Random Lasing for Bimodal Imaging and Detection of Tumor

The interaction of light with biological tissues is an intriguing area of research that has led to the development of numerous techniques and technologies. The randomness inherent in biological tissues can trap light through multiple scattering events and provide optical feedback to generate random lasing emission. The emerging random lasing signals carry sensitive information about the scattering dynamics of the medium, which can help in identifying abnormalities in tissues, while simultaneously functioning as an illumination source for imaging. The early detection and imaging of tumor regions are crucial for the successful treatment of cancer, which is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. In this paper, a bimodal spectroscopic and imaging system, capable of identifying and imaging tumor polyps as small as 1 mm2, is proposed and illustrated using a phantom sample for the early diagnosis of tumor growth. The far-field imaging capabilities of the developed system can enable non-contact in vivo inspections. The integration of random lasing principles with sensing and imaging modalities has the potential to provide an efficient, minimally invasive, and cost-effective means of early detection and treatment of various diseases, including cancer.

Physical and chemical properties of saliva and its role in Early Childhood caries - A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Early Childhood Caries is a chronic disease of childhood and salivary parameters are considered as one of the prime etiological factors of Early Childhood Caries.

Aim

To develop a systematic review based on the relation between physical and chemical properties of saliva and Early childhood caries by comparing children with and without Early childhood caries.

Methods

PubMed, Cochrane, Lilacs, Embase, Scopus, and additional manual search was done up to April 2021 to identify the original cross-sectional observational studies published in English. The risk of bias and quality of the included papers were assessed based on New castle Ottawa guidelines.

Results

From a total of 1709 identified studies, only 22 articles were included in this systematic review and 10 studies were qualified for meta-analysis. Eight studies were classified as ''moderate risk of bias'' and fourteen studies were classified as ''high risk of bias''.

Conclusion

There was a significant difference in physical and chemical properties of saliva in children with and without Early childhood caries. Since wide disparity were evident in available studies, further studies are needed to arrive to a definitive conclusion.

Lasing from Micro- and Nano-Scale Photonic Disordered Structures for Biomedical Applications

A disordered photonic medium is one in which scatterers are distributed randomly. Light entering such media experiences multiple scattering events, resulting in a "random walk"-like propagation. Micro- and nano-scale structured disordered photonic media offer platforms for enhanced light-matter interaction, and in the presence of an appropriate gain medium, coherence-tunable, quasi-monochromatic lasing emission known as random lasing can be obtained. This paper discusses the fundamental physics of light propagation in micro- and nano-scale disordered structures leading to the random lasing phenomenon and related aspects. It then provides a state-of-the-art review of this topic, with special attention to recent advancements of such random lasers and their potential biomedical imaging and biosensing applications.

Nephroprotective potential of Polyalthia longifolia roots against vancomycin-induced renal toxicity in experimental animals

This study was done to investigate the possible nephroprotective effect of an ethanolic root extract of Polyalthia Longifolia (PL) on vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity using curative and protective models. Vancomycin (150 mg/kg, intravenous) was given to healthy Wistar albino rats in the curative model before the start of treatment, whereas the protective group received vancomycin at the conclusion of the 10-day treatment procedure. Animals were divided into six groups for both models; group I served as the normal control, while groups II, III, IV, V, and VI were kept as toxic control, standard (selenium, 6 mg/kg), LDPL (low dose of PL 200 mg/kg), HDPL (high dose of PL 400 mg/kg), and HDPL + selenium (interactive) groups, respectively. Renal biomarkers [(uric acid, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum proteins], and blood electrolyte levels were measured for all tested groups. When compared to the vancomycin group, the HDPL significantly (p < 0.01) showed greater effectiveness in lowering the BUN, potassium, and calcium levels. Additionally, in the curative model, there was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the blood levels of uric acid, creatinine, BUN, potassium, and calcium in the animals who received the combination of selenium and HDPL. Both LDPL and HDPL did not provide any distinguishable effect in the protective model, but groups that received HDPL with selenium did provide detectable protection by significantly lowering their levels of uric acid, BUN, serum potassium, and total serum protein in comparison to the vancomycin control group. These findings indicate that, whether administered before or after renal damage is induced, the Polyalthia longifolia root extract provided only modest protection to nephrons, which require selenium support to prevent vancomycin-induced kidney damage.

Knowledge and awareness of celiac disease among the dental students

Consumption of gluten triggers an autoimmune disease known as celiac disease (CD). This is also referred to as nontropical sprue, celiac sprue, or gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Gluten is a protein present in wheat, barley, rye, and other grains. It is due to gluten that the dough becomes elastic and provides bread its chewy texture. The aim of this study is to assess the awareness and knowledge of CD among dental students. This survey is totally based on CD and its awareness among dental students. A survey was conducted among 100 students who are volunteers underneath. This survey contained questionnaires of CD causes, symptoms, treatment, etc., and the accrued was analyzed using SPSS statistics. The result shows that CD affects mainly the small intestine being chosen by 38.61% of students. The symptoms of CD as chronic diarrhea are chosen by 63.37%. The main cause of the disease is due to gluten chosen by 9.90%. Some of the gluten-free foods are chosen by 22.77% of students. In the Chi-square test, the association between the awareness of CD and students shows that postgraduate (PG) students are more aware than undergraduate (UG) students. However, this is not statistically significant since P > 0.05 (P = 0.088). The correlation graph says that the PGs are more aware than the undergraduates, and UGs have poor knowledge about this disease.

Effect of pit-and-fissure sealants on postbrushing simulation - A photogenic study

Pit-and-fissure sealants of the occlusal surfaces for the posterior teeth are well susceptible to develop dental caries compared to the smooth surfaces due to its complex morphology, which makes dental hygiene a challenging fact which give rise to increased plaque accumulation. The use of pit-and-fissure sealants is to provide inhibition toward microorganisms and aggregation of food particles, thereby inhibiting caries initiating and preventing caries progression. The study aimed to assess the effect of pit-and-fissure sealants postbrushing simulation through photography. For this photogenic original study, eight teeth were selected, with two groups each and four teeth present in each of the groups. Brushing simulator machines are well-established methods for analyzing the efficacy of toothbrushes. A total of 10,000 cycles were accounted for by the machine with linear X-axis and Y-axis = 2500 in each group. The clockwise and counterclockwise = 2500 in each group. From the research, it can be concluded that Group A is found to be more effective than Group B, where Group A is Clinpro sealant and Group B is YuSeal. This pit-and-fissure sealant application is very important in clinical practice to prevent the tooth from getting decayed. This research helps us to establish the amount of reduction in both the groups of sealants postbrushing as various brushing patterns influence the retention of pit-and-fissure sealants.

Antidiabetic activity of Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam

One of the traditional plants used in Siddha medicine is Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam. It is said to possess antiaging, life-strengthening, and disease-preventing activities that have an enormous influence on health care. It has significant therapeutic potential and ethnobotanical significance. The aim of this study is to investigate the antidiabetic activity of Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam. The antidiabetic potential of Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam was determined in vitro using established methods such as alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase activity. We used one-way ANOVA to see the statistical difference among the groups. The significance thresholds were considered at the P < 0.05 level. In comparison with the healthy group, the extract showed a significant antidiabetic effect. The proportion of inhibition increased as the concentrations increased. Previous studies established the antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antifungal, antioxidant, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, antiasthmatic, immunomodulatory, and antipyretic effects of Kabasura Kudineer or Choornam. The current findings demonstrated that the Chooranam has good antidiabetic action at a significant concentration. Plant-based products have recently proven to be effective and economical antidiabetic items.

