1
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Le VD, Lefkir Y, Destouches N. Hybridization between plasmonic and photonic modes in laser-induced self-organized quasi-random plasmonic metasurfaces. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:19339-19350. [PMID: 38009459 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05569h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic metasurfaces made of perfectly regular 2D lattices of metallic nanoparticles deposited on surfaces or close to waveguides can exhibit hybridized plasmonic and photonic modes. The latter arise from the excitation of surface or guided modes through the in-plane coherent scattering of periodic arrays. Recently, laser-induced self-organization of random plasmonic metasurfaces has been used to create nanoparticle gratings embedded in protective layers. Despite the broad size distribution and positional disorder of nanoparticles, the resulting nanostructures exhibit strong coupling between plasmonic and photonic modes in transverse electric polarization, leading to dichroism, which is well-reproduced from one laser printing to another. Here, we examine quantitatively the effect of inhomogeneities at the nanoscale on the hybridization between localized plasmonic modes and delocalized guided modes by considering realistic laser-induced self-organized nanoparticle arrays embedded in a two-layer system. By referring to regular samples, we describe the optical mechanisms involved in the hybridization process at characteristic wavelengths, based on far and near field simulations. Two kinds of real samples are considered, featuring different levels of coupling between the plasmonic and photonic modes. The results demonstrate that controlling the statistical properties of plasmonic metasurfaces, such as the nanoparticle size distribution and average position, over areas a few micrometers wide is enough to control in a reproducible manner the hybridization mechanisms and their resulting optical properties. Thus, this study shows that the inherent irregularities of laser-induced self-organized nanostructures are compatible with smart functionalities of nanophotonics, and confirms that laser processing has huge potential for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Doan Le
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Yaya Lefkir
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Nathalie Destouches
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
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2
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Chen YJ, Schmidl G, Dellith A, Gawlik A, Jia G, Bocklitz T, Wu X, Plentz J, Huang JS. Impact of thermal annealing and laser treatment on the morphology and optical responses of mono- and bi-metallic plasmonic honeycomb lattice. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16626-16635. [PMID: 37772449 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03522k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanoparticle arrays with a specific lattice arrangement can support surface lattice resonances (SLRs). SLR exhibits a sharp spectral peak and finds many applications including optical sensing and plasmonic lasers. To optimize SLR for application, a robust method that allows the mass production of plasmonic nanoparticle arrays with refined particle morphology and well-defined lattice arrangement is required. In this work, we combine nanosphere lithography (NSL) with thermal annealing or nanosecond-pulsed laser treatment to refine plasmonic nanoparticles in a honeycomb lattice. We comparatively study the effects of the two treatment methods on the particle morphology and lattice arrangement of mono (Ag and Pd) and bi-metallic (Ag-Pd) nanoparticle lattices. In general, thermal annealing preserves the lattice arrangement but fairly changes the particle roundness, while laser treatment produces particles with varying morphologies and spatial distribution. We also theoretically and experimentally investigate the optical responses of Ag nanoparticle lattices produced by different treatment methods. The observed difference in spectra can be attributed to the varying particle morphology, which shifts the localized surface plasmon resonance differently, resulting in a significant change in SLR. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing plasmonic nanoparticle arrays for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Chen
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Schmidl
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Andrea Dellith
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Annett Gawlik
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Guobin Jia
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Thomas Bocklitz
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics & Computer Science, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Xiaofei Wu
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Plentz
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Jer-Shing Huang
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert-Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 1001, Daxue Road, East District, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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3
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Lin Y, Che D, Hao W, Dong Y, Guo H, Wang J, Zhang X. Controllable Patterning of Metallic Photonic Crystals for Waveguide-Plasmon Interaction. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:629. [PMID: 36838997 PMCID: PMC9962536 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Waveguide-plasmon polaritons sustained in metallic photonic crystal slabs show fascinating properties, such as narrow bandwidth and ultrafast dynamics crucial for biosensing, light emitting, and ultrafast switching. However, the patterning of metallic photonic crystals using electron beam lithography is challenging in terms of high efficiency, large area coverage, and cost control. This paper describes a controllable patterning technique for the fabrication of an Ag grating structure on an indium-tin oxide (ITO) slab that enables strong photon-plasmon interaction to obtain waveguide-plasmon polaritons. The Ag grating consisting of self-assembled silver nanoparticles (NPs) exhibits polarization-independent properties for the excitation of the hybrid waveguide-plasmon mode. The Ag NP grating can also be annealed at high temperature to form a continuous nanoline grating that supports the hybrid waveguide-plasmon mode only under transverse magnetic (TM) polarization. We tuned the morphology and the periodicity of the Ag grating through the concentration of silver salt and the photoresist template, respectively, to manipulate the strong coupling between the plasmon and the waveguide modes of different orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhai Lin
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Deqing Che
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Wenjie Hao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yifei Dong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Heng Guo
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Junsheng Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- Information Science and Technology College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Xinping Zhang
- Institute of Information Photonics Technology and College of Applied Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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4
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Baraclough M, Hooper IR, Barnes WL. Metamaterial Analogues of Strongly Coupled Molecular Ensembles. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:2997-3003. [PMID: 34692899 PMCID: PMC8532157 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The formation of polariton modes due to the strong coupling of light and matter has led to exciting developments in physics, chemistry, and materials science. The potential to modify the properties of molecular materials by strongly coupling molecules to a confined light field is so far-reaching and so attractive that a new field known as "polaritonic chemistry" is now emerging. However, the molecular scale of the materials involved makes probing strong coupling at the individual resonator level extremely challenging. Here, we offer a complementary approach based upon metamaterials, an approach that enables us to use cm-scale structures, thereby opening a new way to explore strong coupling phenomena. As proof-of-principle, we show that metamolecules placed inside a radio frequency cavity may exhibit strong coupling and show that near-field radio frequency techniques allow us, for the first time, to probe the response of individual metamolecules under strong coupling conditions.
