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Vijayachari P, Awaradi S, Siddaraju HM, Nithin K, Veerendra S, Babu US, Chander MP, Kartick C, Anwesh M, Sugunan AP. Survey of the present health & nutritional status of Shompen tribe of Great Nicobar Island. Indian J Med Res 2024; 159:35-42. [PMID: 38439124 PMCID: PMC10954110 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_3193_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES Shompens are one of the two mongoloid tribes of Nicobar district. There is little information about their recent health status since the last survey which was conducted in 1998. Hence, a comprehensive health and nutritional survey was conducted in March 2017 to assess the changes. The survey was carried out by a joint team of various organizations including the ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre and Tribal Welfare and Health Department both located in Port Blair. METHODS A detailed health and nutrition survey of the Shompen community was planned by deputing a field research team. The survey included demographic data, anthropometric data, clinical examination, screening for the markers of infectious diseases, respiratory pathogens, tuberculosis and haemoglobinopathies. RESULTS About half of the Shompen adults (both males and females) had a body mass index (BMI) of ≥23. However, Shompen children had a good nutritional status with no child suffering from undernutrition. As per BMI for age, none of the children <5 yr were under-nourished, while in the 5-17 yr group, 12 per cent of children were undernourished. Anaemia prevalence was about 48.3 per cent, with 54 per cent prevalence in females and 43.8 per cent in males. Fungal infection of the skin, acute respiratory infection and abdominal pain were the common morbidities observed. None had active pulmonary tuberculosis. Of 38 Shompens screened for IgG (immunoglobulin G) antibodies, 42.1 and 18.4 per cent were positive for measles and rubella, respectively. Seroprevalence of Leptospira was 35.5 per cent. The prevalence of hypertension was 13.2 per cent, whereas another 28.9 per cent were pre-hypertensive. INTERPRETATION CONCLUSIONS The population structure of the Shompen is not skewed and under nutrition was not widely prevalent among the children of <5 yr. The other positive observations were the absence of malaria, filariasis and dengue. However, there was natural infection of measles and rubella. Fungal skin infection and intestinal parasitic infestations were widely prevalent. Although cardiovascular risk profile was low, there were signs of emerging risk of over-weight, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. These together with the high prevalence of smokeless tobacco use may have a serious effect on the cardiovascular disease susceptibility of the Shompen population in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Awaradi
- Andaman Nicobar Tribal Research Institute, Port Blair, India
| | | | - K. Nithin
- Department of Panchakarma, Jammu Institute of Ayurveda and Research, NARDNI Raipur, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - S.S. Veerendra
- Campbell Bay PHC, Great Nicobar, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - U. Suresh Babu
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, India
| | | | - C. Kartick
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, India
| | - M. Anwesh
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, India
| | - A. P. Sugunan
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, India
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Kaur P, Borah PK, Uike PV, Mohapatra PK, Das NK, Gaigaware P, Tobgay KJ, Tushi A, Zorinsangi, Mazumdar G, Marak B, Pizi D, Chakma T, Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P, Bhardwaj RR, Arambam PC, Kutum T, Sharma A, Pal P, Shanmugapriya PC, Manivel P, Kaliyamoorthy N, Chakma J, Mathur P, Dhaliwal RS, Mahanta J, Mehendale SM. Non-communicable diseases as a major contributor to deaths in 12 tribal districts in India. Indian J Med Res 2022; 156:250-259. [PMID: 36629184 PMCID: PMC10057361 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_3332_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death in India. Although studies have reported a high prevalence of NCD in tribal populations, there are limited data pertaining mortality due to NCDs. Therefore, in this study we estimated the proportion of deaths due to NCDs among 15 yr and older age group in tribal districts in India. Methods We conducted a community-based survey in 12 districts (one per State) with more than 50 per cent tribal population. Data were collected using a verbal autopsy tool from the family member of the deceased. The estimated sample size was 452 deaths per district. We obtained the list of deaths for the reference period of one year and updated it during the survey. The cause of death was assigned using the International Classification of Diseases-10 classification and analyzed the proportions of causes of death. The age-standardized death rate (ASRD) was also estimated. Results We surveyed 5292 deaths among those above 15 years of age. Overall, NCDs accounted for 66 per cent of the deaths, followed by infectious diseases (15%) and injuries (11%). Cardiovascular diseases were the leading cause of death in 10 of the 12 sites. In East Garo Hills (18%) and Lunglei (26%), neoplasms were the leading cause of death. ASRD due to NCD ranged from 426 in Kinnaur to 756 per 100,000 in East Garo Hills. Interpretation & conclusions The findings of this community-based survey suggested that NCDs were the leading cause of death among the tribal populations in India. It is hence suggested that control of NCDs should be one of the public health priorities for tribal districts in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhdeep Kaur
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P K Borah
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Pankaj V Uike
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P K Mohapatra
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Nabajit Kr Das
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Pooja Gaigaware
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karma Jigme Tobgay
- Department of Health Care, Human Services & Family Welfare, Government of Sikkim, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
| | - Aonungdok Tushi
- Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Nagaland, Mokokchung, Nagaland, India
| | - Zorinsangi
- Health & Family Welfare Department, Government of Mizoram, Aizwal, Mizoram, India
| | | | - Bibha Marak
- Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Meghalaya, East Garo Hills, Meghalaya, India
| | - Dirang Pizi
- Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Arunachal Pradesh, East Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tapas Chakma
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - A P Sugunan
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Island
| | - P Vijayachari
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Island
| | - Rakesh R Bhardwaj
- Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Himachal Pradesh, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Probin C Arambam
- Directorate of Health Services, Government of Manipur, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Tridip Kutum
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Anand Sharma
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Piyalee Pal
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P C Shanmugapriya
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prathab Manivel
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Neelakandan Kaliyamoorthy
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Joy Chakma
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Mathur
- ICMR-National Centre for Disease Informatics & Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - R S Dhaliwal
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - J Mahanta
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Sanjay M Mehendale
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sunish IP, Shriram AN, De A, Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P. Characterization of the anopheline vector breeding habitats: Implications for elimination of malaria in tribal inhabited Car Nicobar Island. Indian J Med Res 2022; 156:240-249. [PMID: 36629183 PMCID: PMC10057366 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_3189_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Malaria is an important public health problem in Andaman & Nicobar archipelago. Among the three districts, Nicobar is the most endemic district where API is >2. In this district, the malaria incidence in Car Nicobar Tehsil has declined steadily over the past 10 years. A renewed initiative to consolidate this gain is being made with the ultimate objective of achieving zero indigenous transmission of malaria in Car Nicobar. So, the present study undertook a close environmental monitoring of water bodies for assessing changes in the risk potential of mosquito vector breeding habitats which can augment the elimination programme. Methods The breeding habitats of anopheline mosquitoes were sampled in 16 areas of Car Nicobar Island for eight time periods during 2017-2020. Along with anophelines, various associated water parameters (n=60) were estimated, viz. physicochemical (n=13), and biological, which included culicine mosquito immatures, insect predators (n=5), phytoplanktons (n=31) and zooplanktons (n=10). Results In the 16 study sites, overall 1126 surface water stagnating bodies constituting 21 different habitat types were surveyed. Of these, 17 were positive for anopheline breeding. Water bodies from three villages were consistently found to be positive for anopheline breeding. However, early instars of anopheline larvae were more abundant compared to the late instars. Four anopheline species were recorded, including Anopheles sundaicus, A. barbirostris, A. insulaeflorum and A. subpictus, in which 48 per cent were A. sundaicus. Multivariable analysis indicated that anopheline density was significantly higher in permanent water bodies than in temporary habitats (P<0.05) (high risk of anophelines). The highest pH (≥8.2), dissolved solids (≥0.39) levels showed significantly (P<0.05) decreased larval densities (lower risk of breeding), adjusted with breeding sites and season. Nitrite levels increased (P=0.022) larval densities. Interpretation & conclusions The present study facilitated estimating the productive period of a larval habitat enabling target larval sources to reduce adult populations. Implementing larviciding strategy before monsoon season is presumably the most cost-effective strategy. The output can be utilized for environmental monitoring of mosquito breeding risk in other malaria endemic areas, particularly where medium/large water bodies are the predominant breeding sites for malaria vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Sunish
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
| | - A N Shriram
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands; ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Amitabha De
- Directorate of Health Services, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
| | - A P Sugunan
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
| | - P Vijayachari
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
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Kaur P, Borah PK, Gaigaware P, Mohapatra PK, R Das NK, Uike PV, Tobgay KJ, Tushi A, Zorinsangi, Mazumdar G, Marak B, Pizi D, Chakma T, Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P, Bhardwaj RR, Arambam PC, Kutum T, Sharma A, Pal P, Shanmugapriya PC, Manivel P, Kaliyamoorthy N, Chakma J, Mathur P, Dhaliwal RS, Mahanta J, Mehendale SM. Preparedness of primary & secondary care health facilities for the management of non-communicable diseases in tribal population across 12 districts in India. Indian J Med Res 2022; 156:260-268. [PMID: 36629185 PMCID: PMC10057372 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_3248_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are highly prevalent in the tribal populations; however, there are limited data regarding health system preparedness to tackle NCDs among these populations. We estimated the availability of human resources, equipment, drugs, services and knowledge of doctors for NCD management in the selected tribal districts in India. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 12 districts (one from each State) with at least 50 per cent tribal population in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and eight northeastern States. Primary health centres (PHCs), community health centres (CHCs) and district/sub-district hospitals (DHs) were surveyed and data on screening and treatment services, human resources, equipment, drugs and information systems indicators were collected and analysed. The data were presented as proportions. Results In the present study 177 facilities were surveyed, including 156 PHCs/CHCs and 21 DHs. DHs and the majority (82-96%) of the PHCs/CHCs provided outpatient treatment for diabetes and hypertension. Overall, 97 per cent of PHCs/CHCs had doctors, and 78 per cent had staff nurses. The availability of digital blood pressure monitors ranged from 35 to 43 per cent, and drugs were either not available or inadequate. Among 213 doctors, three-fourths knew the correct criteria for hypertension diagnosis, and a few correctly reported diabetes diagnosis criteria. Interpretation & conclusions The results of this study suggest that the health system of the studied tribal districts was not adequately prepared to manage NCDs. The key challenges included inadequately trained workforce and a lack of equipment and drugs. It is suggested that capacity building and, procurement and distribution of equipment, drugs and information systems to track NCD patients should be the key focus areas of national programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhdeep Kaur