Knowledge and awareness of chronic bronchitis and its oral manifestation among dental students and practitioners

Chronic bronchitis (CB) is an inflammatory disease and is characterized by bronchial tube irritation. The bronchial tube irritation can result in the accumulation of mucus. CB is a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, causing blockage of airflow and thereby problems in breathing. Cigarette smoking is of utmost importance in causing CB. Besides pollution of air and the working environment can also play a key role. The study aimed to assess and create the awareness about CB among dental students and practitioners. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among dental students utilizing an online review entry called "Google forms." A total of 100 people were assessed using a structured questionnaire comprising 15 questions. The analysis of the result was done using the SPSS software of version 23. It has been shown that 78% of them are aware of CB. 75% of them responded that passive smokers were mostly affected by CB. Within the study limits, it was found that males who participated had increased awareness when compared to the females. The survey results showed that most of the participants were aware about CB but not its clinical features, oral manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment.

Awareness on hematological malignancies among college students

Cancers of blood arise when the abnormal blood cells undergo uncontrolled growth which outpaces the natural production of normal blood cells, interfering with the cells' normal functions. Leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma are the three types of blood cancers. The aim of our study is to assess and create awareness of hematological malignancies among college students. A questionnaire was prepared using Google Forms based on the awareness of the Hematological malignancies disinfection methods among dental students in Chennai. It was then circulated among a certain set of participants using an online Google Form link. The participants were asked about their knowledge level regarding hematological malignancies and a majority (68.97%) were aware of the same, whereas 27.59% were not aware and the rest (3.45%) were not sure. When asked about how dental care detects various hematological malignancies, 10.34% of the participants replied as "patient speaks about any abnormality," 75.86% replied as "oral manifestations," and 13.79% replied as "dentists cannot detect hematological malignancies." From the above results and discussion, we can come to the conclusion that most of the dental students who participated in the survey are aware of hematological malignancies and its various types.

Knowledge and awareness about fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva among dental students

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disorder which is autosomal dominant distinguished by congenital malformations of large toes and flare ups, etc. It is a disorder of connective tissue, with heterotopic ossifications seen with skeletal muscles, tendons, and cartilages and also called as Stone man disease, myositis ossificans, and Munchmeyer disease. The main objective of the study is to assess and create the awareness about FOP among dental students. An online-based survey was conducted among 103 dental students, undergraduates and postgraduates. About 20 questionnaires were prepared and circulated among the students through the "Google forms" across Chennai. A survey questionnaire asked about the knowledge of fibrodysplasia, its causes, treatment, and diagnosis was enquired. Thus, the data obtained were analyzed statistically using the SPSS software. In our study, about 64% were undergraduates and 35% of them were postgraduates. About 66% of the participants were aware of fibrodysplasia and 32% of them were not aware. Most of the undergraduate students were more aware of fibrodysplasia (40%) when compared to postgraduates (29%). However, this is statistically not significant. Fibrodysplasia ossificans reported to have a high incidence in 1 in 2 million people worldwide. Hence, an early diagnosis of this disorder can prevent further complications. Although the survey has provided significant knowledge about fibrodysplasia, awareness still has to be created among dental students.

Awareness about Patterson syndrome among dental students

The aim is to create awareness about Patterson syndrome among dental students. Patterson-Stevenson-Fontaine syndrome is a very rare condition marked by irregular facial bone and tissue growth (mandibulofacial dysostosis) as well as limb abnormalities. A recessed jaw (retrognathism), cleft palate, and external ear defects are all possible symptoms of this disorder. A total of 112 undergraduate dental students participated in a longitudinal cross-sectional sample. To assess college students' awareness about Patterson syndrome, a self-administered, closed-ended questionnaire was developed and distributed. The only language allowed was English. The results were analyzed in SPSS software version 23. 10.71% of females and 14.29% of males were aware about Patterson syndrome. 32.14% of females and 38.39% of males were aware that Patterson syndrome was a rare adrenal disorder. We can conclude that very few of the population which was only 25% of the dental students were aware about Patterson syndrome and this survey helped in creating awareness about this syndrome.

Comparison of human and animal hair - A microscopical analysis

For nearly a century, hairs of animals and humans were employed in forensic research. It is found to be stable in certain environments, and thus, they are frequently retrieved at scenes of crime, and it is important to verify whether they are either human or animal. The present research was done at comparing the morphological differences among human hair and animal hair using a stereomicroscope. Samples of hair forming the outer coat of some autochthonous domestic and human remnants were evaluated in this study. Long strands of guard hair shaft were investigated by stereomicroscope accordingly. Microphotographs were taken in an iPad camera. The microscopic characteristics of cat hair samples showed the presence of small spikes on the surface, whereas the human hair sample showed a smooth appearance with no irregularities. The microscopic analyses of the human hair sample and cat hair sample under stereomicroscope suggest hair samples can be used as forensic evidence in crime scene investigation. The comparison of both the hair samples was done, and the differences were significantly evident.

Knowledge and awareness on Balo's disease among dental students: A survey

Balo's disease is an uncommon central nervous system disorder causing demyelination and is a form of multiple sclerosis. Concentric sclerosis, leukoencephalitis periaxialis concentrica, is also known as Balo's disease. Concentric sclerosis signalizes the bands of intact myelin and alternating rings of myelin loss present in several parts of the brainstem and brain. The present study aimed to assess and create awareness about Balo's disease among dental undergraduates. The study included an online survey about the knowledge and awareness of Balo's disease among dental students. A questionnaire was prepared, uploaded, and distributed in an online portal. The latest software version of SPSS was used to analyze the collected data. Descriptive statistical analysis and Chi-square test were done, and the P value was calculated. The survey showed that 54.55% of males and 45.45% of females participated in this survey. Most of the respondents (87.88%) knew about Balo's disease, whereas only 12.12% of participants were not aware of the disease. It was found that most of dental students are aware of Balo's disease. The study also showed that male respondents are more aware than the females.

Knowledge, awareness, and perception on root canal treatment among South Indian population - A survey

The pulp is removed, and the interior of the tooth is cleaned and sealed during root canal treatment. Root canals are dreaded by many people because they are considered to be painful. The following are indicators of pulpal damage, color changes, swelling, thermal sensitivity, and pain in the gums. The pulp gets inflamed or diseased when it becomes infected, then RCT or extraction is needed to eliminate the inflamed or infected tissue and heal that particular region. The questionnaire was circulated to the sample population through a Google Docs link. Pie charts with a frequency table were created when the survey data were acquired. The Chi-square test was used to evaluate the connection using the SPSS software. Eighty-four percent of people are aware of RCT and what it is intended for and 80% of the participants themselves have undergone endodontic treatment. Most of the South Indian population were aware of root canal treatment and have undergone an RCT procedure.

