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Zhang JR, Wang SY, Ge G, Wei M, Hua W, Ma Y. On the choice of shape and size for truncated cluster-based X-ray spectral simulations of 2D materials. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:094704. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Truncated cluster models represent an effective way for simulating X-ray spectra of 2D materials. Here we systematically assessed the influence of two key parameters, the cluster shape (honeycomb, rectangle, or parallelogram) and size, in X-ray photoelectron (XPS) and absorption (XAS) spectra simulations of three 2D materials at five K-edges (graphene, C 1s; C3N, C/N 1s; h-BN, B/N 1s) to pursue the accuracy limit of binding energy (BE) and spectral profile predictions. Several recent XPS experiments reported BEs with differences spanning 0.3, 1.5, 0.7, 0.3, and 0.3 eV, respectively. Our calculations favor the honeycomb model for stable accuracy and fast size convergence, and a honeycomb with ~10 nm side length (120 atoms) is enough to predict accurate 1s BEs for all 2D sheets. Compared to all these experiments, predicted BEs show absolute deviations as follows: 0.4-0.7, 0.0-1.0, 0.4-1.1, 0.6-0.9, and 0.1-0.4 eV. A mean absolute deviation of 0.3 eV was achieved if we compare only to the closest experiment. We found that the sensitivity of computed BEs to different model shapes depends on systems: graphene, sensitive; C3N, weak; h-BN, very weak. This can be attributed to their more or less delocalized π electrons in this series. For this reason, a larger cluster size is required for graphene than the other two to reproduce fine structures in XAS. The general profile of XAS shows weak dependence to model shape. Our calculations provide optimal parameters and accuracy estimations that are useful for X-ray spectral simulations of general graphene-like 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guoyan Ge
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Minrui Wei
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Weijie Hua
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Yong Ma
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, China
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Boukhvalov DW, Paolucci V, D'Olimpio G, Cantalini C, Politano A. Chemical reactions on surfaces for applications in catalysis, gas sensing, adsorption-assisted desalination and Li-ion batteries: opportunities and challenges for surface science. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:7541-7552. [PMID: 32926041 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03317k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The study of chemical processes on solid surfaces is a powerful tool to discover novel physicochemical concepts with direct implications for processes based on chemical reactions at surfaces, largely exploited by industry. Recent upgrades of experimental tools and computational capabilities, as well as the advent of two-dimensional materials, have opened new opportunities and challenges for surface science. In this Perspective, we highlight recent advances in application fields strictly connected to novel concepts emerging in surface science. Specifically, we show for selected case-study examples that surface oxidation can be unexpectedly beneficial for improving the efficiency in electrocatalysis (the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction) and photocatalysis, as well as in gas sensing. Moreover, we discuss the adsorption-assisted mechanism in membrane distillation for seawater desalination, as well as the use of surface-science tools in the study of Li-ion batteries. In all these applications, surface-science methodologies (both experimental and theoretical) have unveiled new physicochemical processes, whose efficiency can be further tuned by controlling surface phenomena, thus paving the way for a new era for the investigation of surfaces and interfaces of nanomaterials. In addition, we discuss the role of surface scientists in contemporary condensed matter physics, taking as case-study examples specific controversial debates concerning unexpected phenomena emerging in nanosheets of layered materials, solved by adopting a surface-science approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danil W Boukhvalov
- College of Science, Institute of Materials Physics and Chemistry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
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Gontarek E, Macedonio F, Militano F, Giorno L, Lieder M, Politano A, Drioli E, Gugliuzza A. Adsorption-assisted transport of water vapour in super-hydrophobic membranes filled with multilayer graphene platelets. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:11521-11529. [PMID: 31086934 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02581b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of confinement of multilayer graphene platelets in hydrophobic microporous polymeric membranes are here examined. Intermolecular interactions between water vapour molecules and nanocomposite membranes are envisaged to originate assisted transport of water vapour in membrane distillation processes when a suitable filler-polymer ratio is reached. Mass transport coefficients are estimated under different working conditions, suggesting a strong dependence of the transport on molecular interactions. Remarkably, no thermal polarization is observed, although the filler exhibits ultrahigh thermal conductivity. In contrast, enhanced resistance to wetting as well as outstanding mechanical and chemical stability meets the basic requirements of water purification via membrane distillation. As a result, a significant improvement of the productivity-efficiency trade-off is achieved with respect to the pristine polymeric membrane when low amounts of platelets are confined in spherulitic-like PVDF networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gontarek
- Research Institute on Membrane Technology, ITM-CNR, Via Pietro Bucci 17/C, I-87030 Rende, Italy.
