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Gayathri R, Suchand Sandeep CS, Vijayan C, Murukeshan VM. Lasing from Micro- and Nano-Scale Photonic Disordered Structures for Biomedical Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2466. [PMID: 37686974 PMCID: PMC10490388 DOI: 10.3390/nano13172466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
A disordered photonic medium is one in which scatterers are distributed randomly. Light entering such media experiences multiple scattering events, resulting in a "random walk"-like propagation. Micro- and nano-scale structured disordered photonic media offer platforms for enhanced light-matter interaction, and in the presence of an appropriate gain medium, coherence-tunable, quasi-monochromatic lasing emission known as random lasing can be obtained. This paper discusses the fundamental physics of light propagation in micro- and nano-scale disordered structures leading to the random lasing phenomenon and related aspects. It then provides a state-of-the-art review of this topic, with special attention to recent advancements of such random lasers and their potential biomedical imaging and biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Gayathri
- Centre for Optical and Laser Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (R.G.); (C.S.S.S.)
| | - C. S. Suchand Sandeep
- Centre for Optical and Laser Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (R.G.); (C.S.S.S.)
| | - C. Vijayan
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - V. M. Murukeshan
- Centre for Optical and Laser Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (R.G.); (C.S.S.S.)
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2
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Lassègues P, Biscassi MAF, Morisse M, Cidrim A, Matthews N, Labeyrie G, Rivet JP, Vakili F, Kaiser R, Guerin W, Bachelard R, Hugbart M. Field and intensity correlations: the Siegert relation from stars to quantum emitters. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. D, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 2022; 76:246. [PMID: 36568919 PMCID: PMC9763155 DOI: 10.1140/epjd/s10053-022-00558-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Siegert relation relates field and intensity temporal correlations. After a historical review of the Siegert relation and the Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect, we discuss the validity of this relation in two different domains. We first show that this relation can be used in astrophysics to determine the fundamental parameters of stars, and that it is especially important for the observation with stellar emission lines. Second, we check the validity of this relation for moving quantum scatterers illuminated by a strong driving field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mateus Antônio Fernandes Biscassi
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INPHYNI, Nice, France
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310, São Carlos, SP 13565-905 Brazil
| | | | - André Cidrim
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310, São Carlos, SP 13565-905 Brazil
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jean-Pierre Rivet
- Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Farrokh Vakili
- Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Robin Kaiser
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INPHYNI, Nice, France
| | | | - Romain Bachelard
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INPHYNI, Nice, France
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310, São Carlos, SP 13565-905 Brazil
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Moura AL, Carreño SJ, Pincheira PIR, Maia LJQ, Jerez V, Raposo EP, Gomes ASL, de Araújo CB. Nonlinear effects and photonic phase transitions in Nd 3+-doped nanocrystal-based random lasers. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:D155-D162. [PMID: 32400638 DOI: 10.1364/ao.383477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between gain and scattering of light propagating in disordered media allows operation of random lasers (RLs)-lasers without conventional optical cavities. In the present paper, we review our recent contributions in this area, which include the demonstration of self-second-harmonic and self-sum-frequency generation, the characterization of Lévy's statistics of the output intensity fluctuations, and replica symmetry breaking (analogue to the spin-glass phase transition) by RLs based on nanocrystals containing trivalent neodymium ions.
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4
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Wang Z, Cao M, Shao G, Zhang Z, Yu H, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Xu B, Wang Y, Yao J. Coherent Random Lasing in Colloidal Quantum Dot-Doped Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal with Low Threshold and High Stability. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:767-774. [PMID: 31934764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High-concentration (2-10 wt %) ZnCdSeS/ZnS alloyed quantum dot-doped polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (QD-PDLCs) were prepared via ultraviolet (UV) curing. The QD-PDLC morphology and resonance characteristics of a coherent random laser were investigated. The doping concentration of the liquid crystal and quantum dots was varied to investigate its effect on the lasing threshold, line width, and stability with respect to the density and grain size of the liquid crystal droplets inside the PDLC structure. Furthermore, the QD-PDLC laser performance was influenced by the pump position and area because of spatial localization of the random resonators. Moreover, the QD-PDLC showed good long-term stability; after 15 days of laser excitation (3 h/day), the laser output was maintained at 92% of the original emission intensity. The random laser threshold was as low as 50 μJ/cm2 with the optimized preparation process, which suggested strong potential for applications in polymer random fiber lasers, sensors, and displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Wang
- Faculty of Intelligent Manufacturing , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Mingxuan Cao
- Faculty of Intelligent Manufacturing , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
- Research Center for Polymer Engineering of Intelligent Manufacturing , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Genrong Shao
- Poly OptoElectronics Tech. Ltd , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- Poly OptoElectronics Tech. Ltd , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Huiwen Yu
- Faculty of Intelligent Manufacturing , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
- Research Center for Polymer Engineering of Intelligent Manufacturing , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Yeqing Chen
- School of Applied Physics and Materials , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Yating Zhang
- College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Yang Li
- Poly OptoElectronics Tech. Ltd , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Baiping Xu
- Faculty of Intelligent Manufacturing , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
- Research Center for Polymer Engineering of Intelligent Manufacturing , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Ying Wang
- Faculty of Intelligent Manufacturing , Wuyi University , Jiangmen 529020 , China
| | - Jianquan Yao
- College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
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Zyablovsky AA, Doronin IV, Andrianov ES, Pukhov AA, Lozovik YE, Vinogradov AP, Lisyansky AA. Formation of positive feedback and coherent emission in a cavity-free system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:35376-35384. [PMID: 31878708 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.035376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We develop a theory of lasing of a collection of pumped active atoms without a resonator (either regular or random). Due to spontaneous emission into free space, phases of free space electromagnetic modes fluctuate. These phase fluctuations can be reduced to frequency fluctuations. The closer the frequency of fluctuation to the transition frequency of the active atoms, the higher lifetime of the fluctuation. We show that because of this, the average frequency of modes pulls toward the transition frequency. This leads to a maximum in the density of states of the electromagnetic field and a decrease of the mode group velocity. Consequently, the coupling of modes with atoms as well as the lifetime of fluctuations increase. Thus, mode pulling provides positive feedback. When the pump rate exceeds a certain threshold, the lifetime of one of the realized fluctuations diverges, and radiation becomes coherent.
