1
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Huang N, Deng H, Liu B, Wang D, Zhao Z. Features and futures of X-ray free-electron lasers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2:100097. [PMID: 34557749 PMCID: PMC8454599 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Linear accelerator-based free-electron lasers (FELs) are the leading source of fully coherent X-rays with ultra-high peak powers and ultra-short pulse lengths. Current X-ray FEL facilities have proved their worth as useful tools for diverse scientific applications. In this paper, we present an overview of the features and future prospects of X-ray FELs, including the working principles and properties of X-ray FELs, the operational status of different FEL facilities worldwide, the applications supported by such facilities, and the current developments and outlook for X-ray FEL-based research. X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) generate X-ray by electrons flying through a periodic magnetic field. XFELs are the leading X-ray sources with ultra-high brightness and ultra-short duration. XFELs can be launched from either the shot noise of the electron beam or the seed. XFEL-laser collision is proposed to learn the nature of vacuum at SHINE. XFELs are being combined with intense lasers and synchrotron radiation light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanshun Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haixiao Deng
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Bo Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhentang Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- Corresponding author
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2
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Wang E, Litvinenko VN, Pinayev I, Gaowei M, Skaritka J, Belomestnykh S, Ben-Zvi I, Brutus JC, Jing Y, Biswas J, Ma J, Narayan G, Petrushina I, Rahman O, Xin T, Rao T, Severino F, Shih K, Smith K, Wang G, Wu Y. Long lifetime of bialkali photocathodes operating in high gradient superconducting radio frequency gun. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4477. [PMID: 33627743 PMCID: PMC7904862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High brightness, high charge electron beams are critical for a number of advanced accelerator applications. The initial emittance of the electron beam, which is determined by the mean transverse energy (MTE) and laser spot size, is one of the most important parameters determining the beam quality. The bialkali photocathodes illuminated by a visible laser have the advantages of high quantum efficiency (QE) and low MTE. Furthermore, Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) guns can operate in the continuous wave (CW) mode at high accelerating gradients, e.g. with significant reduction of the laser spot size at the photocathode. Combining the bialkali photocathode with the SRF gun enables generation of high charge, high brightness, and possibly high average current electron beams. However, integrating the high QE semiconductor photocathode into the SRF guns has been challenging. In this article, we report on the development of bialkali photocathodes for successful operation in the SRF gun with months-long lifetime while delivering CW beams with nano-coulomb charge per bunch. This achievement opens a new era for high charge, high brightness CW electron beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wang
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
| | - V N Litvinenko
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - I Pinayev
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - M Gaowei
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - J Skaritka
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - S Belomestnykh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.,Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, 60510, USA
| | - I Ben-Zvi
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - J C Brutus
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Y Jing
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - J Biswas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - J Ma
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - G Narayan
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - I Petrushina
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - O Rahman
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - T Xin
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - T Rao
- Instrumentation Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - F Severino
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - K Shih
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - K Smith
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - G Wang
- Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Y Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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3
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Scaling of Beam Collective Effects with Bunch Charge in the CompactLight Free-Electron Laser. PHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics7040125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The CompactLight European consortium is designing a state-of-the-art X-ray free-electron laser driven by radiofrequency X-band technology. Rooted in experimental data on photo-injector performance in the recent literature, this study estimates analytically and numerically the performance of the CompactLight delivery system for bunch charges in the range 75–300 pC. Space-charge forces in the injector, linac transverse wakefield, and coherent synchrotron radiation in bunch compressors are all taken into account. The study confirms efficient lasing in the soft X-rays regime with pulse energies up to hundreds of microjoules at repetition rates as high as 1 kHz.
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4
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Arpaia P, Corsini R, Gilardi A, Mostacci A, Sabato L, Sjobak KN. Enhancing particle bunch-length measurements based on Radio Frequency Deflector by the use of focusing elements. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11457. [PMID: 32651403 PMCID: PMC7351755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A method to monitor the length of a particle bunch, based on the combination of a Radio Frequency Deflector (RFD) with magnetic focusing elements, is presented. With respect to state-of-the-art bunch length measurement, the additional focusing element allows to measure also the correlations between the longitudinal and transverse planes in terms of both position and divergence. Furthermore, the quadrupole-based focusing increases the input dynamic range of the measurement system (i.e. allows for a larger range of beam Twiss parameters at the entrance of the RFD). Thus, measurement resolution and precision are enhanced, by simultaneously preserving the accuracy. In this paper, the method is first introduced analytically, and then validated in simulation, by the reference tool ELEctron Generation ANd Tracking, ELEGANT. Finally, a preliminary experimental validation at CLEAR (CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research) is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Arpaia
- University of Naples Federico II, DIETI - IMPALab, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Gilardi
- University of Naples Federico II, DIETI - IMPALab, Napoli, Italy.
