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Kim SH, Shin SJ, Bhandarkar SD, Baumann TF. Preparation of Macroscopic Low-Density Gold Foams with Good Machinability. Fusion Science and Technology 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2023.2173514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Kim
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Swanee J. Shin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Suhas D. Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Theodore F. Baumann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550
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2
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Moore AS, Meezan NB, Milovich J, Johnson S, Heredia R, Baumann TF, Biener M, Bhandarkar SD, Chen H, Divol L, Izumi N, Nikroo A, Baker K, Jones O, Landen OL, Hsing WW, Moody JD, Thomas CA, Lahmann B, Williams J, Alfonso N, Schoff ME. Foam-lined hohlraum, inertial confinement fusion experiments on the National Ignition Facility. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:051201. [PMID: 33327093 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.051201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) to study hohlraums lined with a 20-mg/cc 400-μm-thick Ta_{2}O_{5} aerogel at full scale (hohlraum diameter = 6.72 mm) are reported. Driven with a 1.6-MJ, 450-TW laser pulse, the performance of the foam liner is diagnosed using implosion hot-spot symmetry measurements of the high-density carbon (HDC) capsule and measurement of inner beam propagation through a thin-wall 8-μm Au window in the hohlraum. Results show an improved capsule performance due to laser energy deposition further inside the hohlraum, leading to a modest increase in x-ray drive and reduced preheat due to changes in the x-ray spectrum when the foam liner is included. In addition, the outer cone bubble uniformity is improved, but the predicted improvement in inner beam propagation to improve symmetry control is not realized for this foam thickness and density.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Moore
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N B Meezan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J Milovich
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S Johnson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - R Heredia
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - T F Baumann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Biener
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - S D Bhandarkar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - H Chen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L Divol
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Nikroo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - K Baker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - O Jones
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - W W Hsing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J D Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C A Thomas
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B Lahmann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Williams
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - N Alfonso
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - M E Schoff
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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3
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Qian F, Troksa A, Fears TM, Nielsen MH, Nelson AJ, Baumann TF, Kucheyev SO, Han TYJ, Bagge-Hansen M. Gold Aerogel Monoliths with Tunable Ultralow Densities. Nano Lett 2020; 20:131-135. [PMID: 31622548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the fabrication of ultralight gold aerogel monoliths with tunable densities and pore structures. Gold nanowires are prepared at the gram scale by substrate-assisted growth with uniform size, ultrathin diameters, high purity, and a high aspect ratio. Freeze-casting of suspensions of these nanowires produces free-standing, monolithic aerogels with tunable densities from 6 to 23 mg/cm3, which to the best of our knowledge represents the lowest density monolithic gold material. We also demonstrate that the pore geometries created during freeze-casting can be systematically tuned across multiple length scales by the selection of different solvents and excipients in the feedstock suspension. The mechanical behavior of porous materials depends on relative density and pore architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Qian
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Alyssa Troksa
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Tyler M Fears
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Michael H Nielsen
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Art J Nelson
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Theodore F Baumann
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Sergei O Kucheyev
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - T Yong-Jin Han
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Michael Bagge-Hansen
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
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4
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Kim SH, Jackson JA, Oakdale JS, Forien JB, Lenhardt JM, Yoo JH, Shin SJ, Lepró X, Moran BD, Aracne-Ruddle CM, Baumann TF, Jones OS, Biener J. A simple, highly efficient route to electroless gold plating on complex 3D printed polyacrylate plastics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10463-10466. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05368e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We develop a simple, highly efficient route to electroless gold plating on complex 3D printed polyacrylate plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Kim
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- Livermore
- USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xavier Lepró
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- Livermore
- USA
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5
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Patterson BM, Sain J, Seugling R, Santiago-Cordoba M, Goodwin L, Oertel J, Cowan J, Hamilton CE, Cordes NL, Gammon SA, Baumann TF. Quantitative Analysis of Ultralow-Density Materials Using Laboratory-Based Quasi-Monochromatic Radiography. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2017.1364923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Patterson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - John Sain