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Wan Y, Deng L. Recyclable coherent random lasers assisted by plasmonic nanoparticles in DCM-PVA thin films. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:27103-27111. [PMID: 31674577 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.027103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recyclable coherent random lasers assisted by plasmonic nanoparticles in DCM-PVA thin films are studied. Four DCM-PVA films with different nanoparticles are made, and the radiation characteristics of these random lasers are studied. The results show that the emission spectrum of the DCM-PVA film with Au nanoparticle of 50 nm in diameter is optimal, and its threshold is about 6.53 µJ/pulse. Underlying mechanisms are discussed in detail. Then the DCM-PVA film with Au nanoparticles of 50 nm in diameter is detached from a glass substrate and adhered to different substrates. Coherent random lasers also occur when the sample is based on different substrates. Finally, a method of making samples recyclable is proposed, and the emission spectrum of samples as a function of cycle index is studied. The results show that recyclable coherent random lasers can be realized with this method. This study provides a new way, to the best of our knowledge, to realize recyclable coherent random lasers with low-threshold.
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Weng G, Tian J, Chen S, Xue J, Yan J, Hu X, Chen S, Zhu Z, Chu J. Giant reduction of the random lasing threshold in CH 3NH 3PbBr 3 perovskite thin films by using a patterned sapphire substrate. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:10636-10645. [PMID: 31065661 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00863b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites are currently arousing enthusiasm and stimulating huge activity across several fields of optoelectronics due to their outstanding properties. In this study, we present the incoherent random lasing (RL) emissions from CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite thin films on both planar fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates and patterned sapphire substrates (PSSs). A detailed examination of the spectral evolution indicates that inelastic exciton-exciton scattering called P-emission is the most plausible mechanism accounting for the lasing emissions. The RL threshold of the perovskite films on PSSs is found to be effectively reduced by more than one order of magnitude from 2.55 to 0.15 μJ per pulse compared to that on FTO substrates. The giant threshold reduction is ascribed to the enhanced random scattering of light and the photon recycling induced by the multireflection processes at the perovskite/PSS interface, which increases the likelihood that the inoperative random rays will re-enter the possible optical loops formed among the perovskite particles, resulting in considerable optical resonance enhancement. The simulation results reveal that the light extraction efficiency on the top facet of the perovskites is significantly increased by approximately 155% by utilizing the PSS instead of the FTO substrate. Moreover, the first direct experimental observation of the multireflection phenomenon of light, as well as the dynamic processes of photon propagation in the composite PSS structure, is presented by Kerr-gate-based time-resolved photoluminescence. Our results provide an effective strategy to achieve high-performance perovskite random lasers and novel light-emitting devices for speckle-free full-field imaging and solid-state lighting applications, by introducing ingeniously designed periodic nano-/microscale optical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoen Weng
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Department of Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
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Biasco S, Beere HE, Ritchie DA, Li L, Davies AG, Linfield EH, Vitiello MS. Frequency-tunable continuous-wave random lasers at terahertz frequencies. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:43. [PMID: 31044073 PMCID: PMC6491491 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Random lasers are a class of devices in which feedback arises from multiple elastic scattering in a highly disordered structure, providing an almost ideal light source for artefact-free imaging due to achievable low spatial coherence. However, for many applications ranging from sensing and spectroscopy to speckle-free imaging, it is essential to have high-radiance sources operating in continuous-wave (CW). In this paper, we demonstrate CW operation of a random laser using an electrically pumped quantum-cascade laser gain medium in which a bi-dimensional (2D) random distribution of air holes is patterned into the top metal waveguide. We obtain a highly collimated vertical emission at ~3 THz, with a 430 GHz bandwidth, device operation up to 110 K, peak (pulsed) power of 21 mW, and CW emission of 1.7 mW. Furthermore, we show that an external cavity formed with a movable mirror can be used to tune a random laser, obtaining continuous frequency tuning over 11 GHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Biasco
- NEST, CNR – Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Harvey E. Beere
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE UK
| | - David A. Ritchie
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE UK
| | - Lianhe Li
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - A. Giles Davies
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Edmund H. Linfield
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Miriam S. Vitiello
- NEST, CNR – Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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9
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Koivurova M, Vasileva E, Li Y, Berglund L, Popov S. Complete spatial coherence characterization of quasi-random laser emission from dye doped transparent wood. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:13474-13482. [PMID: 29801372 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.013474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on the experimental determination of the complete two coordinate spatial coherence function of light emitted by a quasi-random laser, implemented on recently introduced dye-doped transparent wood. The spatial coherence was measured by means of a double grating interferometer, which has some advantages over the standard Young's interferometer. Analysis of the spatial coherence reveals that emission from such a material can be considered as a superposition of several spatial modes produced by individual emitters within semi-ordered scattering medium. The overall degree of coherence, γ¯, for this quasi-random laser was found to be 0.16 ± 0.01, having possible applications in speckle free laser imaging and illumination.
