, Gal4-UAS, to establish the first Drosophila model of HPV16-induced cancer. Using this technique, we expressed HPV16 oncogenes E5, E6, E7 and the human E3 ligase (hUBE3A) specifically in the epithelia of Drosophila eye, which allows simple phenotype scoring without affecting the viability of the organism. We found that, as in human cells, hUBE3A is essential for cellular abnormalities caused by HPV16 oncogenes in flies. Several proteins targeted for degradation by HPV16 oncoproteins in human cells were also reduced in the Drosophila epithelial cells. Cell polarity and adhesion were compromised, resulting in impaired epithelial integrity. Cells did not differentiate to the specific cell types of ommatidia, but instead were transformed into neuron-like cells. These cells extended axon-like structures to connect to each other and exhibited malignant behavior, migrating away to distant sites. Our findings suggest that given the high conservation of genes and signaling pathways between humans and flies, the Drosophila model of HPV16- induced cancer could serve as an excellent model for understanding the disease mechanism and discovery of novel molecularly-targeted therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Hashemi
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States of America
| | - McKenzi E. Ormsbee
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States of America
| | - Prashant J. Patel
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States of America
| | - Jacquelyn A. Nielson
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Joseph Ahlander
- Department of Natural Sciences, Northeastern State University, Broken Arrow, OK, United States of America
| | - Mojgan Padash Barmchi
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
E2F1/CKS2/PTEN signaling axis regulates malignant phenotypes in pediatric retinoblastoma. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:784. [PMID: 36096885 PMCID: PMC9468144 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05222-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common pediatric intraocular malignancy and is a serious vision- and life-threatening disease. The biallelic mutation of the retinoblastoma gene RB1 is the initial event in the malignant transformation of RB, but the exact molecular mechanism is still unclear. E2F transcription factors can be activated by RB1 loss of function and lead to uncontrolled cell division. Among E2F family numbers, E2F1 has higher expression abundance than E2F2 and E2F3 in RB clinical samples. By integrating E2F1 ChIP-seq data, RNA-seq profiling from RB samples and RNA-seq profiling upon E2F1 knockdown, together with pathway analysis, literature searching and experimental validation, we identified Cyclin-dependent kinases regulatory subunit 2 (CKS2) as a novel regulator in regulating tumor-associated phenotypes in RB. CKS2 exhibited aberrantly higher expression in RB. Depletion of CKS2 in Y79 retinoblastoma cell line led to reduced cell proliferation, delayed DNA replication and decreased clonogenic growth. Downregulation of CKS2 also slowed tumor xenograft growth in nude mice. Importantly, reversed expression of CKS2 rescued cancer-associated phenotypes. Mechanistically, transcription factor E2F1 enhanced CKS2 expression through binding to its promoter and CKS2 regulated the cancer-associated PI3K-AKT pathway. This study discovered E2F1/CKS2/PTEN signaling axis regulates malignant phenotypes in pediatric retinoblastoma, and CKS2 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for this disease.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yao Y, Gu X, Xu X, Ge S, Jia R. Novel insights into RB1 mutation. Cancer Lett 2022; 547:215870. [PMID: 35964818 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB1) decades ago, RB1 has been regarded as a prototype tumor suppressor gene providing a paradigm for tumor genetic research. Constant research has updated the understanding of RB1-related pathways and their impact on tumor and nontumor diseases. Mutation of RB1 gene has been observed in multiple types of malignant tumors including prostate cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and almost every familial and sporadic case of retinoblastoma. Even if well-known and long-investigated, the application potential of RB1 mutation has not been fully tapped. In this review, we focus on the mechanism underlying RB1 mutation during oncogenesis. Therapeutically, we have further discussed potential clinical strategies by targeting RB1-mutated cancers. The unsolved problems and prospects of RB1 mutation are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiang Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaofang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and CDK6 are critical mediators of cellular transition into S phase and are important for the initiation, growth and survival of many cancer types. Pharmacological inhibitors of CDK4/6 have rapidly become a new standard of care for patients with advanced hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. As expected, CDK4/6 inhibitors arrest sensitive tumour cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. However, the effects of CDK4/6 inhibition are far more wide-reaching. New insights into their mechanisms of action have triggered identification of new therapeutic opportunities, including the development of novel combination regimens, expanded application to a broader range of cancers and use as supportive care to ameliorate the toxic effects of other therapies. Exploring these new opportunities in the clinic is an urgent priority, which in many cases has not been adequately addressed. Here, we provide a framework for conceptualizing the activity of CDK4/6 inhibitors in cancer and explain how this framework might shape the future clinical development of these agents. We also discuss the biological underpinnings of CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance, an increasingly common challenge in clinical oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shom Goel
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Johann S Bergholz
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jean J Zhao
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Baj J, Forma A, Dudek I, Chilimoniuk Z, Dobosz M, Dobrzyński M, Teresiński G, Buszewicz G, Flieger J, Portincasa P. The Involvement of Human Papilloma Virus in Gastrointestinal Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112607. [PMID: 35681587 PMCID: PMC9179480 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. HPV infection has a strong relationship with the onset of cervix uteri, vagina, penis, anus, and oropharynx, but also tonsils and tongue cancers. Some epidemiological data indicate that except for gynecologic cancers, HPV infection can be one of the risk factors associated with a greater risk of induction and progression of gastrointestinal cancers. Data, however, remain contradictory and definite conclusions cannot be drawn, so far. The following review aims to organize recent evidence and summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the association between HPV infection and gastrointestinal tumors primarily focusing on esophageal, liver, gastric, colorectal, and anal cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Alicja Forma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (I.D.); (Z.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Iga Dudek
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (I.D.); (Z.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Zuzanna Chilimoniuk
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (I.D.); (Z.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Maciej Dobosz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (I.D.); (Z.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Michał Dobrzyński
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (I.D.); (Z.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Grzegorz Teresiński
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (I.D.); (Z.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Grzegorz Buszewicz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (I.D.); (Z.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Luo L, Wang Q, Liao Y. The Inhibitors of CDK4/6 from a Library of Marine Compound Database: A Pharmacophore, ADMET, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Study. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20050319. [PMID: 35621970 PMCID: PMC9144134 DOI: 10.3390/md20050319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: CDK4/6 (Cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6) are the key promoters of cell cycle transition from G1 phase to S phase. Thus, selective inhibition of CDK4/6 is a promising cancer treatment. Methods: A total of 52,765 marine natural products were screened for CDK4/6. To screen out better natural compounds, pharmacophore models were first generated, then the absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity (ADMET) were tested, followed by molecular docking. Finally, molecular dynamics simulation was carried out to verify the binding characteristics of the selected compounds. Results: Eighty-seven marine small molecules were screened based on the pharmacophore model. Then, compounds 41369 and 50843 were selected according to the ADMET and molecular docking score for further kinetic simulation evaluation. Finally, through molecular dynamics analysis, it was confirmed that compound 50843 maintained a stable conformation with the target protein, so it has the opportunity to become an inhibitor of CDK4/6. Conclusion: Through structure-based pharmacophore modeling, ADMET, the molecular docking method and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, marine natural compound 50843 was proposed as a promising marine inhibitor of CDK4/6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianxiang Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang 524023, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524023, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Qu Wang
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (Q.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yinglin Liao
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (Q.W.); (Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Janostiak R, Torres-Sanchez A, Posas F, de Nadal E. Understanding Retinoblastoma Post-Translational Regulation for the Design of Targeted Cancer Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051265. [PMID: 35267571 PMCID: PMC8909233 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Rb1 is a regulator of cell cycle progression and genomic stability. This review focuses on post-translational modifications, their effect on Rb1 interactors, and their role in intracellular signaling in the context of cancer development. Finally, we highlight potential approaches to harness these post-translational modifications to design novel effective anticancer therapies. Abstract The retinoblastoma protein (Rb1) is a prototypical tumor suppressor protein whose role was described more than 40 years ago. Together with p107 (also known as RBL1) and p130 (also known as RBL2), the Rb1 belongs to a family of structurally and functionally similar proteins that inhibits cell cycle progression. Given the central role of Rb1 in regulating proliferation, its expression or function is altered in most types of cancer. One of the mechanisms underlying Rb-mediated cell cycle inhibition is the binding and repression of E2F transcription factors, and these processes are dependent on Rb1 phosphorylation status. However, recent work shows that Rb1 is a convergent point of many pathways and thus the regulation of its function through post-translational modifications is more complex than initially expected. Moreover, depending on the context, downstream signaling can be both E2F-dependent and -independent. This review seeks to summarize the most recent research on Rb1 function and regulation and discuss potential avenues for the design of novel cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav Janostiak
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.J.); (A.T.-S.)