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Richard Seugling
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Miguel Santiago-Cordoba
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - Lynne Goodwin
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - John Oertel
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Physics Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - Joseph Cowan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Physics Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - Christopher E. Hamilton
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - Nikolaus L. Cordes
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - Stuart A. Gammon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
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Nguyen DT, Meyers C, Yee TD, Dudukovic NA, Destino JF, Zhu C, Duoss EB, Baumann TF, Suratwala T, Smay JE, Dylla-Spears R. 3D-Printed Transparent Glass. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1701181. [PMID: 28452163 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Silica inks are developed, which may be 3D printed and thermally processed to produce optically transparent glass structures with sub-millimeter features in forms ranging from scaffolds to monoliths. The inks are composed of silica powder suspended in a liquid and are printed using direct ink writing. The printed structures are then dried and sintered at temperatures well below the silica melting point to form amorphous, solid, transparent glass structures. This technique enables the mold-free formation of transparent glass structures previously inaccessible using conventional glass fabrication processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du T Nguyen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Cameron Meyers
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Timothy D Yee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | | | - Joel F Destino
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Eric B Duoss
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | | | - Tayyab Suratwala
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - James E Smay
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
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7
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Kim SH, Bazin N, Shaw JI, Yoo JH, Worsley MA, Satcher JH, Sain JD, Kuntz JD, Kucheyev SO, Baumann TF, Hamza AV. Synthesis of Nanostructured/Macroscopic Low-Density Copper Foams Based on Metal-Coated Polymer Core-Shell Particles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:34706-34714. [PMID: 27998136 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A robust, millimeter-sized low-density Cu foam with ∼90% (v/v) porosity, ∼30 nm thick walls, and ∼1 μm diameter spherical pores is prepared by the slip-casting of metal-coated polymer core-shell particles followed by a thermal removal of the polymer. In this paper, we report our key findings that enable the development of the low-density Cu foams. First, we need to synthesize polystyrene (PS) particles coated with a very thin Cu layer (in the range of tens of nanometers). A simple reduction in the amount of Cu deposited onto the PS was not sufficient to form such a low-density Cu foams due to issues related to foam collapse and densification upon the subsequent polymer removal step. Precise control over the morphology of the Cu coating on the particles is essential for the synthesis of a lower density of foams. Second, improving the dispersion of PS-Cu particles in a suspension used for the casting as well as careful optimization of a baking condition minimize the formation of irregular large voids, leading to Cu foams with a more uniform packing and a better connectivity of neighboring Cu hollow shells. Finally, we analyzed mechanical properties of the Cu foams with a depth-sensing indentation test. The uniform Cu foams show a significant improvement in mechanical properties (∼1.5× modulus and ∼3× hardness) compared to those of uncontrolled foam samples with a similar foam density but irregular large voids. Higher surface areas and a good electric conductivity of the Cu foams present a great potential to future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Kim
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Nick Bazin
- Atomic Weapons Establishment , Aldermaston, Reading RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica I Shaw
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Jae-Hyuck Yoo
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Marcus A Worsley
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Joe H Satcher
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - John D Sain
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Joshua D Kuntz
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Sergei O Kucheyev
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Theodore F Baumann
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Alex V Hamza
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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8
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Opachich YP, Koch JA, Haugh MJ, Romano E, Lee JJ, Huffman E, Weber FA, Bowers JW, Benedetti LR, Wilson M, Prisbrey ST, Wehrenberg CE, Baumann TF, Lenhardt JM, Cook A, Arsenlis A, Park HS, Remington BA. A multi-wavelength, high-contrast contact radiography system for the study of low-density aerogel foams. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:073706. [PMID: 27475564 DOI: 10.1063/1.4958826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A multi-wavelength, high contrast contact radiography system has been developed to characterize density variations in ultra-low density aerogel foams. These foams are used to generate a ramped pressure drive in materials strength experiments at the National Ignition Facility and require precision characterization in order to reduce errors in measurements. The system was used to characterize density variations in carbon and silicon based aerogels to ∼10.3% accuracy with ∼30 μm spatial resolution. The system description, performance, and measurement results collected using a 17.8 mg/cc carbon based JX-6 (C20H30) aerogel are discussed in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Opachich
- National Security Technologies, LLC, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J A Koch
