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Liang K, Zhu M, Qin X, Meng Z, Wang P, Du J. Field-programmable-gate-array based hardware platform for nitrogen-vacancy center based fast magnetic imaging. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:024701. [PMID: 38341725 DOI: 10.1063/5.0187228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
A nitrogen-vacancy center based scanning magnetic microscope can be used to characterize magnetics at the nanoscale with high sensitivity. This paper reports a field-programmable-gate-array based hardware system that is designed to realize control and signal readout for fast scanning magnetic imaging with a nitrogen-vacancy center. A 10-channel 1 Msps @ 20 bit analog signal generator, a 12-channel 50 ps resolution pulse generator, a 300 Msps @ 16 bit lock-in amplifier with proportional integral derivative control function, and a 4-channel 200 Msps counter are integrated on the platform. A customized acceleration algorithm is realized with the re-configurable field-programmable-gate-array chip to accelerate the imaging speed of the nitrogen-vacancy system, and the experimental results prove that the imaging efficiency can be accelerated by five times compared to the system without the acceleration algorithm. The platform has considerable potential for future applications of fast scanning magnetic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqing Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Mingdong Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Xi Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Ziqing Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- Institute of Quantum Sensing and School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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2
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Chen G, Wu D, Xue Y, Ma W, He F, Du G, Zhou L. Diamond nitrogen-vacancy color-centered thermometer for integrated circuit application. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:104901. [PMID: 37782216 DOI: 10.1063/5.0146076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
With the advancement of the chip industry, accurate temperature measurement and thermal management have become crucial. Traditional infrared temperature imaging has limitations in terms of resolution and accuracy. ln recent years, quantum diamond nitrogen-vacancy centers have emerged as a promising option for temperature sensing, but separating temperature from magnetic field effects remains a challenge. This paper presents a numerical approach to decouple temperature and magnetic fields using an ensemble Hamiltonian in high-current density Integrated Circuit (IC) applications. The proposed method demonstrates a temperature sensitivity of 22.9 mK/Hz1/2 and the ability to perform scanning temperature imaging with a spatial resolution of 20 µm on a typical IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Chen
- College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Suqian College, Suqian 223800, China
| | - Di Wu
- College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Yawen Xue
- College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Wenhao Ma
- College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Feiyue He
- College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Guanxiang Du
- College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Li Zhou
- College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China
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3
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Miller EG, Singh M, Parkin S, Sammakia T, Damrauer NH. Preparation of a Rigid and Nearly Coplanar Bis-tetracene Dimer through an Application of the CANAL Reaction. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12251-12256. [PMID: 37607040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
A rigid tetracene dimer with a substantial interchromophore distance has been prepared through an application of the recently developed catalytic arene-norbornene annulation (CANAL) reaction. An iterative cycloaddition route was found to be unsuccessful, so a shorter route was adopted whereby fragments were coupled in the penultimate step to form a 13:1 mixture of two diastereomers, the major of which was isolated and crystallized. Constituent tetracene moieties are linked with a rigid, well-defined bridge and feature a near-co-planar mutual orientation of the acenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan G Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Madhu Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Tarek Sammakia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Niels H Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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4
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Happacher J, Bocquel J, Dinani HT, Tschudin MA, Reiser P, Broadway DA, Maze JR, Maletinsky P. Temperature-Dependent Photophysics of Single NV Centers in Diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:086904. [PMID: 37683170 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.086904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive study of the temperature- and magnetic-field-dependent photoluminescence (PL) of individual NV centers in diamond, spanning the temperature-range from cryogenic to ambient conditions. We directly observe the emergence of the NV's room-temperature effective excited-state structure and provide a clear explanation for a previously poorly understood broad quenching of NV PL at intermediate temperatures around 50 K, as well as the subsequent revival of NV PL. We develop a model based on two-phonon orbital averaging that quantitatively explains all of our findings, including the strong impact that strain has on the temperature dependence of the NV's PL. These results complete our understanding of orbital averaging in the NV excited state and have significant implications for the fundamental understanding of the NV center and its applications in quantum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodok Happacher
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Juanita Bocquel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Hossein T Dinani
- Escuela de Ingeniería, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 7500994, Chile
| | - Märta A Tschudin
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Reiser
