1
|
White K, Connor K, Meylan M, Bougoüin A, Salvucci M, Bielle F, O'Farrell AC, Sweeney K, Weng L, Bergers G, Dicker P, Ashley DM, Lipp ES, Low JT, Zhao J, Wen P, Prins R, Verreault M, Idbaih A, Biswas A, Prehn JHM, Lambrechts D, Arijs I, Lodi F, Dilcan G, Lamfers M, Leenstra S, Fabro F, Ntafoulis I, Kros JM, Cryan J, Brett F, Quissac E, Beausang A, MacNally S, O'Halloran P, Clerkin J, Bacon O, Kremer A, Chi Yen RT, Varn FS, Verhaak RGW, Sautès-Fridman C, Fridman WH, Byrne AT. Identification, validation and biological characterisation of novel glioblastoma tumour microenvironment subtypes: implications for precision immunotherapy. Ann Oncol 2023; 34:300-314. [PMID: 36494005 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New precision medicine therapies are urgently required for glioblastoma (GBM). However, to date, efforts to subtype patients based on molecular profiles have failed to direct treatment strategies. We hypothesised that interrogation of the GBM tumour microenvironment (TME) and identification of novel TME-specific subtypes could inform new precision immunotherapy treatment strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A refined and validated microenvironment cell population (MCP) counter method was applied to >800 GBM patient tumours (GBM-MCP-counter). Specifically, partition around medoids (PAM) clustering of GBM-MCP-counter scores in the GLIOTRAIN discovery cohort identified three novel patient clusters, uniquely characterised by TME composition, functional orientation markers and immune checkpoint proteins. Validation was carried out in three independent GBM-RNA-seq datasets. Neoantigen, mutational and gene ontology analysis identified mutations and uniquely altered pathways across subtypes. The longitudinal Glioma Longitudinal AnalySiS (GLASS) cohort and three immunotherapy clinical trial cohorts [treatment with neoadjuvant/adjuvant anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or PSVRIPO] were further interrogated to assess subtype alterations between primary and recurrent tumours and to assess the utility of TME classifiers as immunotherapy biomarkers. RESULTS TMEHigh tumours (30%) displayed elevated lymphocyte, myeloid cell immune checkpoint, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 transcripts. TMEHigh/mesenchymal+ patients featured tertiary lymphoid structures. TMEMed (46%) tumours were enriched for endothelial cell gene expression profiles and displayed heterogeneous immune populations. TMELow (24%) tumours were manifest as an 'immune-desert' group. TME subtype transitions upon recurrence were identified in the longitudinal GLASS cohort. Assessment of GBM immunotherapy trial datasets revealed that TMEHigh patients receiving neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 had significantly increased overall survival (P = 0.04). Moreover, TMEHigh patients treated with adjuvant anti-PD-1 or oncolytic virus (PVSRIPO) showed a trend towards improved survival. CONCLUSIONS We have established a novel TME-based classification system for application in intracranial malignancies. TME subtypes represent canonical 'termini a quo' (starting points) to support an improved precision immunotherapy treatment approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K White
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K Connor
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Meylan
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - A Bougoüin
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M Salvucci
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - F Bielle
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm U 1127, UPMC-P6 UMR S 1127, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - A C O'Farrell
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K Sweeney
- National Centre of Neurosurgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L Weng
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Bergers
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Dicker
- Epidemiology & Public Health, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D M Ashley
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - E S Lipp
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - J T Low
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - J Zhao
- Department of Systems Biology at Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - P Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - R Prins
- Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - M Verreault
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm U 1127, UPMC-P6 UMR S 1127, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - A Idbaih
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR S 1127, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - A Biswas
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Lambrechts
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - I Arijs
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - F Lodi
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Dilcan
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Lamfers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Leenstra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F Fabro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - I Ntafoulis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J M Kros
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Cryan
- Department of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - F Brett
- Department of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E Quissac
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm U 1127, UPMC-P6 UMR S 1127, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - A Beausang
- Department of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S MacNally
- National Centre of Neurosurgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P O'Halloran
- National Centre of Neurosurgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Clerkin
- National Centre of Neurosurgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - O Bacon
- Department of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Kremer
- Information Technology for Translational Medicine (ITTM), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - R T Chi Yen
- Information Technology for Translational Medicine (ITTM), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - F S Varn
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, USA
| | - R G W Verhaak
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C Sautès-Fridman
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - W H Fridman
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - A T Byrne
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Walter P, Osipov T, Lin MF, Cryan J, Driver T, Kamalov A, Marinelli A, Robinson J, Seaberg MH, Wolf TJA, Aldrich J, Brown N, Champenois EG, Cheng X, Cocco D, Conder A, Curiel I, Egger A, Glownia JM, Heimann P, Holmes M, Johnson T, Lee L, Li X, Moeller S, Morton DS, Ng ML, Ninh K, O’Neal JT, Obaid R, Pai A, Schlotter W, Shepard J, Shivaram N, Stefan P, Van X, Wang AL, Wang H, Yin J, Yunus S, Fritz D, James J, Castagna JC. The time-resolved atomic, molecular and optical science instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source. J Synchrotron Radiat 2022; 29:957-968. [PMID: 35787561 PMCID: PMC9255571 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522004283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The newly constructed time-resolved atomic, molecular and optical science instrument (TMO) is configured to take full advantage of both linear accelerators at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, the copper accelerator operating at a repetition rate of 120 Hz providing high per-pulse energy as well as the superconducting accelerator operating at a repetition rate of about 1 MHz providing high average intensity. Both accelerators power a soft X-ray free-electron laser with the new variable-gap undulator section. With this flexible light source, TMO supports many experimental techniques not previously available at LCLS and will have two X-ray beam focus spots in line. Thereby, TMO supports atomic, molecular and optical, strong-field and nonlinear science and will also host a designated new dynamic reaction microscope with a sub-micrometer X-ray focus spot. The flexible instrument design is optimized for studying ultrafast electronic and molecular phenomena and can take full advantage of the sub-femtosecond soft X-ray pulse generation program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Walter