Awareness of Vitamin and mineral supplements among college students

A Vitamin or mineral supplement is a kind of adjunct that aims to supplement the diet and it comprises a wide range of Vitamins, minerals, herbs, etc., that amplifies different nutrient levels. People intake such supplements for protection against health illnesses such as stress, cold, flu, osteoporosis, heart attacks, tooth decay, cancer, and neural tube defects in infants, etc. Anyhow, intake of large amounts without proper medical consideration can have severe negative consequences. This study aimed to assess the awareness on Vitamin and mineral supplements among College students. An online cross-sectional questionnaire was made using Google Forms and distributed among 100 College students. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive analysis and Chi-square tests were done. Results showed that the majority of 63.43% of UG students and 21.64% of PG students believed that its consumption was beneficial and in general awareness was more among UG students. When asked about the Vitamin that should be avoided during pregnancy, a majority of 20.30% of UG students opted for Vitamin E and 7.52% of PG students opted for Vitamin A which shows that both were feasible options as they were fat-soluble vitamins capable of causing congenital defects. The most probable issue related with the use of dietary supplements is that the people who include them in their diet might see it as a substitute, in lieu of a supplement, thus, more people should be made aware of the proper consumption and side effects of Vitamin and mineral supplements.

Knowledge and awareness of dental students on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent psychiatric illness marked by a short span of attention, impulsive decisions, and behavioral issues. They are vulnerable to trauma and dental problems. The dental health team faces a challenge due to behavioral disorders, cognitive deficiencies, and short attention spans. At all stages of prevention and treatment, the management of these children necessitates various changes in approach. To collect data and analyze the awareness level of dental students toward ADHD. An online portal was used for the survey and distributed to 106 dentistry students with self-structured 10 questions. The findings were gathered through the survey portal, and graphs were drawn to compare the results. The SPSS software version 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. The Chi-square test was used to determine the correlation between the variables. Forty percent of those polled are aware of ADHD, which is a mental health condition characterized by excessively active and impulsive behavior. The symptoms of a child with ADHD are aware to 31.43% of voters. About 30.48% of the respondents know the symptoms of an adult with ADHD. About 29.52% of the respondents were aware of the causes of ADHD. To conclude that most dental undergraduates are not aware of the basic characteristics of ADHD. This means that there should be a spreading of knowledge on the subject. A dental student or dentist must know how to manage a patient diagnosed with ADHD. Careful management and treatment will lead to a satisfied and happy patient. Mismanagement may cause problems in the future for both the dentist and the patient.

Awareness and knowledge of oral manifestations in cardiovascular diseases among the general public

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels. Periodontal problems, bleeding gums, dry mouth, and gingival hyperplasia are common oral manifestations seen in cardiovascular-related problems. To assess the extent of awareness and knowledge, the general public has toward the oral manifestation related to that of CVDs. A questionnaire was distributed among the general public in relation to that of the extent of awareness and knowledge of oral manifestations with regard to CVD. A total of 161 responses were collected from the survey. The collected data were compiled and analyzed by the SPSS software; the Pearson Chi-square test was done where P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study showed that 65.22% of the population is aware of the types of CVD. About 59.63% of the population do not know that periodontal problems lead to cardiovascular problems. About 39.75% have vague knowledge about the maintenance of poor oral health causing cardiovascular problems. The study concluded that the general public is not much aware of the oral manifestations related to that of CVDs.

A comparative study of different animal hairs: A microscopic analysis

Hair is a feature that is only found in mammals. In all species, it is an epidermal protrusion composed of an outer cuticle, middle cortex, and inner medulla. Hair's primary purpose in mammals is to aid with thermoregulation. Every domestic animal species has a distinct hair pattern that can be used in forensic investigations. The aim of the present study is to observe the different animal hairs under stereomicroscope for forensic analysis. Hair is a unique characteristic seen only in mammals. It is an epidermal protrusion composed of an outer cuticle, middle cortex, and inner medulla in all species. The primary function of hair in animals is to aid with thermoregulation. Every domestic animal species has a specific hair pattern that forensic investigators can employ. The shaft profile was straight in all the animal hairs. In the proximal end, the root was absent because the hair was cut from the respective animals. Cuticles were absent in all the hair strands. The surface texture was smooth in dog hair, rough and spiculated in cat hair, and coarse in horse and rat hair. Microscopic examination of hairs reveals morphological distinctions that allow animal hairs from different species to be distinguished. In forensic investigations, microscopic examinations of various animal hairs are useful.

Knowledge and awareness about Bowen's disease among dental students

The study aimed to assess the awareness and knowledge about Bowen's disease among dental students. Bowen disease is an infrequent skin disorder and is also referred to as squamous cell carcinoma in situ. It is a noninvasive form of intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma with flat or slightly raised lesions. An online survey was conducted among 300 dental students between the age group of 18-30 years in the Chennai district based on Bowen's disease. This is the best approach to data collection due to the large population of the city of Chennai and is also appropriate in the current situation where people need to avoid gatherings and close contact. About 78.21% were BDS students and 21.79% were MDS students. In the age group of 10-20 years, 8.97% responded heard about Bowen disease and 3.85% responded not heard. Within the 21-30 years age group, 44.02% responded that Bowen disease is invasive and 20.09% responded noninvasive. Studies showed that the exact occurrence of Bowen's disease is not known. It is found to be more common in men than in women. To conclude, about 65% of participants were aware of Bowen's disease. Nevertheless, patients with Bowen's disease seem to be at an abnormal risk of internal malignancies, and they need to be educated about the various treatments available to prevent the cause as soon as possible.

Comparative study of male and female human hair: A microscopic analysis

The outer cuticle, middle cortex, and inner medulla make up hair, which is an epidermal outgrowth. Hair is resilient under harsh natural conditions, thus it is frequently collected at crime scenes, making human hair analysis important in the forensic sciences field. It aids in the formation of a triangle connecting a crime scene, a victim, and a culprit. The aim of this study is to observe the microscopic structure of male and female human hair. Samples of hair specimens from males and females were collected. The materials used were ethanol to degrease and a stereomicroscope to observe the structural differences between the male and female hair samples. The comparison between male and female hair is done on the grounds of color, shaft profiles, the proximal and distal ends of the hair, cuticle, and surface texture, and the other found characters. This study of comparison between male and female hair specimens revealed that the hair color at the distal end is found to be brown for females while it is completely black in that of males, and the surface texture of males is found to have some irregularities while there are no irregularities in female. This study can be concluded that the structural comparison between male and female hair specimens can be used as evidence for forensic analysis at crime scenes.

Knowledge and awareness of the Klinefelter Syndrome among the dental students

The presence of one or more extra X chromosomes in a male causes Klinefelter Syndrome (KS). KS affects 1 in 500-1 in 1000 men, while about half remain undiagnosed. KS is characterized by huge stature, increase in arm length, the feminine distribution of adipose tissues (including gynecomastia), less or pubic hair, infertility, hypotonia, reduced size of penis and less than average verbal IQ, struggle in learning and requirements for less specified speech therapy. KS is a primary testicular insufficiency with high levels of gonadotropin caused by a lack of pituitary gland feedback. The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge and awareness of the KS among the dental students. This cross-sectional survey was conducted among dental students of a private dental hospital. To evaluate the knowledge and awareness of the participants about KS, a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 10 questions was prepared. Percentage analysis and frequency analysis and percentage analysis were performed. A Chi-square test was done to assess the correlation using the SPSS software. In our study, most of the participants were aware of the KS. They also knew that the KS is caused due to the additional X chromosome. We would like to conclude that the dental students were much aware about the Klinefelter and they also had a thorough knowledge about it.