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P K Borah
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Pooja Gaigaware
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P K Mohapatra
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Nabajit K R Das
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Pankaj V Uike
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karma Jigme Tobgay
- Department of Health Care, Human Services & Family Welfare, Government of Sikkim, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
| | - Aonungdok Tushi
- Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Nagaland, Mokokchung, Nagaland, India
| | - Zorinsangi
- Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Mizoram, Aizwal, Mizoram, India
| | | | - Bibha Marak
- Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Meghalaya, East Garo Hills, Meghalaya, India
| | - Dirang Pizi
- Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Arunachal Pradesh, East Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tapas Chakma
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR- National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - A P Sugunan
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - P Vijayachari
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Rakesh R Bhardwaj
- Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Himachal Pradesh, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Probin C Arambam
- Directorate of Health Services, Government of Manipur, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Tridip Kutum
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Anand Sharma
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Piyalee Pal
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P C Shanmugapriya
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prathab Manivel
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Neelakandan Kaliyamoorthy
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Joy Chakma
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Mathur
- ICMR-National Centre for Disease Informatics & Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - R S Dhaliwal
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - J Mahanta
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Sanjay M Mehendale
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sharma D, Sangal L, Vijay N, Nalavade U, Krishnasamy K, Pawar S, Kaur H, Narayan J, Rane S, Narkar M, Arumugam R, D D, Sugunan AP, Balakrishnan A, Joseph B, Turuk J, Sabat J, Sahoo P, Barde P, Sahare L, Ukey M, Kumar M, Sinha N, Bhuttoo ZA, Vijayachari P, Chander P, Sharma S, D V, L G, Sharma C, Bhatnagar P, VanderEnde K, Kaundal N, Murugan R, Haldar P, Gadkari D, Aggarwal N, Gupta N. Expansion of the measles and rubella laboratory network, India. Bull World Health Organ 2022; 100:247-255. [PMID: 35386556 PMCID: PMC8958835 DOI: 10.2471/blt.21.286999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To expand the measles and rubella laboratory network of India by integrating new laboratories. Methods In collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO), the Indian government developed a 10-step scheme to systematically expand the number of laboratories performing serological and molecular testing for measles and rubella. The Indian Council of Medical Research and WHO identified suitable laboratories based on their geographical location, willingness, preparedness, past performance and adherence to national quality control and quality assurance mechanisms. The 10-step scheme was initiated with training on measles and rubella diagnostic assays followed by testing of both measles and rubella serology and molecular unknown panels, cross-verification with reference laboratories and ended with WHO on-site accreditation. Findings After extensive training, technical support, funding and monitoring, all six selected laboratories attained passing scores of 90.0% or more in serological and molecular proficiency testing of measles and rubella. Since 2018, the laboratories are a part of the measles and rubella network of India. Within 12 months of initiation of independent reporting, the six laboratories have tested 2287 serum samples and 701 throat or nasopharyngeal swabs or urine samples. Conclusion The process led to strengthening and expansion of the network. This proficient laboratory network has helped India in scaling up serological and molecular testing of measles and rubella while ensuring high quality testing. The collaborative model developed by the Indian government with WHO can be implemented by other countries for expanding laboratory networks for surveillance of measles and rubella as well as other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Sharma
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Mumbai, India
| | - Lucky Sangal
- Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India
| | - Neetu Vijay
- Virology Unit, Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, P.O. Box No. 4911 Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110029, India
| | - Uma Nalavade
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Shailesh Pawar
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Mumbai, India
| | - Harmanmeet Kaur
- Virology Unit, Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, P.O. Box No. 4911 Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110029, India
| | - Jitendra Narayan
- Virology Unit, Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, P.O. Box No. 4911 Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110029, India
| | - Sneha Rane
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Mumbai, India
| | - Manish Narkar
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Mumbai, India
| | - Ramesh Arumugam
- King Institute of Preventive Medicine, Guindy, Chennai, India
| | - Dhanagaran D
- King Institute of Preventive Medicine, Guindy, Chennai, India
| | - A P Sugunan
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Field Unit, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | | | - Bestin Joseph
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Field Unit, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Prakash Sahoo
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Pradip Barde
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Lalit Sahare
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mahendra Ukey
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Rajendra Institute of Medical Science, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Nikesh Sinha
- Rajendra Institute of Medical Science, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | | | - Paluru Vijayachari
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Punnam Chander
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Shivangi Sharma
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Venkatesha D
- Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hassan, Karnataka, India
| | - Gayathree L
- Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hassan, Karnataka, India
| | - Chethan Sharma
- Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hassan, Karnataka, India
| | - Pankaj Bhatnagar
- National Public Health Support Programme, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India
| | - Kristin VanderEnde
- National Public Health Support Programme, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirmal Kaundal
- National Public Health Support Programme, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India
| | - Ratnesh Murugan
- National Public Health Support Programme, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Haldar
- National Health Mission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Neeraj Aggarwal
- Virology Unit, Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, P.O. Box No. 4911 Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110029, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Virology Unit, Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, P.O. Box No. 4911 Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110029, India
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Yadav PD, Sahay RR, Balakrishnan A, Mohandas S, Radhakrishnan C, Gokhale MD, Balasubramanian R, Abraham P, Gupta N, Sugunan AP, Khobragade R, George K, Shete A, Patil S, Thankappan UP, Dighe H, Koshy J, Vijay V, Gayathri R, Kumar PJ, Rahim A, Naveen A, Nair S, Rajendran VR, Jayasree V, Majumdar T, Jain R, Viswanathan P, Patil DY, Kumar A, Nyayanit DA, Sarkale P, Waghmare A, Baradkar S, Gawande P, Bodke P, Kalele K, Yemul J, Dhaigude S, Holepannawar M, Gopale S, Chopade G, Ray S, Waghmare P, Narayan J, Mathapati B, Kadam M, Kumar A, Suryawanshi A, Jose BP, Sivadas S, Akash NP, Vimisha TV, Keerthi KV. Nipah Virus Outbreak in Kerala State, India Amidst of COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Public Health 2022; 10:818545. [PMID: 35252095 PMCID: PMC8891450 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.818545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a Nipah virus (NiV) outbreak in Kozhikode district of Kerala state, India, which had caused fatal encephalitis in a 12-year-old boy and the outbreak response, which led to the successful containment of the disease and the related investigations. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, ELISA-based antibody detection, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) were performed to confirm the NiV infection. Contacts of the index case were traced and isolated based on risk categorization. Bats from the areas near the epicenter of the outbreak were sampled for throat swabs, rectal swabs, and blood samples for NiV screening by real-time RT-PCR and anti-NiV bat immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA. A plaque reduction neutralization test was performed for the detection of neutralizing antibodies. Nipah viral RNA could be detected from blood, bronchial wash, endotracheal (ET) secretion, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and anti-NiV immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies from the serum sample of the index case. Rapid establishment of an onsite NiV diagnostic facility and contact tracing helped in quick containment of the outbreak. NiV sequences retrieved from the clinical specimen of the index case formed a sub-cluster with the earlier reported Nipah I genotype sequences from India with more than 95% similarity. Anti-NiV IgG positivity could be detected in 21% of Pteropus medius (P. medius) and 37.73% of Rousettus leschenaultia (R. leschenaultia). Neutralizing antibodies against NiV could be detected in P. medius. Stringent surveillance and awareness campaigns need to be implemented in the area to reduce human-bat interactions and minimize spillover events, which can lead to sporadic outbreaks of NiV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D. Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- *Correspondence: Pragya D. Yadav
| | - Rima R. Sahay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Anukumar Balakrishnan
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
| | | | | | - Mangesh D. Gokhale
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - R. Balasubramanian
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - A. P. Sugunan
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
| | - Rajan Khobragade
- Health and Family Welfare Department, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Kalpana George
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - Anita Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Savita Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Hitesh Dighe
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Jijo Koshy
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
| | - Vivek Vijay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
| | - R. Gayathri
- Department of Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - P. Jayesh Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - Asma Rahim
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - A. Naveen
- National Health Mission, Kozhikode, India
| | | | | | - V. Jayasree
- District Medical Office of Health, Health Department, Kozhikode, India
| | - Triparna Majumdar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Rajlaxmi Jain