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Timur Osipov
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Ming-Fu Lin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - James Cryan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Taran Driver
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Andrei Kamalov
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Agostino Marinelli
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Joe Robinson
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Matthew H. Seaberg
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Thomas J. A. Wolf
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jeff Aldrich
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Nolan Brown
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Elio G. Champenois
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Xinxin Cheng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Daniele Cocco
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Alan Conder
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Ivan Curiel
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Adam Egger
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - James M. Glownia
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Philip Heimann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Michael Holmes
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Tyler Johnson
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Lance Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Stefan Moeller
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Daniel S. Morton
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - May Ling Ng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Kayla Ninh
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jordan T. O’Neal
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Razib Obaid
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Allen Pai
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - William Schlotter
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jackson Shepard
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Niranjan Shivaram
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Peter Stefan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Xiong Van
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Anna Li Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Hengzi Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jing Yin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sameen Yunus
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - David Fritz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Justin James
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jean-Charles Castagna
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Walter P, Kamalov A, Gatton A, Driver T, Bhogadi D, Castagna JC, Cheng X, Shi H, Obaid R, Cryan J, Helml W, Ilchen M, Coffee RN. Multi-resolution electron spectrometer array for future free-electron laser experiments. J Synchrotron Radiat 2021; 28:1364-1376. [PMID: 34475285 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521007700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The design of an angular array of electron time-of-flight (eToF) spectrometers is reported, intended for non-invasive spectral, temporal, and polarization characterization of single shots of high-repetition rate, quasi-continuous, short-wavelength free-electron lasers (FELs) such as the LCLS II at SLAC. This array also enables angle-resolved, high-resolution eToF spectroscopy to address a variety of scientific questions on ultrafast and nonlinear light-matter interactions at FELs. The presented device is specifically designed for the time-resolved atomic, molecular and optical science endstation (TMO) at LCLS II. In its final version, the spectrometer comprises up to 20 eToF spectrometers aligned to collect electrons from the interaction point, which is defined by the intersection of the incoming FEL radiation and a gaseous target. The full composition involves 16 spectrometers forming a circular equiangular array in the plane normal to the X-ray propagation and four spectrometers at 54.7° angle relative to the principle linear X-ray polarization axis with orientations in the forward and backward direction of the light propagation. The spectrometers are capable of independent and minimally chromatic electrostatic lensing and retardation, in order to enable simultaneous angle-resolved photo- and Auger-Meitner electron spectroscopy with high energy resolution. They are designed to ensure an energy resolution of 0.25 eV across an energy window of up to 75 eV, which can be individually centered via the adjustable retardation to cover the full range of electron kinetic energies relevant to soft X-ray methods, 0-2 keV. The full spectrometer array will enable non-invasive and online spectral-polarimetry measurements, polarization-sensitive attoclock spectroscopy for characterizing the full time-energy structure of SASE or seeded LCLS II pulses, and support emerging trends in molecular-frame spectroscopy measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Walter
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Andrei Kamalov
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Averell Gatton
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Taran Driver
- The Stanford PULSE Institute, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Dileep Bhogadi
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jean Charles Castagna
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Xianchao Cheng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Hongliang Shi
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Razib Obaid
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - James Cryan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Wolfram Helml
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Maria-Goeppert-Mayer-Strasse 2, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Markus Ilchen
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Ryan N Coffee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jagust P, Varešlija D, Cocchiglia S, O'Haloran PJ, Dablouk MO, Brett FM, Cryan J, Beausang A, Hudson L, Hill ADK, Young L. O50: DEVELOPMENT OF A PATIENT-DERIVED TUMOUR ORGANOIDS FROM METASTATIC BREAST CANCER FOR ASSESSMENT OF NOVEL CLINICALLY ACTIONABLE TARGETS. Br J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab117.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is the main source of mortality in breast cancer patients largely due to lack of effective treatments. Our previous results suggest that tumour transcriptional heterogeneity drives therapy resistance and cancer relapse. While traditional in vitro human cancer cell line models have been widely used for disease modelling, they do not faithfully recapitulate the pathophysiology of MBC.