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Torres-Sanchez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.J.); (A.T.-S.)
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Posas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.J.); (A.T.-S.)
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (E.d.N.); Tel.: +34-93-403-4810 (F.P.); +34-93-403-9895 (E.d.N.)
| | - Eulàlia de Nadal
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.J.); (A.T.-S.)
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (E.d.N.); Tel.: +34-93-403-4810 (F.P.); +34-93-403-9895 (E.d.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gu Q, Hou W, Shi L, Liu H, Zhu Z, Ye W. Circular RNA ZNF609 functions as a competing endogenous RNA in regulating E2F transcription factor 6 through competitively binding to microRNA-197-3p to promote the progression of cervical cancer progression. Bioengineered 2021; 12:927-936. [PMID: 33734009 PMCID: PMC8291891 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1896116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Countless studies have demonstrated that Circular RNAs (circRNAs) exert vital effects in regulating tumorigenesis of various cancers. CircRNA ZNF609 (circ-ZNF609) has been reported as an oncogene in various human cancers. Nevertheless, its regulating effect in cervical cancer (CC) remains to be further explored. RT-qPCR was adopted to measure circ-ZNF609, miR-197-3p and E2F6 levels. CC cell proliferation, migration and invasion were analyzed via CCK-8 and transwell assays. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was adopted to confirm the interaction between miR-197-3p and circ-ZNF609 or E2F6. In the present study, it was found that circ-ZNF609 was elevated in CC tissues and cell lines, and circ-ZNF609 deletion repressed cell viability, migration and invasion in CC. Moreover, circ-ZNF609 was identified to negatively regulate miR-197-3p expression in CC cells. The inhibition of miR-197-3p abrogated the inhibitory effect on CC cell proliferation, migration and invasion induced by circ-ZNF609 knockdown. Additionally, we further demonstrated that circ-ZNF609 upregulated E2F6 by interacting with miR-197-3p. Finally, rescue assays indicated that E2F6 overexpression upended the suppression of CC progression induced by circ-ZNF609 deletion. In conclusion, circ-ZNF609 promoted CC progression through modulating the miR-197-3p/E2F6 axis as an oncogene. This finding offers a unique insight into CC molecular mechanism and suggests a potential target for CC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Gu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Hou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University (Medical Center of Soochow University), Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Shi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zonghao Zhu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wenfeng Ye
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sun H, Ma H, Zhang H, Ji M. Up-regulation of MELK by E2F1 promotes the proliferation in cervical cancer cells. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:3875-3888. [PMID: 34671205 PMCID: PMC8495384 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.62517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a common gynecologic cancer and a frequent cause of death. In this study, we investigated the role of MELK (maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase) in cervical cancer. We found that HPV 18 E6/E7 promoted MELK expression by activating E2F1. MELK knockdown blocked cancer cells growth. Furthermore, we used MELK-8A to inhibit the kinase activity of MELK and caused the G2/M phase arrest of cancer cells. Under the treatment of inhibitors, Hela cells formed multipolar spindles and eventually underwent apoptosis. We also found that MELK is involved in protein translation and folding during cell division through the MELK interactome and the temporal proteomic analysis under inhibition with MELK-8A. Altogether, these results suggest that MELK may play a vital role in cancer cell proliferation and indicate a potential therapeutic target for cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanjing Jiangbei Hospital affiliated to Nantong University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210048, China
| | - Hongmei Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ma'anshan People's Hospital, Ma'anshan, Anhui, 243000, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Minjun Ji
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Perfectly orchestrated periodic gene expression during cell cycle progression is essential for maintaining genome integrity and ensuring that cell proliferation can be stopped by environmental signals. Genetic and proteomic studies during the past two decades revealed remarkable evolutionary conservation of the key mechanisms that control cell cycle-regulated gene expression, including multisubunit DNA-binding DREAM complexes. DREAM complexes containing a retinoblastoma family member, an E2F transcription factor and its dimerization partner, and five proteins related to products of Caenorhabditis elegans multivulva (Muv) class B genes lin-9, lin-37, lin-52, lin-53, and lin-54 (comprising the MuvB core) have been described in diverse organisms, from worms to humans. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the structure, function, and regulation of DREAM complexes in different organisms, as well as the role of DREAM in human disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Walston
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA;
| | - Audra N Iness
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | - Larisa Litovchick
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA; .,Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA.,Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rajasekaran S, Siddiqui J, Rakijas J, Nicolay B, Lin C, Khan E, Patel R, Morris R, Wyler E, Boukhali M, Balasubramanyam J, Ranjith Kumar R, Van Rechem C, Vogel C, Elchuri SV, Landthaler M, Obermayer B, Haas W, Dyson N, Miles W. Integrated multi-omics analysis of RB-loss identifies widespread cellular programming and synthetic weaknesses. Commun Biol 2021; 4:977. [PMID: 34404904 PMCID: PMC8371045 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of RB is one of the hallmarks of cancer, however gaps remain in our understanding of how RB-loss changes human cells. Here we show that pRB-depletion results in cellular reprogramming, we quantitatively measured how RB-depletion altered the transcriptional, proteomic and metabolic output of non-tumorigenic RPE1 human cells. These profiles identified widespread changes in metabolic and cell stress response factors previously linked to E2F function. In addition, we find a number of additional pathways that are sensitive to RB-depletion that are not E2F-regulated that may represent compensatory mechanisms to support the growth of RB-depleted cells. To determine whether these molecular changes are also present in RB1-/- tumors, we compared these results to Retinoblastoma and Small Cell Lung Cancer data, and identified widespread conservation of alterations found in RPE1 cells. To define which of these changes contribute to the growth of cells with de-regulated E2F activity, we assayed how inhibiting or depleting these proteins affected the growth of RB1-/- cells and of Drosophila E2f1-RNAi models in vivo. From this analysis, we identify key metabolic pathways that are essential for the growth of pRB-deleted human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Rajasekaran
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jalal Siddiqui
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jessica Rakijas
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brandon Nicolay
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Agios Pharmaceutical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chenyu Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Eshan Khan
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rahi Patel
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robert Morris
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emanuel Wyler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Myriam Boukhali
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jayashree Balasubramanyam
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Ranjith Kumar
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Christine Vogel
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Sailaja V Elchuri
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Markus Landthaler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benedikt Obermayer