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10
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Shi WB, Liu LZ, Peng R, Xu DH, Zhang K, Jing H, Fan RH, Huang XR, Wang QJ, Wang M. Strong Localization of Surface Plasmon Polaritons with Engineered Disorder. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:1896-1902. [PMID: 29432022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we experimentally demonstrate for the first time strong localization of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) at visible regime in metallic nanogratings with short-range correlated disorder. By increasing the degree of disorder, the confinement of SPPs is significantly enhanced, and the effective SPP propagation length dramatically shrinks. Strong localization of SPPs eventually emerges at visible regime, which is verified by the exponentially decayed fields and the vanishing autocorrelation function of the SPPs. Physically, the short-range correlated disorder induces strong interference among multiple scattered SPPs and provides an adequate fluctuation to effective permittivity, which leads to the localization effect. Our study demonstrates a unique opportunity for disorder engineering to manipulate light on nanoscale and may achieve various applications in random nanolasing, solar energy, and strong light-matter interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Shi
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Lian-Zi Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Ruwen Peng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Di-Hu Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Kun Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Hao Jing
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Ren-Hao Fan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Xian-Rong Huang
- Advanced Photon Source , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Qian-Jin Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Mu Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
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Ye L, Feng Y, Cheng Z, Wang C, Lu C, Lu Y, Cui Y. Coherent Random Lasing from Dye Aggregates in Polydimethylsiloxane Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:27232-27238. [PMID: 28738156 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The coherent random laser (CRL) from dye-doped polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been investigated in both nanoparticle-doped (NP-doped) thin films and pure dye thin films. Compared with the literature, the pump threshold is only 1.5 mJ/cm2 in the pure dye thin film with a low dye concentration. The spontaneously formed micro-/nanocrystals of Pyrromethene 597 (PM597) dye support both gain and random feedback in the bulk of the PDMS during the sample preparation. When the SiO2 NPs were doped, the pump threshold was reduced to 0.75 mJ/cm2. The threshold increased after the film was peeled off from glass, which indicates that the photon localization effect of the leaky-waveguide structure plays an important role in the reduction of the CRL threshold. By a change in the pump stripe length or the thickness of the film, the peak wavelength red-shifts 6.7 or 5.93 nm, respectively. The PM597 dye molecule solubility changes, and they spontaneously aggregate in the process of toluene volatilization; the PDMS cures, which is the reason for the formation of PM597 micro-/nanocrystals. This thin film random laser with a low dye concentration can be used in integrated optoelectronics and display imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Ye
- Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210018, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Feng
- Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210018, P. R. China
| | - Zhixiang Cheng
- Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210018, P. R. China
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210018, P. R. China
| | - Changgui Lu
- Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210018, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Lu
- College of Engineering, Applied Sciences and National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Cui
- Advanced Photonics Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210018, P. R. China
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Abaie B, Mobini E, Karbasi S, Hawkins T, Ballato J, Mafi A. Random lasing in an Anderson localizing optical fiber. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e17041. [PMID: 30167284 PMCID: PMC6062316 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A directional random laser mediated by transverse Anderson localization in a disordered glass optical fiber is reported. Previous demonstrations of random lasers have found limited applications because of their multi-directionality and chaotic fluctuations in the laser emission. The random laser presented in this paper operates in the Anderson localization regime. The disorder induced localized states form isolated local channels that make the output laser beam highly directional and stabilize its spectrum. The strong transverse disorder and longitudinal invariance result in isolated lasing modes with negligible interaction with their surroundings, traveling back and forth in a Fabry-Perot cavity formed by the air-fiber interfaces. It is shown that if a localized input pump is scanned across the disordered fiber input facet, the output laser signal follows the transverse position of the pump. Moreover, a uniformly distributed pump across the input facet of the disordered fiber generates a laser signal with very low spatial coherence that can be of practical importance in many optical platforms including image transport with fiber bundles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Abaie
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Center for High Technology Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Esmaeil Mobini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Center for High Technology Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Salman Karbasi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Thomas Hawkins
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET) and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29625, USA
| | - John Ballato
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET) and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Arash Mafi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Center for High Technology Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
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13
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Spectral correlations in a random distributed feedback fibre laser. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15514. [PMID: 28516955 PMCID: PMC5454388 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Random distributed feedback fibre lasers belong to the class of random lasers, where the feedback is provided by amplified Rayleigh scattering on sub-micron refractive index inhomogenities randomly distributed over the fibre length. Despite the elastic nature of Rayleigh scattering, the feedback mechanism has been insofar deemed incoherent, which corresponds to the commonly observed smooth generation spectra. Here, using a real-time spectral measurement technique based on a scanning Fabry-Pérot interferometer, we observe long-living narrowband components in the random fibre laser's spectrum. Statistical analysis of the ∼104 single-scan spectra reveals a preferential interspacing for the components and their anticorrelation in intensities. Furthermore, using mutual information analysis, we confirm the existence of nonlinear correlations between different parts of the random fibre laser spectra. The existence of such narrowband spectral components, together with their observed correlations, establishes a long-missing parallel between the fields of random fibre lasers and conventional random lasers. The feedback mechanism in random fibre lasers has been insofar deemed incoherent. To reveal the dynamic evolution of the random fibre laser spectra, Sugavanam et al. use a real-time spectral measurement technique and observe long-lived narrowband components in the random fibre laser's spectrum.