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Deepak Y. Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Abhinendra Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Dimpal A. Nyayanit
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Prasad Sarkale
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Ashwini Waghmare
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Shrikant Baradkar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Pranita Gawande
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Poonam Bodke
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Kaumudi Kalele
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Jyoti Yemul
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Sachin Dhaigude
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Sanjay Gopale
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Ganesh Chopade
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Shilpa Ray
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Priyanka Waghmare
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Jitendra Narayan
- Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Basavaraj Mathapati
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Manoj Kadam
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Abhimanyu Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | | | - Saritha Sivadas
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - N. P. Akash
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - T. V. Vimisha
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - K. V. Keerthi
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
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Rajamani M, Maile A, Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P. Truenat TM - micro real-time-polymerase chain reaction for rapid diagnosis of leptospirosis at minimal resource settings. Indian J Med Res 2021; 154:115-120. [PMID: 34782537 PMCID: PMC8715686 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2539_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: The biological spectrum of leptospirosis ranges from acute undifferentiated febrile illness to severe fatal syndrome or a combination of syndromes. Diagnosis on clinical grounds alone is difficult and depends on laboratory support. However, no confirmatory tests are available, which is rapid and can be performed with minimum facilities available. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the diagnostic utility, accuracy and reproducibility of a rapid real time-PCR based method (Truenat™) for early diagnosis of leptospirosis, and its usage in low resource settings. Methods: The Truenat™ test was performed using plasma sample collected from confirmed patients and controls. DNA was extracted from plasma samples and the reaction was performed as per the manufacturer’s instructions. Leptospiral isolates were also used to assess the performance using different serovars. Results: Evaluation of the Truenat™ test with RT-PCR as the gold standard showed that Truenat™ had a sensitivity of 97.4 per cent and a specificity of 98.6 per cent. The overall agreement with RT-PCR was 98.2 per cent. Interpretation & conclusions: Our results showed that the test would be a useful tool for early diagnosis of leptospirosis in settings with minimal facilities and the test results could be obtained within an hour. This indicates that a specific therapy can be instituted during the early phase of the disease even at peripheral healthcare facilities as well during the outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rajamani
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Research, Reference & Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Anwesh Maile
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Research, Reference & Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - A P Sugunan
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Research, Reference & Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - P Vijayachari
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Research, Reference & Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
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Anukumar B, Asia Devi T, Koshy J, Nikhil NT, Sugunan AP. Molecular characterization of chikungunya virus isolates from two localized outbreaks during 2014-2019 in Kerala, India. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2895-2899. [PMID: 34351521 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
After the 2005-2009 chikungunya epidemic, intermittent outbreaks were reported in many parts of India. The outbreaks were caused by either locally circulating strains or imported viruses. Virus transmission routes can be traced by complete genome sequencing studies. We investigated two outbreaks in 2014 and 2019 in Kerala, India. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was isolated from the samples, and whole genomes were sequenced for a 2014 isolate and a 2019 isolate. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates formed a separate group with a 2019 isolate from Pune, Maharashtra, and belonged to the East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype, Indian subcontinent sublineage of the Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL). A novel mutation at amino acid position 76 of the E2 gene was observed in the group. The phylogenetic results suggest that the outbreaks might have been caused by a virus that had been circulating in India since 2014. A detailed study is needed to investigate the evolution of CHIKV in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Anukumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Govt. T. D. Medical College Hospital, Vandanam, Alappuzha, Kerala, India.
| | - T Asia Devi
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Govt. T. D. Medical College Hospital, Vandanam, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | - Jijo Koshy
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Govt. T. D. Medical College Hospital, Vandanam, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | - N T Nikhil
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Govt. T. D. Medical College Hospital, Vandanam, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | - A P Sugunan
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Govt. T. D. Medical College Hospital, Vandanam, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
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Praharaj I, Jain A, Singh M, Balakrishnan A, Dhodapkar R, Borkakoty B, Ashok M, Das PD, Biswas D, Kalawat U, Turuk J, Sugunan AP, Prakash S, Singh AK, Barathidasan R, Subhadra S, Sabat J, Manjunath MJ, Kanta P, Mudhigeti N, Hazarika R, Mishra H, Abhishek K, Santhalembi C, Dikhit MR, Vijay N, Narayan J, Kaur H, Giri S, Gupta N. Authors' response. Indian J Med Res 2021; 153:563. [PMID: 34643564 PMCID: PMC8555583 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.318161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ira Praharaj
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Amita Jain
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mini Singh
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Rahul Dhodapkar
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Munivenkatappa Ashok
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Bangalore Unit, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Pradeep Das Das
- ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Debasis Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Usha Kalawat
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - A P Sugunan
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | - Shantanu Prakash
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anirudh K Singh
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajamani Barathidasan
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Subhra Subhadra
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - M J Manjunath
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Bangalore Unit, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Poonam Kanta
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nagaraja Mudhigeti
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Hazarika
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Hricha Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - C Santhalembi
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Dikhit
- ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Neetu Vijay
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
| | - Jitendra Narayan
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
| | - Harmanmeet Kaur
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
| | - Sidhartha Giri
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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10
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Praharaj I, Jain A, Singh M, Balakrishnan A, Dhodapkar R, Borkakoty B, Ashok M, Das P, Biswas D, Kalawat U, Turuk J, Sugunan AP, Prakash S, Singh AK, Barathidasan R, Subhadra S, Sabat J, Manjunath MJ, Kanta P, Mudhigeti N, Hazarika R, Mishra H, Abhishek K, Santhalembi C, Dikhit MR, Vijay N, Narayan J, Kaur H, Giri S, Gupta N. Authors' response. Indian J Med Res 2021; 153:700-701. [PMID: 34643571 PMCID: PMC8555614 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.318158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ira Praharaj
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Amita Jain
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mini Singh
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh,, India
| | | | - Rahul Dhodapkar
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Munivenkatappa Ashok
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Bangalore Unit, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Debasis Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Usha Kalawat
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - A P Sugunan
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | - Shantanu Prakash
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anirudh K Singh
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajamani Barathidasan
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Subhra Subhadra
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - M J Manjunath
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Bangalore Unit, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Poonam Kanta
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nagaraja Mudhigeti
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Hazarika
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Hricha Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - C Santhalembi
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Dikhit
- ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Neetu Vijay
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
| | - Jitendra Narayan
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
| | - Harmanmeet Kaur
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
| | - Sidhartha Giri
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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Sudeep AB, Yadav PD, Gokhale MD, Balasubramanian R, Gupta N, Shete A, Jain R, Patil S, Sahay RR, Nyayanit DA, Gopale S, Pardeshi PG, Majumdar TD, Patil DR, Sugunan AP, Mourya DT. Detection of Nipah virus in Pteropus medius in 2019 outbreak from Ernakulam district, Kerala, India. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:162. [PMID: 33563231 PMCID: PMC7871573 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05865-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In June 2019, Nipah virus (NiV) infection was detected in a 21-year-old male (index case) of Ernakulum, Kerala, India. This study was undertaken to determine if NiV was in circulation in Pteropus species (spp) in those areas where the index case had visit history in 1 month. Methods Specialized techniques were used to trap the Pteropus medius bats (random sampling) in the vicinity of the index case area. Throat and rectal swabs samples of 141 bats along with visceral organs of 92 bats were collected to detect the presence of NiV by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCR). Serum samples of 52 bats were tested for anti-NiV Immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The complete genome of NiV was sequenced by next-generation sequencing (NGS) from the tissues and swab samples of bats. Results One rectal swab sample and three bats visceral organs were found positive for the NiV. Interestingly, 20.68% (12/58) of Pteropus were positive for anti-NiV IgG antibodies. NiV sequences of 18,172; 17,200 and 15,100 nucleotide bps could be retrieved from three Pteropus bats. Conclusion A distinct cluster of NiV sequences, with significant net-evolutionary nucleotide divergence, was obtained, suggesting the circulation of new genotype (I-India) in South India. NiV Positivity in Pteropus spp. of bats revealed that NiV is circulating in many districts of Kerala state, and active surveillance of NiV should be immediately set up to know the hotspot area for NiV infection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-05865-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Sudeep
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411 021, India.