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Wang YF, Singh SB, Limaye MV, Shao YC, Hsieh SH, Chen LY, Hsueh HC, Wang HT, Chiou JW, Yeh YC, Chen CW, Chen CH, Ray SC, Wang J, Pong WF, Takagi Y, Ohigashi T, Yokoyama T, Kosugi N. Visualizing chemical states and defects induced magnetism of graphene oxide by spatially-resolved-X-ray microscopy and spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15439. [PMID: 26481557 PMCID: PMC4612711 DOI: 10.1038/srep15439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation studies the various magnetic behaviors of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxides (rGOs) and elucidates the relationship between the chemical states that involve defects therein and their magnetic behaviors in GO sheets. Magnetic hysteresis loop reveals that the GO is ferromagnetic whereas photo-thermal moderately reduced graphene oxide (M-rGO) and heavily reduced graphene oxide (H-rGO) gradually become paramagnetic behavior at room temperature. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and corresponding X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy were utilized to investigate thoroughly the variation of the C 2p(π*) states that are bound with oxygen-containing and hydroxyl groups, as well as the C 2p(σ*)-derived states in flat and wrinkle regions to clarify the relationship between the spatially-resolved chemical states and the magnetism of GO, M-rGO and H-rGO. The results of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism further support the finding that C 2p(σ*)-derived states are the main origin of the magnetism of GO. Based on experimental results and first-principles calculations, the variation in magnetic behavior from GO to M-rGO and to H-rGO is interpreted, and the origin of ferromagnetism is identified as the C 2p(σ*)-derived states that involve defects/vacancies rather than the C 2p(π*) states that are bound with oxygen-containing and hydroxyl groups on GO sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. F. Wang
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Tamsui 251, Taiwan
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shashi B. Singh
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Tamsui 251, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Mukta V. Limaye
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Tamsui 251, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Y. C. Shao
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Tamsui 251, Taiwan
| | - S. H. Hsieh
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Tamsui 251, Taiwan
| | - L. Y. Chen
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Tamsui 251, Taiwan
| | - H. C. Hsueh
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Tamsui 251, Taiwan
| | - H. T. Wang
- Department of Physics, National Tsinghua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - J. W. Chiou
- Department of Applied Physics, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Y. C. Yeh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - C. W. Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - C. H. Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Sekhar C. Ray
- Department of Physics, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - J. Wang
- Canadian Light Source Inc., University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - W. F. Pong
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Tamsui 251, Taiwan
| | - Y. Takagi
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - T. Ohigashi
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - T. Yokoyama
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - N. Kosugi
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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Galakhov VR, Shamin SN, Uimin MA, Ermakov AE, Bukhvalov DW. X-ray spectroscopy of carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476615030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Worsley MA, Pham TT, Yan A, Shin SJ, Lee JRI, Bagge-Hansen M, Mickelson W, Zettl A. Synthesis and characterization of highly crystalline graphene aerogels. ACS NANO 2014; 8:11013-11022. [PMID: 25283720 DOI: 10.1021/nn505335u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aerogels are used in a broad range of scientific and industrial applications due to their large surface areas, ultrafine pore sizes, and extremely low densities. Recently, a large number of reports have described graphene aerogels based on the reduction of graphene oxide (GO). Though these GO-based aerogels represent a considerable advance relative to traditional carbon aerogels, they remain significantly inferior to individual graphene sheets due to their poor crystallinity. Here, we report a straightforward method to synthesize highly crystalline GO-based graphene aerogels via high-temperature processing common in commercial graphite production. The crystallization of the graphene aerogels versus annealing temperature is characterized using Raman and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy. Nitrogen porosimetry shows that the highly crystalline graphene macrostructure maintains a high surface area and ultrafine pore size. Because of their enhanced crystallinity, these graphene aerogels exhibit a ∼ 200 °C improvement in oxidation temperature and an order of magnitude increase in electrical conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Worsley
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94550, United States
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Hunt A, Kurmaev EZ, Moewes A. A re-evaluation of how functional groups modify the electronic structure of graphene oxide. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:4870-4874. [PMID: 24903059 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The first 4 eV of the conduction band in graphene oxide is dominated by states from carbon sites that are in close proximity, but not directly bonded, to oxidizing functional groups. The carbon sites that are bonded directly to these groups, such as epoxide and hydroxyl groups, are much higher in energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hunt
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, 116 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E2, Canada