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - David A Broadway
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Jeronimo R Maze
- Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Patrick Maletinsky
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
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5
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Mathur N, Mukherjee A, Gao X, Luo J, McCullian BA, Li T, Vamivakas AN, Fuchs GD. Excited-state spin-resonance spectroscopy of V[Formula: see text] defect centers in hexagonal boron nitride. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3233. [PMID: 35680866 PMCID: PMC9184587 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30772-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered spin-active boron vacancy (V[Formula: see text]) defect center in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has high contrast optically-detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) at room-temperature, with a spin-triplet ground-state that shows promise as a quantum sensor. Here we report temperature-dependent ODMR spectroscopy to probe spin within the orbital excited-state. Our experiments determine the excited-state spin Hamiltonian, including a room-temperature zero-field splitting of 2.1 GHz and a g-factor similar to that of the ground-state. We confirm that the resonance is associated with spin rotation in the excited-state using pulsed ODMR measurements, and we observe Zeeman-mediated level anti-crossings in both the orbital ground- and excited-state. Our observation of a single set of excited-state spin-triplet resonance from 10 to 300 K is suggestive of symmetry-lowering of the defect system from D3h to C2v. Additionally, the excited-state ODMR has strong temperature dependence of both contrast and transverse anisotropy splitting, enabling promising avenues for quantum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Mathur
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | | | - Xingyu Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Jialun Luo
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | | | - Tongcang Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - A. Nick Vamivakas
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA
- Materials Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA
- Center for Coherence and Quantum Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Gregory D. Fuchs
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY USA
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6
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Yu P, Sun H, Wang M, Zhang T, Ye X, Zhou J, Liu H, Wang CJ, Shi F, Wang Y, Du J. Excited-State Spectroscopy of Spin Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3545-3549. [PMID: 35439014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A negatively charged boron vacancy (VB-) color center in hexagonal boron nitride has recently been proposed as a promising quantum sensor due to its excellent properties. However, the spin level structure of the VB- color center is still unclear, especially for the excited state. Here we measured and confirmed the excited-state spin transitions of VB- using an optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) technique. The zero-field splitting of the excited state is 2.06 GHz, the transverse splitting is 93.1 MHz, and the g factor is 2.04. Moreover, negative peaks in fluorescence intensity and ODMR contrast at the level anticrossing point were observed, and they further confirmed that the spin transitions we measured came from the excited state. Our work deepens the understanding of the excited-state structure of VB- and promotes VB--based quantum sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Hangyu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Jie Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
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7
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Baber S, Malein RNE, Khatri P, Keatley PS, Guo S, Withers F, Ramsay AJ, Luxmoore IJ. Excited State Spectroscopy of Boron Vacancy Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Using Time-Resolved Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:461-467. [PMID: 34958574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) measurements of an ensemble of spin-1 negatively charged boron vacancies in hexagonal boron nitride. The photoluminescence decay rates are spin-dependent, with intersystem crossing rates of 1.02 ns-1 and 2.03 ns-1 for the mS = 0 and mS = ±1 states, respectively. Time gating the photoluminescence enhances the ODMR contrast by discriminating between different decay rates. This is particularly effective for detecting the spin of the optically excited state, where a zero-field splitting of |DES| = 2.09 GHz is measured. The magnetic field dependence of the photoluminescence exhibits dips corresponding to the ground (GSLAC) and excited-state (ESLAC) anticrossings and additional anticrossings due to coupling with nearby spin-1/2 parasitic impurities. Comparison to a model suggests that the anticrossings are mediated by the interaction with nuclear spins and allows an estimate of the ratio of the singlet to triplet spin-dependent relaxation rates of κ0/κ1 = 0.34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Baber
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Prince Khatri
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Steven Keatley
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - Shi Guo
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - Freddie Withers
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Ramsay
- Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory, Hitachi Europe Limited, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac J Luxmoore
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
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8
