1
|
Tomizawa M, Shinozaki F, Motoyoshi Y, Sugiyama T, Yamamoto S, Ishige N. Hepatocyte selection medium-enriched hepatocellular carcinoma cells are positive for α-fetoprotein and CD44. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:899-902. [PMID: 28693249 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissues surrounding hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) lack glucose. Hepatocyte selection medium (HSM) is deficient in glucose and is supplemented with galactose. HCC cells were cultured in HSM to investigate the stem cell markers α-fetoprotein (AFP) and cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44). HCC cells (HLF and PLC/PRF/5 cells) were cultured in HSM. Viable cell numbers were determined on days 0 and 7 following culture in HSM. RNA was isolated and subjected to reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to analyze the mRNA expression levels of AFP and CD44. Immunostaining was performed to analyze the protein levels of AFP and CD44. The number of viable cells was significantly decreased on day 7 following culture in HSM. The expression levels of AFP and CD44 increased on day 7 as assessed using RT-qPCR. Immunostaining confirmed the results of RT-qPCR analysis. The number of viable HCC cells was decreased in HSM, whereas the expression levels of AFP and CD44 increased. Therefore, HSM is potentially useful for the enrichment of HCC cells with cancer stem cell characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tomizawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| | - Fuminobu Shinozaki
- Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Motoyoshi
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| | - Takao Sugiyama
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| | - Shigenori Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishige
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tomizawa M, Shinozaki F, Motoyoshi Y, Sugiyama T, Yamamoto S, Ishige N. Proliferation and motility of hepatocellular, pancreatic and gastric cancer cells grown in a medium without glucose and arginine, but with galactose and ornithine. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:1276-1280. [PMID: 28454246 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human primary hepatocytes are able to survive in a medium without glucose and arginine, but supplemented with galactose and ornithine (hepatocyte selection medium; HSM). To address the possibility of the application of HSM in cancer therapy, hepatocellular carcinoma cells, pancreatic cancer cells and gastric cancer cells were cultured in HSM. Cell proliferation was analyzed using an MTS assay. Morphological changes were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Apoptosis was analyzed using a TUNEL assay and cell motility was assessed with a scratch assay. Cell proliferation was significantly suppressed in cell lines grown in HSM (P<0.01 in all the cell lines). Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed pyknotic nuclei, suggesting that these cells had undergone apoptosis. The number of TUNEL-positive cells was significantly increased in HSM. In the scratch assay, the distance between the growing edge and the scratched edge was significantly lower (P<0.01 in all the cell lines) in cells cultured in HSM, compared with those grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium or RPMI-1640. Therefore, the proliferation and motility of hepatocellular carcinoma cells, pancreatic cancer cells and gastric cancer cells was suppressed, and these cells subsequently underwent apoptosis in a medium without glucose and arginine, but containing galactose and ornithine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tomizawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| | - Fuminobu Shinozaki
- Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Motoyoshi
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| | - Takao Sugiyama
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| | - Shigenori Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishige
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tomizawa M, Shinozaki F, Motoyoshi Y, Sugiyama T, Yamamoto S, Ishige N. Proliferation of sphere-forming hepatocellular carcinoma cells is suppressed in a medium without glucose and arginine, but with galactose and ornithine. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:1264-1268. [PMID: 28454244 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells exhibiting stemness was evaluated using a sphere formation assay. A hepatocyte selection medium (HSM) deficient in glucose and arginine was used to suppress the proliferation of cell spheres composed of HLF and PLC/PRF/5 HCC cells, which were subjected to a sphere formation assay. Cell spheres were cultured with sorafenib and subjected to a cell proliferation assay and the expression levels of cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) were analyzed in RNA extracted from sphere-forming cells using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Sphere-forming PLC/PRF/5 cells were more resistant to sorafenib, as compared with control cells, exhibiting higher expression levels of CYP3A4. When cultured in HSM, suppressed proliferation was observed in the sphere-forming PLC/PRF/5 cells and in the control cells, with no significant variation between them. The results suggest that deprivation of glucose and arginine is a potential novel treatment for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tomizawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| | - Fuminobu Shinozaki
- Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Motoyoshi
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| | - Takao Sugiyama
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| | - Shigenori Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishige
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tomizawa M, Shinozaki F, Motoyoshi Y, Sugiyama T, Yamamoto S, Ishige N. Cell death in a co-culture of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and human umbilical vascular endothelial cells in a medium lacking glucose and arginine. Oncol Lett 2016; 13:258-262. [PMID: 28123551 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human primary hepatocytes are able to survive in a medium without glucose and arginine that is instead supplemented with galactose and ornithine (hepatocyte selection medium; HSM). This is because the cells produce glucose and arginine by the action of galactokinase (GALK) and ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OTC), respectively. It was expected that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells do not survive in HSM. In the current study, HCC cell lines (namely HLE, HLF, PLC/PRL/5, Hep3B and HepG2) and human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured in HSM, and the expression levels of GALK1, GALK2 and OTC were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. HLE, HLF and PLC/PRL/5 cells died on day 11, while Hep3B, HepG2 and HUVECs died on day 7. HLF cells were further analyzed as these cells had lower expression levels of GALK1, GALK2 and OTC compared with adult liver cells, and survived until day 11. In these cells, the expression levels of GALK1, GALK2 and OTC did not change on days 3 and 7 as compared to day 0. In addition, a co-culture of HLF cells with HUVECs was established and the medium was changed to HSM. It was observed that HLF cells and HUVECs in co-culture were damaged in HSM. In summary, HCC cells and HUVECs died in a medium without glucose and arginine that was supplemented with galactose and ornithine. HCC cells and HUVECs were damaged in HSM, suggesting a potential application for treatment with the medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tomizawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| | - Fuminobu Shinozaki
- Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Motoyoshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| | - Takao Sugiyama
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| | - Shigenori Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishige
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0003, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Improved Survival and Initiation of Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Hepatocyte-Like Cells upon Culture in William's E Medium followed by Hepatocyte Differentiation Inducer Treatment. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153435. [PMID: 27073925 PMCID: PMC4830564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocyte differentiation inducer (HDI) lacks both glucose and arginine, but is supplemented with galactose and ornithine, and is added together with other reagents such as apoptosis inhibitor and oncostatin M. Although human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells initiate hepatocyte differentiation, most die within 7 days. In this study, we investigated both HDI and conventional media for their potential to improve cell survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS 201B7 iPS cells were cultured in conventional media. This consisted of three cycles of 5-day culture in William's E (WE) medium, followed by a 2-day culture in HDI. RESULTS Expression levels of α-feto protein (AFP) were higher in cells cultured in WE and in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium/Nutrient F-12 Ham (DF12). 201B7 cells expressed the highest AFP and albumin (ALB) when cultured in HDI for 2 days following 7-day culture in WE. After three cycles of 5-day culture in WE followed by 2 days in HDI, 201B7 cells expressed AFP and ALB 54 ± 2.3 (average ± standard deviation) and 73 ± 15.1 times higher, respectively, than those cultured in ReproFF (feeder-free condition). CONCLUSION 201B7 cells survived culture in WE for 7 days followed HDI for 2 days. After three cycles of culture under these conditions, hepatocyte differentiation was enhanced, as evidenced by increased AFP and ALB expression.