| | - Mangesh D Gokhale
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India
| | | | - Nivedita Gupta
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Anita Shete
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411 021, India
| | - Rajlaxmi Jain
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411 021, India
| | - Savita Patil
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411 021, India
| | - Rima R Sahay
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411 021, India
| | - Dimpal A Nyayanit
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411 021, India
| | - Sanjay Gopale
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411 021, India
| | - Prachi G Pardeshi
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411 021, India
| | - Triparna D Majumdar
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411 021, India
| | - Dilip R Patil
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India
| | - A P Sugunan
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Kerala unit, Alappuzha, India
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411001, India
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12
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Yadav P, Shete A, Radhakrishnan C, Pardeshi P, Jain R, Sahay R, Sugunan AP. Antibody response in symptomatic & asymptomatic Nipah virus cases from Kerala, India. Indian J Med Res 2021; 154:533-535. [PMID: 35142653 PMCID: PMC9131784 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_4388_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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13
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Deshpande GR, Sapkal GN, Tilekar BN, Yadav PD, Gurav Y, Gaikwad S, Kaushal H, Deshpande KS, Kaduskar O, Sarkale P, Baradkar S, Suryawanshi A, Lakra R, Sugunan AP, Balakrishnan A, Abraham P, Salve P. Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients. Indian J Med Res 2020; 152:82-87. [PMID: 32859866 PMCID: PMC7853248 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2382_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: The global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus has challenged public health system worldwide due to the unavailability of approved preventive and therapeutic options. Identification of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) and understanding their role is important. However, the data on kinetics of NAb response among COVID-19 patients are unclear. To understand the NAb response in COVID-19 patients, we compared the findings of microneutralization test (MNT) and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for the SARS-CoV-2. Further, the kinetics of NAb response among COVID-19 patients was assessed. Methods: A total of 343 blood samples (89 positive, 58 negative for SARS-CoV-2 and 17 cross-reactive and 179 serum from healthy individuals) were collected and tested by MNT and PRNT. SARS-CoV-2 virus was prepared by propagating the virus in Vero CCL-81 cells. The intra-class correlation was calculated to assess the correlation between MNT and PRNT. The neutralizing endpoint as the reduction in the number of plaque count by 90 per cent (PRNT90) was also calculated. Results: The analysis of MNT and PRNT quantitative results indicated that the intra-class correlation was 0.520. Of the 89 confirmed COVID-19 patients, 64 (71.9%) showed NAb response. Interpretation & conclusions: The results of MNT and PRNT were specific with no cross-reactivity. In the early stages of infection, the NAb response was observed with variable antibody kinetics. The neutralization assays can be used for titration of NAb in recovered/vaccinated or infected COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gururaj Rao Deshpande
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bipin N Tilekar
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogesh Gurav
- Epidemiology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shivshankar Gaikwad
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Himanshu Kaushal
- Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ketki S Deshpande
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ojas Kaduskar
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad Sarkale
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Srikant Baradkar
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Annasaheb Suryawanshi
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajen Lakra
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - A P Sugunan
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | | | - Priya Abraham
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pavan Salve
- Medical Department, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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14
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Potdar V, Choudhary ML, Bhardwaj S, Ghuge R, Sugunan AP, Gurav Y, Yadav PD, Shete A, Tomar S, Anukumar B, Kaushal H, Sapkal G, Basu A, Cherian S, Abraham P. Respiratory virus detection among the overseas returnees during the early phase of COVID-19 pandemic in India. Indian J Med Res 2020; 151:486-489. [PMID: 32474556 PMCID: PMC7530434 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_638_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Potdar
- Human Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manohar L Choudhary
- Human Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sumit Bhardwaj
- Human Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rohan Ghuge
- Human Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - A P Sugunan
- Kerala Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Alappuzha 688 005, Kerala, India
| | - Yogesh Gurav
- Epidemiology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita Shete
- Human Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shilpa Tomar
- Hepatitis Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - B Anukumar
- Kerala Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Alappuzha 688 005, Kerala, India
| | - Himanshu Kaushal
- Human Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gajanan Sapkal
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Atanu Basu
- Electron Microscopy & Histopathology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sarah Cherian
- Bio-informatics & Data Management Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
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Gupta N, Potdar V, Praharaj I, Giri S, Sapkal G, Yadav P, Choudhary ML, Dar L, Sugunan AP, Kaur H, Munivenkatappa A, Shastri J, Kaveri K, Dutta S, Malhotra B, Jain A, Nagamani K, Shantala GB, Raut S, Vegad MM, Sharma A, Choudhary A, Brijwa M, Balakrishnan A, Manjunatha J, Pathak M, Srinivasan S, Banu H, Sharma H, Jain P, Sunita P, Ambica R, Fageria B, Patel D, Rajbongshi G, Vijay N, Narayan J, Aggarwal N, Nagar A, Gangakhedkar RR, Abraham P. Authors' response. Indian J Med Res 2020; 151:496. [PMID: 32611921 PMCID: PMC7530453 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.286255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Gupta
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Varsha Potdar
- Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ira Praharaj
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Sidhartha Giri
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Gajanan Sapkal
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manohar Lal Choudhary
- Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Lalit Dar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - A P Sugunan
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology Kerala Unit, Alappuzha 688 005, Kerala, India, IndiaZ
| | - Harmanmeet Kaur
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - Ashok Munivenkatappa
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology Bangalore Field Unit, Bengaluru 560 011, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayanthi Shastri
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Mumbai 400 034, India
| | - Krishnasamy Kaveri
- Department of Virology, King Institute of Preventive Medicine & Research, Chennai 600 032, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700 010, West Bengal, India
| | - Bharti Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur 302 004, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amita Jain
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226 003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kammilli Nagamani
- Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College & Hospital, Secunderabad 500 003, Telangana, India
| | - G B Shantala
- Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute, Bengaluru 560 002, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharmila Raut
- Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College & Hospital, Nagpur 440 018, Maharashtra, India
| | - M M Vegad
- Department of Microbiology, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College, Ahmedabad 380 016, Gujarat, India
| | - Ajanta Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College & Hospital, Guwahati 781 032, Assam, India
| | - Aashish Choudhary
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Megha Brijwa
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | | | - Jayaswamy Manjunatha
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology Bangalore Field Unit, Bengaluru 560 011, Karnataka, India
| | - Manish Pathak
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Mumbai 400 034, India
| | - Sivasubramanian Srinivasan
- Department of Virology, King Institute of Preventive Medicine & Research, Chennai 600 032, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hasina Banu
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700 010, West Bengal, India
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur 302 004, Rajasthan, India
| | - Parul Jain
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226 003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pakalpati Sunita
- Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College & Hospital, Secunderabad 500 003, Telangana, India
| | - R Ambica
- Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute, Bengaluru 560 002, Karnataka, India
| | - Babita Fageria
- Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College & Hospital, Nagpur 440 018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Disha Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College, Ahmedabad 380 016, Gujarat, India
| | - Gitika Rajbongshi
- Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College & Hospital, Guwahati 781 032, Assam, India
| | - Neetu Vijay
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - Jitendra Narayan
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - Neeraj Aggarwal
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Anu Nagar
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - Raman R Gangakhedkar
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110 029, India
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Gupta N, Potdar V, Praharaj I, Giri S, Sapkal G, Yadav P, Choudhary ML, Dar L, Sugunan AP, Kaur H, Munivenkatappa A, Shastri J, Kaveri K, Dutta S, Malhotra B, Jain A, Nagamani K, Shantala GB, Raut S, Vegad MM, Sharma A, Choudhary A, Brijwal M, Balakrishnan A, Manjunatha J, Pathak M, Srinivasan S, Banu H, Sharma H, Jain P, Sunita P, Ambica R, Fageria B, Patel D, Rajbongshi G, Vijay N, Narayan J, Aggarwal N, Nagar A, Gangakhedkar RR, Abraham P. Laboratory preparedness for SARS-CoV-2 testing in India: Harnessing a network of Virus Research & Diagnostic Laboratories. Indian J Med Res 2020; 151:216-225. [PMID: 32242875 PMCID: PMC7258754 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_594_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: An outbreak of respiratory illness of unknown aetiology was reported from Hubei province of Wuhan, People's Republic of China, in December 2019. The outbreak was attributed to a novel coronavirus (CoV), named as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 and the disease as COVID-19. Within one month, cases were reported from 25 countries. In view of the novel viral strain with reported high morbidity, establishing early countrywide diagnosis to detect imported cases became critical. Here we describe the role of a countrywide network of VRDLs in early diagnosis of COVID-19. Methods: The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune, established screening as well as confirmatory assays for SARS-CoV-2. A total of 13 VRDLs were provided with the E gene screening real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay. VRDLs were selected on the basis of their presence near an international airport/seaport and their past performance. The case definition for testing included all individuals with travel history to Wuhan and symptomatic individuals with travel history to other parts of China. This was later expanded to include symptomatic individuals returning from Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong, Thailand and South Korea. Results: Within a week of standardization of the test at NIV, all VRDLs could initiate testing for SARS-CoV-2. Till February 29, 2020, a total of 2,913 samples were tested. This included both 654 individuals quarantined in the two camps and others fitting within the case definition. The quarantined individuals were tested twice - at days 0 and 14. All tested negative on both occasions. Only three individuals belonging to different districts in Kerala were found to be positive. Interpretation & conclusions: Sudden emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and its potential to cause a pandemic posed an unsurmountable challenge to the public health system of India. However, concerted efforts of various arms of the Government of India resulted in a well-coordinated action at each level. India has successfully demonstrated its ability to establish quick diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 at NIV, Pune, and the testing VRDLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Gupta
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Varsha Potdar
- Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Ira Praharaj
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sidhartha Giri
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Gajanan Sapkal
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Pragya Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Lalit Dar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - A P Sugunan
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | - Harmanmeet Kaur
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Munivenkatappa
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology Bangalore Field Unit, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayanthi Shastri
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Mumbai, India
| | - Krishnasamy Kaveri
- Department of Virology, King Institute of Preventive Medicine & Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bharti Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amita Jain
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kammilli Nagamani
- Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College & Hospital, Secunderabad, Telangana, India
| | - G B Shantala
- Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharmila Raut
- Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College & Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - M M Vegad
- Department of Microbiology, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Ajanta Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College & Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Aashish Choudhary
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Megha Brijwal
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Jayaswamy Manjunatha
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology Bangalore Field Unit, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Manish Pathak
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Hasina Banu
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Parul Jain
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pakalpati Sunita
- Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College & Hospital, Secunderabad, Telangana, India
| | - R Ambica
- Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Babita Fageria
- Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College & Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Disha Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Gitika Rajbongshi
- Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College & Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Neetu Vijay
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Jitendra Narayan
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeraj Aggarwal
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Anu Nagar
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Raman R Gangakhedkar
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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Sivan A, Shriram AN, Vanamail P, Sugunan AP. Impact of Temperature Variant on Survival of Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae): Implications on Thermotolerance and Acclimation. Neotrop Entomol 2019; 48:561-571. [PMID: 30977000 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-019-00680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1894) is prevalent in the urban/peri-urban Port Blair, posing a public health threat, during past outbreaks of chikungunya (2006) and dengue (2010). Despite its vector potential, information on the biology is scanty. Therefore, impact of temperature on survival of immature stages, under laboratory conditions, was studied on F1 population of Andamans. Ae. albopictus larvae were exposed to static temperatures viz. 37°C, 39°C, 41°C, 43°C and 45°C, and the lethal time to cause 50% (LT50) and 90% mortality (LT90) was computed. To assess adaptive thermotolerance, larvae exposed (37°C and 39°C) were re-exposed to higher temperatures (43°C and 45°C). All larvae survived at 37°C and 39°C for the entire exposure period of 420 min, while variable mortality was observed at 41°C, 43°C and 45°C. Larvae re-exposed to 43°C and 45°C showed an increase in thermotolerance with respect to non-adapted larvae. The results are discussed in the context of survival, development and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sivan
- Medical Entomology and Vector Borne Diseases Address: Post, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India, Post Bag No. 13, Dollygunj, Port Blair, Andaman Nicobar Islands, 744 101, India
| | - A N Shriram
- Unit of Vector Biology and Control, ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India, Medical Complex, Indira Nagar, Puducherry, 605 006, India.