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5
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Geng Z, Theenhaus J, Patra BK, Zheng JY, Busink J, Garnett EC, Rodriguez SRK. Fano Lineshapes and Rabi Splittings: Can They Be Artificially Generated or Obscured by the Numerical Aperture? ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:1271-1276. [PMID: 34056036 PMCID: PMC8155561 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fano resonances and Rabi splittings are routinely reported in the scientific literature. Asymmetric resonance lineshapes are usually associated with Fano resonances, and two split peaks in the spectrum are often attributed to a Rabi splitting. True Fano resonances and Rabi splittings are unequivocal signatures of coherent coupling between subsystems. However, can the same spectral lineshapes characterizing Fano resonances and Rabi splittings arise from a purely incoherent sum of intensities? Here we answer this question through experiments with a tunable Fabry-Pérot cavity containing a CsPbBr3 perovskite crystal. By measuring the transmission and photoluminescence of this system using microscope objectives with different numerical aperture (NA), we find that even a modest NA = 0.4 can artificially generate Fano resonances and Rabi splittings. We furthermore show that this modest NA can obscure the anticrossing of a bona fide strongly coupled light-matter system. Through transfer matrix calculations we confirm that these spectral artifacts are due to the incoherent sum of transmitted intensities at different angles captured by the NA. Our results are relevant to the wide nanophotonics community, characterizing dispersive optical systems with high numerical aperture microscope objectives. We conclude with general guidelines to avoid pitfalls in the characterization of such optical systems.
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6
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Wu XX, Jiang WY, Wang XF, Zhao LY, Shi J, Zhang S, Sui X, Chen ZX, Du WN, Shi JW, Liu Q, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu XF. Inch-Scale Ball-in-Bowl Plasmonic Nanostructure Arrays for Polarization-Independent Second-Harmonic Generation. ACS NANO 2021; 15:1291-1300. [PMID: 33373181 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Second-harmonic generation (SHG) in plasmonic nanostructures has been investigated for decades due to their wide applications in photonic circuit, quantum optics and biosensing. Development of large-scale, uniform, and efficient plasmonic nanostructure system with tunable modes is desirable for their feasible utilizations. Herein, we design an efficient inch-scale SHG source by a solution-processed method instead of traditional high-cost processes. By assembling the gold nanoparticles with the porous anodic alumina templates, multiresonance in both visible and near-infrared regions can be achieved in hexagonal plasmonic nanostructure arrays, which provide strong electric field enhancement at the gap region. Polarization-independence SHG radiation has been realized owing to the in-plane isotropic characteristic of assembled unit. The tilt-angle dependent and angle-resolved measurement showed that wide-angle nonlinear response is achieved in our device because of the gap geometry of ball-in-bowl nanostructure with nonlinear emission electric dipoles distributed on the concave surface, which makes it competitive in practical applications. Our progress not only makes it possible to produce uniform inch-scale nonlinear arrays through low-cost solution process; and also advances the understanding of the SHG radiation in plasmonic nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Xin Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yu Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Li-Yun Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
- Research Center for Wide Band Semiconductor, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Jia Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Sui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Zhe-Xue Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Na Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Wei Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Qian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
- Research Center for Wide Band Semiconductor, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Feng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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7
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Hamans RF, Parente M, Castellanos GW, Ramezani M, Gómez Rivas J, Baldi A. Super-resolution Mapping of Enhanced Emission by Collective Plasmonic Resonances. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4514-4521. [PMID: 30938979 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic particle arrays have remarkable optical properties originating from their collective behavior, which results in resonances with narrow line widths and enhanced electric fields extending far into the surrounding medium. Such resonances can be exploited for applications in strong light-matter coupling, sensing, light harvesting, nonlinear nanophotonics, lasing, and solid-state lighting. However, as the lattice constants associated with plasmonic particle arrays are on the order of their resonance wavelengths, mapping the interaction between point dipoles and plasmonic particle arrays cannot be done with diffraction-limited methods. Here, we map the enhanced emission of single fluorescent molecules coupled to a plasmonic particle array with ∼20 nm in-plane resolution by using stochastic super-resolution microscopy. We find that extended lattice resonances have minimal influence on the spontaneous decay rate of an emitter but instead can be exploited to enhance the outcoupling and directivity of the emission. Our results can guide the rational design of future optical devices based on plasmonic particle arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben F Hamans
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER) , De Zaale 20 , 5612 AJ Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Parente
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER) , De Zaale 20 , 5612 AJ Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | | | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER) , De Zaale 20 , 5612 AJ Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Jaime Gómez Rivas
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER) , De Zaale 20 , 5612 AJ Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Baldi
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER) , De Zaale 20 , 5612 AJ Eindhoven , The Netherlands
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8