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Trull J, Salud J, Diez-Berart S, López DO. Influence of liquid crystalline phases on the tunability of a random laser. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:052704. [PMID: 28618525 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.052704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the temperature behavior of an optimized disordered photonic system-based liquid crystal by means of heat capacity and refractive index measurements. The scattering system is formed by a porous borosilicate glass random matrix (about 60%) infiltrated with a smectogenic liquid crystal (about 16%) and a small amount of laser dye (0.1%). The rest of the scattering system is about 24% air, giving rise to a high refractive index contrast scattering system. Such a system has the functionality to change the refractive index contrast with temperature due to the liquid crystal temperature behavior. The system, optically pumped by the second harmonic of a Q-switched Nd:YAG pulsed laser working at 532 nm, exhibits random laser action, the threshold of which depends upon the liquid crystalline mesophase. Temperatures of existence of the smectic-B phase correspond to the most optimized random laser. In such a mesophase, the transport mean free path has been determined as about 16 μm in a coherent backscattering experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Trull
- Grup de Dinàmica no Linial, Òptica no Linial i Lasers (DONLL), Departament de Física, E.S.E.I.A.A.T. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Colom 11, E- 08222 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Josep Salud
- Grup de Propietas Físiques dels Materials (GRPFM), Departament de Física, E.T.S.E.I.B. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Diez-Berart
- Grup de Propietas Físiques dels Materials (GRPFM), Departament de Física, E.T.S.E.I.B. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David O López
- Grup de Propietas Físiques dels Materials (GRPFM), Departament de Física, E.T.S.E.I.B. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Yin L, Liang Y, Yu B, Wu Y, Ma J, Xie K, Zhang W, Zou G, Hu Z, Zhang Q. Quantitative analysis of “Δl = l s − l g” to coherent random lasing in solution systems with a series of solvents ordered by refractive index. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19029d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Random laser action affected by solvents ordered by refractive index in solution system.
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17
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Xu C, Zhang J, Sun H, Zhao H. Random lasing emission and oscillation in femtosecond laser machined microstructured Nd3+-doped (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O3 (10/65/35) ceramics. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19867h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cylindrical shaped microstructured surface of Nd3+-doped PLZT ceramics with an average size of around 230 nm in diameter were machined by femtosecond laser to increase the scattering strength on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Xu
- Institute of Modern Optics
- Department of Physics
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optics
- Department of Physics
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Haibin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics
- Department of Physics
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Institute of Modern Optics
- Department of Physics
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
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18
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Antenucci F, Crisanti A, Leuzzi L. The glassy random laser: replica symmetry breaking in the intensity fluctuations of emission spectra. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16792. [PMID: 26616194 PMCID: PMC4663759 DOI: 10.1038/srep16792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavior of a newly introduced overlap parameter, measuring the correlation between intensity fluctuations of waves in random media, is analyzed in different physical regimes, with varying amount of disorder and non-linearity. This order parameter allows to identify the laser transition in random media and describes its possible glassy nature in terms of emission spectra data, the only data so far accessible in random laser measurements. The theoretical analysis is performed in terms of the complex spherical spin-glass model, a statistical mechanical model describing the onset and the behavior of random lasers in open cavities. Replica Symmetry Breaking theory allows to discern different kinds of randomness in the high pumping regime, including the most complex and intriguing glassy randomness. The outcome of the theoretical study is, eventually, compared to recent intensity fluctuation overlap measurements demonstrating the validity of the theory and providing a straightforward interpretation of qualitatively different spectral behaviors in different random lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Antenucci
- NANOTEC-CNR, Institute of Nanotechnology, Soft and Living Matter Laboratory, Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 2, I-00185, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Sapienza”, Piazzale A. Moro 2, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Crisanti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Sapienza”, Piazzale A. Moro 2, I-00185, Roma, Italy
- ISC-CNR, UOS Sapienza, Piazzale A. Moro 2, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Leuzzi
- NANOTEC-CNR, Institute of Nanotechnology, Soft and Living Matter Laboratory, Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 2, I-00185, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Sapienza”, Piazzale A. Moro 2, I-00185, Roma, Italy
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19
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Barna V, De Cola L. Mirrorless dye doped ionic liquid lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:11936-11945. [PMID: 25969283 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.011936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The study of electromagnetic waves propagation in periodically structured dielectrics and the linear and nonlinear optical phenomena in disordered systems doped with gain media represent one of the most challenging and exciting scientific areas of the past decade. Lasing and Random Lasers (RL) are fascinating examples of topics that synergize multiple scattering of light and optical amplification and lately have been the subject of intense theoretical and experimental studies. In this manuscript we demonstrate laser action in a new category of materials, namely dye doped ionic liquids. Ionic liquids prove to be perfect candidates for building, as shown, a series of exotic boundaryless or confined compact laser systems. Lasing is presented in standard wedge cells, freely suspended ionic liquid films and droplets. The optical emission properties are investigated in terms of spectral analysis, below and above lasing energy threshold behavior, emission efficiency, far field spatial laser modes intensity profiling, temporal emission behavior etc. As demonstrated, these materials can be employed as optimal near future replacements of conventional flammable solvents in already available dye laser instruments.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Lech Sznitko
- Faculty of Chemistry; Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Wroclaw University of Technology; 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Mysliwiec
- Faculty of Chemistry; Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Wroclaw University of Technology; 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Andrzej Miniewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry; Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Wroclaw University of Technology; 50-370 Wroclaw Poland
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21
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García-Revilla S, Fernández J, Barredo-Zuriarrain M, Carlos LD, Pecoraro E, Iparraguirre I, Azkargorta J, Balda R. Diffusive random laser modes under a spatiotemporal scope. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:1456-1469. [PMID: 25835903 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.001456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
At present the prediction and characterization of the emission output of a diffusive random laser remains a challenge, despite the variety of investigated materials and theoretical interpretations given up to now. Here, a new mode selection method, based on spatial filtering and ultrafast detection, which allows to separate individual lasing modes and follow their temporal evolution is presented. In particular, the work explores the random laser behavior of a ground powder of an organic-inorganic hybrid compound based on Rhodamine B incorporated into a di-ureasil host. The experimental approach gives direct access to the mode structure and dynamics, shows clear modal relaxation oscillations, and illustrates the lasing modes stochastic behavior of this diffusive scattering system. The effect of the excitation energy on its modal density is also investigated. Finally, imaging measurements reveal the dominant role of diffusion over amplification processes in this kind of unconventional lasers.