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Head-Marsden K, Flick J, Ciccarino CJ, Narang P. Quantum Information and Algorithms for Correlated Quantum Matter. Chem Rev 2020; 121:3061-3120. [PMID: 33326218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Discoveries in quantum materials, which are characterized by the strongly quantum-mechanical nature of electrons and atoms, have revealed exotic properties that arise from correlations. It is the promise of quantum materials for quantum information science superimposed with the potential of new computational quantum algorithms to discover new quantum materials that inspires this Review. We anticipate that quantum materials to be discovered and developed in the next years will transform the areas of quantum information processing including communication, storage, and computing. Simultaneously, efforts toward developing new quantum algorithmic approaches for quantum simulation and advanced calculation methods for many-body quantum systems enable major advances toward functional quantum materials and their deployment. The advent of quantum computing brings new possibilities for eliminating the exponential complexity that has stymied simulation of correlated quantum systems on high-performance classical computers. Here, we review new algorithms and computational approaches to predict and understand the behavior of correlated quantum matter. The strongly interdisciplinary nature of the topics covered necessitates a common language to integrate ideas from these fields. We aim to provide this common language while weaving together fields across electronic structure theory, quantum electrodynamics, algorithm design, and open quantum systems. Our Review is timely in presenting the state-of-the-art in the field toward algorithms with nonexponential complexity for correlated quantum matter with applications in grand-challenge problems. Looking to the future, at the intersection of quantum information science and algorithms for correlated quantum matter, we envision seminal advances in predicting many-body quantum states and describing excitonic quantum matter and large-scale entangled states, a better understanding of high-temperature superconductivity, and quantifying open quantum system dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kade Head-Marsden
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Johannes Flick
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Christopher J Ciccarino
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Prineha Narang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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9
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Kobecki M, Scherbakov AV, Linnik TL, Kukhtaruk SM, Gusev VE, Pattnaik DP, Akimov IA, Rushforth AW, Akimov AV, Bayer M. Resonant thermal energy transfer to magnons in a ferromagnetic nanolayer. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4130. [PMID: 32807771 PMCID: PMC7431562 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy harvesting is a concept which makes dissipated heat useful by transferring thermal energy to other excitations. Most of the existing principles are realized in systems which are heated continuously. We present the concept of high-frequency energy harvesting where the dissipated heat in a sample excites resonant magnons in a thin ferromagnetic metal layer. The sample is excited by femtosecond laser pulses with a repetition rate of 10 GHz, which results in temperature modulation at the same frequency with amplitude ~0.1 K. The alternating temperature excites magnons in the ferromagnetic nanolayer which are detected by measuring the net magnetization precession. When the magnon frequency is brought onto resonance with the optical excitation, a 12-fold increase of the amplitude of precession indicates efficient resonant heat transfer from the lattice to coherent magnons. The demonstrated principle may be used for energy harvesting in various nanodevices operating at GHz and sub-THz frequency ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kobecki
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Alexey V Scherbakov
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
- Ioffe Institute, Politechnycheskaya 26, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, 194021.
| | - Tetiana L Linnik
- Department of Theoretical Physics, V.E. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Pr. Nauky 41, Kyiv, 03028, Ukraine
| | - Serhii M Kukhtaruk
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Theoretical Physics, V.E. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Pr. Nauky 41, Kyiv, 03028, Ukraine
| | - Vitalyi E Gusev
- LAUM, CNRS UMR 6613, Le Mans Université, 72085, Le Mans, France
| | - Debi P Pattnaik
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ilya A Akimov
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Ioffe Institute, Politechnycheskaya 26, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, 194021
| | - Andrew W Rushforth
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Andrey V Akimov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Manfred Bayer
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Ioffe Institute, Politechnycheskaya 26, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, 194021
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10
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Plasma Treatments and Light Extraction from Fluorinated CVD-Grown (400) Single Crystal Diamond Nanopillars. Mol Vis 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/c6020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the possibilities to realize light extraction from single crystal diamond (SCD) nanopillars. This was achieved by dedicated 519 nm laser-induced spin-state initiation of negatively charged nitrogen vacancies (NV−). We focus on the naturally-generated by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of NV−. Applied diamond was neither implanted with 14N+, nor was the CVD synthesized SCD annealed. To investigate the possibility of light extraction by the utilization of NV−’s bright photoluminescence at room temperature and ambient conditions with the waveguiding effect, we have performed a top-down nanofabrication of SCD by electron beam lithography (EBL) and dry inductively-coupled plasma/reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE) to generate light focusing nanopillars. In addition, we have fluorinated the diamond’s surface by dedicated 0 V SF6 ICP plasma. Light extraction and spin manipulations were performed with photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) at room temperature. We have observed a remarkable effect based on the selective 0 V SF6 plasma etching and surprisingly, in contrast to literature findings, deactivation of NV− centers. We discuss the possible deactivation mechanism in detail.