- National Security Technologies, LLC, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J Haugh
- National Security Technologies, LLC, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E Romano
- National Security Technologies, LLC, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J J Lee
- National Security Technologies, LLC, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E Huffman
- National Security Technologies, LLC, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - F A Weber
- National Security Technologies, LLC, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J W Bowers
- National Security Technologies, LLC, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L R Benedetti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M Wilson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - S T Prisbrey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C E Wehrenberg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - T F Baumann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J M Lenhardt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A Cook
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A Arsenlis
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - H-S Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B A Remington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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9
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Campbell PG, Worsley MA, Hiszpanski AM, Baumann TF, Biener J. Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies. J Vis Exp 2015:e53235. [PMID: 26574930 DOI: 10.3791/53235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to assemble graphene into three-dimensional monolithic structures have been hampered by the high cost and poor processability of graphene. Additionally, most reported graphene assemblies are held together through physical interactions (e.g., van der Waals forces) rather than chemical bonds, which limit their mechanical strength and conductivity. This video method details recently developed strategies to fabricate mass-producible, graphene-based bulk materials derived from either polymer foams or single layer graphene oxide. These materials consist primarily of individual graphene sheets connected through covalently bound carbon linkers. They maintain the favorable properties of graphene such as high surface area and high electrical and thermal conductivity, combined with tunable pore morphology and exceptional mechanical strength and elasticity. This flexible synthetic method can be extended to the fabrication of polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) and polymer/graphene oxide (GO) composite materials. Furthermore, additional post-synthetic functionalization with anthraquinone is described, which enables a dramatic increase in charge storage performance in supercapacitor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus A Worsley
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
| | | | | | - Juergen Biener
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
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10
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Worsley MA, Shin SJ, Merrill MD, Lenhardt J, Nelson AJ, Woo LY, Gash AE, Baumann TF, Orme CA. Ultralow Density, Monolithic WS2, MoS2, and MoS2/Graphene Aerogels. ACS Nano 2015; 9:4698-705. [PMID: 25858296 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and characterization of monolithic, ultralow density WS2 and MoS2 aerogels, as well as a high surface area MoS2/graphene hybrid aerogel. The monolithic WS2 and MoS2 aerogels are prepared via thermal decomposition of freeze-dried ammonium thio-molybdate (ATM) and ammonium thio-tungstate (ATT) solutions, respectively. The densities of the pure dichalcogenide aerogels represent 0.4% and 0.5% of full density MoS2 and WS2, respectively, and can be tailored by simply changing the initial ATM or ATT concentrations. Similar processing in the presence of the graphene aerogel results in a hybrid structure with MoS2 sheets conformally coating the graphene scaffold. This layered motif produces a ∼50 wt % MoS2 aerogel with BET surface area of ∼700 m(2)/g and an electrical conductivity of 112 S/m. The MoS2/graphene aerogel shows promising results as a hydrogen evolution reaction catalyst with low onset potential (∼100 mV) and high current density (100 mA/cm(2) at 260 mV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Worsley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Swanee J Shin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Matthew D Merrill
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Jeremy Lenhardt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Art J Nelson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Leta Y Woo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Alex E Gash
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Theodore F Baumann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Christine A Orme
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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11
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Bagge-Hansen M, Wood BC, Ogitsu T, Willey TM, Tran IC, Wittstock A, Biener MM, Merrill MD, Worsley MA, Otani M, Chuang CH, Prendergast D, Guo J, Baumann TF, van Buuren T, Biener J, Lee JRI. Potential-induced electronic structure changes in supercapacitor electrodes observed by in operando soft X-ray spectroscopy. Adv Mater 2015; 27:1512-1518. [PMID: 25503328 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201403680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic physiochemical response of a functioning graphene-based aerogel supercapacitor is monitored in operando by soft X-ray spectroscopy and interpreted through ab initio atomistic simulations. Unanticipated changes in the electronic structure of the electrode as a function of applied voltage bias indicate structural modifications across multiple length scales via independent pseudocapacitive and electric double layer charge storage channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bagge-Hansen
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94550, USA
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12