Awareness about the significance of acid-base balance of saliva in maintaining oral health

Saliva is a multilayered secretion. The quality of saliva is just as crucial as the quantity. Saliva is necessary for preserving the integrity of oral structures, personal connections, digestion, and acid-base balance. The acid-base balance in one's oral environment is always being challenged. It happens every time we eat a meal, and when microorganisms are present. At a pH of 5 or 5.5, the demineralization of the enamel and hard tooth structures occurs. This study aimed to raise awareness about the importance of acid-base balance of saliva in dental health. A self-structured questionnaire was prepared to assess the awareness on the importance of acid-base balance in maintaining oral health. The questionnaire consisted of 20 questions, and the results were plotted in a graph. The Chi-square test was employed for evaluating the data, which was done with SPSS software. The study indicated that 91.74% of the participants were aware of the salivary pH in case of healthy gingiva, 34.82% of the respondents were aware of the salivary pH in case of chronic gingivitis, and 20.33% of the respondents were aware of the salivary pH in case of chronic periodontitis. We also correlated our results with gender and year of study. Oral health plays a major role in identifying systemic diseases and hence enough knowledge about various aspects about the oral cavity and its manifestations needs to be created among dental students to ensure that they become efficient dental surgeons in the future. Even though a fair amount of people knew the pH of clinically healthy gingiva, most of them did not know the pH at which periodontitis or gingivitis was caused. Hence, creating awareness about this topic stands vital. Further studies are required for a better understanding of salivary components and how they affect the caries process. The utilization of modified oral molecules as medicinal agents could become a reality with this understanding. Our findings imply that being aware of dietary composition has an impact on acid-base balance. To maintain the correct acid-base balance, more awareness of protein consumption is required.

Plasmonic random laser enabled artefact-free wide-field fluorescence bioimaging: uncovering finer cellular features

Narrow bandwidth, high brightness, and spectral tunability are the unique properties of lasers that make them extremely desirable for fluorescence imaging applications. However, due to the high spatial coherence, conventional lasers are often incompatible for wide-field fluorescence imaging. The presence of parasitic artefacts under coherent illumination causes uneven excitation of fluorophores, which has a critical impact on the reliability, resolution, and efficiency of fluorescence imaging. Here, we demonstrate artefact-free wide-field fluorescence imaging with a bright and low threshold silver nanorod based plasmonic random laser, offering the capability to image finer cellular features with sub-micrometer resolution even in highly diffusive biological samples. A spatial resolution of 454 nm and up to 23% enhancement in the image contrast in comparison to conventional laser illumination are attained. Based on the results presented in this paper, random lasers, with their laser-like properties and spatial incoherence are envisioned to be the next-generation sources for developing highly efficient wide-field fluorescence imaging systems having high spatial and temporal resolution for real-time, in vivo bioimaging.

Transfer learning based handwritten character recognition of tamil script using inception-V3 Model

The paper describes the excellent method to get first-rate accuracy and performance in the discipline of Tamil character recognition in a handwritten mode. However, the subject is still at a nascent stage and grossly lacks adequate accuracy in the Tamil language, even though several studies have been conducted within the discipline of handwritten character recognition. This paper draws the attention to the offline handwritten recognition for the Tamil language using the Inception-v3 based transfer learning method. The proposed work is conducted on the readily available HP Tamil handwritten character offline dataset (Hewlett-Packard Lab: hpl-tamil-iso-char-offline-1.0.). It reveals that with the suitable arrangement of transfer learning approach with Inception-v3, the pre-trained model can achieve the recognition accuracy of 93.1%, overtaking the former deep learning designs. The achieved accuracy is due to the use of a pre-trained version with transfer learning that regularly hastens the method of the training process on a new task. Overall, this results in higher accuracy and a more capable version.

Nipah Virus Outbreak in Kerala State, India Amidst of COVID-19 Pandemic

We report here a Nipah virus (NiV) outbreak in Kozhikode district of Kerala state, India, which had caused fatal encephalitis in a 12-year-old boy and the outbreak response, which led to the successful containment of the disease and the related investigations. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, ELISA-based antibody detection, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) were performed to confirm the NiV infection. Contacts of the index case were traced and isolated based on risk categorization. Bats from the areas near the epicenter of the outbreak were sampled for throat swabs, rectal swabs, and blood samples for NiV screening by real-time RT-PCR and anti-NiV bat immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA. A plaque reduction neutralization test was performed for the detection of neutralizing antibodies. Nipah viral RNA could be detected from blood, bronchial wash, endotracheal (ET) secretion, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and anti-NiV immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies from the serum sample of the index case. Rapid establishment of an onsite NiV diagnostic facility and contact tracing helped in quick containment of the outbreak. NiV sequences retrieved from the clinical specimen of the index case formed a sub-cluster with the earlier reported Nipah I genotype sequences from India with more than 95% similarity. Anti-NiV IgG positivity could be detected in 21% of Pteropus medius (P. medius) and 37.73% of Rousettus leschenaultia (R. leschenaultia). Neutralizing antibodies against NiV could be detected in P. medius. Stringent surveillance and awareness campaigns need to be implemented in the area to reduce human-bat interactions and minimize spillover events, which can lead to sporadic outbreaks of NiV.

Lip Prints Analysis: An Observational Study

Aim: The aim of the present study is to determine the lip prints among undergraduate dental students. Introduction: Human identification is a universal process based on scientific principles mainly involving fingerprinting. Uniqueness is a strong point used in the analysis of fingerprints to convince the court of law. Even the lip prints are unique for an individual and can be used for identification purposes. Thus lip prints can be used to verify the presence or absence of a person at the scene of crime. The aim of this study is to analyse lip prints among undergraduate dental students. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 50 females. The materials used were lipstick, a brush for applying the lipstick, and magnifying lens. Lipstick was applied evenly on the vermilion border of the lips and the pattern was studied. Results: This study of lip print pattern of 50 females revealed the following observation: No two lip prints matched each other establishing the uniqueness of lip prints and type 2(branched Y shaped grooves) is most commonly seen. Conclusion: This study showed that lip prints are unique for an individual and hold potential promise as a supplementary tool in forensic odontology.

Preliminary Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Hypolipidemic Potential of Aqueous Extract of Ferula asafoetida-An in vitro Study

Aim: To analyse the preliminary phytochemical, antioxidant, anti-cholesterol potential of aqueous extract of Ferula asafoetida. Background: Hyperlipidemia is considered as one of the leading causes behind the occurrence of deadly disorders like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis etc. It is characterised by elevated levels of plasma lipids, mainly total cholesterol. Antioxidants are compounds which can inhibit oxidative damage.  is the herbaceous plant belonging to the family Umbelliferae. It is used as spice in food and also used as digestive aid. It is used in the treatment of asthma and whooping cough and it also helps to reduce blood pressure. Methods: Aqueous extract of Ferula asafoetida was prepared by hot percolation method. The screening of phytochemical constituents, assessment of in vitro antioxidant activity and anticholesterol activity were done using standard procedures and the data were analysed statistically using one-way analysis of variance (ONE-WAY ANOVA) and the significance was considered at the levels of p<0.05. Results: Ferula asafoetida extract was rich in phytochemicals and possessed potent in vitro antioxidant activity. Anti-cholesterol activity of Ferula asafoetida extract was examined and it was observed   that the plant extract exhibited significant anti cholesterol potential in a dose dependent manner with an IC 50 value of 400 µg/ml. Conclusion: The study established the in vitro antioxidant and hypolipidemic potential of aqueous extract of Ferula asafoetida.  It is concluded that the extract of Ferula asafoetida possesses potent antioxidant and anticholesterol activity.