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11
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Goldman ML, Patti TL, Levonian D, Yelin SF, Lukin MD. Optical Control of a Single Nuclear Spin in the Solid State. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:153203. [PMID: 32357057 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.153203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel method for coherent optical manipulation of individual nuclear spins in the solid state, mediated by the electronic states of a proximal quantum emitter. Specifically, using the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center in diamond, we demonstrate control of a proximal ^{14}N nuclear spin via an all-optical Raman technique. We evaluate the extent to which the intrinsic physical properties of the NV center limit the performance of coherent control, and we find that it is ultimately constrained by the relative rates of transverse hyperfine coupling and radiative decay in the NV center's excited state. Possible extensions and applications to other color centers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Goldman
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - T L Patti
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - D Levonian
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - S F Yelin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - M D Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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12
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EPR and double resonances in study of diamonds and nanodiamonds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-814024-6.00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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13
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Chen HY, MacQuarrie ER, Fuchs GD. Orbital State Manipulation of a Diamond Nitrogen-Vacancy Center Using a Mechanical Resonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:167401. [PMID: 29756908 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.167401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We study the resonant optical transitions of a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center that is coherently dressed by a strong mechanical drive. Using a gigahertz-frequency diamond mechanical resonator that is strain coupled to a NV center's orbital states, we demonstrate coherent Raman sidebands out to the ninth order and orbital-phonon interactions that mix the two excited-state orbital branches. These interactions are spectroscopically revealed through a multiphonon Rabi splitting of the orbital branches which scales as a function of resonator driving amplitude and is successfully reproduced in a quantum model. Finally, we discuss the application of mechanical driving to engineering NV-center orbital states.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Chen
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | - G D Fuchs
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Nonvolatile nuclear spin memory enables sensor-unlimited nanoscale spectroscopy of small spin clusters. Nat Commun 2017; 8:834. [PMID: 29018203 PMCID: PMC5635067 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00964-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In nanoscale metrology, dissipation of the sensor limits its performance. Strong dissipation has a negative impact on sensitivity, and sensor–target interaction even causes relaxation or dephasing of the latter. The weak dissipation of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) sensors in room temperature diamond enables detection of individual target nuclear spins, yet limits the spectral resolution of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to several hundred Hertz, which typically prevents molecular recognition. Here, we use the NV intrinsic nuclear spin as a nonvolatile classical memory to store NMR information, while suppressing sensor back-action on the target using controlled decoupling of sensor, memory, and target. We demonstrate memory lifetimes up to 4 min and apply measurement and decoupling protocols, which exploit such memories efficiently. Our universal NV-based sensor device records single-spin NMR spectra with 13 Hz resolution at room temperature. Dissipation of the sensor is a limiting factor in metrology. Here, Pfender et al. suppress this effect employing the nuclear spin of an NV centre for robust intermediate storage of classical NMR information, allowing then to record single-spin NMR spectra with 13 Hz resolution at room temperature.
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15
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Capelli M, Reineck P, Lau DWM, Orth A, Jeske J, Doherty MW, Ohshima T, Greentree AD, Gibson BC. Magnetic field-induced enhancement of the nitrogen-vacancy fluorescence quantum yield. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:9299-9304. [PMID: 28675210 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02093g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre in diamond is a unique optical defect that is used in many applications today and methods to enhance its fluorescence brightness are highly sought after. We observed experimentally an enhancement of the NV quantum yield by up to 7% in bulk diamond caused by an external magnetic field relative to the field-free case. This observation is rationalised phenomenologically in terms of a magnetic field dependence of the NV excited state triplet-to-singlet transition rate. The theoretical model is in good qualitative agreement with the experimental results at low excitation intensities. Our results significantly contribute to our fundamental understanding of the photophysical properties of the NV defect in diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Capelli
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
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MacQuarrie ER, Otten M, Gray SK, Fuchs GD. Cooling a mechanical resonator with nitrogen-vacancy centres using a room temperature excited state spin-strain interaction. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14358. [PMID: 28165477 PMCID: PMC5303879 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooling a mechanical resonator mode to a sub-thermal state has been a long-standing challenge in physics. This pursuit has recently found traction in the field of optomechanics in which a mechanical mode is coupled to an optical cavity. An alternate method is to couple the resonator to a well-controlled two-level system. Here we propose a protocol to dissipatively cool a room temperature mechanical resonator using a nitrogen-vacancy centre ensemble. The spin ensemble is coupled to the resonator through its orbitally-averaged excited state, which has a spin–strain interaction that has not been previously studied. We experimentally demonstrate that the spin–strain coupling in the excited state is 13.5±0.5 times stronger than the ground state spin–strain coupling. We then theoretically show that this interaction, combined with a high-density spin ensemble, enables the cooling of a mechanical resonator from room temperature to a fraction of its thermal phonon occupancy. An efficient cooling mechanism for nanoscale mechanical resonators would help improve their properties for use in sensing applications. Here, the authors demonstrate a strong interaction between NV centres and a resonator and show how it could be harnessed to achieve a large cooling rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R MacQuarrie
