1
|
Colin S, Fernández JM, Barrot C, Baldas L, Bajić S, Rojas-Cárdenas M. Review of Optical Thermometry Techniques for Flows at the Microscale towards Their Applicability to Gas Microflows. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1819. [PMID: 36363841 PMCID: PMC9694003 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Thermometry techniques have been widely developed during the last decades to analyze thermal properties of various fluid flows. Following the increasing interest for microfluidic applications, most of these techniques have been adapted to the microscale and some new experimental approaches have emerged. In the last years, the need for a detailed experimental analysis of gaseous microflows has drastically grown due to a variety of exciting new applications. Unfortunately, thermometry is not yet well developed for analyzing gas flows at the microscale. Thus, the present review aims at analyzing the main currently available thermometry techniques adapted to microflows. Following a rapid presentation and classification of these techniques, the review is focused on optical techniques, which are the most suited for application at microscale. Their presentation is followed by a discussion about their applicability to gas microflows, especially in confined conditions, and the current challenges to be overcome are presented. A special place is dedicated to Raman and molecular tagging thermometry techniques due to their high potential and low intrusiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Colin
- Institut Clément Ader (ICA), Université de Toulouse, CNRS-INSA-ISAE-Mines Albi-UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Fédération de recherche FERMAT, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - José M. Fernández
- Laboratory of Molecular Fluid Dynamics, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia IEM-CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christine Barrot
- Institut Clément Ader (ICA), Université de Toulouse, CNRS-INSA-ISAE-Mines Albi-UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Fédération de recherche FERMAT, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Lucien Baldas
- Institut Clément Ader (ICA), Université de Toulouse, CNRS-INSA-ISAE-Mines Albi-UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Fédération de recherche FERMAT, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Slaven Bajić
- Institut Clément Ader (ICA), Université de Toulouse, CNRS-INSA-ISAE-Mines Albi-UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Fédération de recherche FERMAT, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Marcos Rojas-Cárdenas
- Institut Clément Ader (ICA), Université de Toulouse, CNRS-INSA-ISAE-Mines Albi-UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Fédération de recherche FERMAT, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Retter JE, Koll M, Richardson D, Kearney SP. Time-Domain Self-Broadened and Air-Broadened Nitrogen S-Branch Raman Linewidths at 80-200 K Recorded in an Underexpanded Jet. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:194201. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0090613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report pure-rotational N2-N2, N2-air, and O2-air S-branch linewidths for temperatures of 80-200 K by measuring the time-dependent decay of rotational Raman coherences in an isentropic free-jet expansion from a sonic nozzle. We recorded pure-rotational hybrid femtosecond/picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (fs/ps CARS) spectra along the axial centerline of the underexpanded jet, within the barrel shock region upstream of the Mach disk. Dephasing of the pure-rotational Raman coherence was monitored using probe-time-delay scans at different axial positions in the jet, corresponding to varying local temperatures and pressures. The local temperature was obtained by fitting CARS spectra acquired at zero probe time delay, where the impact of collisions was minimal. The measured decay of each available Raman transition was fit to a dephasing constant and corrected for the local pressure, which was obtained from the CARS-measured static temperature and thermodynamic relationships for isentropic expansion from the known stagnation state. Nitrogen self-broadened transitions decayed more rapidly than those broadened in air for all temperatures, corresponding to higher Raman linewidths. In general, the measured S-branch linewidths deviated significantly in absolute and relative magnitudes from those predicted by extrapolating the modified exponential gap (MEG) model to low temperatures. The temperature dependence of the Raman linewidth for each measured rotational state of nitrogen ( J {less than or equal to} 10) and oxygen ( N {less than or equal to} 11) was fit to a temperature-dependent power-law over the measurable temperature domain (80-200 K) and extrapolated to both higher rotational states and to room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Retter
- National Institute of Aerospace, United States of America
- Sandia National Laboratories
| | - Matthew Koll
- Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States of America
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ieshkin AE, Danilov AV, Chernysh VS, Ivanov IE, Znamenskaya IA. Visualization of supersonic flows with bow shock using transversal discharges. J Vis (Tokyo) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12650-019-00565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
4
|
Meyer KAE, Suhm MA. Formic acid aggregation in 2D supersonic expansions probed by FTIR imaging. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:144305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4989544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina A. E. Meyer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin A. Suhm
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Edlebeck J, Nellis GF, Klein SA, Anderson MH, Wolf M. Measurements of the flow of supercritical carbon dioxide through short orifices. J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
6
|