Method
In this study we developed patient-derived tumour organoid cultures from frozen patient-derived (PDX) models of MBC. Using those models we performed preclinical drug screening of investigational and FDA approved therapeutics previously uncovered by us as potentially clinically actionable in MBC.
Result
Our results reveal high heterogeneity in the responses to various targeted therapies among tested MBC organoids, which makes them a valuable tool for studying intra-tumor heterogeneity and drug response. Moreover, drug screening identified a divergent set of the breast to brain metastatic MBC organoids that showed high sensitivity to a new class of tyrosine kinase receptors, RET.
Conclusion
Taken together, our novel MBC models and methodology applied here provides an important modelling tool to assess the contribution of intra-tumour heterogeneity and microenvironment to drug response as they recapitulate the cellular, structural and biochemical complexity previously observed in our genomic characterisation of MBCs. Application of this type of translational research will enhance the development of new targeted precision medicine strategies and prelude stratification for clinical trials. Abbreviations MBC- Metastatic Breast Cancer; PDX- Patient-Derived Xenografts; FDA- Food and Drug Administration; RET- Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
Take-home message
Patient-derived tumour organoid cultures provide an important modelling tool to assess the contribution of intra-tumour heterogeneity and microenvironment to drug response as they recapitulate the cellular, structural and biochemical complexity previously observed in genomic characterisation of metastatic breast cancer.
SURGICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Jagust
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland,
| | - D Varešlija
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland,
| | - S Cocchiglia
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland,
| | - PJ O'Haloran
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neurosurgical Center, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland,
| | - MO Dablouk
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neurosurgical Center, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland,
| | - FM Brett
- Department of Neuropathology, National Neurosurgical Center, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Cryan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Neurosurgical Center, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Beausang
- Department of Neuropathology, National Neurosurgical Center, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L Hudson
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland,
| | - ADK Hill
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland,
| | - L Young
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Comerford CM, Morrell R, Johnson D, Javadpour M, Beausang A, Cryan J, Murphy P, Quinn J. Pituitary plasmacytoma—a rare presentation of multiple myeloma. Ir J Med Sci 2017; 187:349-350. [DOI: 10.1007/s11845-017-1690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
6
|
Li Z, Inhester L, Liekhus-Schmaltz C, Curchod BFE, Snyder JW, Medvedev N, Cryan J, Osipov T, Pabst S, Vendrell O, Bucksbaum P, Martinez TJ. Ultrafast isomerization in acetylene dication after carbon K-shell ionization. Nat Commun 2017; 8:453. [PMID: 28878226 PMCID: PMC5587545 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrafast proton migration and isomerization are key processes for acetylene and its ions. However, the mechanism for ultrafast isomerization of acetylene [HCCH]2+ to vinylidene [H2CC]2+ dication remains nebulous. Theoretical studies show a large potential barrier ( > 2 eV) for isomerization on low-lying dicationic states, implying picosecond or longer isomerization timescales. However, a recent experiment at a femtosecond X-ray free-electron laser suggests sub-100 fs isomerization. Here we address this contradiction with a complete theoretical study of the dynamics of acetylene dication produced by Auger decay after X-ray photoionization of the carbon atom K shell. We find no sub-100 fs isomerization, while reproducing the salient features of the time-resolved Coulomb imaging experiment. This work resolves the seeming contradiction between experiment and theory and also calls for careful interpretation of structural information from the widely applied Coulomb momentum imaging method. The timescale of isomerization in molecules involving ultrafast migration of constituent atoms is difficult to measure. Here the authors report that sub-100 fs isomerization time on acetylene dication in lower electronic states is not possible and point to misinterpretation of recent experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA.,Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Ludger Inhester
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chelsea Liekhus-Schmaltz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA.,Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Basile F E Curchod
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA.,Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - James W Snyder
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA.,Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Nikita Medvedev
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic.,Laser Plasma Department, Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - James Cryan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA
| | - Timur Osipov
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA
| | - Stefan Pabst
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Phil Bucksbaum
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA.,Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Todd J Martinez