Collapse
|
6
|
Tomizawa M, Shinozaki F, Motoyoshi Y, Sugiyama T, Yamamoto S, Ishige N. An Optimal Medium Supplementation Regimen for Initiation of Hepatocyte Differentiation in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1479-89. [PMID: 25683148 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells are an ideal source for hepatocytes. Glucose and arginine are necessary for cells to survive. Hepatocytes have galactokinase (GALK), which metabolizes galactose for gluconeogenesis, and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), which converts ornithine to arginine in the urea cycle. Hepatocyte selection medium (HSM) lacks both glucose and arginine, but contains galactose and ornithine. Although human primary hepatocytes survive in HSM, all the hiPS cells die in 3 days. The aim of this study was to modify HSM so as to initiate hepatocyte differentiation in hiPS cells within 2 days. Hepatocyte differentiation initiating medium (HDI) was prepared by adding oncostatin M (10 ng/ml), hepatocyte functional proliferation inducer (10 nM), 2,2'-methylenebis (1,3-cyclohexanedione) (M50054) (100 μg/ml), 1× non-essential amino acid, 1× sodium pyruvate, nicotinamide (1.2 mg/ml), L-proline (30 ng/ml), and L-glutamine (0.3 mg/ml) to HSM. HiPS cells (201B7 cells) were cultured in HDI for 2 days. RNA was isolated, used as template for cDNA, and subjected to real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Alpha-fetoprotein, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, and delta-like 1 were upregulated. Expression of albumin was not observed. Expression of transcription factors specific to hepatocytes was upregulated. The expression of GALK2, OTC, and CYP3A4 were increased. In conclusion, differentiation of 201B7 cells to hepatoblast-like cells was initiated in HDI. Limitations were small number of cells were obtained, and the cells with HDI were not mature hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tomizawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido City, Chiba, 284-0003, Japan
| | - Fuminobu Shinozaki
- Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido City, Chiba, 284-0003, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Motoyoshi
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido City, Chiba, 284-0003, Japan
| | - Takao Sugiyama
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido City, Chiba, 284-0003, Japan
| | - Shigenori Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido City, Chiba, 284-0003, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishige
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido City, Chiba, 284-0003, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tomizawa M, Shinozaki F, Motoyoshi Y, Sugiyama T, Yamamoto S, Ishige N. Hepatocyte selection medium eliminating induced pluripotent stem cells among primary human hepatocytes. World J Methodol 2015; 5:108-114. [PMID: 26413482 PMCID: PMC4572022 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v5.i3.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic insufficiency is a fatal liver disease with a significant decrease in functioning hepatocytes. If hepatocytes could be generated from human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells and transplanted into patients with hepatic insufficiency, the disease may become curable. However, a major limitation to this therapeutic strategy is due to the tumorigenicity of hiPS cells and their ability to form cancer. Current methods for eliminating unwanted hiPS cells use genetic manipulation or reagents that are potentially hazardous for hepatocytes; therefore, revised methods are necessary and anticipated. Glucose and arginine are essential cell culture medium ingredients for the survival of most cells, including hiPS cells. However, hepatocytes can produce its own glucose and arginine through galactokinase and ornithine transcarbamylase, respectively. Therefore, it was hypothesized that unwanted hiPS cells could be eliminated in a medium without glucose and arginine, and supplemented with galactose and ornithine instead. This modified medium has been established as hepatocyte selection medium (HSM). So far, attempts to generate a pure colony of mature hepatocytes from hiPS cells have not been successful. After establishment of co-culture in HSM, primary human hepatocytes survive while hiPS cells die within three days. Our latest results regarding a modification of HSM will be introduced in this manuscript.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kondo Y, Yoshihashi S, Mimori K, Ogihara R, Kanehama Y, Maki Y, Enosawa S, Kurose K, Iwao T, Nakamura K, Matsunaga T. Selective culture method for hepatocyte-like cells differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 29:407-13. [PMID: 24785642 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-14-rg-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to establish culture conditions which are able to give the differentiation of induced pluripotent (iPS) cells to hepatocytes. To this end, we examined the usefulness of a culture medium containing the components involved in the intermediary metabolism in the liver. More specifically, we examined the effect of the "modified L-15 medium" containing galactose, phenylalanine and ornitine, but deprived of glucose, tyrosine, arginine and