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22
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Tolentino Dominguez C, Gomes MDA, Macedo ZS, de Araújo CB, Gomes ASL. Multi-photon excited coherent random laser emission in ZnO powders. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:317-23. [PMID: 25407414 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05336b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation and analysis of anti-Stokes coherent random laser (RL) emission from zinc oxide (ZnO) powders excited by one-, two- or three-photon femtosecond laser radiation. The ZnO powders were produced via a novel proteic sol-gel, low-cost and environmentally friendly route using coconut water in the polymerization step of the metal precursor. One- and two-photon excitation at 354 nm and 710 nm, respectively, generated single-band emissions centred at about 387 nm. For three-photon excitation, the emission spectra showed a strong ultraviolet (UV) band (380-396 nm) attributed to direct three-photon absorption from the valence band to the conduction band. The presence of an intensity threshold and a bandwidth narrowing of the UV band from about 20 to 4 nm are clear evidence of RL action. The observation of multiple sub-nanometre narrow peaks in the emission spectra for excitation above the RL threshold is consistent with random lasing by coherent feedback.
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23
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García-Revilla S, Fernández J, Barredo-Zuriarrain M, Carlos LD, Pecoraro E, Iparraguirre I, Azkargorta J, Balda R. Spectral dynamics of a diffusive random laser under two photon pumping. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1179/2055031614y.0000000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara García-Revilla
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Alda. Urquijo s/n, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Material Physics Center CSIC-UPV/EHU and Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Alda. Urquijo s/n, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Material Physics Center CSIC-UPV/EHU and Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Macarena Barredo-Zuriarrain
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Alda. Urquijo s/n, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luís D. Carlos
- Departament of Physics and CICECO University of Aveiro 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Edison Pecoraro
- Instituto de Telecomunicações University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Institute of Chemisty, São Paulo State University – UNESP, 14800-900, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Iñaki Iparraguirre
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Alda. Urquijo s/n, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jon Azkargorta
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Alda. Urquijo s/n, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Rolindes Balda
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Alda. Urquijo s/n, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Material Physics Center CSIC-UPV/EHU and Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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24
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Hokr BH, Bixler JN, Cone MT, Mason JD, Beier HT, Noojin GD, Petrov GI, Golovan LA, Thomas RJ, Rockwell BA, Yakovlev VV. Bright emission from a random Raman laser. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4356. [PMID: 25014073 PMCID: PMC4104439 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Random lasers are a developing class of light sources that utilize a highly disordered gain medium as opposed to a conventional optical cavity. Although traditional random lasers often have a relatively broad emission spectrum, a random laser that utilizes vibration transitions via Raman scattering allows for an extremely narrow bandwidth, on the order of 10 cm−1. Here we demonstrate the first experimental evidence of lasing via a Raman interaction in a bulk three-dimensional random medium, with conversion efficiencies on the order of a few percent. Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulations are used to study the complex spatial and temporal dynamics of nonlinear processes in turbid media. In addition to providing a large signal, characteristic of the Raman medium, the random Raman laser offers us an entirely new tool for studying the dynamics of gain in a turbid medium. Unlike conventional lasers that require a uniform resonant cavity to operate, random lasers use a highly disordered gain medium in which scattering is dominant. Hokr et al. report Raman lasing from a bulk three-dimensional disordered medium whose intensity exceeds that of other random lasers by many orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett H Hokr
- 1] Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA [2] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Joel N Bixler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Michael T Cone
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - John D Mason
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Hope T Beier
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Bioeffects Division, Optical Radiation Bioeffects Branch, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234, USA
| | | | - Georgi I Petrov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Leonid A Golovan
- Faculty of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Robert J Thomas
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Bioeffects Division, Optical Radiation Bioeffects Branch, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234, USA
| | - Benjamin A Rockwell
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Bioeffects Division, Optical Radiation Bioeffects Branch, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234, USA
| | - Vladislav V Yakovlev
- 1] Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA [2] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, Texas 77843, USA
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25
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Gomes ASL, Carvalho MT, Dominguez CT, de Araújo CB, Prasad PN. Direct three-photon excitation of upconversion random laser emission in a weakly scattering organic colloidal system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:14305-14310. [PMID: 24977528 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.014305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the operation and characterization of an upconversion random laser emitting at 560 nm, when directly pumped by three photon excitation at the near IR wavelength of 1350 nm in a colloidal dye solution in the weakly scattering regime. Using a special dye with a high three-photon cross-section and TiO(2) nanoparticles (250 nm diameter), optimized upconverted emission was obtained for particle densities of ~2 x 10(9)/cm3. A strong dependence on the nanoparticle concentration and the pumping area was verified. The presence of spikes with linewidths ~0.4 nm in the emitted spectrum is the signature of coherent emission from this three-photon pumped random laser.
