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Satomi K, Yoshida A, Matsushita Y, Sugino H, Fujimoto K, Honda-Kitahara M, Takahashi M, Ohno M, Miyakita Y, Narita Y, Yatabe Y, Shibahara J, Ichimura K. Clinical application of a highly sensitive digital PCR assay to detect a small fraction of IDH1 R132H-mutant alleles in diffuse gliomas. Brain Tumor Pathol 2022; 39:210-217. [PMID: 35902443 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-022-00442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The current World Health Organization classification of diffuse astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors requires the examination of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) or IDH2 mutations. Conventional analysis tools, including Sanger DNA sequencing or pyrosequencing, fail in detecting these variants of low frequency owing to their limited sensitivity. Digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) is a recently developed, highly sensitive, and precise quantitative rare variant assay. This study aimed to establish a robust limit of quantitation of the dPCR assay to detect a small fraction of IDH1 R132H mutation. The dPCR assays with serially diluted IDH1 R132H constructs detected 0.05% or more of mutant IDH1 R132H in samples containing mutant DNA. The measured target/total value of the experiments was proportional to the dilution factors and was almost equal to the actual frequencies of the mutant alleles. Based on the average target/total values, together with a twofold standard deviation of the normal DNA, a limit of quantitation of 0.25% was set to secure a safe margin to judge the mutation status of the IDH1 R132H dPCR assay. In clinical settings, detecting IDH1 R132H using dPCR assays can validate ambiguous immunohistochemistry results even when conventional DNA sequencing cannot detect the mutation and assure diagnostic quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaishi Satomi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan. .,Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan. .,Department of Pathology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Yoshida
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yuko Matsushita
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.,Department of Brain Disease Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Sugino
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kenji Fujimoto
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto-shi, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Mai Honda-Kitahara
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Masamichi Takahashi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohno
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yasuji Miyakita
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Narita
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yatabe
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Junji Shibahara
- Department of Pathology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Koichi Ichimura
- Division of Brain Tumor Translational Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.,Department of Brain Disease Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
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A novel high-sensitivity assay to detect a small fraction of mutant IDH1 using droplet digital PCR. Brain Tumor Pathol 2018; 35:97-105. [DOI: 10.1007/s10014-018-0310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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3
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Garrick RC, Sunnucks P, Dyer RJ. Nuclear gene phylogeography using PHASE: dealing with unresolved genotypes, lost alleles, and systematic bias in parameter estimation. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:118. [PMID: 20429950 PMCID: PMC2880299 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A widely-used approach for screening nuclear DNA markers is to obtain sequence data and use bioinformatic algorithms to estimate which two alleles are present in heterozygous individuals. It is common practice to omit unresolved genotypes from downstream analyses, but the implications of this have not been investigated. We evaluated the haplotype reconstruction method implemented by PHASE in the context of phylogeographic applications. Empirical sequence datasets from five non-coding nuclear loci with gametic phase ascribed by molecular approaches were coupled with simulated datasets to investigate three key issues: (1) haplotype reconstruction error rates and the nature of inference errors, (2) dataset features and genotypic configurations that drive haplotype reconstruction uncertainty, and (3) impacts of omitting unresolved genotypes on levels of observed phylogenetic diversity and the accuracy of downstream phylogeographic analyses. Results We found that PHASE usually had very low false-positives (i.e., a low rate of confidently inferring haplotype pairs that were incorrect). The majority of genotypes that could not be resolved with high confidence included an allele occurring only once in a dataset, and genotypic configurations involving two low-frequency alleles were disproportionately represented in the pool of unresolved genotypes. The standard practice of omitting unresolved genotypes from downstream analyses can lead to considerable reductions in overall phylogenetic diversity that is skewed towards the loss of alleles with larger-than-average pairwise sequence divergences, and in turn, this causes systematic bias in estimates of important population genetic parameters. Conclusions A combination of experimental and computational approaches for resolving phase of segregating sites in phylogeographic applications is essential. We outline practical approaches to mitigating potential impacts of computational haplotype reconstruction on phylogeographic inferences. With targeted application of laboratory procedures that enable unambiguous phase determination via physical isolation of alleles from diploid PCR products, relatively little investment of time and effort is needed to overcome the observed biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Garrick
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, 23284, USA.