pyruvic acid. The medium was altered according to changes in the expression of enzymes that participate in liver-specific pathways. After 25 days of differentiation, the differentiated cells expressed hepatocyte markers and drug-metabolizing enzymes. These expression levels were increased using modified L-15 medium. The survival of human fetal liver cells and the death of human fibroblasts were observed during culture in modified L-15 medium. Most of the cells that differentiated from human iPS cells using modified L-15 medium were stained by anti-human albumin antibody. These results suggest that iPS cells can be converted to high purity-differentiated hepatocytes by cultivating them in modified L-15 medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kondo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tomizawa M, Shinozaki F, Sugiyama T, Yamamoto S, Sueishi M, Yoshida T. Survival of primary human hepatocytes and death of induced pluripotent stem cells in media lacking glucose and arginine. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71897. [PMID: 23967260 PMCID: PMC3743790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumorigenicity is an associated risk for transplantation of hepatocytes differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells. Hepatocytes express the enzymes galactokinase and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) to aid in their own survival. However, hiPS cells do not express these enzymes, and therefore, are not be expected to survive in a medium containing galactose and ornithine and lacking glucose and arginine. Materials and Methods Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to analyze the expression of galactokinase 1 (GALK1)1 and GALK2, ornithine carbamyltransferase, and phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). The hiPS cell line 201B7 was cultured in hepatocyte selection medium (HSM), which lacks glucose and arginine but contains galactose and ornithine. Furthermore, microscopic analysis of the cultured cells was performed after hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). The hiPS cells were immunostained to assess their pluripotency in HSM. In addition, the primary human hepatocytes were cultured with or without hiPS cells in HSM. Results The expression levels of GALK1, GALK2, OTC, and PAH in 201B7 were 22.2±5.0 (average ± standard deviation), 14.2% ±1.1%, 1.2% ±0.2%, and 8.4% ±0.7% respectively, compared with those in the adult liver. The hiPS cell population diminished when cultured in HSM and completely disappeared after 3 days. The cultured cells showed condensation or fragmentation of their nuclei, thereby suggesting apoptosis. TUNEL staining confirmed that the cells had undergone apoptosis. The 201B7 cells were positive for Nanog, SSEA-4, and TRA-1-60. The primary human hepatocytes survived when cultured alone in HSM and when co-cultured with hiPS cells. Conclusion Therefore, HSM is and ideal medium for eliminating hiPS cells and purifying hepatocytes without inducing any damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tomizawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization, Shimoshizu Hospital, Yotsukaido City, Chiba, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tomizawa M, Toyama Y, Ito C, Toshimori K, Iwase K, Takiguchi M, Saisho H, Yokosuka O. Hepatoblast-like cells enriched from mouse embryonic stem cells in medium without glucose, pyruvate, arginine, and tyrosine. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 333:17-27. [PMID: 18478268 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In order to enrich hepatocytes differentiated from embryonic stem cells, we developed a novel medium. Since only hepatocytes have the activity of ornithine transcarbamylase, phenylalanine hydroxylase, galactokinase, and glycerol kinase, we expected that hepatocytes would be enriched in a medium without arginine, tyrosine, glucose, and pyruvate, but supplemented with ornithine, phenylanaline, galactose, and glycerol (hepatocyte-selection medium, HSM). Embryoid bodies were transferred onto dishes coated with gelatin in HSM after 4 days of culture. At 18 days after embryoid body formation, a single type of polygonal cell survived with an enlarged intercellular space and micorvilli. These cells were positive for indocyanine green uptake and for mRNAs of albumin, transthyretin, and alpha-feto protein, but negative for mRNAs of tyrosine aminotransferase, alpha1-antitrypsin, glucose-6-phosphatase, and phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase. Since cells in HSM were positive for cytokeratin (CK)8 and CK18 (hepatocyte markers) and for CK19 (a marker of bile duct epithelial cells), we concluded that they were hepatoblasts. They showed weaker expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)alpha than fetal liver (18.5 days of gestation) and expression of C/EBPbeta at a similar level to that of fetal liver. These data support our conclusion that HSM allows the selection of hepatoblast-like cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tomizawa