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,IRI Life Sciences, Institute für Biologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Haas
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas Dyson
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Wayne Miles
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. .,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hu Y, Gao J, Wang M, Li M. Potential Prospect of CDK4/6 Inhibitors in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:5223-5237. [PMID: 34234565 PMCID: PMC8257068 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s310649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive, difficult-to-treat subtype of cancer with a poor prognosis; there is an urgent need for effective, targeted molecular therapies. The cyclin D/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/6–retinoblastoma protein (Rb) pathway plays a critical role in regulating cell cycle checkpoints, a process which is often disrupted in cancer cells. Selective CDK4/6 inhibitors can prevent retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation by invoking cell cycle arrest in the first growth phase (G1), and may therefore represent an effective treatment option. In this article, we review the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibitors in combination with other targeted therapies for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Three selective CDK4/6 inhibitors have so far received the approval of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for patients with estrogen receptor (ER)+/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) breast cancer. Trilaciclib, a small molecule short-acting inhibitor of CDK4/6, has also been approved recently for people with small cell lung cancer, and is also expected to be clinically effective against breast cancer. Although the efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibitors in patients with triple-negative breast cancer remains uncertain, their use in conjunction with other targeted therapies may improve outcomes and is therefore currently being explored. Identifying biomarkers for response or resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment may optimize the personalization of treatment strategies for this disease. Ongoing and future clinical trials and biomarker studies will shed further light on these topics, and help to realize the full potential of CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment in triple-negative breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Hu
- Department of Oncology & Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyue Gao
- Department of Oncology & Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Wang
- Department of Oncology & Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Oncology & Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Targeting Pin1 for Modulation of Cell Motility and Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040359. [PMID: 33807199 PMCID: PMC8065645 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 (Pin1) specifically binds and isomerizes the phosphorylated serine/threonine-proline (pSer/Thr-Pro) motif, which leads to changes in protein conformation and function. Pin1 is widely overexpressed in cancers and plays an important role in tumorigenesis. Mounting evidence has revealed that targeting Pin1 is a potential therapeutic approach for various cancers by inhibiting cell proliferation, reducing metastasis, and maintaining genome stability. In this review, we summarize the underlying mechanisms of Pin1-mediated upregulation of oncogenes and downregulation of tumor suppressors in cancer development. Furthermore, we also discuss the multiple roles of Pin1 in cancer hallmarks and examine Pin1 as a desirable pharmaceutical target for cancer therapy. We also summarize the recent progress of Pin1-targeted small-molecule compounds for anticancer activity.
Collapse
|
23
|
Fang Z, Jung KH, Lee JE, Cho J, Lim JH, Hong SS. MEK blockade overcomes the limited activity of palbociclib in head and neck cancer. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100833. [PMID: 32712554 PMCID: PMC7385517 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is characterized with multiple aberrations in cell cycle pathways, including amplification of cyclin D1. Palbociclib (PAL), a cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitor, has been reported to regulate cell cycle progression in HNC. However, recent studies have revealed the acquired resistance of certain cells to PAL through activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Therefore, we investigated whether the inhibition of MEK/ERK pathway by trametinib (TRA) may overcome the limited efficacy of PAL in HNC. We evaluated the effect of PAL alone and in combination with TRA on the viability of HNC cells, and found that the combination treatment synergistically inhibited the proliferation of HNC cells. The combination treatment induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death. In particular, apoptosis mediated by the combination treatment was accompanied with an increase in caspase-3 activity and the number of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells. These results were consistent with the decrease in cell cycle progression and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation. In a xenograft mouse model of HNC, PAL and TRA synergistically inhibited tumor growth and enhanced tumor cell apoptosis, consistent with the increase in the number of TUNEL-positive cells. The anti-proliferative effects were evident in tumor tissues subjected to the combination treatment as compared with those treated with single drug. Taken together, our study demonstrates that the combination of PAL and TRA exerts synergistic anticancer effects and inhibits cell cycle check points and MEK/ERK pathway in HNC, suggestive of their potential application for HNC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghuan Fang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyun Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Han Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Sun Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
EDMD-Causing Emerin Mutant Myogenic Progenitors Exhibit Impaired Differentiation Using Similar Mechanisms. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061463. [PMID: 32549231 PMCID: PMC7349064 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding emerin (EMD) cause Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD1), an inherited disorder characterized by progressive skeletal muscle wasting, irregular heart rhythms and contractures of major tendons. The skeletal muscle defects seen in EDMD are caused by failure of muscle stem cells to differentiate and regenerate the damaged muscle. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Most EDMD1 patients harbor nonsense mutations and have no detectable emerin protein. There are three EDMD-causing emerin mutants (S54F, Q133H, and Δ95–99) that localize correctly to the nuclear envelope and are expressed at wildtype levels. We hypothesized these emerin mutants would share in the disruption of key molecular pathways involved in myogenic differentiation. We generated myogenic progenitors expressing wildtype emerin and each EDMD1-causing emerin mutation (S54F, Q133H, Δ95–99) in an emerin-null (EMD−/y) background. S54F, Q133H, and Δ95–99 failed to rescue EMD−/y myogenic differentiation, while wildtype emerin efficiently rescued differentiation. RNA sequencing was done to identify pathways and networks important for emerin regulation of myogenic differentiation. This analysis significantly reduced the number of pathways implicated in EDMD1 muscle pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
25
|
Discovery of novel and selective CDK4/6 inhibitors by pharmacophore and structure-based virtual screening. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1121-1136. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: CDK4 and 6 are the key initiators in the transition from G1 to S phase in the cell cycle; thus, inhibition of CDK4/6 is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Materials & methods: The Specs database and an in-house library were screened via the pharmacophore model and LibDock protocol and then the retrieved hits were clustered into 100 clusters. The CDK4/6 inhibitory activity of selected compounds was evaluated by CDK enzymatic assays, followed by chemical optimization of the top hit compound. Results & conclusion: The integration of pharmacophores and molecular docking offered us an effective method to discover the novel CDK4/6 inhibitor 10 and further chemical optimization led to the highly selective and potent CDK4/6 inhibitor 18, which exhibited potential for the treatment of multiple myeloma.