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Biener MM, Ye J, Baumann TF, Wang YM, Shin SJ, Biener J, Hamza AV. Ultra-strong and low-density nanotubular bulk materials with tunable feature sizes. Adv Mater 2014; 26:4808-4813. [PMID: 24888421 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201400249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of ultralow-density (>5 mg/cm(3) ) bulk materials with interconnected nanotubular morphology and deterministic, fully tunable feature size, composition, and density is presented. A thin-walled nanotubular design realized by employing templating based on atomic layer deposition makes the material about 10 times stronger and stiffer than aerogels of the same density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika M Biener
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
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13
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Suss ME, Biesheuvel PM, Baumann TF, Stadermann M, Santiago JG. In situ spatially and temporally resolved measurements of salt concentration between charging porous electrodes for desalination by capacitive deionization. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:2008-2015. [PMID: 24433022 DOI: 10.1021/es403682n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging water desalination technique. In CDI, pairs of porous electrode capacitors are electrically charged to remove salt from brackish water present between the electrodes. We here present a novel experimental technique allowing measurement of spatially and temporally resolved salt concentration between the CDI electrodes. Our technique measures the local fluorescence intensity of a neutrally charged fluorescent probe which is collisionally quenched by chloride ions. To our knowledge, our system is the first to measure in situ and spatially resolved chloride concentration in a laboratory CDI cell. We here demonstrate good agreement between our dynamic measurements of salt concentration in a charging, millimeter-scale CDI system to the results of a modified Donnan porous electrode transport model. Further, we utilize our dynamic measurements to demonstrate that salt removal between our charging CDI electrodes occurs on a longer time scale than the capacitive charging time scales of our CDI cell. Compared to typical measurements of CDI system performance (namely, measurements of outflow ionic conductivity), our technique can enable more advanced and better-controlled studies of ion transport in CDI systems, which can potentially catalyze future performance improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Suss
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University , 440 Escondido Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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14
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Biener J, Dasgupta S, Shao L, Wang D, Worsley MA, Wittstock A, Lee JRI, Biener MM, Orme CA, Kucheyev SO, Wood BC, Willey TM, Hamza AV, Weissmüller J, Hahn H, Baumann TF. Macroscopic 3D nanographene with dynamically tunable bulk properties. Adv Mater 2012; 24:5083-7, 5017. [PMID: 22851504 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201202289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Biener
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
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Ho Kim S, Worsley MA, Valdez CA, Shin SJ, Dawedeit C, Braun T, Baumann TF, Letts SA, Kucheyev SO, Jen J. Wu K, Biener J, Satcher JH, Hamza AV. Exploration of the versatility of ring opening metathesis polymerization: an approach for gaining access to low density polymeric aerogels. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21214e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Worsley MA, Kucheyev SO, Mason HE, Merrill MD, Mayer BP, Lewicki J, Valdez CA, Suss ME, Stadermann M, Pauzauskie PJ, Satcher JH, Biener J, Baumann TF. Mechanically robust 3D graphene macroassembly with high surface area. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:8428-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc33979j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Han TYJ, Stadermann M, Baumann TF, Murphy KE, Satcher JH. Template directed formation of nanoparticle decorated multi-walled carbon nanotube bundles with uniform diameter. Nanotechnology 2011; 22:435603. [PMID: 21967786 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/43/435603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bundles of multi-walled carbon nanotubes of uniform diameter decorated with Ni nanoparticles were synthesized using mesoporous silicates as templates. The ordered morphology and the narrow pore size distribution of mesoporous silicates provide an ideal platform to synthesize uniformly sized carbon nanotubes. In addition, homogeneous sub-10 nm pore sizes of the templates allow in situ formation of catalytic nanoparticles with uniform diameters which end up decorating the carbon nanotubes. The resulting carbon nanotubes are multi-walled with a uniform diameter corresponding to the pore diameter of the template used during the synthesis that are decorated with the catalysts used to synthesize them. They have a narrow size distribution which can be used in many energy related fields of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yong-Jin Han
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
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Biener MM, Biener J, Wichmann A, Wittstock A, Baumann TF, Bäumer M, Hamza AV. ALD functionalized nanoporous gold: thermal stability, mechanical properties, and catalytic activity. Nano Lett 2011; 11:3085-90. [PMID: 21732623 DOI: 10.1021/nl200993g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous metals have many technologically promising applications, but their tendency to coarsen limits their long-term stability and excludes high temperature applications. Here, we demonstrate that atomic layer deposition (ALD) can be used to stabilize and functionalize nanoporous metals. Specifically, we studied the effect of nanometer-thick alumina and titania ALD films on thermal stability, mechanical properties, and catalytic activity of nanoporous gold (np-Au). Our results demonstrate that even only 1 nm thick oxide films can stabilize the nanoscale morphology of np-Au up to 1,000°C, while simultaneously making the material stronger and stiffer. The catalytic activity of np-Au can be drastically increased by TiO(2) ALD coatings. Our results open the door to high-temperature sensor, actuator, and catalysis applications and functionalized electrodes for energy storage and harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika M Biener
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States.