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and the PULSE Institute, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
O'Rourke DJ, Bergin A, Rotenberg A, Peters J, Gorman M, Poduri A, Cryan J, Lidov H, Madsen J, Harini C. Rasmussen's encephalitis presenting as focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep 2014; 2:86-9. [PMID: 25667877 PMCID: PMC4307873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebcr.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rasmussen's encephalitis is a rare syndrome characterized by intractable seizures, often associated with epilepsia partialis continua and symptoms of progressive hemispheric dysfunction. Seizures are usually the hallmark of presentation, but antiepileptic drug treatment fails in most patients and is ineffective against epilepsia partialis continua, which often requires surgical intervention. Co-occurrence of focal cortical dysplasia has only rarely been described and may have implications regarding pathophysiology and management. We describe a rare case of dual pathology of Rasmussen's encephalitis presenting as a focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and discuss the literature on this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J O'Rourke
- Dept. of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
| | - A Bergin
- Dept. of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
| | - A Rotenberg
- Dept. of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
| | - J Peters
- Dept. of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
| | - M Gorman
- Dept. of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
| | - A Poduri
- Dept. of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
| | - J Cryan
- Dept. of Neuropathology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
| | - H Lidov
- Dept. of Neuropathology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
| | - J Madsen
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
| | - C Harini
- Dept. of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Treacy A, Cryan J, McGarvey C, Devaney D, Matthews TG. Sudden unexplained death in childhood. An audit of the quality of autopsy reporting. Ir Med J 2013; 106:70-72. [PMID: 23951973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cases of sudden unexplained death in childhood (SUDC) in Ireland in children aged > 1 year and < 5 years were examined in order to assess the quality of autopsy reporting. All SUDC cases are notified to and documented by the National Sudden Infant Death Register (NSIDR) in Ireland along with all cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) referring to sudden infant deaths less than one year of age. The database of the NSIDR in Ireland was interrogated and cases of SIDS and SUDC were compared over a fifteen-year period (1995-2009). SIDS cases whose autopsies were conducted in the same hospital in the same year as the index SUDC case were used for comparison. The autopsy report for each case was examined and modified Rushton (MR) score(s1) calculated. MR scores were compared along with the number of paediatric pathology prosectors and the year of autopsy examination between the two groups. 45 cases were registered as SUDC (age 52 - 152 weeks) between 1995-2009. Autopsy reports were available for 43/45 (95%) of these. 43 SIDS cases from the same year and site of autopsy were used for comparison. Overall MR scores were higher in the SIDS cases, with 29/43 (67%) cases obtaining the minimum arbitrary score (MAS) of > 300 compared to 25/43 (58%) of SUDC cases. Paediatric pathologists in specialist centres carried out similar numbers of SIDS autopsies and SUDC autopsies (46% SIDS, 44% SUDC). Autopsies carried out by paediatric pathologists in specialist centres met the MAS in 19/21 (90%) SIDS cases and 18/19 (95%) SUDC cases. Based on our findings we recommend referral of all SUDC cases to specialist centres for optimal autopsy examination and investigation, and that cases of sudden unexpected death in children over 1 year of age are investigated according to the same guidelines as are used for unexpected death under one year of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Treacy
- Department of Histopathology, Children's University Hospital, Temple St, Dublin 1
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
McFarland BK, Farrell JP, Berrah N, Bostedt C, Bozek J, Bucksbaum P, Coffee R, Cryan J, Fang L, Feifel R, Gaffney K, Glownia J, Martinez T, Mucke M, Murphy B, Miyabe S, Natan A, Osipov T, Petrovic V, Schorb S, Schultz T, Spector L, Tarantelli F, Tenney I, Wang S, White W, White J, Gühr M. Probing nucleobase photoprotection with soft x-rays. EPJ Web of Conferences 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20134107004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
10
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence indicates that childhood trauma is a risk factor for schizophrenia and patients with this syndrome have a pro-inflammatory phenotype. We tested the hypothesis that the pro-inflammatory phenotype in schizophrenia is associated with childhood trauma and that patients without a history of such trauma have a similar immune profile to healthy controls. METHOD We recruited 40 schizophrenia patients and 40 controls, all of whom completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques, we measured peripheral levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. These immune parameters were compared in schizophrenia with childhood trauma, schizophrenia without childhood trauma and healthy controls. RESULTS Patients with childhood trauma had higher levels of IL-6 and TNF-α than patients without trauma and healthy controls, and TNF-α levels correlated with the extent of the trauma. Patients with no trauma had similar immune profiles to controls. CONCLUSIONS Childhood trauma drives changes, possibly epigenetic, that generate a pro-inflammatory phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Dennison