Collapse
|
26
|
Wu Y, Zhang Y, Pi H, Sheng Y. Current Therapeutic Progress of CDK4/6 Inhibitors in Breast Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:3477-3487. [PMID: 32523378 PMCID: PMC7237121 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s250632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical use of selective cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors has significantly improved the prognosis of patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer (ABC/mBC), which almost achieved the double progression-free survival (PFS) in combination with endocrine therapy (ET) compared with ET alone. To date, there are 3 CDK4/6 inhibitors (palbociclib, ribocilcib and abemaciclib) approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) to treat patients with HR+/HER2-ABC/mBC in the first and later lines. The aim of this review is to summarize the current clinical use and ongoing clinical trials of CDK4/6 inhibitors, the published overall survival data, and the potential biomarkers and resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Wu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Medical Affairs, Pfizer Biopharmaceutical Group, Shanghai 200041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Pi
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Sheng
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Khazaaleh M, Samarasinghe S. Using activity time windows and logical representation to reduce the complexity of biological network models: G1/S checkpoint pathway with DNA damage. Biosystems 2020; 191-192:104128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2020.104128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
28
|
Endo M, Tanaka Y, Otsuka M, Minami Y. E2F1-Ror2 signaling mediates coordinated transcriptional regulation to promote G1/S phase transition in bFGF-stimulated NIH/3T3 fibroblasts. FASEB J 2020; 34:3413-3428. [PMID: 31922321 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902849r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ror2 signaling has been shown to regulate the cell cycle progression in normal and cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanism of the cell cycle progression upon activation of Ror2 signaling still remains unknown. Here, we found that the expression levels of Ror2 in G1-arrested NIH/3T3 fibroblasts are low and are rapidly increased following the cell cycle progression induced by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) stimulation. By expressing wild-type or a dominant negative mutant of E2F1, we show that E2F1 mediates bFGF-induced expression of Ror2, and that E2F1 binds to the promoter of the Ror2 gene to activate its expression. We also found that G1/S phase transition of bFGF-stimulated NIH/3T3 cells is delayed by the suppressed expression of Ror2. RNA-seq analysis revealed that the suppressed expression of Ror2 results in the decreased expression of various E2F target genes concomitantly with increased expression of Forkhead box O (FoxO) target genes, including p21Cip1 , and p27Kip1 . Moreover, the inhibitory effect of Ror2 knockdown on the cell cycle progression can be restored by suppressed expression of p21Cip1 , p27Kip1 ,or FoxO3a. Collectively, these findings indicate that E2F1-Ror2 signaling mediates the transcriptional activation and inhibition of E2F1-driven and FoxO3a-driven cell cycle-regulated genes, respectively, thereby promoting G1/S phase transition of bFGF-stimulated NIH/3T3 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Endo
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mako Otsuka
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Minami
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jusino S, Saavedra HI. Role of E2Fs and mitotic regulators controlled by E2Fs in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1419-1429. [PMID: 31575294 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219881360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex cellular process in which epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal properties. EMT occurs in three biological settings: development, wound healing and fibrosis, and tumor progression. Despite occurring in three independent biological settings, EMT signaling shares some molecular mechanisms that allow epithelial cells to de-differentiate and acquire mesenchymal characteristics that confer cells invasive and migratory capacity to distant sites. Here we summarize the molecular mechanism that delineates EMT and we will focus on the role of E2 promoter binding factors (E2Fs) in EMT during tumor progression. Since the E2Fs are presently undruggable due to their control in numerous pivotal cellular functions and due to the lack of selectivity against individual E2Fs, we will also discuss the role of three mitotic regulators and/or mitotic kinases controlled by the E2Fs (NEK2, Mps1/TTK, and SGO1) in EMT that can be useful as drug targets. Impact statement The study of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an active area of research since it is one of the early intermediates to invasion and metastasis—a state of the cancer cells that ultimately kills many cancer patients. We will present in this review that besides their canonical roles as regulators of proliferation, unregulated expression of the E2F transcription factors may contribute to cancer initiation and progression to metastasis by signaling centrosome amplification, chromosome instability, and EMT. Since our discovery that the E2F activators control centrosome amplification and mitosis in cancer cells, we have identified centrosome and mitotic regulators that may represent actionable targets against EMT and metastasis in cancer cells. This is impactful to all of the cancer patients in which the Cdk/Rb/E2F pathway is deregulated, which has been estimated to be most cancer patients with solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Jusino
- Basic Sciences Department, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce PR 00732, USA
| | - Harold I Saavedra
- Basic Sciences Department, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce PR 00732, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wu LY, Chen CW, Chen LK, Chou HY, Chang CL, Juan CC. Curcumin Attenuates Adipogenesis by Inducing Preadipocyte Apoptosis and Inhibiting Adipocyte Differentiation. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102307. [PMID: 31569380 PMCID: PMC6836120 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with metabolic syndrome are at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The principal risk factor for development of metabolic syndrome is obesity, defined as a state of pathological hyperplasia or/and hypertrophy of adipose tissue. The number of mature adipocytes is determined by adipocyte differentiation from preadipocytes. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of curcumin on adipogenesis and the underlying mechanism. To examine cell toxicity of curcumin, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were treated with 0–50 µM curcumin for 24, 48, or 72 h, then cell viability was measured using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The effect of curcumin on the cell cycle was determined by flow cytometry. Curcumin-induced cell apoptosis was determined by the TUNEL assay and curcumin-induced caspase activation was measured by immunoblotting. The effect of curcumin on adipocyte differentiation was determined by measuring mitotic clonal expansion (MCE), expression of adipogenic transcription factors, and lipid accumulation. Results showed the viability of preadipocytes was significantly decreased by treatment with 30 µM curcumin, a concentration that caused apoptosis in preadipocytes, as assessed by the TUNEL assay, and caused activation of caspases 8, 9, and 3. A non-cytotoxic dose of curcumin (15 µM) inhibited MCE, downregulated the expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα, prevented differentiation medium-induced β-catenin downregulation, and decreased the lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In conclusion, our data show that curcumin can induce preadipocyte apoptosis and inhibit adipocyte differentiation, leading to suppression of adipogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Yi Wu
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung-Yuan Christian University, Chung Li 32023, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Wei Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- College of Human Development and Health, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 11219, Taiwan.