- CERN, BE, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | | | - Kyrre N Sjobak
- CERN, BE, Geneva, Switzerland
- University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Prat E, Dijkstal P, Aiba M, Bettoni S, Craievich P, Ferrari E, Ischebeck R, Löhl F, Malyzhenkov A, Orlandi GL, Reiche S, Schietinger T. Generation and Characterization of Intense Ultralow-Emittance Electron Beams for Compact X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:234801. [PMID: 31868471 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.234801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The transverse emittance of the electron beam is a fundamental parameter in linac-based x-ray free-electron lasers (FELs). We present results of emittance measurements carried out at SwissFEL, a compact x-ray FEL facility at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland, including a description of the novel high-resolution measurement techniques and the optimization procedure. We obtained slice emittance values at the undulator entrance down to 200 nm for an electron beam with a charge of 200 pC and an rms duration of 30-40 fs. Furthermore, we achieved slice emittances as low as 100 nm for 10 pC beams with few fs duration. These values set new standards for electron linear accelerators. The quality, verification, and control of our electron beams allowed us to generate high-power FEL radiation for a wavelength as short as 0.1 nm using an electron beam with an energy of only 6 GeV. The emittance values demonstrated at SwissFEL would allow producing hard x-ray FEL pulses with even lower-energy beams, thus paving the way for even more compact and cost-effective FEL facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Prat
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - P Dijkstal
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Department of Physics, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Aiba
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - S Bettoni
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - P Craievich
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - E Ferrari
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - R Ischebeck
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - F Löhl
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A Malyzhenkov
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - G L Orlandi
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - S Reiche
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - T Schietinger
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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6
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MacArthur JP, Duris J, Zhang Z, Lutman A, Zholents A, Xu X, Huang Z, Marinelli A. Phase-Stable Self-Modulation of an Electron Beam in a Magnetic Wiggler. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:214801. [PMID: 31809147 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.214801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electron beams with a sinusoidal energy modulation have the potential to emit subfemtosecond x-ray pulses in a free-electron laser. An energy modulation can be generated by overlapping a powerful infrared laser with an electron beam in a magnetic wiggler. We report on a new infrared source for this modulation, coherent radiation from the electron beam itself. In this self-modulation process, the current spike on the tail of the electron beam radiates coherently at the resonant wavelength of the wiggler, producing a six-period carrier-envelope-phase (CEP)-stable infrared field with gigawatt power. This field creates a few MeV, phase-stable modulation in the electron-beam core. The modulated electron beam is immediately useful for generating subfemtosecond x-ray pulses at any machine repetition rate, and the CEP-stable infrared field may find application as an experimental pump or timing diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P MacArthur
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Joseph Duris
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alberto Lutman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | - Xinlu Xu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Zhirong Huang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Agostino Marinelli
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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7
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Schoenlein R, Elsaesser T, Holldack K, Huang Z, Kapteyn H, Murnane M, Woerner M. Recent advances in ultrafast X-ray sources. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180384. [PMID: 30929633 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Over more than a century, X-rays have transformed our understanding of the fundamental structure of matter and have been an indispensable tool for chemistry, physics, biology, materials science and related fields. Recent advances in ultrafast X-ray sources operating in the femtosecond to attosecond regimes have opened an important new frontier in X-ray science. These advances now enable: (i) sensitive probing of structural dynamics in matter on the fundamental timescales of atomic motion, (ii) element-specific probing of electronic structure and charge dynamics on fundamental timescales of electronic motion, and (iii) powerful new approaches for unravelling the coupling between electronic and atomic structural dynamics that underpin the properties and function of matter. Most notable is the recent realization of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) with numerous new XFEL facilities in operation or under development worldwide. Advances in XFELs are complemented by advances in synchrotron-based and table-top laser-plasma X-ray sources now operating in the femtosecond regime, and laser-based high-order harmonic XUV sources operating in the attosecond regime. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schoenlein
- 1 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 , USA
| | - Thomas Elsaesser
- 2 Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Karsten Holldack
- 3 Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Zhirong Huang
- 1 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025 , USA
| | - Henry Kapteyn
- 4 Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80309-0440 , USA
| | - Margaret Murnane
- 4 Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80309-0440 , USA
| | - Michael Woerner
- 2 Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie , 12489 Berlin , Germany
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8
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Coffee RN, Cryan JP, Duris J, Helml W, Li S, Marinelli A. Development of ultrafast capabilities for X-ray free-electron lasers at the linac coherent light source. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180386. [PMID: 30929632 PMCID: PMC6452055 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to produce ultrashort, high-brightness X-ray pulses is revolutionizing the field of ultrafast X-ray spectroscopy. Free-electron laser (FEL) facilities are driving this revolution, but unique aspects of the FEL process make the required characterization and use of the pulses challenging. In this paper, we describe a number of developments in the generation of ultrashort X-ray FEL pulses, and the concomitant progress in the experimental capabilities necessary for their characterization and use at the Linac Coherent Light Source. This includes the development of sub-femtosecond hard and soft X-ray pulses, along with ultrafast characterization techniques for these pulses. We also describe improved techniques for optical cross-correlation as needed to address the persistent challenge of external optical laser synchronization with these ultrashort X-ray pulses. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N. Coffee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Linac Coherent Light Source, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Pulse Institute, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - James P. Cryan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Linac Coherent Light Source, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Pulse Institute, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Joseph Duris
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Wolfram Helml
- Zentrum für Synchrotronstrahlung, Technische Universität Dortmund, Maria-Goeppert-Mayer-Straße 2, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Physik-Department E11, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Siqi Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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9
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Marangos JP. The measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20170481. [PMID: 30929630 PMCID: PMC6452056 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this theme issue, leading researchers discuss recent work on the measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics in matter using a new generation of short duration X-ray photon sources. These photon sources, based upon high harmonic generation from lasers and X-ray free-electron lasers, look set to have a high impact on ultrafast science. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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10
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Scheinker A, Edelen A, Bohler D, Emma C, Lutman A. Demonstration of Model-Independent Control of the Longitudinal Phase Space of Electron Beams in the Linac-Coherent Light Source with Femtosecond Resolution. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:044801. [PMID: 30095929 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.044801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of intense electron bunches in free electron lasers and plasma wakefield accelerators are dominated by complex collective effects such as wakefields, space charge, coherent synchrotron radiation, and drift unpredictably with time, making it difficult to control and tune beam properties using model-based approaches. We report on a first of its kind combination of automatic, model-independent feedback with a neural network for control of the longitudinal phase space of relativistic electron beams with femtosecond resolution based only on transverse deflecting cavity measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Scheinker
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Auralee Edelen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Dorian Bohler
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Claudio Emma
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alberto Lutman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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11
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Mo C, Fu Z, Kang W, Zhang P, He XT. First-Principles Estimation of Electronic Temperature from X-Ray Thomson Scattering Spectrum of Isochorically Heated Warm Dense Matter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:205002. [PMID: 29864337 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.205002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Through the perturbation formula of time-dependent density functional theory broadly employed in the calculation of solids, we provide a first-principles calculation of x-ray Thomson scattering spectrum of isochorically heated aluminum foil, as considered in the experiments of Sperling et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 115001 (2015)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.115.115001], where ions were constrained near their lattice positions. From the calculated spectra, we find that the electronic temperature cannot exceed 2 eV, much smaller than the previous estimation of 6 eV via the detailed balance relation. Our results may well be an indication of unique electronic properties of warm dense matter, which can be further illustrated by future experiments. The lower electronic temperature predicted partially relieves the concern on the heating of x-ray free electron laser to the sample when used in structure measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongjie Mo
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenguo Fu
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Wei Kang
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - X T He
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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12