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4
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Szybka M, Zakrzewska M, Rieske P, Pasz-Walczak G, Kulczycka-Wojdala D, Zawlik I, Stawski R, Jesionek-Kupnicka D, Liberski PP, Kordek R. cDNA sequencing improves the detection of P53 missense mutations in colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:278. [PMID: 19671129 PMCID: PMC2731783 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently published data showed discrepancies between P53 cDNA and DNA sequencing in glioblastomas. We hypothesised that similar discrepancies may be observed in other human cancers. METHODS To this end, we analyzed 23 colorectal cancers for P53 mutations and gene expression using both DNA and cDNA sequencing, real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We found P53 gene mutations in 16 cases (15 missense and 1 nonsense). Two of the 15 cases with missense mutations showed alterations based only on cDNA, and not DNA sequencing. Moreover, in 6 of the 15 cases with a cDNA mutation those mutations were difficult to detect in the DNA sequencing, so the results of DNA analysis alone could be misinterpreted if the cDNA sequencing results had not also been available. In all those 15 cases, we observed a higher ratio of the mutated to the wild type template by cDNA analysis, but not by the DNA analysis. Interestingly, a similar overexpression of P53 mRNA was present in samples with and without P53 mutations. CONCLUSION In terms of colorectal cancer, those discrepancies might be explained under three conditions: 1, overexpression of mutated P53 mRNA in cancer cells as compared with normal cells; 2, a higher content of cells without P53 mutation (normal cells and cells showing K-RAS and/or APC but not P53 mutation) in samples presenting P53 mutation; 3, heterozygous or hemizygous mutations of P53 gene. Additionally, for heterozygous mutations unknown mechanism(s) causing selective overproduction of mutated allele should also be considered. Our data offer new clues for studying discrepancy in P53 cDNA and DNA sequencing analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Szybka
- Department of Oncological Pathology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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5
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Jo YS, Huang S, Kim YJ, Lee IS, Kim SS, Kim JR, Oh T, Moon Y, An S, Ro HK, Kim JM, Shong M. Diagnostic value of pyrosequencing for the BRAF V600E mutation in ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy samples of thyroid incidentalomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009; 70:139-44. [PMID: 18462259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Dideoxy sequencing is the most commonly used method for detecting the BRAF(V600E) mutation in thyroid cancer and melanoma. However, this gold standard method often makes less definite results in detecting the BRAF(V600E) mutation when there are relatively low amounts of the mutant template in biopsy specimens, which are invariably contaminated with normal tissues. Pyrosequencing, which measures the incorporation of each of the four nucleotides at each template position and indicates the amounts of mutant template present, may be more useful in such situations. OBJECTIVE To investigate the diagnostic efficiency of pyrosequencing for the mutant BRAF allele in ultrasound (US)-guided fine needle aspiration biopsies (FNABs) of thyroid incidentalomas. DESIGN, SETTING AND SUBJECTS A total of 101 thyroid incidentaloma cases were included prospectively. Cytological diagnoses of the FNAB samples were made according to the American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines, 2006. The presence of the BRAF(V600E) mutation was investigated by pyrosequencing and dideoxy sequencing. RESULTS On the basis of cytological analysis, the thyroid incidentalomas were classified into benign (n = 43), malignant (n = 30), indeterminate or suspicious neoplasm (n = 24), and nondiagnostic (n = 4) categories. Pyrosequencing detected the BRAF(V600E) mutation in 30 cases: 22 malignant cases, 7 indeterminate cases, and 1 nondiagnostic case. Dideoxy sequencing also detected the BRAF(V600E) mutation in 28 of the same cases but failed to clearly distinguish the mutant allele from the wild-type allele in one indeterminate case and one nondiagnostic case. Histopathological analysis ascertained that all BRAF(V600E)-positive cases were papillary thyroid carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS Pyrosequencing may be suitable for detecting the BRAF(V600E) mutation in thyroid incidentaloma and may be superior to dideoxy sequencing when low amounts of the mutant template are present in the biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Suk Jo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University, College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Peltonen J, Welsh JA, Vähäkangas KH. Is there a role for PCR-SSCP among the methods for missense mutation detection of TP53 gene? Hum Exp Toxicol 2007; 26:9-18. [PMID: 17334176 DOI: 10.1177/0960327107071918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mutation analysis methods have increased in variety during the past years. High-throughput microarray methods have especially increased in popularity. However, new methods require reference points, and not all of the methods are equal in sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, the detection of unknown missense mutations, such