| | - Luen-Kui Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiang-Yun Chou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Ling Chang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chang Juan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Alam P, Haile B, Arif M, Pandey R, Rokvic M, Nieman M, Maliken BD, Paul A, Wang Y, Sadayappan S, Ahmed RPH, Kanisicak O. Inhibition of Senescence-Associated Genes Rb1 and Meis2 in Adult Cardiomyocytes Results in Cell Cycle Reentry and Cardiac Repair Post-Myocardial Infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e012089. [PMID: 31315484 PMCID: PMC6761626 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Myocardial infarction results in a large-scale cardiomyocyte loss and heart failure due to subsequent pathological remodeling. Whereas zebrafish and neonatal mice have evident cardiomyocyte expansion following injury, adult mammalian cardiomyocytes are principally nonproliferative. Despite historical presumptions of stem cell-mediated cardiac regeneration, numerous recent studies using advanced lineage-tracing methods demonstrated that the only source of cardiomyocyte renewal originates from the extant myocardium; thus, the augmented proliferation of preexisting adult cardiomyocytes remains a leading therapeutic approach toward cardiac regeneration. In the present study we investigate the significance of suppressing cell cycle inhibitors Rb1 and Meis2 to promote adult cardiomyocyte reentry to the cell cycle. Methods and Results In vitro experiments with small interfering RNA-mediated simultaneous knockdown of Rb1 and Meis2 in both adult rat cardiomyocytes, isolated from 12-week-old Fischer rats, and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes showed a significant increase in cell number, a decrease in cell size, and an increase in mononucleated cardiomyocytes. In vivo, a hydrogel-based delivery method for small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of Rb1 and Meis2 is utilized following myocardial infarction. Immunofluorescent imaging analysis revealed a significant increase in proliferation markers 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, PH3, KI67, and Aurora B in adult cardiomyocytes as well as improved cell survivability with the additional benefit of enhanced peri-infarct angiogenesis. Together, this intervention resulted in a reduced infarct size and improved cardiac function post-myocardial infarction. Conclusions Silencing of senescence-inducing pathways in adult cardiomyocytes via inhibition of Rb1 and Meis2 results in marked cardiomyocyte proliferation and increased protection of cardiac function in the setting of ischemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Perwez Alam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCollege of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiOH
| | - Bereket Haile
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCollege of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiOH
| | - Mohammed Arif
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCollege of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiOH
| | - Raghav Pandey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCollege of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiOH
| | - Miso Rokvic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCollege of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiOH
| | - Michelle Nieman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular PhysiologyCollege of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiOH
| | - Bryan D. Maliken
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCollege of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiOH
| | - Arghya Paul
- BioIntel Research LaboratoryDepartment of Chemical and Petroleum EngineeringBioengineering Graduate ProgramSchool of EngineeringUniversity of KansasLawrenceKS
| | - Yi‐Gang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCollege of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiOH
| | - Sakthivel Sadayappan
- Department of Internal MedicineHeart, Lung and Vascular InstituteUniversity of CincinnatiOH
| | - Rafeeq P. H. Ahmed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCollege of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiOH
| | - Onur Kanisicak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCollege of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiOH
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li Y, Jiang L, Lv S, Xu H, Fan Z, He Y, Wen H. E2F6-mediated lncRNA CASC2 down-regulation predicts poor prognosis and promotes progression in gastric carcinoma. Life Sci 2019; 232:116649. [PMID: 31301415 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the potential biological role of E2F6 and its underlying molecular mechanism in gastric carcinoma (GC) progression. MAIN METHODS The expressions of cancer susceptibility candidate 2 (CASC2), E2F6 and matrix metalloprotein-2 (MMP-2) were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The inhibitory effect of E2F6 on CASC2 was evaluated using luciferase reporter assay. Cell growth was assessed by colony formation assay and cell counting kit-8. Cell invasion and apoptosis were measured by transwell assay and flow cytometry assay, respectively. In vivo tumorigenicity was assessed by tumor xenografts in nude mice. KEY FINDINGS Our data revealed that CASC2 was downregulated while E2F6 was upregulated in GC tissues and cell lines. Remarkably, lower expression of CASC2 was associated with poor survival in GC patients. E2F6 inhibited the expression of CASC2. Subsequently, reliable data showed that downregulation of E2F6 suppressed the proliferation and invasion, and promoted the apoptosis of GC cells. Furthermore, downregulation of E2F6 decreased the expression of MMP-2 and increased the activity of caspase-3. However, these changes triggered by E2F6 knockdown could be reversed by inhibition of CASC2. Moreover, we also proved that downregulation of CASC2 reverses the effect of E2F6 knockdown on tumor growth in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE Our data demonstrated that E2F6 could regulate the proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of GC cells via inhibiting the expression of CASC2, suggesting that E2F6/CASC2 axis is another regulator of GC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingxia Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450018, China
| | - Libin Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450018, China
| | - Shuai Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450018, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450018, China
| | - Zhoupei Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450018, China
| | - Yixin He
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450018, China
| | - Hongtao Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Clijsters L, Hoencamp C, Calis JJA, Marzio A, Handgraaf SM, Cuitino MC, Rosenberg BR, Leone G, Pagano M. Cyclin F Controls Cell-Cycle Transcriptional Outputs by Directing the Degradation of the Three Activator E2Fs. Mol Cell 2019; 74:1264-1277.e7. [PMID: 31130363 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
E2F1, E2F2, and E2F3A, the three activators of the E2F family of transcription factors, are key regulators of the G1/S transition, promoting transcription of hundreds of genes critical for cell-cycle progression. We found that during late S and in G2, the degradation of all three activator E2Fs is controlled by cyclin F, the substrate receptor of 1 of 69 human SCF ubiquitin ligase complexes. E2F1, E2F2, and E2F3A interact with the cyclin box of cyclin F via their conserved N-terminal cyclin binding motifs. In the short term, E2F mutants unable to bind cyclin F remain stable throughout the cell cycle, induce unscheduled transcription in G2 and mitosis, and promote faster entry into the next S phase. However, in the long term, they impair cell fitness. We propose that by restricting E2F activity to the S phase, cyclin F controls one of the main and most critical transcriptional engines of the cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Clijsters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Claire Hoencamp
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jorg J A Calis
- Program of Immunogenomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Antonio Marzio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shanna M Handgraaf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Maria C Cuitino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Brad R Rosenberg
- Program of Immunogenomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gutiérrez-González M, Latorre Y, Zúñiga R, Aguillón JC, Molina MC, Altamirano C. Transcription factor engineering in CHO cells for recombinant protein production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:665-679. [PMID: 31030575 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1605496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The continuous increase of approved biopharmaceutical products drives the development of more efficient recombinant protein expression systems. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the mainstay for this purpose but have some drawbacks, such as low levels of expression. Several strategies have been applied to increase the productivity of CHO cells with different outcomes. Transcription factor (TF) engineering has emerged as an interesting and successful approach, as these proteins can act as master regulators; the expression and function of a TF can be controlled by small molecules, and it is possible to design tailored TFs and promoters with desired features. To date, the majority of studies have focused on the use of TFs with growth, metabolic, cell cycle or endoplasmic reticulum functions, although there is a trend to develop new, synthetic TFs. Moreover, new synthetic biological approaches are showing promising advances for the development of specific TFs, even with tailored ligand sensitivity. In this article, we summarize the strategies to increase recombinant protein expression by modulating and designing TFs and with advancements in synthetic biology. We also illustrate how this class of proteins can be used to develop more robust expression systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yesenia Latorre
- b Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso , Valparaíso , Chile
| | - Roberto Zúñiga
- a Centro de InmunoBiotecnología, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | | | | | - Claudia Altamirano
- b Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso , Valparaíso , Chile