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Seddon EA, Clarke JA, Dunning DJ, Masciovecchio C, Milne CJ, Parmigiani F, Rugg D, Spence JCH, Thompson NR, Ueda K, Vinko SM, Wark JS, Wurth W. Short-wavelength free-electron laser sources and science: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:115901. [PMID: 29059048 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa7cca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is focused on free-electron lasers (FELs) in the hard to soft x-ray regime. The aim is to provide newcomers to the area with insights into: the basic physics of FELs, the qualities of the radiation they produce, the challenges of transmitting that radiation to end users and the diversity of current scientific applications. Initial consideration is given to FEL theory in order to provide the foundation for discussion of FEL output properties and the technical challenges of short-wavelength FELs. This is followed by an overview of existing x-ray FEL facilities, future facilities and FEL frontiers. To provide a context for information in the above sections, a detailed comparison of the photon pulse characteristics of FEL sources with those of other sources of high brightness x-rays is made. A brief summary of FEL beamline design and photon diagnostics then precedes an overview of FEL scientific applications. Recent highlights are covered in sections on structural biology, atomic and molecular physics, photochemistry, non-linear spectroscopy, shock physics, solid density plasmas. A short industrial perspective is also included to emphasise potential in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Seddon
- ASTeC, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Cheshire, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom. The School of Physics and Astronomy and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom. The Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Cheshire, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
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13
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Huang S, Ding Y, Feng Y, Hemsing E, Huang Z, Krzywinski J, Lutman AA, Marinelli A, Maxwell TJ, Zhu D. Generating Single-Spike Hard X-Ray Pulses with Nonlinear Bunch Compression in Free-Electron Lasers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:154801. [PMID: 29077438 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.154801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple method for generating single-spike hard x-ray pulses in free-electron lasers (FELs) has been developed at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). This is realized by nonlinear bunch compression using 20-pC bunch charge, demonstrated in the hard x-ray regime at 5.6 and 9 keV, respectively. Measurements show about half of the FEL shots containing a single-spike spectrum. At 5.6-keV photon energy, the single-spike shots have a mean pulse energy of about 10 μJ with 70% intensity fluctuation and the pulse full width at half maximum is evaluated to be at 200-as level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Huang
- Institute of Heavy Ion Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Y Ding
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Y Feng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - E Hemsing
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Z Huang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J Krzywinski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A A Lutman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Marinelli
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T J Maxwell
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D Zhu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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14
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Amin M, Askerka M, Batista VS, Brudvig GW, Gunner MR. X-ray Free Electron Laser Radiation Damage through the S-State Cycle of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:9382-9388. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b08371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhamed Amin
- Center
for Photonics and Smart Materials, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Sheikh
Zayed District, 6th of October City, 12588 Giza, Egypt
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mikhail Askerka
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Victor S. Batista
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - M. R. Gunner
- Department
of Physics, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
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15
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16
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The Linac Coherent Light Source: Recent Developments and Future Plans. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7080850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has launched a new era in X-ray science by providing ultrafast coherent X-ray pulses with a peak brightness that is approximately one billion times higher than previous X-ray sources. The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) facility at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, the world’s first hard X-ray FEL, has already demonstrated a tremendous scientific impact across broad areas of science. Here, a few of the more recent representative highlights from LCLS are presented in the areas of atomic, molecular, and optical science; chemistry; condensed matter physics; matter in extreme conditions; and biology. This paper also outlines the near term upgrade (LCLS-II) and motivating science opportunities for ultrafast X-rays in the 0.25–5 keV range at repetition rates up to 1 MHz. Future plans to extend the X-ray energy reach to beyond 13 keV (<1 Å) at high repetition rate (LCLS-II-HE) are envisioned, motivated by compelling new science of structural dynamics at the atomic scale.
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17
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Mapping few-femtosecond slices of ultra-relativistic electron bunches. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2431. [PMID: 28546559 PMCID: PMC5445079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-electron lasers are unique sources of intense and ultra-short x-ray pulses that led to major scientific breakthroughs across disciplines from matter to materials and life sciences. The essential element of these devices are micrometer-sized electron bunches with high peak currents, low energy spread, and low emittance. Advanced FEL concepts such as seeded amplifiers rely on the capability of analyzing and controlling the electron beam properties with few-femtosecond time resolution. One major challenge is to extract tomographic slice parameters instead of projected electron beam properties. Here, we demonstrate that a radio-frequency deflector in combination with a dipole spectrometer not only allows for single-shot extraction of a seeded FEL pulse profile, but also provides information on the electron slice emittance and energy spread. The seeded FEL power profile can be directly related to the derived slice emittance as a function of intra-bunch coordinate with a resolution down to a few femtoseconds.
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18
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Karkare S, Feng J, Chen X, Wan W, Palomares FJ, Chiang TC, Padmore HA. Reduction of Intrinsic Electron Emittance from Photocathodes Using Ordered Crystalline Surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:164802. [PMID: 28474903 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.164802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The generation of intense electron beams with low emittance is key to both the production of coherent x rays from free electron lasers, and electron pulses with large transverse coherence length used in ultrafast electron diffraction. These beams are generated today by photoemission from disordered polycrystalline surfaces. We show that the use of single crystal surfaces with appropriate electronic structures allows us to effectively utilize the physics of photoemission to generate highly directed electron emission, thus reducing the emittance of the electron beam being generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Karkare
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jun Feng
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Xumin Chen
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Weishi Wan
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - F Javier Palomares
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (CSIC), Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz, 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - T-C Chiang
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Howard A Padmore
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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19
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Makarov NS, Lim J, Lin Q, Lewellen JW, Moody NA, Robel I, Pietryga JM. Quantum Dot Thin-Films as Rugged, High-Performance Photocathodes. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:2319-2327. [PMID: 28253617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Typical use of colloidal quantum dots (QDs) as bright, tunable phosphors in real applications relies on engineering of their surfaces to suppress the loss of excited carriers to surface trap states or to the surrounding medium. Here, we explore the utility of QDs in an application that actually exploits their propensity toward photoionization, namely within efficient and robust photocathodes for use in next-generation electron guns. In order to establish the relevance of QD films as photocathodes, we evaluate the efficiency of electron photoemission of films of a variety of compositions in a typical electron gun configuration. By quantifying photocurrent as a function of excitation photon energy, excitation intensity and pulse duration, we establish the role of hot electrons in photoemission within the multiphoton excitation regime. We also demonstrate the effect of QD structure and film deposition methods on efficiency, which suggests numerous pathways for further enhancements. Finally, we show that QD photocathodes offer superior efficiencies relative to standard copper cathodes and are robust against degradation under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay S Makarov
- Chemistry Division and ‡Accelerator Operations and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jaehoon Lim
- Chemistry Division and ‡Accelerator Operations and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Qianglu Lin
- Chemistry Division and ‡Accelerator Operations and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - John W Lewellen
- Chemistry Division and ‡Accelerator Operations and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Nathan A Moody
- Chemistry Division and ‡Accelerator Operations and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - István Robel
- Chemistry Division and ‡Accelerator Operations and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Pietryga
- Chemistry Division and ‡Accelerator Operations and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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20
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Measurement of transverse emittance and coherence of double-gate field emitter array cathodes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13976. [PMID: 28008918 PMCID: PMC5196429 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving small transverse beam emittance is important for high brightness cathodes for free electron lasers and electron diffraction and imaging experiments. Double-gate field emitter arrays with on-chip focussing electrode, operating with electrical switching or near infrared laser excitation, have been studied as cathodes that are competitive with photocathodes excited by ultraviolet lasers, but the experimental demonstration of the low emittance has been elusive. Here we demonstrate this for a field emitter array with an optimized double-gate structure by directly measuring the beam characteristics. Further we show the successful application of the double-gate field emitter array to observe the low-energy electron beam diffraction from suspended graphene in minimal setup. The observed low emittance and long coherence length are in good agreement with theory. These results demonstrate that our all-metal double-gate field emitters are highly promising for applications that demand extremely low-electron bunch-phase space volume and large transverse coherence. Field emitter arrays are key components for X-ray sources, microwave generators, RF communication and advanced light sources. Tsujino et al., report double-gate field emitter arrays with competitive beam qualities to the state of the art UV photoexcited cathodes.