as unknown TP53 mutations in human tumors, for clinical purposes requires great accuracy, which may be difficult to acquire with the current high-throughput methods. For these reasons, the classical methods, such as PCR-manual sequencing and PCR-SSCP, are still valuable and necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peltonen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Lambrinakos A, Yakubovskaya M, Babon JJ, Neschastnova AA, Vishnevskaya YV, Belitsky GA, D'Cunha G, Horaitis O, Cotton RGH. NovelTP53 gene mutations in tumors of Russian patients with breast cancer detected using a new solid phase chemical cleavage of mismatch method and identified by sequencing. Hum Mutat 2004; 23:186-192. [PMID: 14722922 DOI: 10.1002/humu.10298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the tumor-suppressor p53 gene TP53 are frequent in most human cancers including breast cancer. A new solid phase chemical cleavage of mismatch method (CCM) allowed rapid and efficient screening and analysis of the TP53 gene in DNA samples extracted from tumors of 89 breast cancer patients. The novel CCM technique utilized silica beads and the potassium permanganate/tetraethylammonium chloride (KMnO(4)/TEAC) and hydroxylamine (NH(2)OH) reactions were performed sequentially in a single tube. Mutation analysis involved amplification of five different fragments of the TP53 gene using DNA from the 89 tumor samples, then pairing of the 391 labeled PCR products and forming heteroduplexes. A total of 41 unique signals were revealed in the analysis of TP53 exons 5-9 and eight were identified by direct sequencing. The three novel mutations detected are c.600T>G (p.Asn200Lys), c.601T>G (p.Leu201Val), and c.766-768delACA (p.Thr256del). The detected mutations c.638G>T (p.Arg213Leu), c.730G>T (p.Gly244Cys), and c.758C>T (p.Thr253Ile) have not been reported in breast cancer but have been recorded in tumors of other organs. A previously reported mutation c.535C>T (p.His179Tyr) and a heterozygous polymorphism c.639A>G were also detected. Of the 41 unique signals, 36 were not identified as a sequence change. As direct sequencing requires the mutant allele concentration to be greater than 30% when the mutant allele is present in a mixture with the wild-type allele, the CCM method represents a more sensitive technique requiring a lower mutant allele concentration in the wild-type mixture compared with direct sequencing. This reveals the advantage of CCM for unknown point mutation detection in DNA samples of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lambrinakos
- Genomic Disorders Research Centre, Daly Wing, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Yakubovskaya
- Carcinogenesis Institute, Cancer Research Centre, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - J J Babon
- Genomic Disorders Research Centre, Daly Wing, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - A A Neschastnova
- Carcinogenesis Institute, Cancer Research Centre, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ya V Vishnevskaya
- Carcinogenesis Institute, Cancer Research Centre, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - G A Belitsky
- Carcinogenesis Institute, Cancer Research Centre, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - G D'Cunha
- Genomic Disorders Research Centre, Daly Wing, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - O Horaitis
- Genomic Disorders Research Centre, Daly Wing, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - R G H Cotton
- Genomic Disorders Research Centre, Daly Wing, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Yuan A, Yu CJ, Luh KT, Kuo SH, Lee YC, Yang PC. Aberrant p53 expression correlates with expression of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA and interleukin-8 mRNA and neoangiogenesis in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:900-10. [PMID: 11844810 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2002.20.4.900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate interactions between expressions of tumor suppressor gene p53 and angiogenic factors vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) and their effect on tumor angiogenesis and patient prognosis in non--small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS p53, VEGF, IL-8, and the microvessel endothelium were immunostained, and VEGF and IL-8 mRNA expression were quantified using the real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction in 65 NSCLC surgical specimens. Aberrant p53 expression was correlated with VEGF and IL-8 mRNA expression, microvessel count (MVC), other clinical-pathologic variables, and patients' survival. RESULTS Tumors with high aberrant p53 expression showed significantly higher VEGF and IL-8 mRNA expression and MVC than those with low aberrant p53 expression (P <.001). When tested as a continuous variable, aberrant p53 expression correlated strongly and positively with VEGF and IL-8 mRNA expression and MVC (P <.0001). Tumors with high aberrant p53 expression were associated with mediastinal or distant lymph node metastasis (P =.006). Survival and postoperative relapse time were significantly shorter in patients with high aberrant p53 expression tumors than in those with low aberrant expression tumors (P <.0001). A significant difference in survival was also seen between patients with high and low tumoral VEGF mRNA expression and between those with high and low tumoral IL-8 mRNA expression (P <.0001). CONCLUSION We report here for the first time that aberrant p53 expression is strongly positively correlated with VEGF mRNA and IL-8 mRNA expression in NSCLC. This result indicates that aberrant p53 expression may play a significant role in regulation of VEGF and IL-8 expression and be involved in controlling angiogenesis and explains the adverse prognosis of cancers with high aberrant p53 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Yuan