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - M Otten
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - S K Gray
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - G D Fuchs
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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17
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Knowles HS, Kara DM, Atatüre M. Demonstration of a Coherent Electronic Spin Cluster in Diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:100802. [PMID: 27636464 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.100802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An obstacle for spin-based quantum sensors is magnetic noise due to proximal spins. However, a cluster of such spins can become an asset, if it can be controlled. Here, we polarize and readout a cluster of three nitrogen electron spins coupled to a single nitrogen-vacancy spin in diamond. We further achieve sub-nm localization of the cluster spins. Finally, we demonstrate coherent spin exchange between the species by simultaneous dressing of the nitrogen-vacancy and the nitrogen states. These results establish the feasibility of environment-assisted sensing and quantum simulations with diamond spins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena S Knowles
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Dhiren M Kara
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Mete Atatüre
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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Matsuzaki Y, Morishita H, Shimooka T, Tashima T, Kakuyanagi K, Semba K, Munro WJ, Yamaguchi H, Mizuochi N, Saito S. Optically detected magnetic resonance of high-density ensemble of NV - centers in diamond. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:275302. [PMID: 27214571 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/27/275302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) is a way to characterize the ensemble of NV-centers. Recently, a remarkably sharp dip was observed in the ODMR with a high-density ensemble of NV centers. The model (Zhu et al 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3424) indicated that such a dip was due to the spin-1 properties of the NV- centers. Here, we present many more details of the analysis to show how this model can be applied to investigate the properties of the NV- centers. By using our model, we have reproduced the ODMR with and without applied external magnetic fields. Additionally, we investigate how the ODMR is affected by the typical parameters of the ensemble NV- centers such as strain distributions, inhomogeneous magnetic fields, and homogeneous broadening width. Our model provides a way to characterize the NV- center from the ODMR, which would be crucial to realize diamond-based quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Matsuzaki
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0198, Japan
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Wang P, Liu B, Yang W. Strongly polarizing weakly coupled (13)C nuclear spins with optically pumped nitrogen-vacancy center. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15847. [PMID: 26521962 PMCID: PMC4629148 DOI: 10.1038/srep15847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the polarization of nuclear spins surrounding the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has recently attracted widespread attention due to its various applications. Here we present an analytical formula that not only provides a clear physical picture for the recently observed polarization reversal of strongly coupled(13)C nuclei over a narrow range of magnetic field [H. J. Wang et al., Nat. Commun. 4, 1940 (2013)], but also demonstrates the possibility to strongly polarize weakly coupled (13)C nuclei. This allows sensitive magnetic field control of the (13)C nuclear spin polarization for NMR applications and significant suppression of the (13)C nuclear spin noise to prolong the NV spin coherence time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Bao Liu
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Wen Yang
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100094, China
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Falk AL, Klimov PV, Ivády V, Szász K, Christle DJ, Koehl WF, Gali Á, Awschalom DD. Optical Polarization of Nuclear Spins in Silicon Carbide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015. [PMID: 26197014 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.247603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abram L Falk
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA
| | - Paul V Klimov
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Viktor Ivády
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Krisztián Szász
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Physics, Loránd Eötvös University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - David J Christle
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - William F Koehl
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Ádám Gali
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - David D Awschalom
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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21
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Goldman ML, Sipahigil A, Doherty MW, Yao NY, Bennett SD, Markham M, Twitchen DJ, Manson NB, Kubanek A, Lukin MD. Phonon-induced population dynamics and intersystem crossing in nitrogen-vacancy centers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:145502. [PMID: 25910136 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.145502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report direct measurement of population dynamics in the excited state manifold of a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond. We quantify the phonon-induced mixing rate and demonstrate that it can be completely suppressed at low temperatures. Further, we measure the intersystem crossing (ISC) rate for different excited states and develop a theoretical model that unifies the phonon-induced mixing and ISC mechanisms. We find that our model is in excellent agreement with experiment and that it can be used to predict unknown elements of the NV center's electronic structure. We discuss the model's implications for enhancing the NV center's performance as a room-temperature sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Goldman
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - A Sipahigil
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M W Doherty
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - N Y Yao
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - S D Bennett
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M Markham
- Element Six Ltd, Kings Ride Park, Ascot SL5 8BP, United Kingdom
| | - D J Twitchen
- Element Six Ltd, Kings Ride Park, Ascot SL5 8BP, United Kingdom
| | - N B Manson
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - A Kubanek
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M D Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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22