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21
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Marinelli A, Coffee R, Vetter S, Hering P, West GN, Gilevich S, Lutman AA, Li S, Maxwell T, Galayda J, Fry A, Huang Z. Optical Shaping of X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:254801. [PMID: 27391728 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.254801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter we report the experimental demonstration of a new temporal shaping technique for x-ray free-electron lasers (FELs). This technique is based on the use of a spectrally shaped infrared (IR) laser and allows optical control of the x-ray generation process. By accurately manipulating the spectral amplitude and phase of the IR laser, we can selectively modify the electron bunch longitudinal emittance thus controlling the duration of the resulting x-ray pulse down to the femtosecond time scale. Unlike other methods currently in use, optical shaping is directly applicable to the next generation of high-average power x-ray FELs such as the Linac Coherent Light Source-II or the European X-FEL, and it enables pulse shaping of FELs at the highest repetition rates. Furthermore, this laser-shaping technique paves the way for flexible tailoring of complex multicolor FEL pulse patterns required for nonlinear multidimensional x-ray spectroscopy as well as novel multicolor diffraction imaging schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marinelli
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory,2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R Coffee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory,2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- The PULSE Institute, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Vetter
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory,2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - P Hering
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory,2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - G N West
- Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, 5500 Wabash Ave., Terre Haute, Indiana 47803, USA
| | - S Gilevich
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory,2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A A Lutman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory,2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory,2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T Maxwell
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory,2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J Galayda
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory,2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Fry
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory,2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- The PULSE Institute, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Z Huang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory,2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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22
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Coherence and resonance effects in the ultra-intense laser-induced ultrafast response of complex atoms. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18529. [PMID: 26732822 PMCID: PMC4702093 DOI: 10.1038/srep18529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both coherent pumping and energy relaxation play important roles in understanding physical processes of ultra-intense coherent light-matter interactions. Here, using a large-scale quantum master equation approach, we describe dynamical processes of practical open quantum systems driven by both coherent and stochastic interactions. As examples, two typical cases of light-matter interactions are studied. First, we investigate coherent dynamics of inner-shell electrons of a neon gas irradiated by a high-intensity X-ray laser along with vast number of decaying channels. In these single-photon dominated processes, we find that, due to coherence-induced Rabi oscillations and power broadening effects, the photon absorptions of a neon gas can be suppressed resulting in differences in ionization processes and final ion-stage distributions. Second, we take helium as an example of multiphoton and multichannel interference dominated electron dynamics, by investigating the transient absorption of an isolated attosecond pulse in the presence of a femtosecond infrared laser pulse.
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23
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Sperling P, Gamboa EJ, Lee HJ, Chung HK, Galtier E, Omarbakiyeva Y, Reinholz H, Röpke G, Zastrau U, Hastings J, Fletcher LB, Glenzer SH. Free-electron X-ray laser measurements of collisional-damped plasmons in isochorically heated warm dense matter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:115001. [PMID: 26406836 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.115001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present the first highly resolved measurements of the plasmon spectrum in an ultrafast heated solid. Multi-keV x-ray photons from the Linac Coherent Light Source have been focused to one micrometer diameter focal spots producing solid density aluminum plasmas with a known electron density of n_{e}=1.8×10^{23} cm^{-3}. Detailed balance is observed through the intensity ratio of up- and down-shifted plasmons in x-ray forward scattering spectra measuring the electron temperature. The plasmon damping is treated by electron-ion collision models beyond the Born approximation to determine the electrical conductivity of warm dense aluminum.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sperling
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, MS 72 Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - E J Gamboa
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, MS 72 Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - H J Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, MS 72 Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - H K Chung
- Nuclear Data Section, Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences, International Atomic Energy Agency, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - E Galtier
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, MS 72 Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Y Omarbakiyeva
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
- International IT University, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - H Reinholz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
- University of Western Australia, WA 6009 Crawley, Australia
| | - G Röpke
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Hastings
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, MS 72 Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - L B Fletcher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, MS 72 Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, MS 72 Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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24
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Liekhus-Schmaltz CE, Tenney I, Osipov T, Sanchez-Gonzalez A, Berrah N, Boll R, Bomme C, Bostedt C, Bozek JD, Carron S, Coffee R, Devin J, Erk B, Ferguson KR, Field RW, Foucar L, Frasinski LJ, Glownia JM, Gühr M, Kamalov A, Krzywinski J, Li H, Marangos JP, Martinez TJ, McFarland BK, Miyabe S, Murphy B, Natan A, Rolles D, Rudenko A, Siano M, Simpson ER, Spector L, Swiggers M, Walke D, Wang S, Weber T, Bucksbaum PH, Petrovic VS. Ultrafast isomerization initiated by X-ray core ionization. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8199. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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25