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
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9
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Del Tito BJ, Poff HE, Novotny MA, Cartledge DM, Walker RI, Earl CD, Bailey AL. Automated fluorescent analysis procedure for enzymatic mutation detection. Clin Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/44.4.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Enzymatic Mutation Detection™ (EMD) assay detects mutations or polymorphisms in DNA. The assay procedure takes <1 h and is followed by electrophoretic detection. We report an automated procedure, using fluorescently labeled probe and quantitative analysis on the ABI Prism™ 377 DNA Sequencer, that improves on earlier methods (1,2) by eliminating the need for sample purification, shortening the hybridization time, and increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. The EMD assay uses the bacteriophage resolvase T4 endonuclease VII, which cleaves the heteroduplex molecules at the mismatch site, forming two shorter fragments that are resolved by gel electrophoresis. Unlike existing mutation techniques, the EMD method uses a single protocol to identify point mutations, deletions, and insertions for all DNA fragments. Test DNA samples are assayed directly from PCR reactions, and fragments up to 4 kb in size have been assayed successfully. A independent analysis on the p53 tumor suppressor gene from clinical samples has shown 100% sensitivity and 94% specificity. Because the fluorescent EMD assay has been optimized for high signal-to-noise ratios, mutations can be identified in mixed samples containing up to a 20-fold excess of normal DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Del Tito
- Avitech Diagnostics, Inc., 30 Spring Mill Drive, Malvern, PA 19355
- Variagenics, Inc., One Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Herbert E Poff
- Avitech Diagnostics, Inc., 30 Spring Mill Drive, Malvern, PA 19355
- Variagenics, Inc., One Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Mark A Novotny
- Avitech Diagnostics, Inc., 30 Spring Mill Drive, Malvern, PA 19355
- Variagenics, Inc., One Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Donna M Cartledge
- Avitech Diagnostics, Inc., 30 Spring Mill Drive, Malvern, PA 19355
- Variagenics, Inc., One Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Ralph I Walker
- Avitech Diagnostics, Inc., 30 Spring Mill Drive, Malvern, PA 19355
- Variagenics, Inc., One Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | - Anne L Bailey
- Avitech Diagnostics, Inc., 30 Spring Mill Drive, Malvern, PA 19355
- Variagenics, Inc., One Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA 02139
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Welsh JA, Castrén K, Vähäkangas KH. Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis to detect p53 mutations: characterization and development of controls. Clin Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/43.12.2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis is widely used to prescreen mutations in p53 gene. However, standardization of SSCP to detect p53 mutations has rarely been pursued so far. We have developed complete conditions for a temperature-controlled nonradioactive SSCP for mutation detection in amplified p53 exons 4-8, where mutations frequently occur in human tumors. Easily obtainable and clearly distinguishable positive controls were developed by replacing the regular 5′ primers in amplification with primers that include one to three mutated sites. Careful purification of the amplified products by gel electrophoresis appeared to be essential. The efficiency of the method was studied by using previously sequenced samples with p53 mutations and the various positive controls. The use of two temperatures (exon 4: 4 °C and 15 °C; other exons: 4 °C and 20 °C) in combination with other optimized conditions resulted in 98% efficiency in mutation detection, which was considered sufficient for routine screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Welsh
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 (address for reprint requests: fax 301-496-0497; e-mail )
| | - Katariina Castrén
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, FIN-90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Kirsi H Vähäkangas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, FIN-90220 Oulu, Finland
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11