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Sarkar S, Gupta V, Kumar M, Schubert J, Probst PT, Joseph J, König TA. Hybridized Guided-Mode Resonances via Colloidal Plasmonic Self-Assembled Grating. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:13752-13760. [PMID: 30874424 PMCID: PMC6463243 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
For many photonic applications, it is important to confine light of a specific wavelength at a certain volume of interest at low losses. So far, it is only possible to use the polarized light perpendicular to the solid grid lines to excite waveguide-plasmon polaritons in a waveguide-supported hybrid structure. In our work, we use a plasmonic grating fabricated by colloidal self-assembly and an ultrathin injection layer to guide the resonant modes selectively. We use gold nanoparticles self-assembled in a linear template on a titanium dioxide (TiO2) layer to study the dispersion relation with conventional ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectroscopic methods. Supported with finite-difference in time-domain simulations, we identify the optical band gaps as hybridized modes: plasmonic and photonic resonances. Compared to metallic grids, the observation range of hybridized guided modes can now be extended to modes along the nanoparticle chain lines. With future applications in energy conversion and optical filters employing these cost-efficient and upscalable directed self-assembly methods, we discuss also the application in refractive index sensing of the particle-based hybridized guided modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagato Sarkar
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Photonics
Research Lab, Department of Physics, Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016 New Delhi, India
| | - Vaibhav Gupta
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Photonics
Research Lab, Department of Physics, Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016 New Delhi, India
| | - Jonas Schubert
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Patrick T. Probst
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Joby Joseph
- Photonics
Research Lab, Department of Physics, Indian
Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016 New Delhi, India
| | - Tobias A.F. König
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. (IPF), Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster
of Excellence Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- E-mail:
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9
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Shan H, Yu Y, Wang X, Luo Y, Zu S, Du B, Han T, Li B, Li Y, Wu J, Lin F, Shi K, Tay BK, Liu Z, Zhu X, Fang Z. Direct observation of ultrafast plasmonic hot electron transfer in the strong coupling regime. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:9. [PMID: 30651984 PMCID: PMC6333624 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0121-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Achieving strong coupling between plasmonic oscillators can significantly modulate their intrinsic optical properties. Here, we report the direct observation of ultrafast plasmonic hot electron transfer from an Au grating array to an MoS2 monolayer in the strong coupling regime between localized surface plasmons (LSPs) and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). By means of femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy, the measured hot electron transfer time is approximately 40 fs with a maximum external quantum yield of 1.65%. Our results suggest that strong coupling between LSPs and SPPs has synergetic effects on the generation of plasmonic hot carriers, where SPPs with a unique nonradiative feature can act as an 'energy recycle bin' to reuse the radiative energy of LSPs and contribute to hot carrier generation. Coherent energy exchange between plasmonic modes in the strong coupling regime can further enhance the vertical electric field and promote the transfer of hot electrons between the Au grating and the MoS2 monolayer. Our proposed plasmonic strong coupling configuration overcomes the challenge associated with utilizing hot carriers and is instructive in terms of improving the performance of plasmonic opto-electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyong Shan
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yu
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Xingli Wang
- CNRS International-NTU-Thales Research Alliance (CINTRA), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637553 Singapore
| | - Yang Luo
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Zu
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Bowen Du
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Tianyang Han
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Bowen Li
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Feng Lin
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Kebin Shi
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Beng Kang Tay
- CNRS International-NTU-Thales Research Alliance (CINTRA), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637553 Singapore
- Centre for Micro-/Nano-Electronics (NOVITAS), School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering; Centre for Programmed Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637553 Singapore
| | - Zheng Liu
- CNRS International-NTU-Thales Research Alliance (CINTRA), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637553 Singapore
- Centre for Micro-/Nano-Electronics (NOVITAS), School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering; Centre for Programmed Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637553 Singapore
| | - Xing Zhu
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Zheyu Fang
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
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10
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Fan Y, Le Roux X, Korovin A, Lupu A, de Lustrac A. Integrated 2D-Graded Index Plasmonic Lens on a Silicon Waveguide for Operation in the Near Infrared Domain. ACS NANO 2017; 11:4599-4605. [PMID: 28463497 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this article we address the nanoscale engineering of the effective index of silicon on insulator waveguides by using plasmonic metasurface resonances to realize a graded index lens. We report the design, implementation, and experimental demonstration of this plasmonic metasurface-based graded index lens integrated on a silicon waveguide for operation in the near-infrared domain. The 2D-graded index lens consists of an array of gold cut wires fabricated on the top of a silicon waveguide. These gold cut wires modify locally the effective index of the silicon waveguide and allow the realization of this gradient lens. The reported solution represents a promising alternative to the bulky or multilayered metamaterials approach in the near IR domain. This enabling technology may have found its place in silicon photonic applications by exploiting the plasmonic resonances to control the light at nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Fan