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26
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Lu CH, Chao TY, Chiu YF, Tseng SY, Hsu HC. Enhanced optical confinement and lasing characteristics of individual urchin-like ZnO microstructures prepared by oxidation of metallic Zn. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:178. [PMID: 24725330 PMCID: PMC3990232 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We prepared urchin-like micron-sized ZnO cavities with high optical quality by oxidizing metallic Zn and proposed the mechanism that resulted in the growth of the urchin-like microstructures. The photoluminescence spectra of the ZnO microstructures had a predominant excitonic emission at room temperature. The lasing properties of the urchin-like ZnO microstructures were investigated systematically through excitation power- and size-dependent photoluminescence measurements. The results showed that a low lasing threshold with high quality factors could be achieved because of the high reflectivity of the optical reflectors formed by the tapered nanowires. The unique optical characteristics may facilitate the development of high-efficiency random lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Lu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yang Chao
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Feng Chiu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Yen Tseng
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Cheng Hsu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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27
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Muñoz A, McConney ME, Kosa T, Luchette P, Sukhomlinova L, White TJ, Bunning TJ, Taheri B. Continuous wave mirrorless lasing in cholesteric liquid crystals with a pitch gradient across the cell gap. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:2904-2906. [PMID: 22825173 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.002904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous efforts, continuous wave (CW) lasing in dye doped, one-dimensional (1D) photonic bandgap cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) structures has not been previously reported, to our knowledge. Here we report on the observation of lasing in such structures under both coherent (laser) and incoherent (LED) CW light excitation. To achieve this effect, we used a 1D-photonic bandgap structure made of a polymer stabilized CLC with a pitch gradient across the cell thickness. A spectral reflectivity profile of such a CLC structure reveals local minima in the area within a photonic stopband and close to it. The realization of lasing pumped by low power CW light sources opens the possibility of all-organic, compact, tunable CW lasers for display and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Muñoz
- AlphaMicron Inc. 1950 State Route 59, Kent, Ohio 44240-4112, USA.
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28
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Abstract
We experimentally studied the spatial coherence of random laser emission from dye solutions containing nanoparticles. The spatial coherence, measured in a double slit experiment, varied significantly with the density of scatterers and the size and shape of the excitation volume. A qualitative explanation is provided, illustrating the dramatic difference from the spatial coherence of a conventional laser. This work demonstrates that random lasers can be controlled to provide intense, spatially incoherent emission for applications in which spatial cross talk or speckle limit performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Redding
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
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29
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Zhao X, Wu Z, Ning S, Liang S, Wang D, Hou X. Random lasing from granular surface of waveguide with blends of PS and PMMA. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:16126-16131. [PMID: 21934975 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.016126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lasing from a planar waveguide with the blend of Polystyrene(PS): Poly-methylmethacrylate(PMMA) doped with tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum(Alq(3)) and 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-tert-butyl-6(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran(DCJTB) was investigated. Due to phase separation of the blend of PS:PMMA during the solvent evaporation process, a waveguide with granular surface was obtained, which has 2D island-like nanostructures with diameters ranging between 200 and 400 nm and heights at about 25 nm. Pumped by a YAG laser with wavelength of 355 nm, a significant random lasing was observed. Compared to the amplified spontaneous radiation (ASE) of planar waveguides with only PMMA or PS doped with Alq3:DCJTB prepared under the same conditions, the lasing threshold of the former is decreased by about 5 times, and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) is reduced to 1.7 nm from 12~15 nm. Our experiments show a promising method to achieve lower threshold for organic lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for information, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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30
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Chua SL, Chong Y, Stone AD, Soljacić M, Bravo-Abad J. Low-threshold lasing action in photonic crystal slabs enabled by Fano resonances. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:1539-1562. [PMID: 21263695 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.001539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical analysis of lasing action in photonic crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs). The semiclassical laser equations for such structures are simulated with three different theoretical techniques: exact finite-difference time-domain calculations, an steady-state ab-initio laser theory and a semi-analytical coupled-mode formalism. Our simulations show that, for an exemplary four-level gain model, the excitation of dark Fano resonances featuring arbitrarily large quality factors can lead to a significant reduction of the lasing threshold of PCSELs with respect to conventional vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. Our calculations also suggest that at the onset of lasing action, most of the laser power generated by finite-size PCSELs is emitted in the photonic crystal plane rather than the vertical direction. In addition to their fundamental interest, these findings may affect further engineering of active devices based on photonic crystal slabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Liang Chua
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Although photoluminescence from gallium-arsenide (GaAs) deep-centers was first observed in the 1960s, semiconductor lasers have always utilized conduction-to-valence-band transitions. Here we review recent materials studies leading to the first GaAs deep-center laser. First, we summarize well-known properties: nature of deep-center complexes, Franck-Condon effect, photoluminescence. Second, we describe our recent work: insensitivity of photoluminescence with heating, striking differences between electroluminescence and photoluminescence, correlation between transitions to deep-states and absence of bandgap-emission. Room-temperature stimulated-emission from GaAs deep-centers was observed at low electrical injection, and could be tuned from the bandgap to half-the-bandgap (900–1,600 nm) by changing the electrical injection. The first GaAs deep-center laser was demonstrated with electrical injection, and exhibited a threshold of less than 27 mA/cm2 in continuous-wave mode at room temperature at the important 1.54 μm fiber-optic wavelength. This small injection for laser action was explained by fast depopulation of the lower state of the optical transition (fast capture of free holes onto deep-centers), which maintains the population inversion. The evidence for laser action included: superlinear L-I curve, quasi-Fermi level separations satisfying Bernard-Duraffourg’s criterion, optical gains larger than known significant losses, clamping of the optical-emission from lossy modes unable to reach laser action, pinning of the population distribution during laser action.