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Stimpson DI, Gordon J. The utility of optical waveguide DNA array hybridization and melting for rapid resolution of mismatches, and for detection of minor mutant components in the presence of a majority of wild type sequence: Statistical model and supporting data. GENETIC ANALYSIS : BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING 1996; 13:73-80. [PMID: 8931994 DOI: 10.1016/1050-3862(95)00153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have derived a statistical model to determine binding and dissociation kinetics of oligonucleotide-antibody-microparticle complexes to oligonucleotides on a surface illuminated by the evanescent wave. The model supports the extremely rapid binding kinetics previously observed and predicts very rapid thermal dissociation kinetics. Experimental results confirmed the model and showed that the most rapid heating available achieved meltoff in 8 s with discrimination of single base differences. Similarly, a model of particulate labels with multiple points of interaction predicted that the system would be very sensitive to a minority of matched interactions in the presence of a majority of mismatched interactions. Conversely, the system would be relatively insensitive to the presence of a higher proportion of matched species. These predictions are born out by experiment. A 1:10 mixture of matched:mismatched gave a melting curve which was approximately the sum of melting curves of the two species alone, and a 50:50 mixture gave a melting curve almost indistinguishable from the highest melting component. Thus, the system will be amenable to detection of infrequent mutations in the presence of an excess of the wild type allele provided the mutant sequence is present on the chip. Further, it lends itself to high throughput automation due to the rapidity with which the thermal melt can be achieved.
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12
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Mies C, Voigt W. Sequence analysis of the DNA binding domain of the estrogen receptor gene in ER (+)/PR (-) breast cancer. DIAGNOSTIC MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY : THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL PATHOLOGY, PART B 1996; 5:39-44. [PMID: 8919544 DOI: 10.1097/00019606-199603000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen stimulates the proliferation of breast cancer cells and regulates the expression of other proteins, including the progesterone receptor (PR), via interaction with a unique estrogen receptor (ER), a ligand-inducible transcription factor that binds to regulatory DNA sequences associated with target genes. The best indirect evidence of an intact ER gene signaling system in a tumor is the demonstration of both ER and PR cytosol protein. The molecular basis of the ER (+)/PR (-) phenotype is unknown and may reflect either defective PR gene expression or alterations in the ER-specifically, inability of the ligand-receptor complex to effectively bind to regulatory sequences in DNA. To test the latter possibility, we evaluated 10 ER (+)/PR (-) resected human breast cancers for small deletions and point mutations in the DNA binding domain of the ER gene. Exons 2 and 3 and their flanking intron sequences were selectively amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and then directly sequenced using the Sanger dideoxynucleotide method. A normal gene sequence was found in all cases studied. We conclude that sequence aberrations in the DNA binding domain of the ER are not a common cause of absent PR expression in ER (+)/PR (-) breast carcinomas.
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MESH Headings
- Breast Neoplasms/chemistry
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Humans
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/chemistry
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/chemistry
- Receptors, Progesterone/deficiency
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mies
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Florida, USA
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13
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Hsiao M, Wu CY, Low J, Pattengale P, Yeargin J, Haas M. Dissemination and tissue invasiveness in murine acute leukemia associated with acquisition of p53 mutation and loss of wild-type p53. Mol Carcinog 1995; 13:112-21. [PMID: 7605579 DOI: 10.1002/mc.2940130208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 60% of mice treated with split-dose radiation develop leukemias that disseminate widely through the body, whereas 40% of the treated mice incur leukemias that are contained entirely within the thymus. We studied the status of p53 in non-cultured samples of thymic leukemias and in cell lines established from these leukemias. In those mice with disseminated disease, primary samples were also obtained from visceral leukemic organs, and cell lines were established from these leukemic organs for further study. Using single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), nucleic acid sequencing, and immunochemical analysis, we found that mutation of both p53 alleles occurred in leukemic cell lines developed from nine of 10 disseminated leukemias; mutation of one p53 allele with the other remaining wild-type occurred in one disseminated leukemia. A p53 mutation unique for each mouse was found in all cell lines established from the different leukemic organs of each mouse. The same mutation was also found in the non-cultured leukemic tissues of each mouse, indicating that the mutations originated in vivo and were clonal. Seven of seven non-disseminating thymomas possessed wild-type p53 only. Hence, in vivo dissemination and tissue invasiveness were associated with the loss of wild-type p53 by mutation of both alleles or by mutation and loss of heterozygosity, as revealed by studies of cell lines established from them. The selective in vivo dissemination of leukemia cells possessing p53 mutations had a parallel in vitro. Leukemia cell lines from mice harboring disseminating leukemia were established more readily (success rate greater than 80%) than lines