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Worsley MA, Olson TY, Lee JRI, Willey TM, Nielsen MH, Roberts SK, Pauzauskie PJ, Biener J, Satcher JH, Baumann TF. High Surface Area, sp(2)-Cross-Linked Three-Dimensional Graphene Monoliths. J Phys Chem Lett 2011; 2:921-925. [PMID: 26295629 DOI: 10.1021/jz200223x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Developing three-dimensional (3D) graphene assemblies with properties similar to those individual graphene sheets is a promising strategy for graphene-based electrodes. Typically, the synthesis of 3D graphene assemblies relies on van der Waals forces for holding the graphene sheets together, resulting in bulk properties that do not reflect those reported for individual graphene sheets. Here, we report the use of sol-gel chemistry to introduce chemical bonding between the graphene sheets and control the bulk properties of graphene-based aerogels. Adjusting synthetic parameters allows a wide range of control over surface area, pore volume, and pore size, as well as the nature of the chemical cross-links (sp(2) vs sp(3)). The bulk properties of the graphene-based aerogels represent a significant step toward realizing the properties of individual graphene sheets in a 3D assembly with surface areas approaching the theoretical value of an individual sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Worsley
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Tammy Y Olson
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Jonathan R I Lee
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Trevor M Willey
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Michael H Nielsen
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Sarah K Roberts
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Peter J Pauzauskie
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Juergen Biener
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Joe H Satcher
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Theodore F Baumann
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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Yong-Jin Han T, Worsley MA, Baumann TF, Satcher, Jr JH. Synthesis of ZnO coated activated carbon aerogel by simple sol–gel route. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm03204b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Worsley MA, Stadermann M, Wang YM, Satcher JH, Baumann TF. High surface area carbon aerogels as porous substrates for direct growth of carbon nanotubes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:9253-5. [PMID: 21031189 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03457f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel carbon composites are fabricated through catalyzed CVD growth of carbon nanotubes directly on the inner surfaces of monolithic carbon aerogel (CA) substrates. Uniform CNT yield is obtained throughout the internal pore volume of CA monoliths with macroscopic dimensions. These composites possess large surface areas (>1000 m(2) g(-1)) and exhibit enhanced electrical conductivity following CNT growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Worsley
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
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Worsley MA, Pauzauskie PJ, Olson TY, Biener J, Satcher JH, Baumann TF. Synthesis of Graphene Aerogel with High Electrical Conductivity. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:14067-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1072299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 982] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A. Worsley
- Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Peter J. Pauzauskie
- Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Tammy Y. Olson
- Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Juergen Biener
- Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Joe H. Satcher
- Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Theodore F. Baumann
- Physical and Life Science Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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Worsley MA, Kuntz JD, Satcher, Jr JH, Baumann TF. Synthesis and characterization of monolithic, high surface area SiO2/C and SiC/C composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm00661k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shao LH, Biener J, Kramer D, Viswanath RN, Baumann TF, Hamza AV, Weissmüller J. Electrocapillary maximum and potential of zero charge of carbon aerogel. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:7580-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b916331j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Although surfaces or, more precisely, the surface atomic and electronic structure, determine the way materials interact with their environment, the influence of surface chemistry on the bulk of the material is generally considered to be small. However, in the case of high surface area materials such as nanoporous solids, surface properties can start to dominate the overall material behavior. This allows one to create new materials with physical and chemical properties that are no longer determined by the bulk material, but by their nanoscale architectures. Here, we discuss several examples, ranging from nanoporous gold to surface engineered carbon aerogels that demonstrate the tuneability of nanoporous solids for sustainable energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Biener
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA; E-Mails: (T.F.B.); (A.V.H.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-925-422-9081; Fax: +1-925-422-7098
| | - Arne Wittstock
- Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany; E-Mails: (A.W.); (M.B.)
| | - Theodore F. Baumann
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA; E-Mails: (T.F.B.); (A.V.H.)
| | - Jörg Weissmüller
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Karlsruhe, Germany; E-Mail: (J.W.)
- Technische Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marcus Bäumer
- Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany; E-Mails: (A.W.); (M.B.)
| | - Alex V. Hamza
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, USA; E-Mails: (T.F.B.); (A.V.H.)