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Golter DA, Baldwin TK, Wang H. Protecting a solid-state spin from decoherence using dressed spin states. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:237601. [PMID: 25526157 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.237601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report experimental studies of dressing an electron spin in diamond with resonant and continuous microwave fields to protect the electron spin from magnetic fluctuations induced by the nuclear spin bath. We use optical coherent population trapping (CPT) to probe the energy level structure, optically induced spin transitions, and spin decoherence rates of the dressed spin states. Dressing an electron spin with resonant microwaves at a coupling rate near 1 MHz leads to a 50 times reduction in the linewidth of the spin transition underlying the CPT process, limited by transit-time broadening. Compared with dynamical decoupling, where effects of the bath are averaged out at specific times, the dressed spin state provides a continuous protection from decoherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Andrew Golter
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Thomas K Baldwin
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Hailin Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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23
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Sangtawesin S, Brundage TO, Petta JR. Fast room-temperature phase gate on a single nuclear spin in diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:020506. [PMID: 25062156 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.020506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear spins support long lived quantum coherence due to weak coupling to the environment, but are difficult to rapidly control using nuclear magnetic resonance as a result of the small nuclear magnetic moment. We demonstrate a fast ∼500 ns nuclear spin phase gate on a (14)N nuclear spin qubit intrinsic to a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. The phase gate is enabled by the hyperfine interaction and off-resonance driving of electron spin transitions. Repeated applications of the phase gate bang-bang decouple the nuclear spin from the environment, locking the spin state for up to ∼140 μs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sangtawesin
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - T O Brundage
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - J R Petta
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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24
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Rondin L, Tetienne JP, Hingant T, Roch JF, Maletinsky P, Jacques V. Magnetometry with nitrogen-vacancy defects in diamond. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2014; 77:056503. [PMID: 24801494 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/77/5/056503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The isolated electronic spin system of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre in diamond offers unique possibilities to be employed as a nanoscale sensor for detection and imaging of weak magnetic fields. Magnetic imaging with nanometric resolution and field detection capabilities in the nanotesla range are enabled by the atomic-size and exceptionally long spin-coherence times of this naturally occurring defect. The exciting perspectives that ensue from these characteristics have triggered vivid experimental activities in the emerging field of 'NV magnetometry'. It is the purpose of this article to review the recent progress in high-sensitivity nanoscale NV magnetometry, generate an overview of the most pertinent results of the last years and highlight perspectives for future developments. We will present the physical principles that allow for magnetic field detection with NV centres and discuss first applications of NV magnetometers that have been demonstrated in the context of nano magnetism, mesoscopic physics and the life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rondin
- Laboratoire de Photonique Quantique et Moléculaire, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan and CNRS UMR 8537, 94235 Cachan Cedex, France
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25
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Golter DA, Wang H. Optically driven Rabi oscillations and adiabatic passage of single electron spins in diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:116403. [PMID: 24702393 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.116403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Rabi oscillations and adiabatic passage of single electron spins in a diamond nitrogen vacancy center are demonstrated with two Raman-resonant optical pulses that are detuned from the respective dipole optical transitions. We show that the optical spin control is nuclear-spin selective and can be robust against rapid decoherence, including radiative decay and spectral diffusion, of the underlying optical transitions. A direct comparison between the Rabi oscillation and the adiabatic passage, along with a detailed theoretical analysis, provides significant physical insights into the connections and differences between these coherent spin processes and also elucidates the role of spectral diffusion in these processes. The optically driven coherent spin processes enable the use of nitrogen vacancy excited states to mediate coherent spin-phonon coupling, opening the door to combining optical control of both spin and mechanical degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Andrew Golter
- Department of Physics and Oregon Center for Optics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Hailin Wang
- Department of Physics and Oregon Center for Optics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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26
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Dréau A, Spinicelli P, Maze JR, Roch JF, Jacques V. Single-shot readout of multiple nuclear spin qubits in diamond under ambient conditions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:060502. [PMID: 23432227 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.060502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We use the electronic spin of a single nitrogen-vacancy defect in diamond to observe the real-time evolution of neighboring single nuclear spins under ambient conditions. Using a diamond sample with a natural abundance of (13)C isotopes, we first demonstrate high fidelity initialization and single-shot readout of an individual (13)C nuclear spin. By including the intrinsic (14)N nuclear spin of the nitrogen-vacancy defect in the quantum register, we then report the simultaneous observation of quantum jumps linked to both nuclear spin species, providing an efficient initialization of the two qubits. These results open up new avenues for diamond-based quantum information processing including active feedback in quantum error correction protocols and tests of quantum correlations with solid-state single spins at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dréau
- Laboratoire de Photonique Quantique et Moléculaire, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan and CNRS UMR 8537, 94235 Cachan, France
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27