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Petrović VS, Siano M, White JL, Berrah N, Bostedt C, Bozek JD, Broege D, Chalfin M, Coffee RN, Cryan J, Fang L, Farrell JP, Frasinski LJ, Glownia JM, Gühr M, Hoener M, Holland DMP, Kim J, Marangos JP, Martinez T, McFarland BK, Minns RS, Miyabe S, Schorb S, Sension RJ, Spector LS, Squibb R, Tao H, Underwood JG, Bucksbaum PH. Transient X-ray fragmentation: probing a prototypical photoinduced ring opening. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:253006. [PMID: 23004597 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.253006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the first study of UV-induced photoisomerization probed via core ionization by an x-ray laser. We investigated x-ray ionization and fragmentation of the cyclohexadiene-hexatriene system at 850 eV during the ring opening. We find that the ion-fragmentation patterns evolve over a picosecond, reflecting a change in the state of excitation and the molecular geometry: the average kinetic energy per ion fragment and H(+)-ion count increase as the ring opens and the molecule elongates. We discuss new opportunities for molecular photophysics created by optical pump x-ray probe experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir S Petrović
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bienenstock⁎ J, Karimi K, Forsythe P, Kunze W, Bravo J, Cryan J. What do commensal bacteria have to do with allergy, pain and behaviour? Eur J Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.09.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
13
|
Cryan J, Catháin NO, Curtis M, Cassidy M, Brett FM. The contribution of alcohol to fatal traumatic head injuries in the forensic setting. Ir Med J 2010; 103:303-305. [PMID: 21560501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Excessive drinking increases the risk of dying unnaturally. In the Republic of Ireland such deaths are referred to the State Pathologist. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is routinely measured. We created a database of cases presenting to the State Pathologist over a nine year period (2000-2008 inclusive) to evaluate the relationship between alcohol and fatal traumatic brain injuries (FTBI). Of a total of 1778 cases, 332 (275 Male [M]; 57 Female [F]) died of head injuries. Fatalities were highest in males aged 36-50 (N = 97) and 26-35 (N = 73). Assaults (N = 147), falls (N = 95), road traffic accidents (RTA) (N = 50) and suicide (N = 15) were the commonest modes of presentation. A positive blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was found in 36% of assaults, 41% of falls and 40% of suicides. In the RTA group BAC was positive in 59% of pedestrians, 33% of drivers and 14% of passengers. Alcohol clearly plays a significant role in FTBI in the forensic setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Cryan
- Department of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont, Dublin 9.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fang L, Hoener M, Gessner O, Tarantelli F, Pratt ST, Kornilov O, Buth C, Gühr M, Kanter EP, Bostedt C, Bozek JD, Bucksbaum PH, Chen M, Coffee R, Cryan J, Glownia M, Kukk E, Leone SR, Berrah N. Double core-hole production in N2: beating the Auger clock. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 105:083005. [PMID: 20868097 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.083005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the creation of double K-shell holes in N2 molecules via sequential absorption of two photons on a time scale shorter than the core-hole lifetime by using intense x-ray pulses from the Linac Coherent Light Source free electron laser. The production and decay of these states is characterized by photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. In molecules, two types of double core holes are expected, the first with two core holes on the same N atom, and the second with one core hole on each N atom. We report the first direct observations of the former type of core hole in a molecule, in good agreement with theory, and provide an experimental upper bound for the relative contribution of the latter type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Fang
- Physics Department, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Glownia JM, Cryan J, Andreasson J, Belkacem A, Berrah N, Blaga CI, Bostedt C, Bozek J, DiMauro LF, Fang L, Frisch J, Gessner O, Gühr M, Hajdu J, Hertlein MP, Hoener M, Huang G, Kornilov O, Marangos JP, March AM, McFarland BK, Merdji H, Petrovic VS, Raman C, Ray D, Reis DA, Trigo M, White JL, White W, Wilcox R, Young L, Coffee RN, Bucksbaum PH. Time-resolved pump-probe experiments at the LCLS. Opt Express 2010; 18:17620-30. [PMID: 20721148 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.017620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The first time-resolved x-ray/optical pump-probe experiments at the SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) used a combination of feedback methods and post-analysis binning techniques to synchronize an ultrafast optical laser to the linac-based x-ray laser. Transient molecular nitrogen alignment revival features were resolved in time-dependent x-ray-induced fragmentation spectra. These alignment features were used to find the temporal overlap of the pump and probe pulses. The strong-field dissociation of x-ray generated quasi-bound molecular dications was used to establish the residual timing jitter. This analysis shows that the relative arrival time of the Ti:Sapphire laser and the x-ray pulses had a distribution with a standard deviation of approximately 120 fs. The largest contribution to the jitter noise spectrum was the locking of the laser oscillator to the reference RF of the accelerator, which suggests that simple technical improvements could reduce the jitter to better than 50 fs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Glownia