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Stern S, Holmegaard L, Filsinger F, Rouzée A, Rudenko A, Johnsson P, Martin AV, Barty A, Bostedt C, Bozek J, Coffee R, Epp S, Erk B, Foucar L, Hartmann R, Kimmel N, Kühnel KU, Maurer J, Messerschmidt M, Rudek B, Starodub D, Thøgersen J, Weidenspointner G, White TA, Stapelfeldt H, Rolles D, Chapman HN, Küpper J. Toward atomic resolution diffractive imaging of isolated molecules with X-ray free-electron lasers. Faraday Discuss 2015; 171:393-418. [PMID: 25415561 DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00028e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We give a detailed account of the theoretical analysis and the experimental results of an X-ray-diffraction experiment on quantum-state selected and strongly laser-aligned gas-phase ensembles of the prototypical large asymmetric rotor molecule 2,5-diiodobenzonitrile, performed at the Linac Coherent Light Source [Phys. Rev. Lett.112, 083002 (2014)]. This experiment is the first step toward coherent diffractive imaging of structures and structural dynamics of isolated molecules at atomic resolution, i.e., picometers and femtoseconds, using X-ray free-electron lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stern
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
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26
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On the Importance of Electron Beam Brightness in High Gain Free Electron Lasers. PHOTONICS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics2020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Kumar S, Kang HS, Kim DE. Tailoring the amplification of attosecond pulse through detuned X-ray FEL undulator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:2808-2818. [PMID: 25836141 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.002808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the amplification of attosecond pulse in X-ray free electron laser (FEL) undulator can be tailored. The characteristic of the amplification of an isolated attosecond pulse in the FEL undulator is investigated. An isolated 180 attoseconds full width half maximum (FWHM) pulse at 1.25 nm with a spectral bandwidth of 1% is injected into an undulator. The simulation results show that for a direct seeding of 3MW, the seed is amplified to the peak power of 106 GW (40 μJ, an output pulse-width of 383 attoseconds) in the presence of a detuning at FEL resonance condition in 100-m long undulator. We note that the introduction of detuning leads to the better performance compared to the case without detuning: shorter by 15.5% in a pulse-width and higher by 76.6% in an output power. Tapering yields a higher power (116% increases in the output power compared to the case without detuning) but a longer pulse (15.4% longer in the pulse-width). It was observed that ± Δλ(r)/8 (Δλ(r)/λ(r) ~1%) is the maximum degree of detuning, beyond which the amplification becomes poor: lower in the output power and longer in the pulse duration. The minimum power for a seed pulse needs to be higher than 1 MW for the successful amplification of an attosecond pulse at 1.25 nm. Also, the electron beam energy-spread must be less than 0.1% for a suitable propagation of attosecond pulse along the FEL undulator under this study.
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28
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Tanaka T. Proposal to generate an isolated monocycle x-ray pulse by counteracting the slippage effect in free-electron lasers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:044801. [PMID: 25679895 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.044801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel scheme is proposed to generate an isolated monocycle x-ray pulse in free-electron lasers, which is based on coherent emission from a chirped microbunch passing through a strongly tapered undulator. In this scheme, the pulse lengthening by optical slippage, being intrinsic to the lasing process of free-electron lasers, can be effectively suppressed through destructive interference of electromagnetic waves emitted at individual undulator periods. Calculations show that an isolated monocycle x-ray pulse with a wavelength of 8.6 nm and a peak power of 1.2 GW can be generated if this scheme is applied to a 2-GeV and 2-kA electron beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tanaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Koto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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29
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Tibai Z, Tóth G, Mechler MI, Fülöp JA, Almási G, Hebling J. Proposal for carrier-envelope-phase stable single-cycle attosecond pulse generation in the extreme-ultraviolet range. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:104801. [PMID: 25238363 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.104801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A robust method for producing half-cycle-few-cycle attosecond pulses in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range is proposed. It is based on coherent undulator radiation of relativistic ultrathin electron layers (nanobunches), which are produced by nanobunching of ultrashort electron bunches by a 10-TW power laser in a modulator undulator. Our numerical calculations predict the generation of nanobunches shorter than 10 nm. By using these electron nanobunches the production of carrier-envelope-phase stable attosecond pulses with up to a few tens of nJ energy and down to 10 nm wavelength and 35 as duration is predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Tibai
- Institute of Physics, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gy Tóth
- Institute of Physics, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - M I Mechler
- MTA-PTE High Field Terahertz Research Group, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - J A Fülöp
- MTA-PTE High Field Terahertz Research Group, 7624 Pécs, Hungary and Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - G Almási
- Institute of Physics, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - J Hebling
- Institute of Physics, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary and MTA-PTE High Field Terahertz Research Group, 7624 Pécs, Hungary and Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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30
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Piazza L, Musumeci P, Luiten O, Carbone F. A proposal for fs-electron microscopy experiments on high-energy excitations in solids. Micron 2014; 63:40-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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31
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Li DZ, Yan WC, Chen LM, Huang K, Ma Y, Zhao JR, Zhang L, Hafz N, Wang WM, Ma JL, Li YT, Wei ZY, Gao J, Sheng ZM, Zhang J. Generation of quasi-monoenergetic electron beams with small normalized divergences angle from a 2 TW laser facility. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:12836-12844. [PMID: 24921480 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.012836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the generation of a 6 pC, 23 MeV electron bunch with the energy spread ± 3.5% by using 2 TW, 80 fs high contrast laser pulses interacting with helium gas targets. Within the optimized experimental condition, we obtained quasi-monoenergetic electron beam with an ultra-small normalized divergence angle of 92 mrad, which is at least 5 times smaller than the previous LPA-produced bunches. We suggest the significant decrease of the normalized divergence angles is due to smooth transfer from SM-LWFA to LWFA. Since the beam size in LPA is typically small, this observation may explore a simple way to generate ultralow normalized emittance electron bunches by using small-power but high-repetition-rate laser facilities.