Impact of Glyphosate on the Changes in the mRNA Expression of Neurotransmitters in Experimental Rats

Introduction: Glyphosate, an N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine is the active ingredient in the pervasive herbicide, Monsanto Roundup. It is widely used herbicide worldwide to eliminate unwanted plants both on agricultural and non agricultural landscapes. Glyphosate is used in different formulations and applied in diverse forms including isopropylamine salt, potassium salt, ammonium salt, diammonium salt and dimethyl ammonium salt. Glyphosate can display endocrine –disrupting activity, promote carcinogenicity in mouse skin and affect human erythrocyte. In humans the effects of glyphosate on metabolic health research has not been done to a larger extent. Aim: To analyse the impact of glyphosate on the changes in the mRNA expression of neurotransmitters in experimental rats. Materials and Methods: Male albino rats were classified into three groups. Group I:  Normal rats; Group II: glyphosate induced rats with 50 mg/ kg of glyphosate for 16 weeks; Group III:. The glyphosate induced rats with 100 mg/ kg of glyphosate for 16 weeks;Group IV:. The glyphosate induced rats with 250 mg/ kg of glyphosate for 16 weeks. After 16 weeks of glyphosate exposure , the control and induced animals were anesthetized and brain tissue were dissected to analyse the gene expression of  serotonin and GABA alpha .The data were statistically analysed and tabulated. Results: mRNA expressions of  neurotransmitters such as serotonin receptor and gamma-aminobutyric acid alpha (GABA a)  were significantly (p<0.05) down regulated in glyphosate-exposed rats in a dose-dependent manner (50, 100 and 250 mg/kg b.wt) suggesting that glyphosate exposure causes detrimental changes in the brain tissues in rats. Conclusion: Our present study for the first time proves that glyphosate  leads to diabetic neuropathy modulating expression of the neurotransmitters such as serotonin and GABA apha.

Effect of Strawberry Extract on Tooth Discoloration and Morphology- An in vitro Study

Background: Teeth whitening or dental bleaching is a procedure that is most often asked by patients because it is a very effective way to improve the appearance and aesthetics of a smile when compared with other invasive restorative treatments. Strawberry being a natural ingredient helps in the teeth whitening process. Aim: The aim of the study is to find the effect of strawberry extract on tooth discoloration and morphology Materials and Methods: Non- carious tooth samples were used for the experiment. Mandibular premolars were used as the samples, in which one tooth was immersed in strawberry extract and the other was in distilling water and kept for three days. The height and size of the tooth were measured to determine morphological changes before and after experiments. The results were compared between the dimensions of both the teeth for 72 hours and plotted into a bar graph. Results: The results indicated that there were no significant morphological changes between the tooth immersed in strawberry extract and distilled water. Conclusion: Fruits and leaves of strawberry plants are used to whiten teeth. Chewing strawberries every day can help to nourish the mouth, such as whitening of teeth and making breath more fresher. All these processes take place only if teeth are exposed to strawberry for a long period. Our study established the teeth whitening and anti-decay properties of strawberry extract in the teeth. Further research is required to observe the effect of strawberry extract on teeth in detail.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Potential of Ethanolic Extracts of Cissus quadrangularis and Cinnamomum tamala - An in vitro Study

Background: Diabetes is a rapidly growing metabolic disorder of the present generation. Uncontrolled diabetes leads to various complications which in turn affects the vascular system, neuropathy,and more. Medicinal plants are always a good source of drug equivalent  currently present. Antidiabetic drugs lead to a large amount of side effects. A comparative study was made between Cissus quadrangularis and Cinnamomum tamala for its antidiabetic potential. Aim: To evaluate the antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of ethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis and Cinnamomum tamala and to compare its efficacy. Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extracts of Cissus quadrangularis and Cinnamomum tamala were tested for its phytoconstituents, antioxidant and antidiabetic potential.The data were analyzed statistically by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test and it was used to see the statistical significance among the groups. The results with the p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant. Results: Phytochemical screening  showed a strong  presence of flavonoids and terpenoids in both the plant extract. Results showed that plant extract had antidiabetic and antioxidant activity.  Among them Cissus quadrangularis exhibited significantly more antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of Cissus and Cinnamomum tamala exhibits potent antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. With further invivo and invitro studies the plant extract can be formulated into a potent antidiabetic drug.

Effect of Concentrated and Dilute Hydrochloric Acid on Tooth Morphology: A Forensic Study

Introduction: Teeth are the most durable structure present in our human body because of the presence of enamel which persist and resist destruction more than any other bony structure. Hard nature with high amount of resistance of tissues present in the tooth prevents any destruction which increases the lifespan of the tooth. Aim: The main aim of this study is to observe the changes in tooth morphology when immersed in  dilute and concentrated hydrochloric acid. Materials and Methods: Non-caries teeth extracted due to periodontal reasons were used from the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery. The tooth added to alternate dilute and concentrated hydrochloric acid was observed till 6th day and the changes were noted along with the photographs as observations. Results: The tooth left in concentrated HCl showed rapid dissolution and was completely dissolved within 24 hours. Tooth left in dilute HCl dissolved gradually and showed less dissolution when compared to concentrated HCl. Conclusion: Most durable teeth also undergo erosion and dissolution when placed in dilute HCl and concentrated HCl. Teeth act as a major clue in the field of forensic odontology.

Comparative Evaluation of Alpha-Amylase and Alpha- Glucosidase Inhibitory Potential of Aqueous Seed Extract of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum and Moringa Oleifera - An In vitro Study

Background: Trigonella foenum-graecum is one of the commonly used herbs in food. Moringa oleifera is a source of food, accommodation and conventional medicine for many peoples in the developing countriesThe seeds of both the plants were explored for antidiabetic potential. Methods: The current work was designed to probe the in vitro anti diabetic potential of the aqueous seed elicit of trigonella foenum- graceus and Moringa oleifera using the enzymes alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase.Both the extracts were screened for their phytochemicals and antioxidant potential was also analysed.The data were examine statistically by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test was used to see the statistical significance in conjunction with groups. The results with the p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant. Result: Due to its chemical ingredient and active compounds like amino acids, alkaloids,  flavonoids, it proceeds as a good antioxidant. Trigonella foenum-graecum seed extract exhibited comparatively higher antidiabetic potential with an IC50 of 300µg/ml than the Moringa oleifera extract. Results of the work designate that both extracts of the plant possessed by forbidding alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase show maximum inhibition. Hence concluded that, Trigonella foenum graecum leaves might be considered as herbal remedies for diabetes. Conclusion: In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of seed elicit of Trigonella foenum-graecum and Moringa oleifera were analyzed and compared. This study shows that Trigonella foenum-graecum has higher antidiabetic potential than the Moringa oleifera extract.

Knowledge Awareness and Perception on Comorbidities of Obesity among Dental Students: A Survey

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the awareness of kap on comorbidities of obesity among dental students. Introducion: Obesity is characterized by an excess of adipose tissue. The increase of food intake (hyperphagia) triggered by a period of fasting is a simple but compelling example of food-intake regulation. The balance between energy intake (food consumption) and energy expenditure (basal metabolic rate, i.e. biochemical processes required to maintain cellular viability, physical activity and adaptive thermogenesis) is tightly regulated. Materials and Methods: An online survey was conducted and circulated among dental students, which included a questionnaire assessing the awareness levels of the comorbidities related to obesity. Results and Discussion: The results obtained showed that 75.8% of the people are aware that obesity can lead to sleep apnea, 80.5% of the people are aware that obesity can lead to gastrointestinal disturbances and diabetes. Conclusion: The discussion makes an attempt to trace the basic modern day concepts of obesity and its effect on health.

Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of Anti Hyperlipidimic and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activities of Malus domestica

Introduction: Malus domestica is a well known plant commonly known as apple belonging to the family Rosaceae. The fruit is rich in flavonoids and many other phytochemicals. The fruit is also reported to have many therapeutic properties. Aim: The aim of this study is to analyse phytochemical constituents and to evaluate antihyperlipidemic and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of Malus domestica aqueous extract. Materials and Methods: The phytochemical screening, and assessment of in vitro anti cholesterol and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity were done in aqueous extract of Malus domestica using standard procedures. Results and Discussion: Many phytochemical elements, such as alkaloids, proteins, amino acids, terpenoids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, saponins, and steroids, were found in Malus domesticus extract. The extract also has anticholesterol effect in vitro, according to the findings. The extract is also efficient in inhibiting the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity in a concentration dependent manner. The results obtained in the study show that Malus domestica has significant anti cholesterol and antioxidant activities. Conclusion: The present study established the potent in vitro anti cholesterol and xanthine oxidase inhibitory potential of Malus domestica.

Antidiabetic and Antiinflammatory Potentials of Sida Acuta Leaf Ethanolic Extract

Introduction: Sida acuta is known as common wireweed, and has a pantropical distribution. Antioxidants fight against free radicals and prevent a variety of diseases. Anti Inflammatory reaction is the ability of a substance to reduce swelling or inflammation. Antidiabetic substances are defined as agents which help in maintaining the level of glucose in the blood. Aim: Present study was aimed at assessing the in vitro antidiabetic and antiinflammatory potentials of Sida acuta leaf ethanolic extract.  Methods: Sida acuta was purchased and its ethanolic extract was prepared. Protein denaturation inhibition, DPPH radical scavenging, alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory assays were carried out in order to check in vitro antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antidiabetic activity spectrophotometrically..  The data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance  (ONE-WAY ANOVA) to see the statistical significant among the different concentrations of extract. P<0.05 levels were considered as statistical significance. Results: The extract of Sida acuta was compared with aspirin and an antiinflammatory reaction was analysed. Statistically significant at the levels of p < 0.05.The extract proved to contain antiinflammatory and antioxidant reactions. Alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase activity was analysed by comparing the extract with metformin. Conclusion: Sida acuta can be used for the management and treatment of various diseases and disorders. It can be used for the treatment of diabetes and cancer.

Glyphosate Caused Detrimental Changes in Enzymatic Antioxidants in Rats

Background: Glyphosate is the most enormously used broad spectrum herbicide in the world. Current assessment of carcinogenic capability of glyphosate-based herbicides by various regional, national, and international agencies have endangered the controversy. Antioxidant enzymes are often used as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Among the biomarkers superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were essential in conservation of homeostasis of cell to function as normal being. Aim: To investigate glyphosate induced detrimental changes in the enzymatic antioxidants in experimental rats. Materials and Methods: Adult male wistar albino rats were divided into 4 groups, each consisting of 6 animals. Group 1 consists of Normal control rats, Group 2 consists of Glyphosate treated at a dose of 50mg/kg body weight/day. Group 3 consists of Glyphosate treated at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight/day. Group 4 consists of Glyphosate treated at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight/day. The experimental period was 16 weeks. All chemicals and reagents used in this study were purchased from sigma chemical company, USA. Adult male albino rats weighing 180-200g were used for the study. Parameters analyzed were assay of Superoxide Dismutase Catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase. The data were analyzed statistically by one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s multiple range test, and it was used to see the statistical significance among the groups. The results with the p<0.05 level was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The results indicated that there was a significant decrease in the activities of enzymatic antioxidants in all the Glyphosate induced rats, and it decreases with increase in dose of Glyphosate. Conclusion: Glyphosate has induced oxidative stress in experimental animals by decreasing the expression of Enzymatic Antioxidants.

A Comparative Analysis on the Anti-Cholesterol Activities of Allium cepa and Allium sativum

Background: Genus Allium produces compounds of sulfur which is an important component for medical use. Studies have The Allium species and their extracts have the effect on cardiovascular disease risk factor. Both Allium cepa and Allium sativum are used as one of the spices in food preparation. Allium sativum or garlic is employed in the treatment of many diseases like blood pressure, atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, heart attack and coronary heart disease. Many biological properties like antioxidant, antimicrobial and antidiabetic are attributed to the abundance of Allium cepa. Aim: The study aimed to compare the in vitro anti-cholesterol activities of Allium sativum and Allium cepa. Methods: The phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant activity and anti-cholesterol activity of both the extracts Allium cepa and Allium sativum were analysed using standard protocols. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using one – way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range test to assess the significance of individual variations between the groups. In Duncan’s test, significance was considered at the level of p<0.05. Results: Phytochemical screening showed that both the plant extracts are rich in phytochemicals like phlobatannin, carbohydrate, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, proteins and steroids and detection of saponin was done. DPPH radical scavenging activity showed the potent antioxidant activity of both the plant extracts. A comparative analysis on the anti-cholesterol activities of Allium cepa and Allium sativum revealed that Allium cepa showed more anti-cholesterol activity compared to Allium sativum. Conclusion: The study revealed the potent antioxidant and anticholesterol activity of Allium cepa compared to Allium sativum.

Knowledge And Awareness on Oral Care Among Mothers of Children Less Than Five Years Old: A Survey

Introduction: Health-related behaviors are influenced by knowledge and awareness, with oral health being no exception. It is well-known that oral diseases are influenced by social determinants. Children depend on their parents and caretakers for maintenance of their oral health so oral health knowledge of mothers could be associated with the status of their children’s oral health. Aim: The aim of this survey was to evaluate and create awareness on oral care among mothers of children less than 5 years old. Materials and Methods: An online survey was conducted among mothers of children less than five years old using a questionnaire in google forms. The Questionnaire was framed which mainly targeted awareness on dental attitude, knowledge and practice of mothers regarding their children’s oral health. The survey was done in January 2021. The results were obtained and statistically analysed through SPSS software, chi square test was done and represented as pie-chart and bar graphs. Results: Out of 100 mothers who participated in the study, 66.09% have studied up to primary/high school level and 33.91% have qualified university level. About 54.78% of the participants agreed that the importance of oral health to general health, 28.70% disagreed. The association of mothers' education and their opinion on children's age on brushing their teeth shows that the majority of primary/high school mothers agreed that children should brush their teeth older than 5 years than other participants and it was statistically significant p value=0.04(>0.05)) Conclusion: Mothers who are graduates are more aware of the importance of oral health in children, treatment of dental caries, and brushing technique than mothers who qualified with school education.