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Steiner SA, Baumann TF, Bayer BC, Blume R, Worsley MA, MoberlyChan WJ, Shaw EL, Schlögl R, Hart AJ, Hofmann S, Wardle BL. Nanoscale Zirconia as a Nonmetallic Catalyst for Graphitization of Carbon and Growth of Single- and Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:12144-54. [DOI: 10.1021/ja902913r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Steiner
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK CB3 0FA, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, D-14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Department of Mechanical Engineering,
| | - Theodore F. Baumann
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK CB3 0FA, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, D-14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Department of Mechanical Engineering,
| | - Bernhard C. Bayer
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK CB3 0FA, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, D-14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Department of Mechanical Engineering,
| | - Raoul Blume
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK CB3 0FA, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, D-14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Department of Mechanical Engineering,
| | - Marcus A. Worsley
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK CB3 0FA, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, D-14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Department of Mechanical Engineering,
| | - Warren J. MoberlyChan
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK CB3 0FA, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, D-14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Department of Mechanical Engineering,
| | - Elisabeth L. Shaw
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK CB3 0FA, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, D-14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Department of Mechanical Engineering,
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK CB3 0FA, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, D-14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Department of Mechanical Engineering,
| | - A. John Hart
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK CB3 0FA, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, D-14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Department of Mechanical Engineering,
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK CB3 0FA, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, D-14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Department of Mechanical Engineering,
| | - Brian L. Wardle
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK CB3 0FA, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, D-14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, and Department of Mechanical Engineering,
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Baumann TF, Jones TV, Wilson T, Saab AP, Maxwell RS. Synthesis and characterization of novel PDMS nanocomposites using POSS derivatives as cross-linking filler. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Worsley MA, Kuntz JD, Pauzauskie PJ, Cervantes O, Zaug JM, Gash AE, Satcher JH, Baumann TF. High surface area carbon nanotube-supported titanium carbonitride aerogels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b908284k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Worsley MA, Kucheyev SO, Kuntz JD, Hamza AV, Satcher, Jr. JH, Baumann TF. Stiff and electrically conductive composites of carbon nanotube aerogels and polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b905735h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Worsley MA, Kuntz JD, Cervantes O, Yong-Jin Han T, Gash AE, Satcher, Jr JH, Baumann TF. Route to high surface area TiO2/C and TiCN/C composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b911994a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Worsley MA, Satcher JH, Baumann TF. Synthesis and characterization of monolithic carbon aerogel nanocomposites containing double-walled carbon nanotubes. Langmuir 2008; 24:9763-9766. [PMID: 18690729 DOI: 10.1021/la8011684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization for the first examples of monolithic low-density carbon aerogel (CA) nanocomposites containing double-walled carbon nanotubes. The CA nancomposites were prepared by the sol-gel polymerization of resorcinol and formaldehyde in an aqueous surfactant-stabilized suspension of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs). The composite hydrogels were then dried with supercritical CO 2 and subsequently carbonized under an inert atmosphere to yield monolithic CA structures containing uniform dispersions of DWNTs. The microstructures and electrical conductivities of these CA nanocomposites were evaluated for different DWNT loadings. These materials exhibited high BET surface areas (>500 m (2)/g) and enhanced electrical conductivities relative to pristine CAs. The details of these results are discussed in comparison with theory and literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Worsley
- Chemistry, Materials, Earth and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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King JS, Wittstock A, Biener J, Kucheyev SO, Wang YM, Baumann TF, Giri SK, Hamza AV, Baeumer M, Bent SF. Ultralow loading Pt nanocatalysts prepared by atomic layer deposition on carbon aerogels. Nano Lett 2008; 8:2405-2409. [PMID: 18636780 DOI: 10.1021/nl801299z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Using atomic layer deposition (ALD), we show that Pt nanoparticles can be deposited on the inner surfaces of carbon aerogels (CA). The resultant Pt-loaded materials exhibit high catalytic activity for the oxidation of CO even at loading levels as low as approximately 0.05 mg Pt/cm2. We observe a conversion efficiency of nearly 100% in the 150-250 degrees C temperatures range, and the total conversion rate seems to be limited only by the thermal stability of the CA support in ambient oxygen. The ALD approach described here is universal in nature, and can be applied to the design of new catalytic materials for a variety of applications, including fuel cells, hydrogen storage, pollution control, green chemistry, and liquid fuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S King