| | - P Vanamail
- Dept of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - A P Sugunan
- Epidemiology and Community Medicine, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India, Post Bag No. 13, Dollygunj, Port Blair, Andaman Nicobar Islands, 744 101, India
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Shriram AN, Sivan A, Sugunan AP. Spatial distribution of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in relation to geo-ecological features in South Andaman, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Bull Entomol Res 2018; 108:166-174. [PMID: 28770695 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485317000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The study was undertaken in South Andaman district, comprising three tehsils, viz. Port Blair, Ferrargunj and Little Andaman Tehsils, respectively. Intensive pupal infestation surveys were carried out along the National Highway (NH 223), the main passenger and trade route, referred to as Great Andaman Trunk Road. Sampling locations at every 3 km were geo-referenced with global positioning system unit. A total of 17314 water collections were examined from 29 locations across the South Andaman district, among which 1021 (5.9%) were colonized by immature stages of Aedes albopictus, Aedes aegypti and other mosquito species. Ae. aegypti were found in 12 locations, showing higher infestation in the densely built Aberdeen Bazaar. Breeding populations of Ae. albopictus were observed in 27 sampling locations. Both the species were not recorded in two Northern localities. In the areas where both the species are present, they were often found in the same developmental sites, suggesting convergent habitat selection. The most frequently encountered man-made, artificial and natural developmental sites were fixed cement tanks, plastic drums, plastic cans, metal drums, metal pots, discarded tires, coconut shells, leaf axils and tree holes. Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were observed in varying proportions in Port Blair and Ferrargunj Tehsils, while the former species appeared to be absent in Little Andaman. This study elucidates the spatial distribution of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus with preponderance of the latter species, pointing towards arboviral transmission and assumes public health importance in South Andaman district, endemic for dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Shriram
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research),Post Bag No.13,Port Blair 744 101,Andaman & Nicobar Islands,India
| | - A Sivan
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research),Post Bag No.13,Port Blair 744 101,Andaman & Nicobar Islands,India
| | - A P Sugunan
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research),Post Bag No.13,Port Blair 744 101,Andaman & Nicobar Islands,India
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Vimal Raj R, Vinod Kumar K, Sugunan AP, Natarajaseenivasan K, Vijayachari P. Homologous microscopic agglutinating antibodies after natural infection with leptospires - results from a long term follow up of a cohort living in an endemic area. Pathog Glob Health 2017. [PMID: 28645237 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2017.1333782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Vimal Raj
- a Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis , Port Blair , India
| | - K Vinod Kumar
- a Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis , Port Blair , India
| | - A P Sugunan
- a Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis , Port Blair , India
| | - K Natarajaseenivasan
- b Department of Microbiology , Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli , India
| | - P Vijayachari
- a Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis , Port Blair , India
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Padmanabhan VT, Sugunan AP, Brahmaputhran CK, Nandini K, Pavithran K. Heritable Anomalies among the Inhabitants of Regions of Normal and High Background Radiation in Kerala: Results of a Cohort Study, 1988–1994. Int J Health Serv 2016; 34:483-515. [PMID: 15346682 DOI: 10.2190/3xye-qjpu-01bf-8yke] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In a genetic epidemiological and fertility survey among 70,000 inhabitants in a high-background radiation region (HBRR) and normal radiation region (NRR) in Kerala, India, 985 persons were found to have heritable anomalies. Suggested etiologies for the anomalies were chromosomal and Mendelian, 15 percent; multifactorial, 60 percent; and congenital, 25 percent. There was a statistically significant increase of Down syndrome, autosomal dominant anomalies, and multifactorial diseases and an insignificant increase of autosomal recessive and X-linked recessive anomalies in the HBRR. The total fertility rate was 3.85 per couple; 9 percent of live-born children were reported dead. The rate of untoward pregnancy outcome—death of the offspring or presence of an anomaly in a living child—was 6.4 percent among the unrelated couples in the NRR, with one spouse born outside the area of current residence (“migrant”). Considering this as the base, the excess relative risks in the other groups are: “NRR-nonmigrant,” 35 percent; “HBRR-nonmigrant,” 69 percent; “NRR-consanguineous,” 76 percent; and “NBRR-consanguineous,” 157 percent. Ionizing radiation, consanguinity, and nearness of birthplace of the spouse are risk factors for the death of offspring and for anomalies. The higher risk among the “nonmigrant” couples may be due to geographic inbreeding. The findings are suggestive of an autosomal recessive etiology for the majority of the multifactorial anomalies.
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Bhattacharya H, Bhattacharya D, Ghosal SR, Roy S, Sugunan AP. Status of hepatitis B infection - a decade after hepatitis B vaccination of susceptible Nicobarese, an indigenous tribe of Andaman & Nicobar (A&N) islands with high hepatitis B endemicity. Indian J Med Res 2016; 141:653-61. [PMID: 26139785 PMCID: PMC4510766 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.159573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India, home to six primitive tribes, constituting about 10 per cent of the total population of these Islands have been detected with high endemicity of hepatitis B infection. During 2000, a total of 936 individuals ≤ 45 yr, negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody anti-HBs were vaccinated with three doses of a recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine in two villages of Car Nicobar Islands. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of the hepatitis B vaccination with respect to the persistence of antibodies and incidence of new infections, prevalence of surface gene mutations among the Nicobarese community in the two villages ten years after hepatitis B vaccination. METHODS Follow up samples were collected from 211 individuals who had received three doses of vaccine ten years back and from a control group of 515 non-vaccinated individuals. The HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc assay results were compared among vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups. HBV DNA was extracted and sequenced from all the samples for detection of mutation. Genotyping and serotyping of the viruses were performed. RESULTS The results showed that 85.3 per cent of the vaccinated persons retained protective level of antibodies and among the non-vaccinated individuals, 54.2 per cent showed presence of anti-HBs indicating an exposure to the infection. The overall HBsAg positivity among the studies Nicobarese individuals was reduced to 7.4 per cent after 10 years of vaccination. Anti-HBc was positive in 60.6 and 57 per cent among the vaccinated and non-vaccinated individuals, respectively. Overall breakthrough infection of 8.5 per cent was detected among the vaccinated individuals. The predominant genotype and serotype circulating among these tribal populations were D and ayw3, respectively. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed an overall reduction in the pool of HBsAg carriers because of the vaccination which helped in reducing the HBsAg carrier rate among the non-vaccinated also, probably due to an increase in herd immunity and reduction in the source of infection. Further studies need to be done to evaluate long term benefits of hepatitis B vaccination among these tribes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - A P Sugunan
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair, India
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Sugunan AP, Bhattacharya H, Bhattacharya D, Mandal A, Ghosal SR, Rao RC, Mandal AK. Authors' response. Indian J Med Res 2015; 141:125-6. [PMID: 26030943 PMCID: PMC4405930 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.154518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Mandal A, Parthasarathy G, Burma SP, Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P. Isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from sputum of tribal, non-tribal pulmonary tuberculosis patients of Andaman & Nicobar islands by conventional culture method and assessment of first line anti-tuberculosis drug susceptibility patterns. Indian J Tuberc 2015; 62:23-8. [PMID: 25857562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug resistance surveys have not yet conducted in these Islands and as such no data exists on drug resistance currently. AIMS the present study was initiated with the objective of isolation and assessment of Drug resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from sputum specimens collected from different categories of Tribal, Non-Tribal pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated under DOTS and Non-DOTS program by conventional culture and Proportion sensitivity (PST) method to detect patients with Multidrug resistant strains. METHODS The investigation was hospital based laboratory surveillance study carried out for a period of 3 years at the selected hospitals of Andaman district (TB ward GB Pant Hospital at Port Blair, CHC Bamboflat at Port Blair and CHC Rangat at Rangat) and Nicobar district (CHC Nancowry at Nancowry groups of Islands), among the new cases and re-treatment cases of tuberculosis patient under DOTS program and Non-DOTS patients attended selected hospitals of Andaman & Nicobar districts chosen for the study. RESULTS 83 culture positive isolates obtained (74 identified as M. tuberculosis) from the sputum specimen of 162 cases of tuberculosis patient by conventional culture method. 60 M. tuberculosis isolates subjected to drug susceptibility test using PST method, 7 patients (11.67%) found to be Multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), resistant patterns were S + H + R + E = 1(Cat II-DOTS),H + r = 3(Cat-I DOTS = 1, Cat II-DOTS-1,Non-DOTS = 1), Rifampicin resistant alone = 2 (Non-DOTS = 1, Cat II-DOTS = 1) and R + E = 1(Cat I-DOTS). CONCLUSIONS Laboratory finding suggested that nine MDR-TB strains detected in DOTS and Non-DOTS among 60 M. tuberculosis isolates were selected for drug susceptibility testing but two isolates detected as MDR-TB from patients was already on Second line drugs treatment were not included in the MDR-TB detection criteria. Hence 7 patients (11.67%) declared to be Multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). 2 MDR-TB strains with resistant patterns H + r = 1(Cat II-DOTS), Rifampicin resistant alone = 1(Non-DOTS) detected from 12 isolates of Tribal patients from Nicobar district and 5 MDR-TB strains with resistant patterns S + H + R + E = 1 (Cat II-DOTS), H + r = 2(Cat I-DOTS = 1,Non-DOTS = 1), Rifampicin resistant alone = 1 (Cat II-DOTS) and R + E = 1(Cat I-DOTS) detected from 48 isolates of Non-Tribal patients from Andaman district. To assess the MDR-TB burden in the islands, systematic drug resistant surveillance study needs to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mandal
- Technical Assistant, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), P.B.No-13, Dollygunj, Port Blair 744 101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.