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , C2N, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Le Roux
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , C2N, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Alexander Korovin
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , C2N, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Anatole Lupu
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , C2N, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Andre de Lustrac
- Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , C2N, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
- Université Paris Nanterre , 92410 Ville d'Avray, France
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11
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Zakharko Y, Held M, Graf A, Rödlmeier T, Eckstein R, Hernandez-Sosa G, Hähnlein B, Pezoldt J, Zaumseil J. Surface Lattice Resonances for Enhanced and Directional Electroluminescence at High Current Densities. ACS PHOTONICS 2016; 3:2225-2230. [PMID: 28042593 PMCID: PMC5191620 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid photonic-plasmonic modes in periodic arrays of metallic nanostructures offer a promising trade-off between high-quality cavities and subdiffraction mode confinement. However, their application in electrically driven light-emitting devices is hindered by their sensitivity to the surrounding environment and to charge injecting metallic electrodes in particular. Here, we demonstrate that the planar structure of light-emitting field-effect transistor (LEFET) ensures undisturbed operation of the characteristic modes. We incorporate a square array of gold nanodisks into the charge transporting and emissive layer of a polymer LEFET in order to tailor directionality and emission efficiency via the Purcell effect and variation of the fractional local density of states in particular. Angle- and polarization-resolved spectra confirm that the enhanced electroluminescence correlates with the dispersion curves of the surface lattice resonances supported by these structures. These LEFETs reach current densities on the order of 10 kA/cm2, which may pave the way toward practical optoelectronic devices with tailored emission patterns and potentially electrically pumped plasmonic lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Zakharko
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Held
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arko Graf
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Rödlmeier
- Light
Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Straße 4, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Eckstein
- Light
Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Straße 4, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerardo Hernandez-Sosa
- Light
Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Straße 4, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Hähnlein
- Institut
für Mikro- und Nanotechnologie, Technische
Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Jörg Pezoldt
- Institut
für Mikro- und Nanotechnologie, Technische
Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- E-mail:
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12
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Lin L, Wang M, Wei X, Peng X, Xie C, Zheng Y. Photoswitchable Rabi Splitting in Hybrid Plasmon-Waveguide Modes. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:7655-7663. [PMID: 27960522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rabi splitting that arises from strong plasmon-molecule coupling has attracted tremendous interests. However, it has remained elusive to integrate Rabi splitting into the hybrid plasmon-waveguide modes (HPWMs), which have advantages of both subwavelength light confinement of surface plasmons and long-range propagation of guided modes in dielectric waveguides. Herein, we explore a new type of HPWMs based on hybrid systems of Al nanodisk arrays covered by PMMA thin films that are doped with photochromic molecules and demonstrate the photoswitchable Rabi splitting with a maximum splitting energy of 572 meV in the HPWMs by controlling the photoisomerization of the molecules. Through our experimental measurements combined with finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, we reveal that the photoswitchable Rabi splitting arises from the switchable coupling between the HPWMs and molecular excitons. By harnessing the photoswitchable Rabi splitting, we develop all-optical light modulators and rewritable waveguides. The demonstration of Rabi splitting in the HPWMs will further advance scientific research and device applications of hybrid plasmon-molecule systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mingsong Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Xiaoling Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Xiaolei Peng
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Chong Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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13
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Abass A, Gutsche P, Maes B, Rockstuhl C, Martins ER. Insights into directional scattering: from coupled dipoles to asymmetric dimer nanoantennas. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:19638-19650. [PMID: 27557242 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.019638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Strong and directionally specific forward scattering from optical nanoantennas is of utmost importance for various applications in the broader context of photovoltaics and integrated light sources. Here, we outline a simple yet powerful design principle to perceive a nanoantenna that provides directional scattering into a higher index substrate based on the interference of multiple electric dipoles. A structural implementation of the electric dipole distribution is possible using plasmonic nanoparticles with a fairly simple geometry, i.e. two coupled rectangular nanoparticles, forming a dimer, on top of a substrate. The key to achieve directionality is to choose a sufficiently large size for the nanoparticles. This promotes the excitation of vertical electric dipole moments due to the bi-anisotropy of the nanoantenna. In turn, asymmetric scattering is obtained by ensuring the appropriate phase relation between the vertical electric dipole moments. The scattering strength and angular spread for an optimized nanoantenna can be shown to be broadband and robust against changes in the incidence angle. The scattering directionality is maintained even for an array configuration of the dimer. It only requires the preferred scattering direction of the isolated nanoantenna not to be prohibited by interference.