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Fuchs GD, Falk AL, Dobrovitski VV, Awschalom DD. Spin coherence during optical excitation of a single nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:157602. [PMID: 22587283 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.157602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We examine the quantum spin state of a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond at room temperature as it makes a transition from the orbital ground state (GS) to the orbital excited state (ES) during nonresonant optical excitation. While the fluorescence readout of NV-center spins relies on conservation of the longitudinal spin projection during optical excitation, the question of quantum phase preservation has not been examined. Using Ramsey measurements and quantum process tomography of the optical excitation process, we measure a trace fidelity of F=0.87±0.03, which includes ES spin dephasing during measurement. Extrapolation to the moment of optical excitation yields F≈0.95. This result provides insight into the interaction between spin coherence and nonresonant optical absorption through a vibronic sideband.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Fuchs
- Center for Spintronics and Quantum Computation, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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28
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Togan E, Chu Y, Imamoglu A, Lukin MD. Laser cooling and real-time measurement of the nuclear spin environment of a solid-state qubit. Nature 2011; 478:497-501. [DOI: 10.1038/nature10528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Robledo L, Childress L, Bernien H, Hensen B, Alkemade PFA, Hanson R. High-fidelity projective read-out of a solid-state spin quantum register. Nature 2011; 477:574-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nature10401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Abstract
The sensitive dependence of a semiconductor's electronic, optical and magnetic properties on dopants has provided an extensive range of tunable phenomena to explore and apply to devices. Recently it has become possible to move past the tunable properties of an ensemble of dopants to identify the effects of a solitary dopant on commercial device performance as well as locally on the fundamental properties of a semiconductor. New applications that require the discrete character of a single dopant, such as single-spin devices in the area of quantum information or single-dopant transistors, demand a further focus on the properties of a specific dopant. This article describes the huge advances in the past decade towards observing, controllably creating and manipulating single dopants, as well as their application in novel devices which allow opening the new field of solotronics (solitary dopant optoelectronics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Koenraad
- COBRA Inter-University Research Institute, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Santori C, Barclay PE, Fu KMC, Beausoleil RG, Spillane S, Fisch M. Nanophotonics for quantum optics using nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:274008. [PMID: 20571195 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/27/274008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Optical microcavities and waveguides coupled to diamond are needed to enable efficient communication between quantum systems such as nitrogen-vacancy centers which are known already to have long electron spin coherence lifetimes. This paper describes recent progress in realizing microcavities with low loss and small mode volume in two hybrid systems: silica microdisks coupled to diamond nanoparticles, and gallium phosphide microdisks coupled to single-crystal diamond. A theoretical proposal for a gallium phosphide nanowire photonic crystal cavity coupled to diamond is also discussed. Comparing the two material systems, silica microdisks are easier to fabricate and test. However, at low temperature, nitrogen-vacancy centers in bulk diamond are spectrally more stable, and we expect that in the long term the bulk diamond approach will be better suited for on-chip integration of a photonic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Santori
- Information and Quantum Systems, HP Laboratories, 1501 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1123, USA
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González G, Leuenberger MN. The dynamics of the optically driven Lambda transition of the 15N-V- center in diamond. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:274020. [PMID: 20571207 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/27/274020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent experimental results demonstrate the possibility of writing quantum information in the ground state triplet of the (15)N-V(-) center in diamond by means of an optically driven spin non-conserving two-photon Lambda transition in the presence of a strong applied electric field. Our calculations show that the hyperfine interaction in the (15)N-V(-) center is capable of mediating such a transition. We use a density matrix approach to describe the exact dynamics for the allowed optical spin non-conserving transitions between two sublevels of the ground state triplet. This approach allows us to calculate the Rabi oscillations, by means of which we obtain a Rabi frequency with an upper bound determined by the hyperfine interaction. This result is crucial for the success of implementing optically driven quantum information processing with the N-V center in diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel González
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
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33
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Neumann P, Beck J, Steiner M, Rempp F, Fedder H, Hemmer PR, Wrachtrup J, Jelezko F. Single-Shot Readout of a Single Nuclear Spin. Science 2010; 329:542-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1189075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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34
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Acosta VM, Bauch E, Ledbetter MP, Waxman A, Bouchard LS, Budker D. Temperature dependence of the nitrogen-vacancy magnetic resonance in diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:070801. [PMID: 20366868 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.070801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The temperature dependence of the magnetic-resonance spectra of nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) ensembles in the range of 280-330 K was studied. Four samples prepared under different conditions were analyzed with NV- concentrations ranging from 10 ppb to 15 ppm. For all samples, the axial zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameter D was found to vary significantly with temperature, T, as dD/dT=-74.2(7) kHz/K. The transverse ZFS parameter E was nonzero (between 4 and 11 MHz) in all samples, and exhibited a temperature dependence of dE/(EdT)=-1.4(3)x10{-4} K-1. The results might be accounted for by considering local thermal expansion. The temperature dependence of the ZFS parameters presents a significant challenge for diamond magnetometers and may ultimately limit their bandwidth and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Acosta
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA.