| | | | - S P Burma
- Joint Secretary & State TB Officer, State TB Control Society (RNTCP), Directorate of Health Services, GB Pant Hospital, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - A P Sugunan
- Scientist E, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), P.B.No-13, Dollygunj, Port Blair 744 101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - P Vijayachari
- Scientist G/ Director, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), P.B.No-13, Dollygunj, Port Blair 744 101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
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Muruganandam N, Bhattacharya D, Chaaithanya IK, Bhattacharya H, Reesu R, Maile A, Bharathi GSJ, Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P. Emergence of influenza A (H1N1) PDM09 in the remote Islands of India--a molecular approach. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015; 33:143-6. [PMID: 25560020 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.148417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A disease outbreak of A (H1N1) PDM09 was reported in Andaman and Nicobar islands in 2009 with an attack rate of 33.5% among settler population and 26.3% among the aboriginal Nicobarese tribe. During the ongoing outbreak of A (H1N1) PDM09 disease in different parts of the world, a subject working in Dubai city of Saudi Arabia, came to Port Blair, following which the pandemic triggered for the first time in these Islands. MATERIALS AND METHODS During the period August 2009 to January 2011, 30 confirmed cases of Influenza A (H1N1) PDM09 virus infection was detected. To understand the genetic relationship, the NA gene sequences of the viruses were phylogenetically analysed together along with the virus sequence isolated from other parts of the world. RESULT Formation of multiple clusters were observed, with the sequences of Andaman Islands, mainland India, Mexico, Saudi Arabia and few other counties clustering together. The sequence analysis data revealed that there was no specific mutation conferring resistance to oseltamivir among the Andaman A (H1N1) PDM09 virus isolates. The result of phylogenetic analysis have also revealed that the A (H1N1) PDM09 virus might have spread in these remote Islands of India via the subject from Saudi Arabia/Dubai. CONCLUSION A (H1N1) PDM09 Influenza outbreak have highlighted the need to strengthen the region-specific pandemic preparedness plans and surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - P Vijayachari
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands-744101, India
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Bhattacharya D, Bhattacharya H, Thamizhmani R, Sayi DS, Reesu R, Anwesh M, Kartick C, Bharadwaj AP, Singhania M, Sugunan AP, Roy S. Shigellosis in Bay of Bengal Islands, India: clinical and seasonal patterns, surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Shigella strains isolated during a 6-year period from 2006 to 2011. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 33:157-70. [PMID: 23990135 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1937-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the clinical features and seasonal patterns associated with shigellosis, the antimicrobial resistance frequencies of the isolates obtained during the period 2006-2012 for 22 antibiotics, and the molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant strains isolated from endemic cases of shigellosis in the remote islands of India, with special reference to fluoroquinolone and third-generation cephalosporins resistance. During the period from January 2006 to December 2011, stool samples were obtained and processed to isolate Shigella spp. The isolates were evaluated with respect to their antibiotic resistance pattern and various multidrug resistance determinants, including resistance genes, quinolone resistance determinants, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production. Morbidity for shigellosis was found to be 9.3 % among children in these islands. Cases of shigellosis occurred mainly during the rainy seasons and were found to be higher in the age group 2-5 years. A wide spectrum of resistance was observed among the Shigella strains, and more than 50 % of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. The development of multidrug-resistant strains was found to be associated with various drug-resistant genes, multiple mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR), and the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistant determinants and efflux pump mediators. This report represents the first presentation of the results of long-term surveillance and molecular characterization concerning antimicrobial resistances in clinical Shigella strains in these islands. Information gathered as part of the investigations will be instrumental in identifying emerging antimicrobial resistance, for developing treatment guidelines appropriate for that community, and to provide baseline data with which to compare outbreak strains in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bhattacharya
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, (Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India), Post Bag No. 13, Port Blair, 744101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
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Natarajaseenivasan K, Vijayachari P, Sharma S, Sugunan AP, Selvin J, Sehgal SC. Serodiagnosis of severe leptospirosis: evaluation of ELISA based on the recombinant OmpL1 or LipL41 antigens ofLeptospira interrogansserovar autumnalis. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 2013; 102:699-708. [DOI: 10.1179/136485908x355229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Reesu R, Bhattacharya D, Chaaithanya IK, Muruganandam N, Bharadwaj AP, Singhania M, Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P. Emergence of an unusual genotype of rotavirus in andaman and nicobar islands, India. Intervirology 2012; 56:134-9. [PMID: 23295640 DOI: 10.1159/000342219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhoea worldwide, affecting over 125 million young children every year in developing countries. The present study is a part of ongoing childhood diarrhoeal surveillance to determine the strain diversity of rotaviruses prevalent in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. From October 2010 to February 2012, 296 stool samples from children (age group 6-60 months) with gastroenteritis were obtained from different referral hospitals/primary health centres and community health centres in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. A total of 47 samples were found positive for GARV. Among these, 21 (44.7%) samples belong to G2P[4], 12 (25.5%) samples were G1P[8], 10 (21.2%) samples belong to G9P[4], 2 (4.3%) samples belong to G1P[4] and 2 (4.3%) samples had a mixed genotype. Rotavirus G2 genotype remains the most common genotype in these islands. The prevalence of G9 rotavirus reported in the present study is higher than that reported from mainland India. The results emphasize the role of the unusual serotype G9 as an epidemiologically important genotype and the need to include G9 specificity in a rotavirus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Reesu
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
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Thamizhmani R, Bhattacharya D, Sayi D, Bhattacharjee H, Muruganandam N, Ghosal S, Bharadwaj A, Singhania M, Roy S, Sugunan AP. Emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Indian J Med Res 2012; 136:98-101. [PMID: 22885270 PMCID: PMC3461725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. Thamizhmani
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair 744101 Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Debdutta Bhattacharya
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair 744101 Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - D.S. Sayi
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair 744101 Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Haimanti Bhattacharjee
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair 744101 Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - N. Muruganandam
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair 744101 Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - S.R. Ghosal
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair 744101 Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - A.P. Bharadwaj
- Chirayu Child Care Centre, Port Blair 744101 Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - M. Singhania
- G.B. Pant Hospital, Port Blair 744101 Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Subarna Roy
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair 744101 Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - A. P. Sugunan
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair 744101 Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India,For correspondence:
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Bhattacharya D, Sayi DS, Thamizhmani R, Bhattacharjee H, Bharadwaj AP, Roy A, Sugunan AP. Emergence of multidrug-resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor in Port Blair, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86:1015-7. [PMID: 22665610 PMCID: PMC3366514 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Debdutta Bhattacharya
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
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Bhattacharya D, Sugunan AP, Bhattacharjee H, Thamizhmani R, Sayi DS, Thanasekaran K, Manimunda SP, Ghosh A, Bharadwaj A, Singhania M, Roy S. Antimicrobial resistance in Shigella--rapid increase & widening of spectrum in Andaman Islands, India. Indian J Med Res 2012; 135:365-70. [PMID: 22561624 PMCID: PMC3361874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Shigellosis is known to be a major cause of acute childhood diarrhoea in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. Rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance warrants continuous monitoring of sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates. We report here the salient findings of an ongoing study on shigellosis in Andaman Islands, India, with regards to change in drug resistance pattern during the past one decade. METHOD During 2006-2009, stools samples from 412 paediatric diarrhoea patients were collected and processed for isolation and identification of Shigella spp. Susceptibility to 22 antimicrobial drugs was tested and MICs were determined for 3 rd generation cephalosporins, quinolones, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination and gentamicin. Drug susceptibility pattern of these isolates were compared with that of 33 isolates obtained during 2000-2002. RESULTS Shigella isolates were recovered from 50 of 412 stool samples processed. Resistance to ampicillin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin was observed in 100, 96, 94 and 82 per cent of the isolates, respectively. The frequency of resistance to these drugs was significantly (P<0.001) higher than that observed during 2000-2002. Resistance to seven drugs was observed in 2000-2002, whereas resistance to 21 drugs was seen during 2006-2009. The number of drug resistance pattern increased from 13 in 2000-2002 to 43 in 2006-2009. Resistance to newer generation fluoroquinolones, 3 rd generation cephalosporins and augmentin, which was not observed during 2000-2002, appeared during 2006-2009. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS The frequency of resistance among Shigella isolates has increased substantially between 2000-2002 and 2006-2009 and the spectrum of resistance has widened. At present, the option for antimicrobial therapy in shigellosis in Andaman is limited to a small number of drugs. Continuous local monitoring of resistance patterns is necessary for the appropriate selection of empirical antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. P. Sugunan
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair, India
| | | | - R. Thamizhmani
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair, India
| | - D. S. Sayi
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair, India
| | | | | | - A.R. Ghosh
- School of Biotechnology, Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Subarna Roy
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair, India
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Parvez R, Hedau S, Bhattacharya D, Bhattacharjee H, Muruganandam N, Das BC, Saha MK, Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P. High-risk HPV infection among the tribal and non-tribal women of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Public Health 2011; 126:67-9. [PMID: 22130478 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Parvez
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Research, Reference and Training in Leptospirosis, Post Bag No. 13, Dollygunj, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