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32
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Fujiwara H, Hamabata Y, Sasaki K. Numerical analysis of resonant properties of a waveguide structure within a random medium. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:10522-10528. [PMID: 19550448 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.010522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We propose a simple structure for manipulating resonant conditions in random structures, which is composed of a waveguide structure as a defect region embedded in a random structure. Using the two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method, we examine the resonant properties of localized modes bound in the waveguide. From the results, we confirm that long-lived modes are strongly confined in the waveguide only when the resonant frequency matches the frequency windows in the transmitted intensity spectrum of the surrounding random structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Fujiwara
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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33
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Fujiwara H, Hamabata Y, Sasaki K. Numerical analysis of resonant and lasing properties at a defect region within a random structure. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:3970-3977. [PMID: 19259238 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.003970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We propose a simple structure for manipulating resonant conditions in random structures, in which a "defect" region where no scatterer is set is deliberately made in the structure. By employing a two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method including rate equations, we examine the resonant and lasing properties observed at the defect region by changing the filling factor of scatterers. From the numerical results, we confirm that an distinct localized spot at the defect can be realized by determining an optimal filling factor and scatterer size and selecting the appropriate defect size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Fujiwara
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan.
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan E. Türeci
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Physics, Post Office Box 208284, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520–8284, USA
| | - Li Ge
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Physics, Post Office Box 208284, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520–8284, USA
| | - Stefan Rotter
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Physics, Post Office Box 208284, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520–8284, USA
| | - A. Douglas Stone
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Physics, Post Office Box 208284, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520–8284, USA
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35
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Abstract
ZnO is presently experiencing a research boom with more than 2000 ZnO-related publications in 2005. This phenomenon is triggered, for example, by hope to use ZnO as a material for blue/UV optoelectronics as an alternative to GaN, as a cheap, transparent, conducting oxide, as a material for electronic circuits that are transparent in the visible or for semiconductor spintronics. Currently, however, the main problem is to achieve high, reproducible and stable p-doping. Herein, we critically review aspects of the material growth, fundamental properties of ZnO and ZnO-based nanostructures and doping as well as present and future applications with emphasis on the electronic and optical properties including stimulated emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Klingshirn
- Institut für Angewandte Physik der Universität Karlsruhe, Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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36
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Savels T, Mosk AP, Lagendijk A. Gain narrowing in few-atom systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:103601. [PMID: 17358532 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Using a density matrix approach, we study the simplest systems that display both gain and feedback: clusters of 2 to 5 atoms, one of which is pumped. The other atoms supply feedback through multiple scattering of light. We show that, if the atoms are in each other's near field, the system exhibits large gain narrowing and spectral mode redistribution. The observed phenomena are more pronounced if the feedback is enhanced. Our system is to our knowledge the simplest exactly solvable microscopic system which shows the approach to laser oscillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Savels
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Kruislaan 407, 1098 SJ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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37
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Balog S, Zakharov P, Scheffold F, Skipetrov SE. Photocount statistics in mesoscopic optics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:103901. [PMID: 17025817 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.103901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the first observation of the impact of mesoscopic fluctuations on the photocount statistics of coherent light scattered in a random medium. A Poisson photocount distribution of the incident light widens and gains additional asymmetry upon transmission through a suspension of small dielectric spheres. The effect is only appreciable when the average number n of photocounts becomes comparable or larger than the effective dimensionless conductance g of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Balog
- Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Deych LI. Effects of spatial nonuniformity on laser dynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:043902. [PMID: 16090808 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.043902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Semiclassical equations of lasing dynamics are rederived for a lasing medium in a cavity with a spatially nonuniform dielectric constant. The nonuniformity causes a radiative coupling between modes of the empty cavity, which results in a renormalization of self- and cross-saturation coefficients. Possible manifestations of these effects in random lasers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Deych
- Physics Department, Queens College of City University of New York, Flushing, 11367, USA
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Lodahl P, Lagendijk A. Transport of quantum noise through random media. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:153905. [PMID: 15904149 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.153905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental study of the propagation of quantum noise in a multiple scattering random medium. Both static and dynamic scattering measurements are performed: the total transmission of noise is related to the mean free path for scattering, while the noise frequency correlation function determines the diffusion constant. The quantum noise observables are found to scale markedly differently with scattering parameters compared to classical noise observables. The measurements are explained with a full quantum model of multiple scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lodahl
- Complex Photonic Systems, Department of Science and Technology and MESA+ Research Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Shatokhin V, Müller CA, Buchleitner A. Coherent inelastic backscattering of intense laser light by cold atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:043603. [PMID: 15783558 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.043603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a nonperturbative treatment of coherent backscattering of intense laser light from cold atoms and predict a nonvanishing backscattering signal even at very large intensities, due to the constructive (self-)interference of inelastically scattered photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Shatokhin