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rajasekaran S, Nagarajha Selvan LD, Dotts K, Kumar R, Rishi P, Khetan V, Bisht M, Sivaraman K, Krishnakumar S, Sahoo D, Campbell MJ, Elchuri SV, Miles WO. Non-coding and Coding Transcriptional Profiles Are Significantly Altered in Pediatric Retinoblastoma Tumors. Front Oncol 2019; 9:221. [PMID: 31058073 PMCID: PMC6477087 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a rare pediatric tumor of the retina, caused by the homozygous loss of the Retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) tumor suppressor gene. Previous microarray studies have identified changes in the expression profiles of coding genes; however, our understanding of how non-coding genes change in this tumor is absent. This is an important area of research, as in many adult malignancies, non-coding genes including LNC-RNAs are used as biomarkers to predict outcome and/or relapse. To establish a complete and in-depth RNA profile, of both coding and non-coding genes, in Retinoblastoma tumors, we conducted RNA-seq from a cohort of tumors and normal retina controls. This analysis identified widespread transcriptional changes in the levels of both coding and non-coding genes. Unexpectedly, we also found rare RNA fusion products resulting from genomic alterations, specific to Retinoblastoma tumor samples. We then determined whether these gene expression changes, of both coding and non-coding genes, were also found in a completely independent Retinoblastoma cohort. Using our dataset, we then profiled the potential effects of deregulated LNC-RNAs on the expression of neighboring genes, the entire genome, and on mRNAs that contain a putative area of homology. This analysis showed that most deregulated LNC-RNAs do not act locally to change the transcriptional environment, but potentially function to modulate genes at distant sites. From this analysis, we selected a strongly down-regulated LNC-RNA in Retinoblastoma, DRAIC, and found that restoring DRAIC RNA levels significantly slowed the growth of the Y79 Retinoblastoma cell line. Collectively, our work has generated the first non-coding RNA profile of Retinoblastoma tumors and has found that these tumors show widespread transcriptional deregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Rajasekaran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH,, United States.,Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Kathleen Dotts
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH,, United States.,Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ranjith Kumar
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Pukhraj Rishi
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services and Ocular Oncology Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Vikas Khetan
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services and Ocular Oncology Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Madhoolika Bisht
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH,, United States.,Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | | | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Moray J Campbell
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sailaja V Elchuri
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Wayne O Miles
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH,, United States.,Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Goel S, DeCristo MJ, McAllister SS, Zhao JJ. CDK4/6 Inhibition in Cancer: Beyond Cell Cycle Arrest. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:911-925. [PMID: 30061045 PMCID: PMC6689321 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacologic inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) have recently entered the therapeutic armamentarium of clinical oncologists, and show promising activity in patients with breast and other cancers. Although their chief mechanism of action is inhibition of retinoblastoma (RB) protein phosphorylation and thus the induction of cell cycle arrest, CDK4/6 inhibitors alter cancer cell biology in other ways that can also be leveraged for therapeutic benefit. These include modulation of mitogenic kinase signaling, induction of a senescence-like phenotype, and enhancement of cancer cell immunogenicity. We describe here the less-appreciated effects of CDK4/6 inhibitors on cancer cells, and suggest ways by which they might be exploited to enhance the benefits of these agents for cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shom Goel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Molly J DeCristo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandra S McAllister
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jean J Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Elchuri SV, Rajasekaran S, Miles WO. RNA-Sequencing of Primary Retinoblastoma Tumors Provides New Insights and Challenges Into Tumor Development. Front Genet 2018; 9:170. [PMID: 29868118 PMCID: PMC5966869 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is rare tumor of the retina caused by the homozygous loss of the Retinoblastoma 1 tumor suppressor gene (RB1). Loss of the RB1 protein, pRB, results in de-regulated activity of the E2F transcription factors, chromatin changes and developmental defects leading to tumor development. Extensive microarray profiles of these tumors have enabled the identification of genes sensitive to pRB disruption, however, this technology has a number of limitations in the RNA profiles that they generate. The advent of RNA-sequencing has enabled the global profiling of all of the RNA within the cell including both coding and non-coding features and the detection of aberrant RNA processing events. In this perspective, we focus on discussing how RNA-sequencing of rare Retinoblastoma tumors will build on existing data and open up new area's to improve our understanding of the biology of these tumors. In particular, we discuss how the RB-research field may be to use this data to determine how RB1 loss results in the expression of; non-coding RNAs, causes aberrant RNA processing events and how a deeper analysis of metabolic RNA changes can be utilized to model tumor specific shifts in metabolism. Each section discusses new opportunities and challenges associated with these types of analyses and aims to provide an honest assessment of how understanding these different processes may contribute to the treatment of Retinoblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sailaja V. Elchuri
- Department of Nanotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Swetha Rajasekaran
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Wayne O. Miles
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Autochthonous tumors driven by Rb1 loss have an ongoing requirement for the RBP2 histone demethylase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E3741-E3748. [PMID: 29610306 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716029115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the retinoblastoma gene (RB1) product, pRB, is common in many human cancers. Targeting downstream effectors of pRB that are central to tumorigenesis is a promising strategy to block the growth of tumors harboring loss-of-function RB1 mutations. One such effector is retinoblastoma-binding protein 2 (RBP2, also called JARID1A or KDM5A), which encodes an H3K4 demethylase. Binding of pRB to RBP2 has been linked to the ability of pRB to promote senescence and differentiation. Importantly, genetic ablation of RBP2 is sufficient to phenocopy pRB's ability to induce these cellular changes in cell culture experiments. Moreover, germline Rbp2 deletion significantly impedes tumorigenesis in Rb1+/- mice. The value of RBP2 as a therapeutic target in cancer, however, hinges on whether loss of RBP2 could block the growth of established tumors as opposed to simply delaying their onset. Here we show that conditional, systemic ablation of RBP2 in tumor-bearing Rb1+/- mice is sufficient to slow tumor growth and significantly extend survival without causing obvious toxicity to the host. These findings show that established Rb1-null tumors require RBP2 for growth and further credential RBP2 as a therapeutic target in human cancers driven by RB1 inactivation.
Collapse
|
39
|
Fischer M, Müller GA. Cell cycle transcription control: DREAM/MuvB and RB-E2F complexes. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 52:638-662. [PMID: 28799433 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1360836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The precise timing of cell cycle gene expression is critical for the control of cell proliferation; de-regulation of this timing promotes the formation of cancer and leads to defects during differentiation and development. Entry into and progression through S phase requires expression of genes coding for proteins that function in DNA replication. Expression of a distinct set of genes is essential to pass through mitosis and cytokinesis. Expression of these groups of cell cycle-dependent genes is regulated by the RB pocket protein family, the E2F transcription factor family, and MuvB complexes together with B-MYB and FOXM1. Distinct combinations of these transcription factors promote the transcription of the two major groups of cell cycle genes that are maximally expressed either in S phase (G1/S) or in mitosis (G2/M). In this review, we discuss recent work that has started to uncover the molecular mechanisms controlling the precisely timed expression of these genes at specific cell cycle phases, as well as the repression of the genes when a cell exits the cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fischer
- a Molecular Oncology, Medical School, University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,b Department of Medical Oncology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA.,c Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Gerd A Müller
- a Molecular Oncology, Medical School, University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Samarasinghe S, Ling H. A system of recurrent neural networks for modularising, parameterising and dynamic analysis of cell signalling networks. Biosystems 2017; 153-154:6-25. [PMID: 28174135 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we show how to extend our previously proposed novel continuous time Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) approach that retains the advantage of continuous dynamics offered by Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) while enabling parameter estimation through adaptation, to larger signalling networks using a modular approach. Specifically, the signalling network is decomposed into several sub-models based on important temporal events in the network. Each sub-model is represented by the proposed RNN and trained using data generated from the corresponding ODE model. Trained sub-models are assembled into a whole system RNN which is then subjected to systems dynamics and sensitivity analyses. The concept is illustrated by application to G1/S transition in cell cycle using Iwamoto et al. (2008) ODE model. We decomposed the G1/S network into 3 sub-models: (i) E2F transcription factor release; (ii) E2F and CycE positive feedback loop for elevating cyclin levels; and (iii) E2F and CycA negative feedback to degrade E2F. The trained sub-models accurately represented system dynamics and parameters were in good agreement with the ODE model. The whole system RNN however revealed couple of parameters contributing to compounding errors due to feedback and required refinement to sub-model 2. These related to the reversible reaction between CycE/CDK2 and p27, its inhibitor. The revised whole system RNN model very accurately matched dynamics of the ODE system. Local sensitivity analysis of the whole system model further revealed the most dominant influence of the above two parameters in perturbing G1/S transition, giving support to a recent hypothesis that the release of inhibitor p27 from Cyc/CDK complex triggers cell cycle stage transition. To make the model useful in a practical setting, we modified each RNN sub-model with a time relay switch to facilitate larger interval input data (≈20min) (original model used data for 30s or less) and retrained them that produced parameters and protein concentrations similar to the original RNN system. Results thus demonstrated the reliability of the proposed RNN method for modelling relatively large networks by modularisation for practical settings. Advantages of the method are its ability to represent accurate continuous system dynamics and ease of: parameter estimation through training with data from a practical setting, model analysis (40% faster than ODE), fine tuning parameters when more data are available, sub-model extension when new elements and/or interactions come to light and model expansion with addition of sub-models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Samarasinghe
- Integrated Systems Modelling Group, Lincoln University, New Zealand.