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Singh SS, Muruganandam N, Chaaithanya IK, Bhattacharya D, Sugunan AP, Nayak AK, Roy A, Shriram AN, Vijayachari P. H1N1 influenza A outbreak among the Nicobarese, an aboriginal tribe of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Public Health 2011; 125:501-4. [PMID: 21839873 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S S Singh
- G.B. Pant Hospital, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
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Roy S, Bhattacharya D, Thanasekaran K, Ghosh AR, Manimunda SP, Bharadwaj AP, Singhania M, Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P. Emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in Shigella isolated from Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. Indian J Med Res 2010; 131:720-722. [PMID: 20516546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
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Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P, Sharma S, Roy S, Manickam P, Natarajaseenivasan K, Gupte MD, Sehgal SC. Risk factors associated with leptospirosis during an outbreak in Middle Andaman, India. Indian J Med Res 2009; 130:67-73. [PMID: 19700804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Leptospirosis outbreaks occur frequently in North and South Andaman Islands but not in Middle Andaman. In 2002, an outbreak appeared in Middle Andaman for the first time. Although a study on risk factors was conducted in North Andaman, it used seropositivity to define leptospirosis. Since seropositivity might not indicate current leptospiral infection and as no study on risk factors was conducted in Middle Andaman, we carried out this study to identify the risk factors during the outbreak. METHODS A suspected outbreak of leptospirosis occurred in Rangat of Middle Andaman during October - November 2002. Suspected cases were screened for leptospirosis using microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Fifty two patients confirmed to have leptospirosis based on rising titres in MAT on paired sera, and 104 age, sex and neighbourhood seronegative matched controls, were included in the study. A conditional multiple regression by backward elimination process was carried out with acute leptospirosis as the dependent factor and various environmental, occupational and behavioural factors as independent factors. A stratified analysis was also carried out. RESULTS The presence of cattle in the house, drinking stream water, contact with garbage, walking barefoot and standing in water while working were identified as significant factors associated with leptospirosis. Stratified analysis showed a dose response relationship between number of cattle in the house and the risk of leptospiral infection suugesting that cattle could be a source of infection. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION Identification of the potential risk factors would help understand the transmission dynamics of the disease and formulate public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Sugunan
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Center for Diagnosis, Research Training & Reference in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, India
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Roy S, Bhattacharya D, Ghoshal SR, Thanasekaran K, Bharadwaj AP, Singhania M, Sugunan AP. Acute diarrhea in children after 2004 tsunami, Andaman Islands. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:849-50. [PMID: 19402997 PMCID: PMC2687005 DOI: 10.3201/eid1505.081096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Shriram AN, Sugunan AP, Manimunda SP, Vijayachari P. Community-centred approach for the control of Aedes spp. in a peri-urban zone in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands using temephos. Natl Med J India 2009; 22:116-120. [PMID: 19764685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya fever struck the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in July 2006. From the entomological point of view, dengue and chikungunya are hard to control due to the high prevalence of Aedes aegypti in both urban and rural areas. Mobilizing communities for the control of Aedes aegypti has not been attempted in India. METHODS We did a prospective observational feasibility study in one peri-urban locality (Brookshabad) to assess the Aedes spp. infestation and subsequently test the efficacy of a community-based approach to control Aedes aegypti. An Aedes infestation larval survey was done with the assistance of community volunteers using the single larval survey (SLS) technique. House index, container index and Breteau index reflecting the relative prevalence and infestation levels were estimated. Various information, education and communication (IEC) campaign tools were developed to disseminate information about the prevalent situation. Several talks were organized to sensitize and motivate the people to realize the problem and participate in solving it. A two-pronged strategy, viz. environmental management through source reduction and anti-larval campaign using temephos was adopted to combat Aedes infestation through community involvement. RESULTS A total of 533 water-holding containers were searched for Aedes larvae, both indoors (188/533, 35.3%) and outdoors (345/533, 64.7%) from 104 (104/235, 44.3%) premises. Of these, 109 containers (95% CI 17.19%-24.03%) were found to support Aedes spp. larval breeding (20.45%). The Breteau index was 104.8%. Aedes aegypti predominated followed by Aedes albopictus. The most abundant water-holding containers supporting Aedes breeding were plastic, metal drums and cement tanks. These water-holding containers were targeted for temephos application by the community volunteers. Forty rounds of temephos applications were carried out during the study period. The number of containers supporting Aedes aegypti breeding reduced significantly within 1 month post-intervention by community volunteers. As a result the Breteau and house indices dropped from 104.8% to 2.7% and 44.23% to 2.6%, respectively. Thereafter, the indices remained at zero level till completion of the study. CONCLUSION Larval indices indicate that Aedes aegypti is well established in peri-urban Brookshabad. Predominance of this mosquito species indicates infiltration into the peri-urban locality and beginning of displacement of Aedes albopictus. Epidemiologically, 3 categories of water-holding containers, viz. plastic, metal drums and cement tanks facilitate breeding of Aedes aegypti. Consequently, targeted source reduction as one way of selectively attacking the most important types of containers with temephos is feasible. Community involvement and networking with the residents allowed for a community-centred approach to combat Aedes aegypti infestation. As an outcome of this approach, the larval indices reduced significantly and remained low. We suggest that a control strategy emphasizing the use of temephos through a community-centred approach should be considered for these islands. However, close monitoring of this approach is warranted for long term sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Shriram
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Post Bag 13, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
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Shriram AN, Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P. Infiltration of Aedes aegypti into peri-urban areas in South Andaman. Indian J Med Res 2008; 127:618-620. [PMID: 18765884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
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Vijayachari P, Sugunan AP, Sharma S, Roy S, Natarajaseenivasan K, Sehgal SC. Leptospirosis in the Andaman Islands, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007; 102:117-22. [PMID: 17991499 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an emerging zoonosis. In the Andaman Islands during the early twentieth century, it occurred in the penal settlements of the British India Administration, mostly as Weil's disease, an acute febrile illness with hepato-renal complications. It was caused by leptospires belonging to groups Akiamy A and Andamans A. After the 1930s nothing further is known regarding the disease until the late 1980s, when Andaman haemorrhagic fever (AHF), a mysterious illness with the majority of cases presenting pulmonary involvement, appeared. AHF was later identified as leptospirosis and severe pulmonary haemorrhage was shown for the first time as a complication of leptospirosis from India. Leptospirosis continues to occur in the Islands annually. It generally presents as two separate clinical syndromes: the hepato-renal form, and the pulmonary form, which is associated with high case fatality rates ranging from 10 to 15%. Infections are due to a variety of serovars, Valbuzzi being the commonest. Leptospira interrogans sensu stricto has been the predominant infecting species. Doxycycline has been shown to confer a beneficial effect in reducing the clinical illness and mortality during outbreaks. The history of leptospirosis in the Islands, its epidemiology, clinical spectrum, characteristics of the isolates and control are reviewed and discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vijayachari
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research & Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair 744 101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
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Sugunan AP, Roy S, Murhekar MV, Naik TN, Sehgal SC. Outbreak of rotaviral diarrhoea in a relief camp for tsunami victims at Car Nicobar Island, India. J Public Health (Oxf) 2007; 29:449-50. [PMID: 17766840 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdm054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A P Sugunan
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Post Bag No.13, Port Blair-744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
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Sugunan AP, Roy S, Shahina M, Shah WA, Bharadwaj AP, Singh SS, Thanasekaran K, Sathya Prakash M, Vijayachari P. Emergence of Vibrio cholerae O1 Inaba in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. J Public Health (Oxf) 2007; 29:308-9. [PMID: 17545217 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdm032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A P Sugunan
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Bag No. 13, Port Blair 744101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
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Rao VG, Sugunan AP, Murhekar MV, Sehgal SC. Malnutrition and high childhood mortality among the Onge tribe of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Public Health Nutr 2006; 9:19-25. [PMID: 16480529 DOI: 10.1079/phn2005761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A study was conducted among the Onge tribe of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with the objectives of identifying demographic factors responsible for the decline in their population and assessing their nutritional status, which is an important determinant of child survival. STUDY DESIGN AND SUBJECTS The study included estimation of indices of fertility and child mortality, and assessment of nutritional status. All individuals of the Onge community settled on Little Andaman Island were included. RESULTS The mean total marital fertility rate was estimated to be 5.15 live births per woman and the general fertility rate was 200 live births per 1000 married-woman-years. Although the gross reproduction rate was estimated to be 2.2 female children per married woman, the net reproduction rate was only 0.9 surviving female child per married woman. The mean infant mortality rate during the past 30 years was 192.7 per 1000 live births, and the child survival rate was found to be only 53.2%. A mild to moderate degree of malnutrition was found in 85% of children of pre-school age and severe malnutrition in 10%. The Onges had low intakes of iron, vitamin A and vitamin C. All the screened Onges were found to be infested with one or more intestinal parasites. CONCLUSIONS High childhood mortality appears to be the predominant demographic factor responsible for the decline in the Onge population. The high prevalence of undernutrition and micronutrient deficiency disorders could be important factors contributing to the high childhood mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Rao
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Bag No. 13, Port Blair 744 101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