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XAFS Applications on Polymers and Related Materials. ACTA POLYM SIN 2014. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2014.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schultz BJ, Dennis RV, Lee V, Banerjee S. An electronic structure perspective of graphene interfaces. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:3444-3466. [PMID: 24562654 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06923k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The unusual electronic structure of graphene characterized by linear energy dispersion of bands adjacent to the Fermi level underpins its remarkable transport properties. However, for practical device integration, graphene will need to be interfaced with other materials: 2D layered structures, metals (as ad-atoms, nanoparticles, extended surfaces, and patterned metamaterial geometries), dielectrics, organics, or hybrid structures that in turn are constituted from various inorganic or organic components. The structural complexity at these nanoscale interfaces holds much promise for manifestation of novel emergent phenomena and provides a means to modulate the electronic structure of graphene. In this feature article, we review the modifications to the electronic structure of graphene induced upon interfacing with disparate types of materials with an emphasis on iterative learnings from theoretical calculations and electronic spectroscopy (X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy, scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM), angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD)). We discuss approaches for engineering and modulating a bandgap in graphene through interfacial hybridization, outline experimental methods for examining electronic structure at interfaces, and overview device implications of engineered interfaces. A unified view of how geometric and electronic structure are correlated at interfaces will provide a rational means for designing heterostructures exhibiting emergent physical phenomena with implications for plasmonics, photonics, spintronics, and engineered polymer and metal matrix composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, New York 14260-3000, USA.
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11
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Okotrub AV, Yudanov NF, Asanov IP, Vyalikh DV, Bulusheva LG. Anisotropy of chemical bonding in semifluorinated graphite C2F revealed with angle-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2013; 7:65-74. [PMID: 23214423 DOI: 10.1021/nn305268b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite characterized by a low misorientation of crystallites is fluorinated using a gaseous mixture of BrF(3) with Br(2) at room temperature. The golden-colored product, easily delaminating into micrometer-size transparent flakes, is an intercalation compound where Br(2) molecules are hosted between fluorinated graphene layers of approximate C(2)F composition. To unravel the chemical bonding in semifluorinated graphite, we apply angle-resolved near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and quantum-chemical modeling. The strong angular dependence of the CK and FK edge NEXAFS spectra on the incident radiation indicates that room-temperature-produced graphite fluoride is a highly anisotropic material, where half of the carbon atoms are covalently bonded with fluorine, while the rest of the carbon atoms preserve π electrons. Comparison of the experimental CK edge spectrum with theoretical spectra plotted for C(2)F models reveals that fluorine atoms are more likely to form chains. This conclusion agrees with the atomic force microscopy observation of a chain-like pattern on the surface of graphite fluoride layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Okotrub
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, SB RAS, 3 Academician Lavrentiev ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Milev A, Dissanayake DMAS, Kannangara GSK, Kumarasinghe AR. Defect induced electronic states and magnetism in ball-milled graphite. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:16294-302. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52657g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Imaging local electronic corrugations and doped regions in graphene. Nat Commun 2011; 2:372. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Worsley MA, Olson TY, Lee JRI, Willey TM, Nielsen MH, Roberts SK, Pauzauskie PJ, Biener J, Satcher JH, Baumann TF. High Surface Area, sp(2)-Cross-Linked Three-Dimensional Graphene Monoliths. J Phys Chem Lett 2011; 2:921-925. [PMID: 26295629 DOI: 10.1021/jz200223x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Developing three-dimensional (3D) graphene assemblies with properties similar to those individual graphene sheets is a promising strategy for graphene-based electrodes. Typically, the synthesis of 3D graphene assemblies relies on van der Waals forces for holding the graphene sheets together, resulting in bulk properties that do not reflect those reported for individual graphene sheets. Here, we report the use of sol-gel chemistry to introduce chemical bonding between the graphene sheets and control the bulk properties of graphene-based aerogels. Adjusting synthetic parameters allows a wide range of control over surface area, pore volume, and pore size, as well as the nature of the chemical cross-links (sp(2) vs sp(3)). The bulk properties of the graphene-based aerogels represent a significant step toward realizing the properties of individual graphene sheets in a 3D assembly with surface areas approaching the theoretical value of an individual sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Worsley
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Tammy Y Olson
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Jonathan R I Lee
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Trevor M Willey
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Michael H Nielsen
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Sarah K Roberts
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Peter J Pauzauskie
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Juergen Biener
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Joe H Satcher
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Theodore F Baumann
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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Papagno M, Fraile Rodríguez A, Girit Ç, Meyer J, Zettl A, Pacilé D. Polarization-dependent C K near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure of graphene. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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