from mice harboring thymic nondisseminating leukemia (success rate less than 10%). Additionally, while mice with disseminating leukemia harbored a mixture of wild-type and mutant p53-encoding thymoma cells, only cell lines possessing mutant p53 became established in culture. Mutations found in thymoma cell lines were always detectable by SSCP and sequencing of DNA extracted from non-cultured thymoma tissue. However, in non-cultured leukemic tissue of visceral organs, the clonal p53 mutations found in cell lines established from them were often not detectable by SSCP or sequencing but were detectable by immunochemical analysis or polymerase chain reaction amplification. This indicates an unexpected degree of masking of mutant genes by wild-type genes present in the leukemic tissue. Masking was evident even in leukemic organs that were grossly larger than normal organs. Hence, routine screening of leukemic tissue by SSCP and sequencing may result in a highly significant underestimation of the incidence of p53 mutations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Division/physiology
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Deletion
- Genes, p53/genetics
- Genes, p53/radiation effects
- Heterozygote
- Immunohistochemistry
- Leukemia, Radiation-Induced/etiology
- Leukemia, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Leukemia, Radiation-Induced/pathology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/etiology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hsiao
- Department of Biology and Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0063, USA
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14
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Biernat W, Kordek R, Woźniak L. Over-expression of p53 protein as an indicator of the malignant transformation in spiradenoma. Histopathology 1995; 26:439-43. [PMID: 7657312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1995.tb00251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Malignant spiradenomas (spiradenocarcinomas) are exceedingly rare tumours of cutaneous adnexal origin, consisting of two components: benign--the pre-existent adenoma, and malignant--developing from the former part. We studied p53 protein expression in both compartments of three cases of malignant spiradenoma and compared these results with results obtained with eight cases of spiradenoma. Nuclear staining was consistently negative in all benign tumours, whilst in the cases of malignant transformation within spiradenoma p53 protein was present in the carcinomatous component, but the immunostaining remained negative in the benign counterpart of the tumour. In the zone of transition between both components of the spiradenocarcinomas p53 expression was positive in the cells with morphological atypia, providing clear discrimination. Thus, we conclude that the accumulation of p53 protein, which results from alterations in its turnover, accompanies the process of malignant transformation within long-standing spiradenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Biernat
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Medical University of Lódź, Poland
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15
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Jin L, Pietropaolo V, Booth JC, Ward KH, Brown DW. Prevalence and distribution of BK virus subtypes in healthy people and immunocompromised patients detected by PCR-restriction enzyme analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995; 3:285-95. [PMID: 15566809 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0197(94)00044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/1994] [Revised: 09/08/1994] [Accepted: 09/12/1994] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Four antigenic subtypes of BK virus (BKV) have recently been characterised by both genomic subtyping and serological reactivity. OBJECTIVES To study the prevalence and distribution of subtypes of BKV in different groups of patients. STUDY DESIGN Urine specimens were collected from 33 bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients, from 101 HIV-infected patients, from 15 children aged 2-5 and from 40 pregnant women were tested for BKV DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subtyped using a PCR-sequencing (PCR-S) and a modified PCR-restriction enzyme analysis (PCR-RE) methods. RESULTS BKV DNA was detected in 12/18 (67%) of BMT patients with haematuria and 5/15 (33%) without. Overall BKV DNA was detected in 45% of HIV-infected patients, the prevalence of BKV DNA increased with greater immunosuppression as defined by CD4 cell counts. BKV DNA was detected in urine samples from 27% of children and 47% of pregnant women. Four stable BKV subtypes were detected in these patient groups. Dual infections with more than one subtype were identified in urine samples from HIV-infected patients, children and pregnant women but not in the samples from bone marrow recipients. CONCLUSION This study has confirmed the high prevalence of BKV infection in immunocompromised patients and suggests that stable BKV subtypes with conserved sequences are circulating in the human population. The techniques of PCR-S and PCR-RE described in this study are sufficiently sensitive for subtyping BKV direct from clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jin
- Virus Reference Division, Central Public Health Laboratory, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5TH, UK
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