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14
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Lozano G, Rodriguez SRK, Verschuuren MA, Gómez Rivas J. Metallic nanostructures for efficient LED lighting. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2016; 5:e16080. [PMID: 30167168 PMCID: PMC6059959 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are driving a shift toward energy-efficient illumination. Nonetheless, modifying the emission intensities, colors and directionalities of LEDs in specific ways remains a challenge often tackled by incorporating secondary optical components. Metallic nanostructures supporting plasmonic resonances are an interesting alternative to this approach due to their strong light-matter interaction, which facilitates control over light emission without requiring external secondary optical components. This review discusses new methods that enhance the efficiencies of LEDs using nanostructured metals. This is an emerging field that incorporates physics, materials science, device technology and industry. First, we provide a general overview of state-of-the-art LED lighting, discussing the main characteristics required of both quantum wells and color converters to efficiently generate white light. Then, we discuss the main challenges in this field as well as the potential of metallic nanostructures to circumvent them. We review several of the most relevant demonstrations of LEDs in combination with metallic nanostructures, which have resulted in light-emitting devices with improved performance. We also highlight a few recent studies in applied plasmonics that, although exploratory and eminently fundamental, may lead to new solutions in illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Lozano
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla (CSIC-US), 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Said RK Rodriguez
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (LPN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | | | - Jaime Gómez Rivas
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, 5600 HH Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- COBRA Research Institute, Technical University of Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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15
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Zakharko Y, Graf A, Schießl SP, Hähnlein B, Pezoldt J, Gather MC, Zaumseil J. Broadband Tunable, Polarization-Selective and Directional Emission of (6,5) Carbon Nanotubes Coupled to Plasmonic Crystals. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:3278-84. [PMID: 27105249 PMCID: PMC4867777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate broadband tunability of light emission from dense (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotube thin films via efficient coupling to periodic arrays of gold nanodisks that support surface lattice resonances (SLRs). We thus eliminate the need to select single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with different chiralities to obtain narrow linewidth emission at specific near-infrared wavelengths. Emission from these hybrid films is spectrally narrow (20-40 meV) yet broadly tunable (∼1000-1500 nm) and highly directional (divergence <1.5°). In addition, SLR scattering renders the emission highly polarized, even though the SWNTs are randomly distributed. Numerical simulations are applied to correlate the increased local electric fields around the nanodisks with the observed enhancement of directional emission. The ability to control the emission properties of a single type of near-infrared emitting SWNTs over a wide range of wavelengths will enable application of carbon nanotubes in multifunctional photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Zakharko
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arko Graf
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St.
Andrews KY16 9SS, United
Kingdom
| | - Stefan P. Schießl
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Hähnlein
- Institut für Mikro- und Nanotechnologie, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Jörg Pezoldt
- Institut für Mikro- und Nanotechnologie, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Malte C. Gather
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St.
Andrews KY16 9SS, United
Kingdom
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Zeng P, Cadusch J, Chakraborty D, Smith TA, Roberts A, Sader JE, Davis TJ, Gómez DE. Photoinduced Electron Transfer in the Strong Coupling Regime: Waveguide-Plasmon Polaritons. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:2651-6. [PMID: 26963038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Reversible exchange of photons between a material and an optical cavity can lead to the formation of hybrid light-matter states where material properties such as the work function [ Hutchison et al. Adv. Mater. 2013 , 25 , 2481 - 2485 ], chemical reactivity [ Hutchison et al. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2012 , 51 , 1592 - 1596 ], ultrafast energy relaxation [ Salomon et al. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009 , 48 , 8748 - 8751 ; Gomez et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2013 , 117 , 4340 - 4346 ], and electrical conductivity [ Orgiu et al. Nat. Mater. 2015 , 14 , 1123 - 1129 ] of matter differ significantly to those of the same material in the absence of strong interactions with the electromagnetic fields. Here we show that strong light-matter coupling between confined photons on a semiconductor waveguide and localized plasmon resonances on metal nanowires modifies the efficiency of the photoinduced charge-transfer rate of plasmonic derived (hot) electrons into accepting states in the semiconductor material. Ultrafast spectroscopy measurements reveal a strong correlation between the amplitude of the transient signals, attributed to electrons residing in the semiconductor and the hybridization of waveguide and plasmon excitations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel E Gómez
- CSIRO, Private Bag 33, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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17
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Pirruccio G, Ramezani M, Rodriguez SRK, Rivas JG. Coherent Control of the Optical Absorption in a Plasmonic Lattice Coupled to a Luminescent Layer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:103002. [PMID: 27015478 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.103002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the coherent control, i.e., phase-dependent enhancement and suppression, of the optical absorption in an array of metallic nanoantennas covered by a thin luminescent layer. The coherent control is achieved by using two collinear, counterpropagating, and phase-controlled incident waves with wavelength matching the absorption spectrum of dye molecules coupled to the array. Symmetry arguments shed light on the relation between the relative phase of the incident waves and the excitation efficiency of the optical resonances of the system. This coherent control is associated with a phase-dependent distribution of the electromagnetic near fields in the structure which enables a significant reduction of the unwanted dissipation in the metallic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pirruccio