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 381 North South Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Kucheyev SO, Biener J, Baumann TF, Wang YM, Hamza AV, Li Z, Lee DK, Gordon RG. Mechanisms of atomic layer deposition on substrates with ultrahigh aspect ratios. Langmuir 2008; 24:943-948. [PMID: 18166066 DOI: 10.1021/la7018617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) appears to be uniquely suited for coating substrates with ultrahigh aspect ratios (> or similar 10(3)), including nanoporous solids. Here, we study the ALD of Cu and Cu3N on the inner surfaces of low-density nanoporous silica aerogel monoliths. Results show that Cu depth profiles in nanoporous monoliths are limited not only by Knudsen diffusion of heavier precursor molecules into the pores, as currently believed, but also by other processes such as the interaction of precursor and reaction product molecules with pore walls. Similar behavior has also been observed for Fe, Ru, and Pt ALD on aerogels. On the basis of these results, we discuss design rules for ALD precursors specifically geared for coating nanoporous solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Kucheyev
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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Steiner SA, Baumann TF, Kong J, Satcher JH, Dresselhaus MS. Iron-doped carbon aerogels: novel porous substrates for direct growth of carbon nanotubes. Langmuir 2007; 23:5161-6. [PMID: 17381146 DOI: 10.1021/la063643m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We present the synthesis and characterization of Fe-doped carbon aerogels (CAs) and demonstrate the ability to grow carbon nanotubes directly on monoliths of these materials to afford novel carbon aerogel-carbon nanotube composites. Preparation of the Fe-doped CAs begins with the sol-gel polymerization of the potassium salt of 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with formaldehyde, affording K+-doped gels that can then be converted to Fe2+- or Fe3+-doped gels through an ion exchange process, dried with supercritical CO2, and subsequently carbonized under an inert atmosphere. Analysis of the Fe-doped CAs by TEM, XRD, and XPS revealed that the doped iron species are reduced during carbonization to form metallic iron and iron carbide nanoparticles. The sizes and chemical composition of the reduced Fe species were related to pyrolysis temperature as well as the type of iron salt used in the ion exchange process. Raman spectroscopy and XRD analysis further reveal that, despite the presence of the Fe species, the CA framework is not significantly graphitized during pyrolysis. The Fe-doped CAs were subsequently placed in a thermal CVD reactor and exposed to a mixture of CH4 (1000 sccm), H2 (500 sccm), and C2H4 (20 sccm) at temperatures ranging from 600 to 800 degrees C for 10 min, resulting in direct growth of carbon nanotubes on the aerogel monoliths. Carbon nanotubes grown by this method appear to be multiwalled (approximately 25 nm in diameter and up to 4 microm long) and grow through a tip-growth mechanism that pushes catalytic iron particles out of the aerogel framework. The highest yield of CNTs was grown on Fe-doped CAs pyrolyzed at 800 degrees C treated at CVD temperatures of 700 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Steiner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Kucheyev SO, Toth M, Baumann TF, Hamza AV, Ilavsky J, Knowles WR, Saw CK, Thiel BL, Tileli V, Buuren TV, Wang YM, Willey TM. Structure of low-density nanoporous dielectrics revealed by low-vacuum electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering. Langmuir 2007; 23:353-6. [PMID: 17209574 DOI: 10.1021/la0619729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Aerogels (AGs) are ultralow-density nanoporous solids that have numerous potential applications. However, as most AGs are strong insulators with poor mechanical properties, direct studies of the complex nanoporous structure of AGs by methods such as atomic force and conventional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have not proven feasible. Here, we use low-vacuum SEM to image directly the ligament and pore size and shape distributions of representative AGs over a wide range of length scales (approximately 100-105 nm). The structural information obtained is used for unambiguous, real-space interpretation of small-angle X-ray scattering curves for these complex nanoporous systems. Low-vacuum SEM permits imaging of both cross-sections and skin layers of AG monoliths. Images of skin layers reveal the presence of microcracks, which alter the properties of cast monolithic AGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei O Kucheyev
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Moudrakovski IL, Ratcliffe CI, Ripmeester JA, Wang LQ, Exarhos GJ, Baumann TF, Satcher JH. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Resorcinol−Formaldehyde Aerogels. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:11215-22. [PMID: 16852369 DOI: 10.1021/jp050610r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we report a detailed study of resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) aerogels prepared under different processing conditions, [resorcinol]/[catalyst] (R/C) ratios in the starting sol-gel solutions, using continuous flow hyperpolarized (129)Xe NMR in combination with solid-state (13)C and two-dimensional wide-line separation (2D-WISE) NMR techniques. The degree of polymerization and the mobility of the cross-linking functional groups in RF aerogels are examined and correlated with the R/C ratios. The origin of different adsorption regions is evaluated using both coadsorption of chloroform and 2D EXSY (129)Xe NMR. A hierarchical set of Xe exchange processes in RF aerogels is found using 2D EXSY (129)Xe NMR. The exchange of Xe gas follows the sequence (from fastest to slowest): mesopores with free gas, gas in meso- and micropores, free gas with micropores, and, finally, among micropore sites. The volume-to-surface-area (V(g)/S) ratios for aerogels are measured for the first time without the use of geometric models. The V(g)/S parameter, which is related both to the geometry and the interconnectivity of the pore space, has been found to correlate strongly with the R/C ratio and exhibits an unusually large span: an increase in the R/C ratio from 50 to 500 results in about a 5-fold rise in V(g)/S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor L Moudrakovski
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