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sidjanin DJ, McElwee J, Miller B, Aguirre GD. Cloning of canine galactokinase (GALK1) and evaluation as a candidate gene for hereditary cataracts in Labrador retrievers. Anim Genet 2005; 36:265-6. [PMID: 15932415 PMCID: PMC1509098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Sidjanin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kumagai H, Oki T, Tamitsu K, Feng SZ, Ono M, Nakajima H, Bao YC, Kawakami Y, Nagayoshi K, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Kawakami T, Kitamura T. Identification and characterization of a new pair of immunoglobulin-like receptors LMIR1 and 2 derived from murine bone marrow-derived mast cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 307:719-29. [PMID: 12893283 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have identified and characterized two mouse cDNAs in a mouse antigen-stimulated bone marrow-derived mast cell cDNA library, both of which encode type I transmembrane proteins. The genes were closely mapped in the distal region of mouse chromosome 11 and expressed not only in mast cells but also widely in leukocytes. The extracellular domains of their encoded proteins contain a single variable immunoglobulin (Ig) motif sharing about 90% identity with amino acids, showing that they comprise a pair of molecules and belong to the Ig superfamily. We named these molecules leukocyte mono-Ig-like receptor1 and 2 (LMIR1 and 2). The intracellular domain of LMIR1 contains several immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs (ITIMs). When cross-linked, the intracellular domain was tyrosine phosphorylated and capable of recruiting tyrosine phosphatases, SHP-1 and SHP-2 and inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase, SHIP. LMIR2, on the other hand, contains a short cytoplasmic tail and a characteristic transmembrane domain carrying two positively charged amino acids associated with three kinds of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-bearing molecules, DAP10, DAP12, and FcRgamma. These findings suggest that a new pair of ITIM/ITAM-bearing receptors, LMIR1 and 2, regulate mast cell-mediated inflammatory responses through yet to be defined ligand(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Kumagai
- Division of Hematopoietic Factors, The Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 6-1 Shirokanedai-4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Blank TE, Woods MP, Lebo CM, Xin P, Hopper JE. Novel Gal3 proteins showing altered Gal80p binding cause constitutive transcription of Gal4p-activated genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17:2566-75. [PMID: 9111326 PMCID: PMC232106 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.17.5.2566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gal4p-mediated activation of galactose gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae normally requires both galactose and the activity of Gal3p. Recent evidence suggests that in cells exposed to galactose, Gal3p binds to and inhibits Ga180p, an inhibitor of the transcriptional activator Gal4p. Here, we report on the isolation and characterization of novel mutant forms of Gal3p that can induce Gal4p activity independently of galactose. Five mutant GAL3(c) alleles were isolated by using a selection demanding constitutive expression of a GAL1 promoter-driven HIS3 gene. This constitutive effect is not due to overproduction of Gal3p. The level of constitutive GAL gene expression in cells bearing different GAL3(c) alleles varies over more than a fourfold range and increases in response to galactose. Utilizing glutathione S-transferase-Gal3p fusions, we determined that the mutant Gal3p proteins show altered Gal80p-binding characteristics. The Gal3p mutant proteins differ in their requirements for galactose and ATP for their Gal80p-binding ability. The behavior of the novel Gal3p proteins provides strong support for a model wherein galactose causes an alteration in Gal3p that increases either its ability to bind to Gal80p or its access to Gal80p. With the Gal3p-Gal80p interaction being a critical step in the induction process, the Gal3p proteins constitute an important new reagent for studying the induction mechanism through both in vivo and in vitro methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T E Blank
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bergsma DJ, Ai Y, Skach WR, Nesburn K, Anoia E, Van Horn S, Stambolian D. Fine structure of the human galactokinase GALK1 gene. Genome Res 1996; 6:980-5. [PMID: 8908517 DOI: 10.1101/gr.6.10.980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Defects in the human GALK1 gene result in galactokinase deficiency and cataract formation. We have isolated this gene and established its structural organization. The gene contains 8 exons and spans approximately 7.3 kb of genomic DNA. The GALK1 promoter was localized and found to have many features in common with other housekeeping genes, including high GC content, several copies of the binding site for the Sp1 transcription factor, and the absence of TATA-box and CCAAT-box motifs typically present in eukaryotic Pol II promoters. Analysis by 5'-RACE PCR indicates that the GALK1 mRNA is heterogeneous at the 5' terminus, with transcription sites occurring at many locations between 21 and 61 bp upstream of the ATG start site of the coding region. In vitro translation experiments of the GALK1 cDNA indicate that the protein is cytosolic and not associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
Collapse
|