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32
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Few-femtosecond time-resolved measurements of X-ray free-electron lasers. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3762. [PMID: 24781868 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers, with pulse durations ranging from a few to several hundred femtoseconds, are uniquely suited for studying atomic, molecular, chemical and biological systems. Characterizing the temporal profiles of these femtosecond X-ray pulses that vary from shot to shot is not only challenging but also important for data interpretation. Here we report the time-resolved measurements of X-ray free-electron lasers by using an X-band radiofrequency transverse deflector at the Linac Coherent Light Source. We demonstrate this method to be a simple, non-invasive technique with a large dynamic range for single-shot electron and X-ray temporal characterization. A resolution of less than 1 fs root mean square has been achieved for soft X-ray pulses. The lasing evolution along the undulator has been studied with the electron trapping being observed as the X-ray peak power approaches 100 GW.
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33
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Cooper B, Kolorenč P, Frasinski LJ, Averbukh V, Marangos JP. Analysis of a measurement scheme for ultrafast hole dynamics by few femtosecond resolution X-ray pump–probe Auger spectroscopy. Faraday Discuss 2014; 171:93-111. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00051j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast hole dynamics created in molecular systems as a result of sudden ionisation is the focus of much attention in the field of attosecond science. Using the molecule glycine we show through ab initio simulations that the dynamics of a hole, arising from ionisation in the inner valence region, evolves with a timescale appropriate to be measured using X-ray pulses from the current generation of SASE free electron lasers. The examined pump–probe scheme uses X-rays with photon energy below the K edge of carbon (275–280 eV) that will ionise from the inner valence region. A second probe X-ray at the same energy can excite an electron from the core to fill the vacancy in the inner-valence region. The dynamics of the inner valence hole can be tracked by measuring the Auger electrons produced by the subsequent refilling of the core hole as a function of pump–probe delay. We consider the feasibility of the experiment and include numerical simulation to support this analysis. We discuss the potential for all X-ray pump-X-ray probe Auger spectroscopy measurements for tracking hole migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Přemysl Kolorenč
- Institute of Theoretical Physics
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics
- Charles University in Prague
- 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
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34
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Rickman BL, Berger JA, Nicholls AW, Schroeder WA. Intrinsic electron beam emittance from metal photocathodes: the effect of the electron effective mass. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:237401. [PMID: 24476300 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.237401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical development of prior analyses, together with our solenoid scan measurements on eight planar metal photocathodes (Ag, Be, Cr, Cu, Mo, Sn, Ta, and W) and previous data on Mg [X. J. Wang, M. Babzien, R. Malone, and Z. Wu, in Proceedings of LINAC2002, Gyeongju, Korea, 2002 (Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Korea, 2002), pp. 142-144.] indicate that the transverse momentum (and hence intrinsic emittance) of an electron beam is fundamentally dependent on the electron effective mass in the metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Rickman
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7059, USA
| | - Joel A Berger
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7059, USA
| | - A W Nicholls
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7059, USA
| | - W Andreas Schroeder
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7059, USA
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35
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Maxwell TJ, Behrens C, Ding Y, Fisher AS, Frisch J, Huang Z, Loos H. Coherent-radiation spectroscopy of few-femtosecond electron bunches using a middle-infrared prism spectrometer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:184801. [PMID: 24237525 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.184801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Modern, high-brightness electron beams such as those from plasma wakefield accelerators and free-electron laser linacs continue the drive to ever-shorter bunch durations. In low-charge operation (~20 pC), bunches shorter than 10 fs are reported at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). Though suffering from a loss of phase information, spectral diagnostics remain appealing as compact, low-cost bunch duration monitors suitable for deployment in beam dynamics studies and operations instrumentation. Progress in middle-infrared (MIR) imaging has led to the development of a single-shot, MIR prism spectrometer to characterize the corresponding LCLS coherent beam radiation power spectrum for few-femtosecond scale bunch length monitoring. In this Letter, we report on the spectrometer installation as well as the temporal reconstruction of 3 to 60 fs-long LCLS electron bunch profiles using single-shot coherent transition radiation spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Maxwell
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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36
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Lee S, Roseker W, Gutt C, Fischer B, Conrad H, Lehmkühler F, Steinke I, Zhu D, Lemke H, Cammarata M, Fritz DM, Wochner P, Castro-Colin M, Hruszkewycz SO, Fuoss PH, Stephenson GB, Grübel G, Robert A. Single shot speckle and coherence analysis of the hard X-ray free electron laser LCLS. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:24647-24664. [PMID: 24150309 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.024647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The single shot based coherence properties of hard x-ray pulses from the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) were measured by analyzing coherent diffraction patterns from nano-particles and gold nanopowder. The intensity histogram of the small angle x-ray scattering ring from nano-particles reveals the fully transversely coherent nature of the LCLS beam with a number of transverse mode 〈Ms〉 = 1.1. On the other hand, the speckle contrasts measured at a large wavevector yields information about the longitudinal coherence of the LCLS radiation after a silicon (111) monochromator. The quantitative agreement between our data and the simulation confirms a mean coherence time of 2.2 fs and a x-ray pulse duration of 29 fs. Finally the observed reduction of the speckle contrast generated by x-rays with pulse duration longer than 30 fs indicates ultrafast dynamics taking place at an atomic length scale prior to the permanent sample damage.