- The PULSE Institute for Ultrafast Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025. USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hoener M, Fang L, Kornilov O, Gessner O, Pratt ST, Gühr M, Kanter EP, Blaga C, Bostedt C, Bozek JD, Bucksbaum PH, Buth C, Chen M, Coffee R, Cryan J, Dimauro L, Glownia M, Hosler E, Kukk E, Leone SR, McFarland B, Messerschmidt M, Murphy B, Petrovic V, Rolles D, Berrah N. Ultraintense x-ray induced ionization, dissociation, and frustrated absorption in molecular nitrogen. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:253002. [PMID: 20867372 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.253002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Sequential multiple photoionization of the prototypical molecule N2 is studied with femtosecond time resolution using the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). A detailed picture of intense x-ray induced ionization and dissociation dynamics is revealed, including a molecular mechanism of frustrated absorption that suppresses the formation of high charge states at short pulse durations. The inverse scaling of the average target charge state with x-ray peak brightness has possible implications for single-pulse imaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hoener
- Western Michigan University Physics Department, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fitzgerald P, Cassidy Eugene M, Clarke G, Scully P, Barry S, Quigley Eamonn MM, Shanahan F, Cryan J, Dinan Timothy G. Tryptophan catabolism in females with irritable bowel syndrome: relationship to interferon-gamma, severity of symptoms and psychiatric co-morbidity. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008; 20:1291-7. [PMID: 18823288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2008.01195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has been linked with abnormal serotonin functioning and immune activation. Tryptophan forms the substrate for serotonin biosynthesis, but it can alternatively be catabolized to kynurenine (Kyn) by the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the main inducer of which is interferon-gamma. The primary aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that IBS is associated with increased tryptophan (Trp) catabolism along the Kyn pathway due to increased IFN-gamma levels. Plasma Kyn, Trp and IFN-gamma levels were measured in 41 female IBS subjects and 33 controls. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity was assessed using the Kyn to Trp ratio. Psychiatric co-morbidity was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire, and severity of IBS assessed using self-report ordinal scales. Irritable bowel syndrome subjects had increased Kyn concentrations compared with controls (P = 0.039) and there was a trend for Kyn:Trp to be increased in the IBS group (P = 0.09). There was a positive correlation between IBS severity and Kyn:Trp (r = 0.57, P < 0.001). Those with severe IBS symptoms had increased Kyn:Trp (P < 0.005) compared to those with less severe symptoms and controls, and were over twice as likely to have depression or anxiety compared to those with less severe IBS (RR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-3.9). No difference in IFN-gamma levels was observed between groups; however, IFN-gamma was positively correlated with Kyn:Trp in IBS (r = 0.58, P = 0.005) but not controls (r = 0.12, P = 0.5). Females with IBS have abnormal Trp catabolism. The Kyn:Trp is related to symptom severity, and those with severe IBS symptoms have increased shunting of Trp along the Kyn pathway which contributes to the abnormal serotonergic functioning in this syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Wilton, Cork, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hauri CP, Lopez-Martens RB, Blaga CI, Schultz KD, Cryan J, Chirla R, Colosimo P, Doumy G, March AM, Roedig C, Sistrunk E, Tate J, Wheeler J, Dimauro LF, Power EP. Intense self-compressed, self-phase-stabilized few-cycle pulses at 2 microm from an optical filament. Opt Lett 2007; 32:868-70. [PMID: 17339964 DOI: 10.1364/ol.32.000868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the compression of intense, carrier-envelope phase stable mid-IR pulses down to few-cycle duration using an optical filament. A filament in xenon gas is formed by using self-phase stabilized 330 microJ 55 fs pulses at 2 microm produced via difference-frequency generation in a Ti:sapphire-pumped optical parametric amplifier. The ultrabroadband 2 microm carrier-wavelength output is self-compressed below 3 optical cycles and has a 270 microJ pulse energy. The self-locked phase offset of the 2 microm difference-frequency field is preserved after filamentation. This is to our knowledge the first experimental realization of pulse compression in optical filaments at mid-IR wavelengths (lambda>0.8 microm).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C P Hauri
- Laboratorie d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS UMR 7639, Palaiseau, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dumont FJ, Ok H, Lin S, Kastner CA, Cryan J, Martin MM, Wiederrecht G, Staruch MJ. Mixed agonist/antagonist activity of an FK-506-related immunosuppressant: biological and biochemical characterization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996; 276:1078-88. [PMID: 8786538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