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, c/o Philips Research Laboratories, High Tech Campus 4, 5656 AE Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 20-364, México Distrito Federal 01000, México
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, c/o Philips Research Laboratories, High Tech Campus 4, 5656 AE Eindhoven, Netherlands
- FOM Institute DIFFER, P.O. Box 6336, 5600 HH Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Said Rahimzadeh-Kalaleh Rodriguez
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, c/o Philips Research Laboratories, High Tech Campus 4, 5656 AE Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Jaime Gómez Rivas
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, c/o Philips Research Laboratories, High Tech Campus 4, 5656 AE Eindhoven, Netherlands
- FOM Institute DIFFER, P.O. Box 6336, 5600 HH Eindhoven, Netherlands
- COBRA Research Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
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18
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Murai S, Fujita K, Daido Y, Yasuhara R, Kamakura R, Tanaka K. Plasmonic arrays of titanium nitride nanoparticles fabricated from epitaxial thin films. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:1143-1153. [PMID: 26832498 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.001143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We have fabricated two-dimensional periodic arrays of titanium nitride (TiN) nanoparticles from epitaxial thin films. The thin films of TiN, deposited on sapphire and single crystalline magnesium oxide substrates by a pulsed laser deposition, are metallic and show reasonably small optical loss in the visible and near infrared regions. The thin films prepared were structured to the arrays of nanoparticles with the pitch of 400 nm by the combination of nanoimprint lithography and reactive ion etching. Optical transmission indicates that the arrays support the collective plasmonic modes, where the localized surface plasmon polaritons in TiN nanoparticles are radiatively coupled through diffraction. Numerical simulation visualizes the intense fields accumulated both in the nanoparticles and in between the particles, confirming that the collective mode originates from the simultaneous excitation of localized surface plasmon polaritons and diffraction. This study experimentally verified that the processing of TiN thin films with the nanoimprint lithography and reactive ion etching is a powerful and versatile way of preparing plasmonic nanostructures.
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19
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Deng ZL, Yogesh N, Chen XD, Chen WJ, Dong JW, Ouyang Z, Wang GP. Full controlling of Fano resonances in metal-slit superlattice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18461. [PMID: 26680258 PMCID: PMC4683451 DOI: 10.1038/srep18461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling of the lineshape of Fano resonance attracts much attention recently due to its wide capabilities for lasing, biosensing, slow-light applications and so on. However, the controllable Fano resonance always requires stringent alignment of complex symmetry-breaking structures and thus the manipulation could only be performed with limited degrees of freedom and narrow tuning range. Furthermore, there is no report so far on independent controlling of both the bright and dark modes in a single structure. Here, we semi-analytically show that the spectral position and linewidth of both the bright and dark modes can be tuned independently and/or simultaneously in a simple and symmetric metal-slit superlattice, and thus allowing for a free and continuous controlling of the lineshape of both the single and multiple Fano resonances. The independent controlling scheme is applicable for an extremely large electromagnetic spectrum range from optical to microwave frequencies, which is demonstrated by the numerical simulations with real metal and a microwave experiment. Our findings may provide convenient and flexible strategies for future tunable electromagnetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Lan Deng
- College of Electronic Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Natesan Yogesh
- College of Electronic Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wen-Jie Chen
- Department of Physics and the Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian-Wen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhengbiao Ouyang
- College of Electronic Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guo Ping Wang
- College of Electronic Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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20
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Wood JJ, Lafone L, Hamm JM, Hess O, Oulton RF. Plasmonic CROWs for Tunable Dispersion and High Quality Cavity Modes. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17724. [PMID: 26631579 PMCID: PMC4668557 DOI: 10.1038/srep17724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupled resonator optical waveguides (CROWs) have the potential to revolutionise integrated optics, to slow-light and enhance linear and non-linear optical phenomena. Here we exploit the broad resonances and subwavelength nature of localized surface plasmons in a compact CROW design where plasmonic nanoparticles are side coupled to a dielectric waveguide. The plasmonic CROW features a low loss central mode with a highly tunable dispersion, that avoids coupling to the plasmonic nanoparticles close to the band-edge. We show that this low loss character is preserved in finite plasmonic CROWs giving rise to Fabry-Perot type resonances that have high quality factors of many thousands, limited only by the CROW length. Furthermore we demonstrate that the proposed CROW design is surprisingly robust to disorder. By varying the geometric parameters one can not only reduce the losses into dissipative or radiative channels but also control the outcoupling of energy to the waveguide. The ability to minimise loss in plasmonic CROWs while maintaining dispersion provides an effective cavity design for chip-integrated laser devices and applications in linear and non-linear nano-photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Wood
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ
| | - Lucas Lafone
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ
| | - Joachim M Hamm
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ
| | - Ortwin Hess
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ
| | - Rupert F Oulton
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ
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21