| | - H Ling
- Integrated Systems Modelling Group, Lincoln University, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kent LN, Bae S, Tsai SY, Tang X, Srivastava A, Koivisto C, Martin CK, Ridolfi E, Miller GC, Zorko SM, Plevris E, Hadjiyannis Y, Perez M, Nolan E, Kladney R, Westendorp B, de Bruin A, Fernandez S, Rosol TJ, Pohar KS, Pipas JM, Leone G. Dosage-dependent copy number gains in E2f1 and E2f3 drive hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:830-842. [PMID: 28134624 DOI: 10.1172/jci87583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor pathway, either through genetic mutation of upstream regulatory components or mutation of RB1 itself, is believed to be a required event in cancer. However, genetic alterations in the RB-regulated E2F family of transcription factors are infrequent, casting doubt on a direct role for E2Fs in driving cancer. In this work, a mutation analysis of human cancer revealed subtle but impactful copy number gains in E2F1 and E2F3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Using a series of loss- and gain-of-function alleles to dial E2F transcriptional output, we have shown that copy number gains in E2f1 or E2f3b resulted in dosage-dependent spontaneous HCC in mice without the involvement of additional organs. Conversely, germ-line loss of E2f1 or E2f3b, but not E2f3a, protected mice against HCC. Combinatorial mapping of chromatin occupancy and transcriptome profiling identified an E2F1- and E2F3B-driven transcriptional program that was associated with development and progression of HCC. These findings demonstrate a direct and cell-autonomous role for E2F activators in human cancer.
Collapse
|
42
|
Interchangeable Roles for E2F Transcriptional Repression by the Retinoblastoma Protein and p27KIP1-Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Regulation in Cell Cycle Control and Tumor Suppression. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00561-16. [PMID: 27821477 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00561-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian G1-S phase transition is controlled by the opposing forces of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and the retinoblastoma protein (pRB). Here, we present evidence for systems-level control of cell cycle arrest by pRB-E2F and p27-CDK regulation. By introducing a point mutant allele of pRB that is defective for E2F repression (Rb1G) into a p27KIP1 null background (Cdkn1b-/-), both E2F transcriptional repression and CDK regulation are compromised. These double-mutant Rb1G/G; Cdkn1b-/- mice are viable and phenocopy Rb1+/- mice in developing pituitary adenocarcinomas, even though neither single mutant strain is cancer prone. Combined loss of pRB-E2F transcriptional regulation and p27KIP1 leads to defective proliferative control in response to various types of DNA damage. In addition, Rb1G/G; Cdkn1b-/- fibroblasts immortalize faster in culture and more frequently than either single mutant genotype. Importantly, the synthetic DNA damage arrest defect caused by Rb1G/G; Cdkn1b-/- mutations is evident in the developing intermediate pituitary lobe where tumors ultimately arise. Our work identifies a unique relationship between pRB-E2F and p27-CDK control and offers in vivo evidence that pRB is capable of cell cycle control through E2F-independent effects.
Collapse
|
43
|
Roesley SNA, Suryadinata R, Morrish E, Tan AR, Issa SMA, Oakhill JS, Bernard O, Welch DR, Šarčević B. Cyclin-dependent kinase-mediated phosphorylation of breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1) affects cell migration. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:137-51. [PMID: 26771717 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1121328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of Breast Cancer Metastasis Suppressor 1 (BRMS1) reduces the incidence of metastasis in many human cancers, without affecting tumorigenesis. BRMS1 carries out this function through several mechanisms, including regulation of gene expression by binding to the mSin3/histone deacetylase (HDAC) transcriptional repressor complex. In the present study, we show that BRMS1 is a novel substrate of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 (CDK2) that is phosphorylated on serine 237 (S237). Although CDKs are known to regulate cell cycle progression, the mutation of BRMS1 on serine 237 did not affect cell cycle progression and proliferation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells; however, their migration was affected. Phosphorylation of BRMS1 does not affect its association with the mSin3/HDAC transcriptional repressor complex or its transcriptional repressor activity. The serine 237 phosphorylation site is immediately proximal to a C-terminal nuclear localization sequence that plays an important role in BRMS1-mediated metastasis suppression but phosphorylation does not control BRMS1 subcellular localization. Our studies demonstrate that CDK-mediated phosphorylation of BRMS1 regulates the migration of tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nur Ain Roesley
- a Cell Cycle and Cancer Unit , St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Medicine , University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | | | - Emma Morrish
- a Cell Cycle and Cancer Unit , St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research , Victoria , Australia
| | | | - Samah M A Issa
- e Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research , Victoria , Australia
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- e Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research , Victoria , Australia
| | - Ora Bernard
- b Department of Medicine , University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Danny R Welch
- f Department of Cancer Biology and The University of Kansas Cancer Center , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
| | - Boris Šarčević
- a Cell Cycle and Cancer Unit , St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Medicine , University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
The preimplantation development stage of mammalian embryogenesis consists of a series of highly conserved, regulated, and predictable cell divisions. This process is essential to allow the rapid expansion and differentiation of a single-cell zygote into a multicellular blastocyst containing cells of multiple developmental lineages. This period of development, also known as the germinal stage, encompasses several important developmental transitions, which are accompanied by dramatic changes in cell cycle profiles and dynamics. These changes are driven primarily by differences in the establishment and enforcement of cell cycle checkpoints, which must be bypassed to facilitate the completion of essential cell cycle events. Much of the current knowledge in this area has been amassed through the study of knockout models in mice. These mouse models are powerful experimental tools, which have allowed us to dissect the relative dependence of the early embryonic cell cycles on various aspects of the cell cycle machinery and highlight the extent of functional redundancy between members of the same gene family. This chapter will explore the ways in which the cell cycle machinery, their accessory proteins, and their stimuli operate during mammalian preimplantation using mouse models as a reference and how this allows for the usually well-defined stages of the cell cycle to be shaped and transformed during this unique and critical stage of development.