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37
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Petrillo V, Anania MP, Artioli M, Bacci A, Bellaveglia M, Chiadroni E, Cianchi A, Ciocci F, Dattoli G, Di Giovenale D, Di Pirro G, Ferrario M, Gatti G, Giannessi L, Mostacci A, Musumeci P, Petralia A, Pompili R, Quattromini M, Rau JV, Ronsivalle C, Rossi AR, Sabia E, Vaccarezza C, Villa F. Observation of time-domain modulation of free-electron-laser pulses by multipeaked electron-energy spectrum. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:114802. [PMID: 24074094 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.114802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present the experimental demonstration of a new scheme for the generation of ultrashort pulse trains based on free-electron-laser (FEL) emission from a multipeaked electron energy distribution. Two electron beamlets with energy difference larger than the FEL parameter ρ have been generated by illuminating the cathode with two ps-spaced laser pulses, followed by a rotation of the longitudinal phase space by velocity bunching in the linac. The resulting self-amplified spontaneous emission FEL radiation, measured through frequency-resolved optical gating diagnostics, reveals a double-peaked spectrum and a temporally modulated pulse structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Petrillo
- INFN-Milano and Università di Milano, Via Celoria, 16 20133 Milano, Italy
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38
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Lutman AA, Coffee R, Ding Y, Huang Z, Krzywinski J, Maxwell T, Messerschmidt M, Nuhn HD. Experimental demonstration of femtosecond two-color x-ray free-electron lasers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:134801. [PMID: 23581326 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.134801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
With an eye toward extending optical wave-mixing techniques to the x-ray regime, we present the first experimental demonstration of a two-color x-ray free-electron laser at the Linac Coherent Light Source. We combine the emittance-spoiler technique with a magnetic chicane in the undulator section to control the pulse duration and relative delay between two intense x-ray pulses and we use differently tuned canted pole undulators such that the two pulses have different wavelengths as well. Two schemes are shown to produce two-color soft x-ray pulses with a wavelength separation up to ∼1.9% and a controllable relative delay up to 40 fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Lutman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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39
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Couprie ME, Benabderrahmane C, Betinelli P, Bouvet F, Buteau A, Cassinari L, Daillant J, Denard JC, Eymard P, Gagey B, Herbeaux C, Labat M, Lagarde B, Lestrade A, Loulergue A, Marchand P, Marlats JL, Miron C, Morin P, Nadji A, Polack F, Pruvost JB, Ribeiro F, Ricaud JP, Roy P, Tanikawa T, Roux R, Bielawski S, Evain C, Szwaj C, Lambert G, Lifschitz A, Malka V, Lehe R, Rousse A, Phuoc KT, Thaury C, Devanz G, Luong M, Carré B, LeBec G, Farvacque L, Dubois A, Lüning J. The LUNEX5 project in France. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/425/7/072001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Dunning DJ, McNeil BWJ, Thompson NR. Few-cycle pulse generation in an x-ray free-electron laser. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:104801. [PMID: 23521266 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.104801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A method is proposed to generate trains of few-cycle x-ray pulses from a free-electron laser (FEL) amplifier via a compact "afterburner" extension consisting of several few-period undulator sections separated by electron chicane delays. Simulations show that in the hard x ray (wavelength ~0.1 nm; photon energy ~10 keV) and with peak powers approaching normal FEL saturation (GW) levels, root mean square pulse durations of 700 zs may be obtained. This is approximately two orders of magnitude shorter than that possible for normal FEL amplifier operation. The spectrum is discretely multichromatic with a bandwidth envelope increased by approximately 2 orders of magnitude over unseeded FEL amplifier operation. Such a source would significantly enhance research opportunity in atomic dynamics and push capability toward nuclear dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Dunning
- ASTeC, STFC Daresbury Laboratory and Cockcroft Institute, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom.
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41
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Tanaka T. Proposal for a pulse-compression scheme in x-ray free-electron lasers to generate a multiterawatt, attosecond x-ray pulse. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:084801. [PMID: 23473154 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.084801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel scheme to compress the radiation pulse in x-ray free electron lasers is proposed not only to shorten the pulse length but also to enhance the peak power of the radiation, by inducing a periodic current enhancement with an optical laser and applying a temporal shift between the optical and electron beams. Calculations show that a 10-keV x-ray pulse with a peak power of 5 TW and a pulse length of 50 asec can be generated by applying this scheme to an existing x-ray free electron laser facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tanaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Koto 1-1-1, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan.
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42
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Erk B, Rolles D, Foucar L, Rudek B, Epp SW, Cryle M, Bostedt C, Schorb S, Bozek J, Rouzee A, Hundertmark A, Marchenko T, Simon M, Filsinger F, Christensen L, De S, Trippel S, Küpper J, Stapelfeldt H, Wada S, Ueda K, Swiggers M, Messerschmidt M, Schröter CD, Moshammer R, Schlichting I, Ullrich J, Rudenko A. Ultrafast charge rearrangement and nuclear dynamics upon inner-shell multiple ionization of small polyatomic molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:053003. [PMID: 23414017 DOI: 10.1088/0953-4075/46/16/164031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ionization and fragmentation of methylselenol (CH(3)SeH) molecules by intense (>10(17) W/cm(2)) 5 fs x-ray pulses (ħω=2 keV) are studied by coincident ion momentum spectroscopy. We contrast the measured charge state distribution with data on atomic Kr, determine kinetic energies of resulting ionic fragments, and compare them to the outcome of a Coulomb explosion model. We find signatures of ultrafast charge redistribution from the inner-shell ionized Se atom to its molecular partners, and observe significant displacement of the atomic constituents in the course of multiple ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Erk
- Max Planck Advanced Study Group (ASG) at CFEL, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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43
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Erk B, Rolles D, Foucar L, Rudek B, Epp SW, Cryle M, Bostedt C, Schorb S, Bozek J, Rouzee A, Hundertmark A, Marchenko T, Simon M, Filsinger F, Christensen L, De S, Trippel S, Küpper J, Stapelfeldt H, Wada S, Ueda K, Swiggers M, Messerschmidt M, Schröter CD, Moshammer R, Schlichting I, Ullrich J, Rudenko A. Ultrafast charge rearrangement and nuclear dynamics upon inner-shell multiple ionization of small polyatomic molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:053003. [PMID: 23414017 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.053003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ionization and fragmentation of methylselenol (CH(3)SeH) molecules by intense (>10(17) W/cm(2)) 5 fs x-ray pulses (ħω=2 keV) are studied by coincident ion momentum spectroscopy. We contrast the measured charge state distribution with data on atomic Kr, determine kinetic energies of resulting ionic fragments, and compare them to the outcome of a Coulomb explosion model. We find signatures of ultrafast charge redistribution from the inner-shell ionized Se atom to its molecular partners, and observe significant displacement of the atomic constituents in the course of multiple ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Erk
- Max Planck Advanced Study Group (ASG) at CFEL, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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44
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Fang L, Osipov T, Murphy B, Tarantelli F, Kukk E, Cryan JP, Glownia M, Bucksbaum PH, Coffee RN, Chen M, Buth C, Berrah N. Multiphoton ionization as a clock to reveal molecular dynamics with intense short x-ray free electron laser pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:263001. [PMID: 23368555 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.263001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We investigate molecular dynamics of multiple ionization in N2 through multiple core-level photoabsorption and subsequent Auger decay processes induced by intense, short x-ray free electron laser pulses. The timing dynamics of the photoabsorption and dissociation processes is mapped onto the kinetic energy of the fragments. Measurements of the latter allow us to map out the average internuclear separation for every molecular photoionization sequence step and obtain the average time interval between the photoabsorption events. Using multiphoton ionization as a tool of the multiple-pulse pump-probe scheme, we demonstrate the modification of the ionization dynamics as we vary the x-ray laser pulse duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fang
- Physics Department, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA.