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Coenen T, Schoen DT, Mann SA, Rodriguez SRK, Brenny BJM, Polman A, Brongersma ML. Nanoscale Spatial Coherent Control over the Modal Excitation of a Coupled Plasmonic Resonator System. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:7666-70. [PMID: 26457569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate coherent control over the optical response of a coupled plasmonic resonator by high-energy electron beam excitation. We spatially control the position of an electron beam on a gold dolmen and record the cathodoluminescence and electron energy loss spectra. By selective coherent excitation of the dolmen elements in the near field, we are able to manipulate modal amplitudes of bonding and antibonding eigenmodes. We employ a combination of CL and EELS to gain detailed insight in the power dissipation of these modes at the nanoscale as CL selectively probes the radiative response and EELS probes the combined effect of Ohmic dissipation and radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon Coenen
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF , Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David T Schoen
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sander A Mann
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF , Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Said R K Rodriguez
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF , Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Philips Research Laboratories , High Tech Campus 4, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin J M Brenny
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF , Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Polman
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF , Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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22
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Abass A, Rodriguez SRK, Ako T, Aubert T, Verschuuren M, Van Thourhout D, Beeckman J, Hens Z, Gómez Rivas J, Maes B. Active liquid crystal tuning of metallic nanoantenna enhanced light emission from colloidal quantum dots. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:5555-5560. [PMID: 25237822 DOI: 10.1021/nl501955e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A system comprising an aluminum nanoantenna array on top of a luminescent colloidal quantum dot waveguide and covered by a thermotropic liquid crystal (LC) is introduced. By heating the LC above its critical temperature, we demonstrate that the concomitant refractive index change modifies the hybrid plasmonic-photonic resonances in the system. This enables active control of the spectrum and directionality of the narrow-band (∼6 nm) enhancement of quantum dot photoluminescence by the metallic nanoantennas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimi Abass
- Solar Cells Group, Department of Electronic and Information Systems (ELIS), Ghent University , Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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23
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Cao ZL, Ong HC. Determination of the absorption and radiative decay rates of dark and bright plasmonic modes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:16112-16129. [PMID: 24977864 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.016112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
When two degenerate surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes couple, in addition to the creation of plasmonic band gap, their respective decay rates are modified as well, resulting in the formation of a pair of dark and bright modes. We combine temporal coupled mode theory, finite-difference time-domain simulation, and angle- and polarization-resolved reflectivity spectroscopy to study the absorption and radiative decay rates of this pair in periodic system. One-dimensional metallic groove arrays are served as an example here. We find for arrays with small groove width, when approaching to the coupling of -1 and + 1 SPP modes, while the radiative decay rate of the high energy mode tends to become zero, the absorption rate decreases as well, forming a "cold" dark mode. At the same time, both the absorption and radiative decay rates of the low energy mode increase, yielding a "hot" bright mode. The situation is completely reversed when groove width increases, turning the high energy mode into a "cold" bright mode and vice versa for the low energy mode. We attribute such modifications to the interplay between the real and imaginary parts of the complex coupling constant, which are found to be highly geometry dependent. Further numerical simulations show the hybridized modes exhibits distinctive electric and magnetic field symmetries, giving rise to different surface charge distributions and Poynting vector profiles, which significantly affect the resulting absorption and radiation losses. Finally, we have measured the decay rates and the complex coupling constant of the hybridized modes and the experimental results are consistent with the analytic and numerical results.
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24
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Jiang MM, Chen HY, Shan CX, Shen DZ. Tunability of hybridized plasmonic waveguide mediated by surface plasmon polaritons. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:16233-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01437e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A hybridized plasmonic waveguide was proposed, which consisting of two kind of different metal films and a low-dielectric spacer layer inserted between. The spacer could be used to achieve the plasmonic resonance wavelength transfer from 450 nm to 600 nm, as well as the tunability of mode characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications
- Changchun Institute of Optics
- Fine Mechanics and Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications
- Changchun Institute of Optics
- Fine Mechanics and Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong-Xin Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications
- Changchun Institute of Optics
- Fine Mechanics and Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications
- Changchun Institute of Optics
- Fine Mechanics and Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Nonreciprocal plasmonics enables giant enhancement of thin-film Faraday rotation. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1599. [PMID: 23511464 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Light propagation is usually reciprocal. However, a static magnetic field along the propagation direction can break the time-reversal symmetry in the presence of magneto-optical materials. The Faraday effect in magneto-optical materials rotates the polarization plane of light, and when light travels backward the polarization is further rotated. This is applied in optical isolators, which are of crucial importance in optical systems. Faraday isolators are typically bulky due to the weak Faraday effect of available magneto-optical materials. The growing research endeavour in integrated optics demands thin-film Faraday rotators and enhancement of the Faraday effect. Here, we report significant enhancement of Faraday rotation by hybridizing plasmonics with magneto-optics. By fabricating plasmonic nanostructures on laser-deposited magneto-optical thin films, Faraday rotation is enhanced by one order of magnitude in our experiment, while high transparency is maintained. We elucidate the enhanced Faraday effect by the interplay between plasmons and different photonic waveguide modes in our system.