- BI Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Skaryna Avenue 70, BY-220072 Minsk, Belarus
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Florescu L, John S. Lasing in a random amplifying medium: spatiotemporal characteristics and nonadiabatic atomic dynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2004; 70:036607. [PMID: 15524656 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.70.036607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We study the dynamics of lasing from photonic paints excited by short, localized, optical pulses, using a time-dependent diffusion model for light propagating in the medium containing active atoms. The full time-dependent, nonadiabatic nonlinear response of the atomic system to the local optical field intensity is described using the Einstein rate equations for absorption and emission of light. Solving the time-dependent diffusion equation for the light intensity in the medium with nonlinear gain and loss, we derive detailed information on the spectral, spatial, and temporal properties of the emitted laser light. Our model recaptures the effects of scatterers to narrow the emission spectral linewidth and to narrow the emitted pulse duration, at a specific threshold pump intensity. Our model also describes how this threshold pump intensity decreases with scatterer density and excitation spot diameter, in excellent agreement with experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Florescu
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A7
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43
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Photon statistics measurement by use of single photon detection. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03184001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Florescu L, John S. Theory of photon statistics and optical coherence in a multiple-scattering random-laser medium. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2004; 69:046603. [PMID: 15169114 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.69.046603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We derive the photon-number probability distribution and the resulting degree of second-order optical coherence for light emission from a uniformly distributed active species within a multiple-light-scattering medium. This is obtained from a master equation describing the probability distribution for photons in the vicinity of position r, traveling with a wave vector k, related, in turn, to a coarse-grained average of the optical Wigner coherence function. Using a simple model for isotropic, spatially uncorrelated scatterers, this reduces to a generalization of the master equation of a conventional laser in which the medium behaves like a random collection of low-quality factor cavities that are coupled by photon diffusion between a given cavity and its neighbors. Laserlike coherence, on average, is obtained in the random laser above a specific pumping threshold. Photon-number statistics above and below the lasing threshold are computed by first assuming that the atomic response to the local electromagnetic fields is nearly instantaneous. Corrections to this simple model, arising from nonadiabatic atomic dynamics, are then estimated. The dependence of the photon statistics on scatterer density, gain concentration, and position within a sample reveal that, on average, increase of the scattering strength (decrease of the photon transport mean free path) in the medium leads to a sharper peak in the local photon-number distribution, characteristic of increased local coherence in the optical field. We also evaluate the coherence of the output field at points outside the random-laser medium. This is a weighted average of radiation emitted at different positions in the sample, exhibiting varying degrees of coherence due to variations in the local pumping intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Florescu
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A7
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Viviescas C, Hackenbroich G. Quantum theory of multimode fields: applications to optical resonators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1088/1464-4266/6/4/004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wiersma DS, Cavalieri S. Temperature-controlled random laser action in liquid crystal infiltrated systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2002; 66:056612. [PMID: 12513628 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.66.056612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We study an amplifying disordered dielectric material of which the scattering strength can be controlled externally via temperature. Such a system was realized by infiltrating liquid crystal and laser dye inside sintered glass powders. The random laser materials that were obtained this way can be brought below or above threshold by small changes in environment temperature, and the bandwidth of its emission can be tuned. We will go into the experimental details and the technical aspects of the realization of these systems, and show measurements on the diffusion constant and spectral properties of the emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diederik S Wiersma
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy and Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
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Hackenbroich G, Viviescas C, Haake F. Field quantization for chaotic resonators with overlapping modes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 89:083902. [PMID: 12190465 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.083902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2001] [Revised: 06/21/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Feshbach's projector technique is employed to quantize the electromagnetic field in optical resonators with an arbitrary number of escape channels. We find spectrally overlapping resonator modes coupled due to the damping and noise inflicted by the external radiation field. For wave chaotic resonators the mode dynamics is determined by a non-Hermitean random matrix. Upon including an amplifying medium, our dynamics of open-resonator modes may serve as a starting point for a quantum theory of random lasing.
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Tworzydło J, Beenakker CWJ. Quantum optical communication rates through an amplifying random medium. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 89:043902. [PMID: 12144482 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.043902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We study the competing effects of stimulated and spontaneous emission on the information capacity of an amplifying disordered waveguide. At the laser threshold the capacity reaches a "universal" limit, independent of the degree of disorder. Whether or not this limit is larger or smaller than the capacity without amplification depends on the disorder, as well as on the input power. Explicit expressions are obtained for heterodyne detection of coherent states, and generalized for an arbitrary detection scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tworzydło
- Instituut-Lorentz, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9506, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Apalkov VM, Raikh ME, Shapiro B. Random resonators and prelocalized modes in disordered dielectric films. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 89:016802. [PMID: 12097060 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.016802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We calculate the areal density of disorder-induced resonators with a high quality factor, Q>>1, in a film with fluctuating refraction index. We demonstrate that, for a given kl>1, where k is the light wave vector and l is the transport mean-free path, when on average the light propagation is diffusive, the likelihood for finding a random resonator increases dramatically with increasing the correlation radius of the disorder. Parameters of most probable resonators as functions of Q and kl are found.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Apalkov
- Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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