Zischang J, Suhm MA. Infrared absorption imaging of 2D supersonic jet expansions: Free expansion, cluster formation, and shock wave patterns. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:024201. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4812772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
7
|
Altnöder J, Bouchet A, Lee JJ, Otto KE, Suhm MA, Zehnacker-Rentien A. Chirality-dependent balance between hydrogen bonding and London dispersion in isolated (±)-1-indanol clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:10167-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50708d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
8
|
Schmid K, Veisz L. Supersonic gas jets for laser-plasma experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:053304. [PMID: 22667614 DOI: 10.1063/1.4719915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present an in-depth analysis of De Laval nozzles, which are ideal for gas jet generation in a wide variety of experiments. Scaling behavior of parameters especially relevant to laser-plasma experiments as jet collimation, sharpness of the jet edges and Mach number of the resulting jet is studied and several scaling laws are given. Special attention is paid to the problem of the generation of microscopic supersonic jets with diameters as small as 150 μm. In this regime, boundary layers dominate the flow formation and have to be included in the analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Schmid
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Barylyuk K, Fritsche L, Balabin RM, Nieckarz R, Zenobi R. Gas-phase basicity of several common MALDI matrices measured by a simple experimental approach. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra01117k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
10
|
Pérez-Ríos J, Tejeda G, Fernández JM, Hernández MI, Montero S. Inelastic collisions in molecular oxygen at low temperature (4 ⩽T⩽ 34 K). Close-coupling calculations versus experiment. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:174307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3585978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
11
|
Barry JF, Shuman ES, DeMille D. A bright, slow cryogenic molecular beam source for free radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:18936-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20335e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
12
|
Kelly RT, Tolmachev AV, Page JS, Tang K, Smith RD. The ion funnel: theory, implementations, and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:294-312. [PMID: 19391099 PMCID: PMC2824015 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The electrodynamic ion funnel has enabled the manipulation and focusing of ions in a pressure regime (0.1-30 Torr) that has challenged traditional approaches, and provided the basis for much greater mass spectrometer ion transmission efficiencies. The initial ion funnel implementations aimed to efficiently capture ions in the expanding gas jet of an electrospray ionization interface and radially focus them for efficient transfer through a conductance limiting orifice. We review the improvements in fundamental understanding of ion motion in ion funnels, the evolution in its implementations that have brought the ion funnel to its current state of refinement, as well as applications of the ion funnel for purposes such as ion trapping, ion cooling, low pressure electrospray, and ion mobility spectrometry.
Collapse
|
13
|
Adler F, Thorpe MJ, Cossel KC, Ye J. Cavity-enhanced direct frequency comb spectroscopy: technology and applications. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2010; 3:175-205. [PMID: 20636039 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-060908-155248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cavity-enhanced direct frequency comb spectroscopy combines broad bandwidth, high spectral resolution, and ultrahigh detection sensitivity in one experimental platform based on an optical frequency comb efficiently coupled to a high-finesse cavity. The effective interaction length between light and matter is increased by the cavity, massively enhancing the sensitivity for measurement of optical losses. Individual comb components act as independent detection channels across a broad spectral window, providing rapid parallel processing. In this review we discuss the principles, the technology, and the first applications that demonstrate the enormous potential of this spectroscopic method. In particular, we describe various frequency comb sources, techniques for efficient coupling between comb and cavity, and detection schemes that utilize the technique's high-resolution, wide-bandwidth, and fast data-acquisition capabilities. We discuss a range of applications, including breath analysis for medical diagnosis, trace-impurity detection in specialty gases, and characterization of a supersonic jet of cold molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Adler
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, 80309-0440, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ramos A, Tejeda G, Fernández JM, Montero S. Nonequilibrium Processes in Supersonic Jets of N2, H2, and N2 + H2 Mixtures: (I) Zone of Silence. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:8506-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jp901700c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Ramos
- Laboratory of Molecular Fluid Dynamics, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - G. Tejeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Fluid Dynamics, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. M. Fernández
- Laboratory of Molecular Fluid Dynamics, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Montero
- Laboratory of Molecular Fluid Dynamics, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bañares MA, Mestl G. Chapter 2 Structural Characterization of Operating Catalysts by Raman Spectroscopy. ADVANCES IN CATALYSIS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0360-0564(08)00002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
16
|
Matsuda Y, Mikami N, Fujii A. Vibrational spectroscopy of size-selected neutral and cationic clusters combined with vacuum-ultraviolet one-photon ionization detection. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:1279-90. [DOI: 10.1039/b815257h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