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Fu KMC, Santori C, Barclay PE, Rogers LJ, Manson NB, Beausoleil RG. Observation of the dynamic Jahn-Teller effect in the excited states of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:256404. [PMID: 20366270 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.256404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The optical transition linewidth and emission polarization of single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers are measured from 5 K to room temperature. Interexcited state population relaxation is shown to broaden the zero-phonon line and both the relaxation and linewidth are found to follow a T(5) dependence for T < 100 K. This dependence indicates that the dynamic Jahn-Teller effect is the dominant dephasing mechanism for the NV optical transitions at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Mei C Fu
- Information and Quantum Systems Lab, Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, 1501 Page Mill Road, MS1123, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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Jiang L, Hodges JS, Maze JR, Maurer P, Taylor JM, Cory DG, Hemmer PR, Walsworth RL, Yacoby A, Zibrov AS, Lukin MD. Repetitive readout of a single electronic spin via quantum logic with nuclear spin ancillae. Science 2009; 326:267-72. [PMID: 19745117 DOI: 10.1126/science.1176496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Robust measurement of single quantum bits plays a key role in the realization of quantum computation and communication as well as in quantum metrology and sensing. We have implemented a method for the improved readout of single electronic spin qubits in solid-state systems. The method makes use of quantum logic operations on a system consisting of a single electronic spin and several proximal nuclear spin ancillae in order to repetitively readout the state of the electronic spin. Using coherent manipulation of a single nitrogen vacancy center in room-temperature diamond, full quantum control of an electronic-nuclear system consisting of up to three spins was achieved. We took advantage of a single nuclear-spin memory in order to obtain a 10-fold enhancement in the signal amplitude of the electronic spin readout. We also present a two-level, concatenated procedure to improve the readout by use of a pair of nuclear spin ancillae, an important step toward the realization of robust quantum information processors using electronic- and nuclear-spin qubits. Our technique can be used to improve the sensitivity and speed of spin-based nanoscale diamond magnetometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jiang
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Stoneham AM, Harker AH, Morley GW. Could one make a diamond-based quantum computer? JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:364222. [PMID: 21832328 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/36/364222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We assess routes to a diamond-based quantum computer, where we specifically look towards scalable devices, with at least 10 linked quantum gates. Such a computer should satisfy the deVincenzo rules and might be used at convenient temperatures. The specific examples that we examine are based on the optical control of electron spins. For some such devices, nuclear spins give additional advantages. Since there have already been demonstrations of basic initialization and readout, our emphasis is on routes to two-qubit quantum gate operations and the linking of perhaps 10-20 such gates. We analyse the dopant properties necessary, especially centres containing N and P, and give results using simple scoping calculations for the key interactions determining gate performance. Our conclusions are cautiously optimistic: it may be possible to develop a useful quantum information processor that works above cryogenic temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marshall Stoneham
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Batalov A, Jacques V, Kaiser F, Siyushev P, Neumann P, Rogers LJ, McMurtrie RL, Manson NB, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J. Low temperature studies of the excited-state structure of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:195506. [PMID: 19518973 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.195506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a study of the 3E excited-state structure of single negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defects in diamond, combining resonant excitation at cryogenic temperatures and optically detected magnetic resonance. A theoretical model is developed and shows excellent agreement with experimental observations. In addition, we show that the two orbital branches associated with the 3E excited state are averaged when operating at room temperature. This study leads to an improved physical understanding of the NV defect electronic structure, which is invaluable for the development of diamond-based quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Batalov
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
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Jacques V, Neumann P, Beck J, Markham M, Twitchen D, Meijer J, Kaiser F, Balasubramanian G, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J. Dynamic polarization of single nuclear spins by optical pumping of nitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond at room temperature. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:057403. [PMID: 19257552 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.057403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a versatile method to polarize single nuclear spins in diamond, based on optical pumping of a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect and mediated by a level anticrossing in its excited state. A nuclear-spin polarization higher than 98% is achieved at room temperature for the 15N nuclear spin associated with the NV center, corresponding to microK effective nuclear-spin temperature. We then show simultaneous initialization of two nuclear spins in the vicinity of a NV defect. Such robust control of nuclear-spin states is a key ingredient for further scaling up of nuclear-spin based quantum registers in diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jacques
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
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