Comparative Evaluation of Anti-diabetic Potential of Aqueous Seed Extracts of Momordica charantia, Seed Kernel Extract of Mangifera indica and Its Herbal Formulation – an in vitro Study

Introduction: A condition in which the body’s ability gets impaired to process blood glucose level is called diabetes, otherwise known as blood sugar. It ranked sixteenth among leading causes of death around the globe. There are estimated 72.96 million cases diagnosed with diabetes in the adult population of India. Momordica charantia possess anti-diabetic, anti hyperglycemic and anti inflammatory properties. Mangifera indica is traditionally used to treat diarrhoea, cancer, diabetes and tooth aches. Aim: Aim of this study is to analyse comparative evaluation of anti-diabetic potential of aqueous seed extracts of Momordica charantia, seed kernel extract of Mangifera indica through in vitro analysis. Methods: Momordica charantia and Mangifera indica were collected from local farms, and the extracts were analysed for its phytochemicals. Antioxidant and Anti-diabetic potential of the seed extract were evaluated along with standards. The data were analysed statistically by a one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test was used to see the statistical significance among the groups. The results with the p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant. Results: Momordica charantia and Mangifera indica and its herbal formulation showed significant antioxidant and anti-diabetic potential. Conclusion: The results showed both the seed and seed kernel extracts of Momordica charantia and Mangifera indica possessed anti-diabetic activity but the herbal formulation possessed much more significant anti-diabetic activity than the individual extract.

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Cayratia trifolia

Introduction: Cayratia trifolia is a plant belonging to the family Vitaceae and genus Cayratia. Anti-inflammatory activity is the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation or swelling. Antioxidants are defined as substances that delay or inhibit oxidative damage to a target molecule and its principal function is its ability to trap free radicals. The alcoholic leaf extract of Cayratia trifolia has anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidant properties against inflammations and swelling and DPPH free radicals respectively and can be evaluated using both in vitro and in vivo assays. The principal aim of the study is to employ in-vitro assays to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Cayratia trifolia. Materials and Methods: Plant extract of Cayratia trifolia was purchased and tested for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In case of evaluating the antioxidant activity, the methanolic extract of the plant was utilised. The examination of the anti-inflammatory properties of Cayratia trifolia involves acetyl salicylic acid as a positive control and aspirin and aspirin was employed as a standard anti-inflammatory drug. Results: The anti-inflammatory activity of Cayratia trifolia extract was examined and it was observed that the plant extract showed an increased percentage of inhibition of trypsin with increasing concentration. Similarly, the antioxidant activity was compared to Vitamin C and the percentage of inhibition of DPPH free radicals increased with the increase in concentration of the extract. Conclusion: Within the limits of the study, the plant extract of Cayratia trifolia was observed to possess both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Comparative Analysis of Anti Gout Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Alternanthera sessilis and Moringa oleifera

Introduction: Ethanolic extracts of Alternanthera sessilis and Moringa oleifera were screened for the presence of different classes of phytochemicals. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of amino acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, sapponents and steroids.Gout is the type of arthritis that causes painful inflammation and develops due to overproduction of urate. Aim: To analyse the anti gout activities of ethanolic extract of Alternanthera sessilis and moringa oleifera. Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extract of Alternanthera sessilis and Moringa oleifera were prepared as per the standard methods and used for the assessment of preliminary phytochemical screening, antioxidants and anti gout activities. The data were analyzed statistically by a one-way analysis of (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test was used to see the statistical significance among the group. The results with the p< 0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant. Results: Antioxidant and Anti gout potential of the ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera was found to be significantly more than the ethanolic extract of Alternanthera sessilis. Conclusion: Both the ethanolic extracts exhibited anti gout activity, further studies are needed to validate the herbal extracts as a drug formulation.

Knowledge, Awareness and Perception on Burning Mouth Syndrome among Dental Students-A Survey

Introduction: Burning mouth syndrome is a condition distinguished by painful burning sensation of the tongue and mucosal tissue of the mouth, lips and palate that lasts from a few days to a few months. Common symptoms of burning mouth syndrome include burning sensation in the mouth, altered taste sensation and xerostomia or dry mouth despite normal salivation. Treatment of BMS is by either local or systemic medications that temporarily relieve symptoms and on improving quality of life. Menopausal or postmenopausal women with hormonal changes or psychological disorders have higher risk of developing burning mouth syndrome. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate and assess the knowledge, awareness and perception on burning mouth syndrome among dental students. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted among dental students to evaluate the awareness about burning mouth syndrome. The study population in the study are the dental students with a sample size of 100. The questionnaire consisted of 14 questions and was shared to dental students using online survey platform. Frequency table was prepared for each question and analysed using spss data analysis software. Results and Discussion: 82% of the participants were aware about burning mouth syndrome and 18% of the participants were not aware. 69% of the participants were aware that psychological problems like anxiety, depression can cause bms whereas 31% of the participants were not aware Conclusion: The dental students have a moderate level of awareness about burning mouth syndrome. Most of the dental students were aware about burning mouth syndrome but there was still a group of teenagers who were not aware. More awareness and better understanding will result in better management and better treatment plans.

Awareness on Importance of Immune Boosting Diet among Dental Students- A Survey

Introduction: An immune system is essential for survival. The immune system must be looking for any signs of invasion mostly caused by microorganisms. It plays a vital role in protecting the body against diseases, fighting against foreign bodies and does a remarkable job in defending against microorganisms. A Natural immune booster is an additional immunising agent which helps to increase and sustain the immune response of the body. The aim of this study is to show the awareness level on importance of immune boosting diet among dental students Materials and methods: A questionnaire was prepared consisting of a total 14 questions and was uploaded through an online survey link. The responses were collected and analysed which were later interpreted as pie charts. A total of 100 undergraduate dental students have taken the survey with consent. The data was analysed by IBM SPSS software where descriptive statistics and chi square test was done, where the results are plotted as graphs. Results: A total of 100 participants have taken the survey in which 50% were males and 50% were females. A question was asked whether food directly affects our health in which 96% have answered yes. In another question pertaining to how many meals you eat per day. 48% have answered three times and 48% have answered two times. 98% believe that skipping meals affects our immunity/health. 94% believe that Indian spices can boost our immunity. 92% believe green tea is a great antioxidant. 57% have answered that taking natural food along with supplements can boost immunity instead of just taking either one. 48% answered that fat has more calories followed by carbohydrates. 88% believe that Consumption of carbohydrates can lead to increase in triglycerides. 97% believe that consumption of citrus fruits can increase immunity Conclusion: According to the study, students are aware about the nutrition which is required for maintaining and improving their immunity. As a budding doctor, the students should be aware about the nutrition which is required for maintaining immunity especially during this COVID 19 pandemic.

Evaluation of Hypolipidemic Potential of Aqueous Seed Extract of Moringa oleifera –An In vitro Study

Introduction: Various parts of the tree Moringa oleifera Lam belonging to the Moringceae family  are used extensively  by the Indians as a major food constituent and also as  herbal medicine. The dried seeds are used as a hypolipidemic agent for patients who suffer from obesity. Aim: The study was aimed at evaluation of hypolipidemic potential of aqueous seed extract of Moringa oleifera - an In vitro study.  Materials and Methods: Hypolipidemic potential and antioxidant potential of aqueous seed extract of Moringa oleifera was analysed and compared with the standard drug. The data were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test and it was used to see the statistical significance among the groups. The results with the p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant. Results: The DPPH radical scavenging activity showed that the plant extract possessed a significant In vitro antioxidant( Ic50=220µg/ml)  and hypolipidemic activity.(( Ic50=380µg/ml). Conclusion: The aqueous seed extract of Moringa oleifera exhibited a significant antioxidant and hypolipidemic potential.

Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and Assessment of Antioxidant and Anti Cholesterol Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Acalypha indica linn

Background: Acalypha indica Linn. is a weed plant found in shady wetlands. It is commonly called as kuppai meni in Tamil, belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is found to be one of the greatest Indian plants with anti-venom, antibacterial, antiviral and antimicrobial properties. Aim:Preliminary phytochemical analysis and assessment of antioxidant and anti cholesterol activity of ethanolic leaf extract of acalypha indica linn Materials and Methods: Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant and hypolipidemic potential of Acalypha indica Linn.was analysed as per the standard methods. The data were analyzed statistically by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test and it was used to see the statistical significance among the groups. The results with the p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant. Results: Ethanolic leaf extract of Acalypha indica Linn exhibited a significant antioxidant and hypolipidemic activity and increased in a dose dependent manner as compared to the standard drug. Conclusion: Many researchers are working towards replacing synthetic drugs with herbal alternatives. Herbal extracts are natural and will aid in longevity.

Preliminarily Phytochemical Screening, Anti Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activity of Macrotyloma Uniflorum (Horse Gram) Leaf Ethanolic Extract on Selected Oral Pathogens

Aim: To know the Preliminary phytochemical screening, Anti Inflammatory activity and antimicrobial activity Macrotyloma uniflorum (Horse gram) leaf ethanolic extract on selected oral pathogens. Introduction: Macrotyloma uniflorum also known as horse gram is a plant grown for feeding horses, rarely by humans and also in Ayurvedic cuisine. This plant is a legume from tropical southern Asia which belongs to the family of Fabaceae and the kingdom of Plantae. Materials and Methods: Macrotyloma uniflorum ethanolic plant extract was made and statistical analysis was done using various methods in order to know the anti inflammatory and antioxidant properties by preliminary phytochemical screening. Results and Discussion: The polyphenolic compounds flavonoids and tannins appear to be the most promising in Macrotyloma uniflorum ethanolic plant extract. Conclusion: The study demonstrated in vitro antioxidants and anti- inflammatory activities of Macrotyloma uniflorum leaf extract through scavenging, chelating and reducing   activity.

Evaluation of Anti Cholesterol and Antioxidant Potentiality of Aqueous Extracts of Citrus aurantifolia, Zingiber officinale and its Formulation - a Comparative In vitro Study

Background: Several plant extracts and herbs have been used for treating and prevention of cardiovascular diseases hypertension, angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, cerebral and venous insufficiency and arrhythmia. Similarly, aqueous extracts of Citrus aurantifolia and Zingiber officinale which is commonly called as lemon and ginger respectively and its formulation were analysed for its antioxidant and anti cholesterol activity. Objective: This research has been performed in order to evaluate the anti cholesterol and antioxidant potentiality of aqueous extracts of Citrus aurantifolia, Zingiber officinale and its formulation respectively. Methods: The study setting carried out for this research was in vitro, hence the work was performed outside the living organism. Citrus aurantifolia and Zingiber officinale were purchased from a farm in chennai. The experiment began starting from the preparation of aqueous extract of lemon and ginger. A formulation was made combining equal amounts of the two extracts followed by this, a phytochemical screening test was conducted. Antioxidant and anti cholesterol potential of the extracts and its formulation were also analysed. The data was statistically examined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) continued by Duncan’s multiple range test, it was compiled to see the statistical significance among the groups present. The results carrying p<0.05 level were contemplated to be statistically significant. Result: From the study, though both the extracts possessed a good antioxidant and anti cholesterol potential, comparatively the formulation exhibited an increased antioxidant and anti cholesterol potential respectively (IC₅₀ = 250 µg/ml) and (IC₅₀= 375µg per ml). Here, the formulation exhibited significantly more activity than the individual extracts. Conclusion: Even though there is sufficient knowledge among citizens about the nutritional value present in herbal formulations, there isn’t enough in-depth study conducted on the formulation of these two extracts based on their cholesterol inhibitory activity. From this particular study it was proven that the formulation showed synergism. Hence the formulation of these extracts could be preferred over other synthetic drugs since it is natural, cost effective and easily accessible.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Potential of Methanolic Root Extract of Acorus calamus- an In vitro Study

Background: Gout is an inflammatory joint disease that elevates the uric acid levels in blood that triggers the formation of urate crystals in the joint,especially since the past 50 years. Xanthine oxidase catalyses oxidative hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to Xanthine to uric acid. show it's higher in men aged above 50 years. Acorus calamus is a mid term, perennial, fragrant herb. Therefore, the main approach for the treatment of gout is reducing uric acid. Aim: To analyze the antioxidant and Xanthine Oxidase inhibitory potential of methanolic root extract of Acorus calamus. Materials and Methods: Preparation of methanolic root extract of Acorus calamus was done by hot percolation method. Phytochemical screening test was done. The antioxidant activity was carried out by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Anti gout potential of the herbal extract was analysed by the evaluation of Xanthine oxidase inhibitory potential. The data were analyzed statistically by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test to see the statistical significance among the groups. The results with p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant. Results: Methanolic root extract of Acorus calamus shows a strong presence of phytochemicals such as alkaloids ,terpenoids, steroids, saponins, flavonoids.IC50 of antioxidant potential of Methanolic root extract of Acorus calamus was found to be 210 µg/ml.Ic 50 of xanthine oxidase inhibitory potential of methanolic root extract of Acorus calamus was found to be 310 µg/ml. Conclusion: Methanolic root extract of Acorus calamus exhibited significant antioxidant and anti gout potential. Further research on the natural Xanthine oxidase inhibitors especially in vivo studies and investigation of active compounds and its pharmacokinetics to be elucidated.

Phytochemical Screening and In vitro Albumin Denaturation Inhibitory Potential of Methanolic Root Extract of Acorus calamus

Introduction: Medicinal plants are chief antidotes for numerous diseases and have been used since time immemorial. Sweet flag’s (Acorus calamus) presence is in Ayurveda and belongs to the genus Acorus L. of the family Acoraceae and is widely distributed in temperate to sub temperate regions. It is commonly used to treat appetite loss, diarrhoea, digestive disorders in traditional medicinal systems of Asian and European countries. The aim of this study is to explore the phytoconstituents, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of methanolic root extract of Acorus calamus. Materials and Methods: Methanolic root extract of Acorus calamus was done by the Hot Percolation method. Later it was dried and used to analyse the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials. Phytochemical screening was done to analyse the presence of various phytochemicals. Antioxidant effect of Acorus calamus was tested by 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and Albumin denaturation inhibitory potential test was organised for testing it’s anti-inflammatory Activity. The data were analysed statistically by a one-way analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test was used to see the statistical significance among the groups. The results with the p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant. Results: Methanolic root extract of Acorus calamus was found to be rich in Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, Sapanoids, Steroids and Phlobatannin. The presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, saponins, Flavonoids indicates that the extract has potential for further in vitro analysis like antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials. It was observed that Acorus calamus has both antioxidant (IC50 of = 295 µg/ml) as well as anti inflammatory potentials (IC50 =310 µg/ml) and the activity increased in a dose dependent manner as compared to that of standard (Vitamin C and Diclofenac respectively). Conclusion: The study proves the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of Acorus calamus and throws light on the prospects of drug formulation against oxidant activity and inflammation.