17
|
Thorpe MJ, Adler F, Cossel KC, de Miranda MH, Ye J. Tomography of a supersonically cooled molecular jet using cavity-enhanced direct frequency comb spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
18
|
Fonfría JP, Ramos A, Thibault F, Tejeda G, Fernández JM, Montero S. Inelastic collisions in molecular nitrogen at low temperature (2⩽T⩽50K). J Chem Phys 2007; 127:134305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2784255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
|
19
|
Olson RE, Fiol J. Extreme sensitivity of differential momentum transfer cross sections to target atom initial conditions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:263203. [PMID: 16486351 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.263203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Heavy-particle cross sections differential in the momentum transferred to the target are investigated using the classical trajectory Monte Carlo method. With the 3.6 MeV/mu Au(53+) + He system as a test case, it is shown that these cross sections are extremely sensitive to the initial target temperature. In particular, when thermal motion is varied for one of the target's initial momentum components between 0 and 25 K the absolute cross sections vary by orders of magnitude and, in addition, their relative shapes undergo major changes. We find that by setting one of the target's transverse momenta to a temperature of 16 K, previously reported major discrepancies between theory and experiment are removed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Olson
- Physics Department, University of Missouri-Rolla, 65401, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Amaral GA, Aoiz FJ, Bañares L, Barr J, Herrero VJ, Martínez-Haya B, Menéndez M, Pino GA, Tanarro I, Torres I, Verdasco JE. Low-Temperature Rotational Relaxation of CO in Self-Collisions and in Collisions with Ne and He. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:9402-13. [PMID: 16866388 DOI: 10.1021/jp051766u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The low-temperature rotational relaxation of CO in self-collisions and in collisions with the rare-gas atoms Ne and He has been investigated in supersonic expansions with a combination of resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectroscopy and time-of-flight techniques. For the REMPI detection of CO, a novel 2 + 1' scheme has been employed through the A(1)Pi state of CO. From the measured data, average cross sections for rotational relaxation have been derived as a function of temperature in the range 5-100 K. For CO-Ne and CO-He, the relaxation cross sections grow, respectively, from values of approximately 20 and 7 A(2) at 100 K to values of approximately 65-70 and approximately 20 A(2) in the 5-20 K temperature range. The cross section for the relaxation of CO-CO grows from a value close to 40 A(2) at 100 K to a maximum of 60 A(2) at 20 K and then decreases again to 40 A(2) at 5 K. These results are qualitatively similar to those obtained previously with the same technique for N(2)-N(2), N(2)-Ne, and N(2)-He collisions, although in the low-temperature range (T < 20 K) the CO relaxation cross sections are significantly larger than those for N(2). Some discrepancies have been found between the present relaxation cross sections for CO-CO and CO-He and the values derived from electron-induced fluorescence experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Amaral
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bass MJ, Brouard M, Cireasa R, Clark AP, Vallance C. Imaging photon-initiated reactions: A study of the Cl(P3∕22)+CH4→HCl+CH3 reaction. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:94301. [PMID: 16164339 DOI: 10.1063/1.2009737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrogen or deuterium atom abstraction reactions between Cl((2)P(3/2)) and methane, or its deuterated analogues CD(4) and CH(2)D(2), have been studied at mean collision energies around 0.34 eV. The experiments were performed in a coexpansion of molecular chlorine and methane in helium, with the atomic Cl reactants generated by polarized laser photodissociation of Cl(2) at 308 nm. The Cl-atom reactants and the methyl radical products were detected using (2+1) resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization, coupled with velocity-map ion imaging. Analysis of the ion images reveals that in single-beam experiments of this type, careful consideration must be given to the spread of reagent velocities and collision energies. Using the reactions of Cl with CH(4), CD(4), and CH(2)D(2), as examples, it is shown that the data can be fitted well if the reagent motion is correctly described, and the angular scattering distributions can be obtained with confidence. New evidence is also provided that the CD(3) radicals from the Cl+CD(4) reaction possess significant rotational alignment under the conditions of the present study. The results are compared with previous experimental and theoretical works, where these are available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Bass
- The Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, The Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Aoiz FJ, Bañares L, Herrero VJ, Martínez-Haya B, Menéndez M, Quintana P, Tanarro I, Verdasco E. Low-Temperature Rotational Relaxation of N2 in Collisions with Ne. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp010845c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. J. Aoiz
- Departamento de Química Física and CAI de espectroscopía, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 123, E-28006 Madrid, Spain, and Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - L. Bañares
- Departamento de Química Física and CAI de espectroscopía, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 123, E-28006 Madrid, Spain, and Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - V. J. Herrero
- Departamento de Química Física and CAI de espectroscopía, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 123, E-28006 Madrid, Spain, and Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - B. Martínez-Haya