FK-506 blocks T cell activation by preventing lymphokine gene transcription through formation of a complex with FKBP12 that inhibits calcineurin phosphatase activity. Immunosuppressive FK-506 analogs (agonists) have been generated whose potency correlates with calcineurin inhibition. Nonimmunosuppressive antagonist analogs have also been identified, including L-685,818, which binds to FKBP12 but does not inhibit calcineurin. We describe a novel property of FK-506 analog, characterized as a mixed agonist/antagonist immunosuppressive activity. It is displayed by L-688,617, the 32 O-methoxyethoxymethyl derivative of the agonist L-683,590 (C21-ethyl). Although it binds to FKBP12 similarly to L-683,590, L-688,617 incompletely suppressed T cell proliferation induced by optimal activation and enhanced that induced by supraoptimal activation. In the latter situation, L-688,617 suppressed IL-2 production only partially but blocked activation-driven cell death. Moreover, a 1000-fold molar excess of L-688,617 antagonized the immunosuppressive activity of L-683,590. L-688,617 inhibited calcineurin phosphatase activity in cells only partially. The unique agonist/antagonist activity of L-688,617 may therefore reflect its high affinity for FKBP12, combined with a reduced ability of the drug-FKBP12 complex to inhibit calcineurin function. However, in a cell-free system, L-688,617 completely blocked this function when a large excess of FKBP12 over calcineurin was present, suggesting that the intracellular concentration of FKBP12 may be a limiting factor that prevents full agonist activity of L-688,617 in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F J Dumont
- Department of Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang BW, Zimmer G, Chen J, Ladd D, Li E, Alt FW, Wiederrecht G, Cryan J, O'Neill EA, Seidman CE, Abbas AK, Seidman JG. T cell responses in calcineurin A alpha-deficient mice. J Exp Med 1996; 183:413-20. [PMID: 8627154 PMCID: PMC2192457 DOI: 10.1084/jem.183.2.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We have created embryonic stem (ES) cells and mice lacking the predominant isoform (alpha) of the calcineurin A subunit (CNA alpha) to study the role of this serine/threonine phosphatase in the immune system. T and B cell maturation appeared to be normal in CNA alpha -/- mice. CNA alpha -/- T cells responded normally to mitogenic stimulation (i.e., PMA plus ionomycin, concanavalin A, and anti-CD3 epsilon antibody). However, CNA alpha -/- mice generated defective antigen-specific T cell responses in vivo. Mice produced from CNA alpha -/- ES cells injected into RAG-2-deficient blastocysts had a similar defective T cell response, indicating that CNA alpha is required for T cell function per se, rather than for an activity of other cell types involved in the immune response. CNA alpha -/- T cells remained sensitive to both cyclosporin A and FK506, suggesting that CNA beta or another CNA-like molecule can mediate the action of these immunosuppressive drugs. CNA alpha -/- mice provide an animal model for dissecting the physiologic functions of calcineurin as well as the effects of FK506 and CsA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B W Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ballor DL, Harvey-Berino JR, Ades PA, Cryan J, Calles-Escandon J. Contrasting effects of resistance and aerobic training on body composition and metabolism after diet-induced weight loss. Metabolism 1996; 45:179-83. [PMID: 8596486 DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(96)90050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether exercise training facilitates maintenance of body weight at reduced levels following weight loss by attenuating weight loss-induced reductions in resting metabolism and fat oxidation. The effects of 12 weeks (three times per week) of either aerobic or weight training exercise on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism during rest and following a meal in 18 older (mean +/- SE, 61 +/- 1 years; range, 56 to 70) subjects who had recently lost a mean of 9 +/- 1 kg were studied. During the exercise training period, the aerobic training group (five women, four men) had a significant (P < .05) reduction in body weight (-2.5 +/- 0.6 kg) as compared with the weight training group (five women, four men) (0.4 +/- 0.9 kg). Eight of nine aerobic training subjects lost additional weight, while six of nine weight training subjects gained weight. Neither type of training reversed the depressions in resting metabolism or fat oxidation rates (ie, resting or postprandial) that had occurred as a consequence of the prior weight loss. Thus, alterations in resting metabolism or fat oxidation (resting or postprandial) do not appear to be the mechanism(s) by which exercise training facilitates maintenance of diet-induced weight loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D L Ballor
- Sims Obesity Research Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ballor DL, Harvey-Berino JR, Ades PA, Cryan J, Calles-Escandon J. Decrease in fat oxidation following a meal in weight-reduced individuals: a possible mechanism for weight recidivism. Metabolism 1996; 45:174-8. [PMID: 8596485 DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(96)90049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effect that dietary-induced weight loss has on body composition, energy metabolism, and substrate oxidation at rest and during the 5-hour period following a meal. Twenty older (age:mean +/- SE, 61 +/- 1 years; range, 56 to 70 y) obese (body mass index > 32 kg/m2) subjects (12 women, eight men) completed an 11-week dietary restriction program in which they lost 9 +/- l kg. Fat and fat-free mass were reduced (P < .05) by 15% and 5%, respectively. Resting metabolic rate decreased by 15% (P < .05). Overall, weight loss did not alter the percentage of energy derived from fat sources (approximately 47% of energy) under resting conditions. In contrast, the percentage of calories derived from fat during the 5-hour postmeal period decreased from baseline to post-weight loss from 38% +/- 3% to 26% +/- 4% (P < .05) of total calories expended. The reduction in fat oxidation subsequent to a meal may facilitate fat storage, and may be one mechanism by which one regains weight following weight loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D L Ballor