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45
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Ding Y, Decker FJ, Emma P, Feng C, Field C, Frisch J, Huang Z, Krzywinski J, Loos H, Welch J, Wu J, Zhou F. Femtosecond x-ray pulse characterization in free-electron lasers using a cross-correlation technique. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:254802. [PMID: 23368472 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.254802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We report the first measurements of x-ray single-pulse duration and two-pulse separation at the Linac Coherent Light Source using a cross-correlation technique involving x rays and electrons. An emittance-spoiling foil is adopted as a very simple and effective method to control the output x-ray pulse. A minimum pulse duration of about 3 fs full width at half maximum has been measured together with a controllable pulse separation (delay) between two pulses. This technique provides critical temporal diagnostics for x-ray experiments such as x-ray pump-probe studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ding
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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46
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Mustonen A, Beaud P, Kirk E, Feurer T, Tsujino S. Efficient light coupling for optically excited high-density metallic nanotip arrays. Sci Rep 2012; 2:915. [PMID: 23209875 PMCID: PMC3512087 DOI: 10.1038/srep00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrafast electron pulses can be produced from sharp metallic tips illuminated by femtosecond near infrared laser pulses. Use of an array of metallic nanotips for high charge bunch generation and accelerator applications is also feasible but the small fraction of the emitter tip area limits the quantum efficiency. We therefore propose a submicron-pitch, high-density nanotip array device with a gate electrode, that can support surface-plasmon polaritons. From a theoretical analysis for a device with an asymmetric emitter position, a factor ~30 increased array quantum efficiency is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mustonen
- Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institut , 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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47
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Jurek Z, Thiele R, Ziaja B, Santra R. Effect of two-particle correlations on x-ray coherent diffractive imaging studies performed with continuum models. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 86:036411. [PMID: 23031037 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.036411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) of single molecules at atomic resolution is a major goal for the x-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs). However, during an imaging pulse, the fast laser-induced ionization may strongly affect the recorded diffraction pattern of the irradiated sample. The radiation tolerance of the imaged molecule should then be investigated a priori with a dedicated simulation tool. The continuum approach is a powerful tool for modeling the evolution of irradiated large systems consisting of more than a few hundred thousand atoms. However, this method follows the evolution of average single-particle densities, and the experimentally recorded intensities reflect the spatial two-particle correlations. The information on these correlations is then inherently not accessible within the continuum approach. In this paper we analyze this limitation of continuum models and discuss the applicability of continuum models for imaging studies. We derive a formula to calculate scattered intensities (including both elastic and inelastic scattering) from the estimates obtained with a single-particle continuum model under conditions typical for CDI studies with XFELs. We demonstrate through numerical simulations that it describes the scattered signal with good accuracy. Two-particle correlation effects manifest themselves only in the region of low momentum transfers, together with the effects of the finite size of the sample. We also show that inelastic scattering on bound electrons can have a significant impact on the measured intensities: it contributes to the background that reduces the contrast of the recorded image. This effect is even more pronounced at larger momentum transfers. Therefore, whereas inelastic scattering can be neglected for nanocrystals, where Bragg scattering dominates, and in experiments imaging single objects at low resolution, it should be taken into account when planning atomic resolution imaging of nonperiodic samples. Finally, we show the effect of the electronic damage on the recorded total signal. Progressing damage does not change the positions of intensity peaks that correspond to the (fixed) positions of imaged ions. It only changes the contrast between intensity minima and maxima, which reduces the image contrast. Our results have implications for imaging-oriented studies of radiation damage performed with continuum models, as they define the limits of applicability of these models for CDI simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Jurek
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
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48
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Plateau GR, Geddes CGR, Thorn DB, Chen M, Benedetti C, Esarey E, Gonsalves AJ, Matlis NH, Nakamura K, Schroeder CB, Shiraishi S, Sokollik T, van Tilborg J, Toth C, Trotsenko S, Kim TS, Battaglia M, Stöhlker T, Leemans WP. Low-emittance electron bunches from a laser-plasma accelerator measured using single-shot x-ray spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:064802. [PMID: 23006273 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.064802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
X-ray spectroscopy is used to obtain single-shot information on electron beam emittance in a low-energy-spread 0.5 GeV-class laser-plasma accelerator. Measurements of betatron radiation from 2 to 20 keV used a CCD and single-photon counting techniques. By matching x-ray spectra to betatron radiation models, the electron bunch radius inside the plasma is estimated to be ~0.1 μm. Combining this with simultaneous electron spectra, normalized transverse emittance is estimated to be as low as 0.1 mm mrad, consistent with three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. Correlations of the bunch radius with electron beam parameters are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Plateau
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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49
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Petrović VS, Siano M, White JL, Berrah N, Bostedt C, Bozek JD, Broege D, Chalfin M, Coffee RN, Cryan J, Fang L, Farrell JP, Frasinski LJ, Glownia JM, Gühr M, Hoener M, Holland DMP, Kim J, Marangos JP, Martinez T, McFarland BK, Minns RS, Miyabe S, Schorb S, Sension RJ, Spector LS, Squibb R, Tao H, Underwood JG, Bucksbaum PH. Transient X-ray fragmentation: probing a prototypical photoinduced ring opening. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:253006. [PMID: 23004597 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.253006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the first study of UV-induced photoisomerization probed via core ionization by an x-ray laser. We investigated x-ray ionization and fragmentation of the cyclohexadiene-hexatriene system at 850 eV during the ring opening. We find that the ion-fragmentation patterns evolve over a picosecond, reflecting a change in the state of excitation and the molecular geometry: the average kinetic energy per ion fragment and H(+)-ion count increase as the ring opens and the molecule elongates. We discuss new opportunities for molecular photophysics created by optical pump x-ray probe experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir S Petrović
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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50
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Ullrich J, Rudenko A, Moshammer R. Free-Electron Lasers: New Avenues in Molecular Physics and Photochemistry. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2012; 63:635-60. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-032511-143720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Ullrich
- Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; ,
- Max Planck Advanced Study Group, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany;
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Artem Rudenko
- Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; ,
- Max Planck Advanced Study Group, Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Robert Moshammer
- Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; ,
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