- Departamento de Química Física and CAI de espectroscopía, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 123, E-28006 Madrid, Spain, and Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M. Menéndez
- Departamento de Química Física and CAI de espectroscopía, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 123, E-28006 Madrid, Spain, and Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - P. Quintana
- Departamento de Química Física and CAI de espectroscopía, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 123, E-28006 Madrid, Spain, and Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - I. Tanarro
- Departamento de Química Física and CAI de espectroscopía, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 123, E-28006 Madrid, Spain, and Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - E. Verdasco
- Departamento de Química Física and CAI de espectroscopía, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 123, E-28006 Madrid, Spain, and Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
González-Lezana T, Lopez D, Miret-Artés S, Gianturco F, Delgado-Barrio G, Villarreal P. Rotation–vibration interaction in 4He trimers. Chem Phys Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(00)01423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
24
|
Ramos A, Mate B, Tejeda G, Fernandez JM, Montero S. Raman spectroscopy of hypersonic shock waves. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 62:4940-4945. [PMID: 11089040 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.62.4940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2000] [Revised: 05/25/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is shown to be an efficient diagnostic methodology for the study of hypersonic shock waves. As a test, absolute density and rotational population profiles have been measured across five representative normal shock waves of N2 generated in a free jet, spanning the Mach number range 7.7<M<15.3. The interconversion of three differentiated populations (cold, scattered, and rethermalized molecules) across these shock waves shows a largely bimodal rotational distribution function with additional contribution of scattered molecules, in close analogy with the velocity distribution function known from helium shock waves [G. Pham-Van-Diep et al., Science 245, 624 (1989)]. Quantitative data on invariance trends of density profiles and properties of the wake beyond the shock waves are reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ramos
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sijtsema NM, Tolboom RA, Dam NJ, ter Meulen JJ. Two-dimensional multispecies imaging of a supersonic nozzle flow. OPTICS LETTERS 1999; 24:664-666. [PMID: 18073816 DOI: 10.1364/ol.24.000664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Raman imaging is shown to be a very suitable technique for simultaneous density mapping of different species in dry air and N(2) supersonic nozzle flows. The salient features of Raman scattering are its molecular sensitivity and the fact that it can be spectrally separated from strong reflections and Mie scattering. We collected Raman images of both N(2) and O(2) concurrently by imaging the flow through an imaging spectrograph with a broad entrance slit onto a CCD camera. The main advantage of this method is that different species can be imaged under exactly the same flow conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N M Sijtsema
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Aoiz FJ, Díez-Rojo T, Herrero VJ, Martínez-Haya B, Menéndez M, Quintana P, Ramonat L, Tanarro I, Verdasco E. Low-Temperature Rotational Relaxation of N2 Studied with Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp983850y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. J. Aoiz
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 113, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - T. Díez-Rojo
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 113, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - V. J. Herrero
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 113, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - B. Martínez-Haya
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 113, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Menéndez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 113, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Quintana
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 113, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. Ramonat
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 113, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Tanarro
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 113, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Verdasco
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 113, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Maté B, Tejeda G, Montero S. Raman spectroscopy of supersonic jets of CO2: Density, condensation, and translational, rotational, and vibrational temperatures. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.475660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
28
|
Abad L, Bermejo D, Herrero VJ, Santos J, Tanarro I. Molecular Relaxation in Supersonic Free Jets of N2 and CH4 from Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy and Time-of-Flight Measurements. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9722770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Abad
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28601 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Bermejo
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28601 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - V. J. Herrero
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28601 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Santos
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28601 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Tanarro
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28601 Madrid, Spain, and Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC), Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|