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Fu R, Baumann TF, Cronin S, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS, Satcher JH. Formation of graphitic structures in cobalt- and nickel-doped carbon aerogels. Langmuir 2005; 21:2647-2651. [PMID: 15779927 DOI: 10.1021/la047344d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have prepared carbon aerogels (CAs) doped with cobalt or nickel through sol-gel polymerization of formaldehyde with the potassium salt of 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, followed by ion exchange with M(NO3)2 (where M = Co2+ or Ni2+), supercritical drying with liquid CO2, and carbonization at temperatures between 400 and 1050 degrees C under a N2 atmosphere. The nanostructures of these metal-doped carbon aerogels were characterized by elemental analysis, nitrogen adsorption, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Metallic nickel and cobalt nanoparticles are generated during the carbonization process at about 400 and 450 degrees C, respectively, forming nanoparticles that are approximately 4 nm in diameter. The sizes and size dispersion of the metal particles increase with increasing carbonization temperatures for both materials. The carbon frameworks of the Ni- and Co-doped aerogels carbonized below 600 degrees C mainly consist of interconnected carbon particles with a size of 15-30 nm. When the samples are pyrolyzed at 1050 degrees C, the growth of graphitic nanoribbons with different curvatures is observed in the Ni- and Co-doped carbon aerogel materials. The distance of graphite layers in the nanoribbons is approximately 0.38 nm. These metal-doped CAs retain the overall open cell structure of metal-free CAs, exhibiting high surface areas and pore diameters in the micro- and mesoporic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruowen Fu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Velazquez CS, Baumann TF, Olmstead MM, Hope H, Barrett AGM, Hoffman BM. Star porphyrazines: peripheral chelation of porphyrazineoctathiolate by diphosphinonickel ions. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00075a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Larrabee JA, Baumann TF, Chisdes SJ, Lyons TJ. Oxygenation of cobalt(II)-substituted Limulus polyphemus hemocyanin: kinetics, CD, and MCD studies. Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic00043a026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Baumann TF, Sibert JW, Olmstead MM, Barrett AGM, Hoffman BM. Solitaire Porphyrazines: X-ray Crystal Structure and Spectroscopy of [1,1'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene][(norphthalocyanine)dithiolato]palladium(II). J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00085a062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bishop DB, McCool GD, Nelson AJ, Reynolds JG, Baumann TF, Fox GA, DeWitt JG, Andrews JC. X-Ray absorption spectroscopy of thiacrown compounds used in the remediation of mercury contaminated water. Microchem J 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0026-265x(02)00016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Baumann TF, Reynolds JG. Polymer pendant crown thioethers: synthesis and HgII extraction studies of a novel thiacrown polymer. Chem Commun (Camb) 1998. [DOI: 10.1039/a803383h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Baumann TF, Barrett AGM, Hoffman BM. Porphyrazine Binaries: Synthesis, Characterization, and Spectroscopy of a Metal-Linked Trinuclear Porphyrazine Dimer. Inorg Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ic9701367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore F. Baumann
- Departments of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London, U.K. SW7 2AY
| | - Anthony G. M. Barrett
- Departments of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London, U.K. SW7 2AY
| | - Brian M. Hoffman
- Departments of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London, U.K. SW7 2AY
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Sibert JW, Baumann TF, Williams DJ, White AJP, Barrett AGM, Hoffman BM. gemini-Porphyrazines: The Synthesis and Characterization of Metal-Capped cis- and trans-Porphyrazine Tetrathiolates. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja961912x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John W. Sibert
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY, U.K
| | - Theodore F. Baumann
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY, U.K
| | - David J. Williams
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY, U.K
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY, U.K
| | - A. G. M. Barrett
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY, U.K
| | - Brian M. Hoffman
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY, U.K
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Baumann TF, Nasir MS, Sibert JW, White AJP, Olmstead MM, Williams DJ, Barrett AGM, Hoffman BM. solitaire-Porphyrazines: Synthetic, Structural, and Spectroscopic Investigation of Complexes of the Novel Binucleating Norphthalocyanine-2,3-dithiolato Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9619115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore F. Baumann
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY, U.K., and University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Mohammad S. Nasir
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY, U.K., and University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - John W. Sibert
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY, U.K., and University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY, U.K., and University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Marilyn M. Olmstead
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY, U.K., and University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - David J. Williams
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY, U.K., and University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Anthony G. M. Barrett
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY, U.K., and University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Brian M. Hoffman
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London SW7 2AY, U.K., and University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616
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Weghorn SJ, Sessler JL, Lynch V, Baumann TF, Sibert JW. Bis[(&mgr;-chloro)copper(II)] Amethyrin: A Bimetallic Copper(II) Complex of an Expanded Porphyrin. Inorg Chem 1996; 35:1089-1090. [PMID: 11666292 DOI: 10.1021/ic9509692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Weghorn
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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Eichhorn DM, Yang S, Jarrell W, Baumann TF, Beall LS, White AJP, Williams DJ, Barrett AGM, Hoffman BM. [60]Fullerene and TCNQ donor–acceptor crystals of octakis(dimethylamino) porphyrazine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1039/c39950001703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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