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Uncontrolled cellular proliferation, mediated by dysregulation of the cell-cycle machinery and activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) to promote cell-cycle progression, lies at the heart of cancer as a pathological process. Clinical implementation of first-generation, nonselective CDK inhibitors, designed to inhibit this proliferation, was originally hampered by the high risk of toxicity and lack of efficacy noted with these agents. The emergence of a new generation of selective CDK4/6 inhibitors, including ribociclib, abemaciclib and palbociclib, has enabled tumour types in which CDK4/6 has a pivotal role in the G1-to-S-phase cell-cycle transition to be targeted with improved effectiveness, and fewer adverse effects. Results of pivotal phase III trials investigating palbociclib in patients with advanced-stage oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer have demonstrated a substantial improvement in progression-free survival, with a well-tolerated toxicity profile. Mechanisms of acquired resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors are beginning to emerge that, although unwelcome, might enable rational post-CDK4/6 inhibitor therapeutic strategies to be identified. Extending the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors beyond ER-positive breast cancer is challenging, and will likely require biomarkers that are predictive of a response, and the use of combination therapies in order to optimize CDK4/6 targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben O'Leary
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Richard S Finn
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Nicholas C Turner
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK.,Breast Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lien CC, Jiang JL, Jian DY, Kwok CF, Ho LT, Juan CC. Chronic endothelin-1 infusion causes adipocyte hyperplasia in rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:643-53. [PMID: 26833777 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory mechanism of endothelin-1 (ET-1), an endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor, on adipogenesis in vitro and in vivo. METHODS 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were used to explore the mechanisms mediating ET-1 actions on preadipocyte proliferation and adipocyte differentiation. To investigate the in vivo effect of ET-1, male Sprague-Dawley rats were infused with ET-1 or saline for 4 weeks via intraperitoneally implanted osmotic pumps, and the fat pad weight and adipocyte size of adipose tissues were measured. RESULTS ET-1 stimulated preadipocyte proliferation and increased the cell number at the mitotic clonal expansion stage of adipocyte differentiation via the endothelin A receptor (ETAR) and activation of the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. ET-1, via ETAR, inhibited adipocyte differentiation partially through an ERK-dependent pathway. Furthermore, no significant difference in the body weight and fat pad weight was observed in either ET-1- or saline-infused rats. Compared with saline-infused rats, the adipocyte cell number was significantly increased but the adipocyte size was significantly decreased in ET-1-infused rats. CONCLUSIONS Chronic ET-1 infusion increased the number of small adipocytes without the change of white adipose tissue mass in rats, which were associated with ET-1-stimulated preadipocyte proliferation, but not ET-1-suppressed adipocyte differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chan Lien
- Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ling Jiang
- Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Yuan Jian
- Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Wen-Lin Hemodialysis Unit, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fai Kwok
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Low-Tone Ho
- Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Juan
- Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Castillo DS, Campalans A, Belluscio LM, Carcagno AL, Radicella JP, Cánepa ET, Pregi N. E2F1 and E2F2 induction in response to DNA damage preserves genomic stability in neuronal cells. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1300-14. [PMID: 25892555 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.985031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
E2F transcription factors regulate a wide range of biological processes, including the cellular response to DNA damage. In the present study, we examined whether E2F family members are transcriptionally induced following treatment with several genotoxic agents, and have a role on the cell DNA damage response. We show a novel mechanism, conserved among diverse species, in which E2F1 and E2F2, the latter specifically in neuronal cells, are transcriptionally induced after DNA damage. This upregulation leads to increased E2F1 and E2F2 protein levels as a consequence of de novo protein synthesis. Ectopic expression of these E2Fs in neuronal cells reduces the level of DNA damage following genotoxic treatment, while ablation of E2F1 and E2F2 leads to the accumulation of DNA lesions and increased apoptotic response. Cell viability and DNA repair capability in response to DNA damage induction are also reduced by the E2F1 and E2F2 deficiencies. Finally, E2F1 and E2F2 accumulate at sites of oxidative and UV-induced DNA damage, and interact with γH2AX DNA repair factor. As previously reported for E2F1, E2F2 promotes Rad51 foci formation, interacts with GCN5 acetyltransferase and induces histone acetylation following genotoxic insult. The results presented here unveil a new mechanism involving E2F1 and E2F2 in the maintenance of genomic stability in response to DNA damage in neuronal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Castillo
- a Laboratorio de Biología Molecular; Departamento de Química Biológica; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales ; Universidad de Buenos Aires ; Ciudad de Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sengupta S, Henry RW. Regulation of the retinoblastoma–E2F pathway by the ubiquitin–proteasome system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:1289-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
49
|
Law ME, Corsino PE, Narayan S, Law BK. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors as Anticancer Therapeutics. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:846-52. [PMID: 26018905 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.099325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) have been considered promising drug targets for a number of years, but most CDK inhibitors have failed rigorous clinical testing. Recent studies demonstrating clear anticancer efficacy and reduced toxicity of CDK4/6 inhibitors such as palbociclib and multi-CDK inhibitors such as dinaciclib have rejuvenated the field. Favorable results with palbociclib and its recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval demonstrate that CDK inhibitors with narrow selectivity profiles can have clinical utility for therapy based on individual tumor genetics. A brief overview of results obtained with ATP-competitive inhibitors such as palbociclib and dinaciclib is presented, followed by a compilation of new avenues that have been pursued toward the development of novel, non-ATP-competitive CDK inhibitors. These creative ways to develop CDK inhibitors are presented along with crystal structures of these agents complexed with CDK2 to highlight differences in their binding sites and mechanisms of action. The recent successes of CDK inhibitors in the clinic, combined with the potential for structure-based routes to the development of non-ATP-competitive CDK inhibitors, and evidence that CDK inhibitors may have use in suppressing chromosomal instability and in synthetic lethal drug combinations inspire optimism that CDK inhibitors will become important weapons in the fight against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Law
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.E.L., P.E.C., B.K.L.), Anatomy and Cell Biology (S.N.), and the University of Florida Health Cancer Center (M.E.L., P.E.C., S.N., B.K.L.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Patrick E Corsino
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.E.L., P.E.C., B.K.L.), Anatomy and Cell Biology (S.N.), and the University of Florida Health Cancer Center (M.E.L., P.E.C., S.N., B.K.L.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Satya Narayan
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.E.L., P.E.C., B.K.L.), Anatomy and Cell Biology (S.N.), and the University of Florida Health Cancer Center (M.E.L., P.E.C., S.N., B.K.L.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Brian K Law
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (M.E.L., P.E.C., B.K.L.), Anatomy and Cell Biology (S.N.), and the University of Florida Health Cancer Center (M.E.L., P.E.C., S.N., B.K.L.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Schaal C, Pillai S, Chellappan SP. The Rb-E2F transcriptional regulatory pathway in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 121:147-182. [PMID: 24889531 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein Rb plays a major role in regulating G1/S transition and is a critical regulator of cell proliferation. Rb protein exerts its growth regulatory properties mainly by physically interacting with the transcriptionally active members of the E2F transcription factor family, especially E2Fs 1, 2, and 3. Given its critical role in regulating cell proliferation, it is not surprising that Rb is inactivated in almost all tumors, either through the mutation of Rb gene itself or through the mutations of its upstream regulators including K-Ras and INK4. Recent studies have revealed a significant role for Rb and its downstream effectors, especially E2Fs, in regulating various aspects of tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Thus, components of the Rb-E2F pathway have been shown to regulate the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis, including VEGF and VEGFR, genes involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition including E-cadherin and ZEB proteins, and genes involved in invasion and migration like matrix metalloproteinases. Rb has also been shown to play a major role in the functioning of normal and cancer stem cells; further, Rb and E2F appear to play a regulatory role in the energy metabolism of cancer cells. These findings raise the possibility that mutational events that initiate tumorigenesis by inducing uncontrolled cell proliferation might also contribute to the progression and metastasis of cancers through the mediation of the Rb-E2F transcriptional regulatory pathway. This review highlights these recent studies on tumor promoting functions of the Rb-E2F pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Schaal
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Smitha Pillai
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Srikumar P Chellappan
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| |
Collapse
|