- Sims Obesity Research Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sewell TJ, Lam E, Martin MM, Leszyk J, Weidner J, Calaycay J, Griffin P, Williams H, Hung S, Cryan J. Inhibition of calcineurin by a novel FK-506-binding protein. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:21094-102. [PMID: 7520438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
FK-506, a potent immunosuppressive drug, acts during the commitment phase of T-lymphocyte activation to block a subset of calcium-associated events necessary for transcription of certain early lymphokine genes. The drug binds to an abundant, cytosolic 11.8-kDa protein termed the FK-506-binding protein (FKBP12). The FKBP12.FK-506 complex inhibits calcineurin, a calcium-dependent phosphatase that is a component of the signal transduction pathway leading to early lymphokine gene transcription. FKBP12 is one member of a growing gene family. Prior to this report, all other FKBP family members had been irrelevant to the mechanism of action of FK-506 because no other FKBP.FK-506 complexes were able to bind and inhibit calcineurin. Here, we report the purification and characterization of a novel FK-506-binding protein, FKBP12.6. Having 85% amino acid sequence identity to FKBP12, FKBP12.6 is, among the FKBPs, most closely related to FKBP12. When complexed with FK-506, FKBP12.6 binds to and inhibits calcineurin, making it only the second FKBP discovered thus far to do so. The ability to inhibit calcineurin establishes the potential relevance of FKBP12.6 to the immunosuppressive or toxic side effects of FK-506.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Sewell
- Department of Immunology Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sewell T, Lam E, Martin M, Leszyk J, Weidner J, Calaycay J, Griffin P, Williams H, Hung S, Cryan J. Inhibition of calcineurin by a novel FK-506-binding protein. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31934-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
25
|
Siekierka JJ, Wiederrecht G, Cryan J, Hung SH, Comisky M, Sigal NH. Potential roles of other FK 506-binding proteins in mediating the effects of FK 506. Transplant Proc 1991; 23:2720-1. [PMID: 1721256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J J Siekierka
- Department of Immunology Research, Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cryan J, Hung SH, Wiederrecht G, Sigal NH, Siekierka JJ. FKBP, the binding protein for the immunosuppressive drug, FK-506, is not an inhibitor of protein kinase C activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 180:846-52. [PMID: 1719972 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the amino acid sequence of a 12 Kd endogenous protein inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC-I 2) has been shown to be identical to that of the 12 KDa receptor for the immunosuppressive drug, FK-506. In view of this observation we examined the effects of recombinant and native human FKBP on protein kinase C (PKC) activity. FKBP, at molar concentrations up to 1900-fold over that of PKC, failed to inhibit PKC phosphorylation of histone H1 and failed to block the auto-phosphorylation of PKC. Interestingly, FKBP is phosphorylated by PKC in these reactions. The phosphorylation of FKBP by PKC appears to be specific since the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase fails to phosphorylate the binding protein. Our results fail to support a role for FKBP as an inhibitor of protein kinase C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Cryan
- Department of Immunology Research Merck, Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Siekierka JJ, Wiederrecht G, Greulich H, Boulton D, Hung SH, Cryan J, Hodges PJ, Sigal NH. The cytosolic-binding protein for the immunosuppressant FK-506 is both a ubiquitous and highly conserved peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase. J Biol Chem 1990; 265:21011-5. [PMID: 1701173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently isolated an abundant cytosolic protein from human T-cells which specifically binds the immunosuppressive agent, FK-506. The FK-506-binding protein (FKBP) is a member of a novel class of proteins possessing peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity. These proteins are believed to play an important role in accelerating the rate at which proteins fold into their native conformations. In the present study, we demonstrate that FKBP is not a lymphoid-specific protein, but is widely distributed and phylogenically conserved. FKBP, purified from three sources (a human T-lymphocyte cell line JURKAT, bovine calf thymus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) exhibit identical molecular weights, immunological cross-reactivities, and a high degree of NH2-terminal amino acid sequence homology. In addition, FKBP from all sources possesses peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity which can be specifically inhibited by FK-506. We conclude that FKBP may serve an important biological function in all eukaryotic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Siekierka
- Department of Immunology Research, Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Siekierka JJ, Wiederrecht G, Greulich H, Boulton D, Hung SH, Cryan J, Hodges PJ, Sigal NH. The cytosolic-binding protein for the immunosuppressant FK-506 is both a ubiquitous and highly conserved peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)45319-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|