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Rodriguez SRK, Feist J, Verschuuren MA, Garcia Vidal FJ, Gómez Rivas J. Thermalization and cooling of plasmon-exciton polaritons: towards quantum condensation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:166802. [PMID: 24182291 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.166802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We present indications of thermalization and cooling of quasiparticles, a precursor for quantum condensation, in a plasmonic nanoparticle array. We investigate a periodic array of metallic nanorods covered by a polymer layer doped with an organic dye at room temperature. Surface lattice resonances of the array--hybridized plasmonic-photonic modes--couple strongly to excitons in the dye, and bosonic quasiparticles which we call plasmon-exciton polaritons (PEPs) are formed. By increasing the PEP density through optical pumping, we observe thermalization and cooling of the strongly coupled PEP band in the light emission dispersion diagram. For increased pumping, we observe saturation of the strong coupling and emission in a new weakly coupled band, which again shows signatures of thermalization and cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R K Rodriguez
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, c/o Philips Research Laboratories, High Tech Campus 4, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Rodriguez SRK, Janssen OTA, Lozano G, Omari A, Hens Z, Rivas JG. Near-field resonance at far-field-induced transparency in diffractive arrays of plasmonic nanorods. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:1238-1240. [PMID: 23595444 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.001238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We numerically demonstrate that a periodic array of metallic nanorods sustains a maximum near-field enhancement and a far field (FF)-induced transparency at the same energy and in-plane momentum. The coupling of bright and dark plasmonic lattice resonances, and electromagnetic retardation along the nanorod length, are responsible for this effect. A standing wave with a quadrupolar field distribution is formed, giving rise to a collective suppression of FF scattering and simultaneously enhanced local fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R K Rodriguez
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, c/o Philips Research Laboratories High Tech Campus 4, AE Eindhoven 5656, The Netherlands.
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Murai S, Verschuuren MA, Lozano G, Pirruccio G, Rodriguez SRK, Rivas JG. Hybrid plasmonic-photonic modes in diffractive arrays of nanoparticles coupled to light-emitting optical waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:4250-4262. [PMID: 23481959 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.004250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We study the hybridized plasmonic-photonic modes supported by two-dimensional arrays of metallic nanoparticles coupled to light-emitting optical waveguides. Localized surface plasmon polaritons in the metallic nanoparticles can couple to guided modes in the underlying waveguide, forming quasi-guided hybrid modes, or to diffracted orders in the plane of the array, forming surface lattice resonances. We consider three kinds of samples: one sustains quasi-guided modes only, another sustains surface lattice resonances only, and a third sample sustains both modes. This third sample constitutes the first demonstration of simultaneous coupling of localized surface plasmons to guided modes and diffracted orders. The dispersive properties of the modes in the samples are investigated through light extinction and emission spectroscopy. We elucidate the conditions that lead to the coexistence of surface lattice resonances and quasi-guided hybrid modes, and assess their potential for enhancing the luminescence of emitters embedded in the coupled waveguide. We find the largest increase in emission intensity for the surface lattice resonances, reaching up to a factor of 20.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Murai
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics AMOLF, c/o Philips Research Laboratories, High Tech Campus 4, 5656 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Bernal Arango F, Kwadrin A, Koenderink AF. Plasmonic antennas hybridized with dielectric waveguides. ACS NANO 2012; 6:10156-10167. [PMID: 23066710 DOI: 10.1021/nn303907r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
For the purpose of using plasmonics in an integrated scheme where single emitters can be probed efficiently, we experimentally and theoretically study the scattering properties of single nanorod gold antennas as well as antenna arrays placed on one-dimensional dielectric silicon nitride waveguides. Using real space and Fourier microscopy correlated with waveguide transmission measurements, we quantify the spectral properties, absolute strength, and directivity of scattering. The scattering processes can be well understood in the framework of the physics of dipolar objects placed on a planar layered environment with a waveguiding layer. We use the single plasmonic structures on top of the waveguide as dipolar building blocks for new types of antennas where the waveguide enhances the coupling between antenna elements. We report on waveguide hybridized Yagi-Uda antennas which show directionality in out-coupling of guided modes as well as directionality for in-coupling into the waveguide of localized excitations positioned at the feed element. These measurements together with simulations demonstrate that this system is ideal as a platform for plasmon quantum optics schemes as well as for fluorescence lab-on-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Bernal Arango
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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