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Roy S, Biswas D, Vijayachari P, Sugunan AP, Sehgal SC. A clone of Leptospira interrogans sensu stricto is the major cause of leptospirosis in the archipelago of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Lett Appl Microbiol 2005; 41:179-85. [PMID: 16033518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India has a century long history of human leptospirosis. Several isolates have been recovered over the years from different locations. The present study was undertaken to understand the clonal relationship between all these pathogenic leptospires recovered from these islands. METHODS AND RESULTS Arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) was employed to genetically characterize 40 isolates recovered during 1995--2001 and their fingerprints were compared with those of 26 reference strains of known genetic and serological affinities. Sequences of PCR-amplified products from representative isolates were compared with those of different strains belonging to seven genospecies. AP-PCR fingerprints revealed that 32 of the 40 isolates were clonal in nature and fingerprints of all the isolates matched with known reference strains of pathogenic Leptospira interrogans sensu stricto. Comparison of sequence data of PCR amplified products of reference strains and isolates also corroborated these findings. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed that 80% of the isolates recovered from these islands were clonal in nature and all the isolates taken in the study belonged to Leptospira interrogans sensu stricto. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY An extension of the study in animal population would help in understanding the transmission dynamics of this commonly circulating clone in these islands, which in turn might help in effective control of this public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Roy
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Research, Training and Reference in Leptospirosis, Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
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Natarajaseenivasan K, Vijayachari P, Sharma S, Sugunan AP, Sehgal SC. Phenotypic & genotypic conservation of ompL1 & lipL41 among leptospiral isolates of Andaman Islands. Indian J Med Res 2005; 122:343-7. [PMID: 16394328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES The leptospiral antigens that are conserved among the diverse pathogenic leptospires have potential importance in the development of new serodiagnostic and immunoprotective strategies. The present study was therefore carried out to find out the phenotypic conservation of the leptospiral proteins OmpL1 and LipL41, and the genetic conservation of ompL1 and lipL41 genes among the leptospiral isolates of Andaman Islands and among the reference strains. METHODS In one dimensional SDS-PAGE the leptospiral samples prepared from strains of various leptospiral serovars were run and transferred on to nitrocellulose paper and probed with pooled convalescent phase human sera to find out the phenotypic conservation of the protein fragments at 31 and 41 kDa. Further, the proteins were indirectly confirmed as OmpL1 and LipL41 by using specific rabbit hyperimmune sera. Specific primers were utilized to amplify the fragments to study the genetic conservation of ompL1 and lipL41. Further, these two fragments were sequenced and BLAST analysis was done with the whole genome of Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai for comparison. RESULTS Analysis of individual immunoblots using patient sera showed that the OmpL1 and LipL41 were conserved among all the isolates used in the study. Further, these two proteins were probed with specific rabbit hyperimmune sera of OmpL1 and LipL41 for confirming the fragments and it was found to be conserved among all the isolates. The PCR based amplification further showed that the genes ompL1 and lipL41 were conserved among the leptospiral isolates studied. Sequencing followed by BLAST analysis of these showed 97 per cent similarity with the whole genome sequence and low score values in comparison with other bacterial species. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION The antigenic and genetic conservation of the two proteins, OmpL1 and LipL41, indicated that these could be potential candidates for development of diagnostic test systems for leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Natarajaseenivasan
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborative Centre for Diagnosis, Research, Reference & Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, India
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Roy S, Dutta B, Ghosh AR, Sugunan AP, Nandy RK, Bhattacharya SK, Sehgal SC. Molecular tracking of the lineage of strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor associated with a cholera outbreak in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Trop Med Int Health 2005; 10:604-11. [PMID: 15941425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A large outbreak of acute watery diarrhoea involving all age groups of mongoloid tribal aborigines occurred during October-November, 2002 in the Nancowry group of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean. Twenty-one of the 67 stool samples from 67 patients were positive for toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1, serotype Ogawa biotype El Tor, which showed striking similarity in its antibiogram with some of the strains of V. cholerae O1 Serotype Ogawa biotype El Tor isolated in Kolkata. The Nancowry and Kolkata isolates were compared with molecular tools involving random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting, ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RAPD fingerprinting and ribotyping techniques revealed that all the V. cholerae strains associated with the outbreak in these islands were clonal in nature and identical to a population of isolates obtained from Kolkata since 1993. PFGE could discriminate within these Kolkata isolates further and established that a particular subtype of this population reached the remote Nancowry islands and was responsible for the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarna Roy
- Regional Medical Research Centre (RMRC), Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
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Biswas D, Roy S, Vijayachari P, Sugunan AP, Natarajaseenivasan K, Sehgal SC. Comparison of immunoreactive proteins of commonly circulating serogroups of Leptospira in Andaman Islands, India. Indian J Med Res 2005; 121:151-8. [PMID: 15802756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Early diagnosis is the key to the treatment of leptospirosis. For development of rapid diagnostic kits, a thorough knowledge about the nature of the proteins expressed by the pathogen during infection is necessary. The present study was undertaken to understand the nature of immunoreactive proteins from commonly circulating serogroups of Leptospira in the endemic Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. METHODS Proteins were extracted from six strains of Leptospira representing five different serogroups following four different preparation methods, viz., whole cell lysis by sonication, detergent solubilization, outer and inner membrane isolations, and were subsequently characterized on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Immunoblots were made from the sonicated proteins using hyperimmune rabbit antisera, homologous and heterologous patient sera separately. RESULTS The 67, 65, 45, 43, 35, 32 and 18 kDa major proteins in the whole cell lysate were common among all the five serogroups of Leptospira. The 67, 41, 35, 32, 28 and 22 kDa were the major outer membrane proteins, while 94, 32, 25 and 18 kDa protein were in inner membrane. Immunoblots with hyperimmune rabbit antisera detected 67, 65, 60, 45, 43, 41 and 32 kDa common proteins from the whole cell lysates of all strains while homologous and heterologous patient sera detected 32 kDa as the major immunoreactive protein in all pathogenic serogroups. This protein reacted against specific LipL32 antisera indicating that this protein was LipL32. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION The circulating serogroups of Leptospira have common nature of expression of proteins during human infection. Among several immunoreactive proteins, three (67, 45 and 32 kDa) were recognized as major antigens by both rabbit hyperimmune sera and patients sera while the 32 kDa protein was recognized as the major immunoreactive protein by homologous and heterologous patient sera. These conserved immunoreactive proteins could be utilized in developing indigenous diagnostic tests for leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Biswas
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Research, Training & Reference in Leptospirosis, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
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Natarajaseenivasan K, Vijayachari P, Sharma S, Roy S, Sugunan AP, Biswas D, Sehgal SC. Phylogenetic relatedness among leptospiral strains belonging to same serovar recovered from patients with different clinical syndromes. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2005; 5:185-91. [PMID: 15639751 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Revised: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an emerging zoonotic disease with widespread distribution. The disease, caused by a large number of pathogenic serovars of leptospires, varies in severity from mild flu like illness to severe and fatal forms. It has often been observed that the strains of the same serovar are associated with different clinical syndromes. In this study the isolates recovered from patients with mild and severe form of leptospirosis and those isolated from rodents trapped in the same areas were analyzed by using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting method using the primers PB1, M16, B11 and B12. RAPD fingerprinting patterns of these strains consistently showed five different genetic clusters. Strains belonging to serovar Ratnapura that caused hepato-renal involvement in patients in South India were genetically dissimilar to strains of the same serovar isolated from patients in Andamans who had pulmonary complications. Strains of other serovars causing mild and sever illness could also be discriminated. However, isolates obtained from human patients and rodents in the same geographical areas showed identical fingerprint patterns indicating that strains circulating in different geographical regions, though belonging to same serovar, are unique to each region.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Natarajaseenivasan
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, WHO Collaborative Centre for Diagnosis, Research, Reference and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
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Vijayachari P, Sugunan AP, Murhekar MV, Sharma S, Sehgal SC. Leptospirosis among schoolchildren of the Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India: low levels of morbidity and mortality among pre-exposed children during an epidemic. Epidemiol Infect 2005; 132:1115-20. [PMID: 15635969 PMCID: PMC2870203 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268804002948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an important public health problem in the Andaman Islands. The disease is being increasingly reported among children and adolescents in recent times. An attempt was made to find out the level of exposure to leptospires, to estimate the incidence of infection and to identity the risk factors for acquiring infection among children. A sample of 1544 schoolchildren was selected. Presence of anti-leptospiral antibodies was tested using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Students were interviewed for behavioural factors. In total, 341 (221 seronegative and 120 seropositive) students were followed up clinically and serologically during a subsequent outbreak. An overall seropositivity rate of 23.6% (95% CI 21.54-25.81) was observed. Infection rate was 33.5% among seronegatives whereas re-infection rate was 16.7% among seropositives during the outbreak that occurred 1 month after the first sample collection. Morbidity and mortality were found to be higher among seronegative individuals than seropositives. More than 90% of leptospiral infections were found to be subclinical or unnoticed. The high level of exposure among the children results in high infection rates and because they have less previous exposure than adults, they do not have sufficient protection to resist clinical illness during outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vijayachari
- National Leptospirosis Reference Centre, Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.
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Sugunan AP, Natarajaseenivasan K, Vijayachari P, Sehgal SC. Percutaneous exposure resulting in laboratory-acquired leptospirosis -- a case report. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53:1259-1262. [PMID: 15585507 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.45735-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A screw-capped glass tube containing a Leptospira culture accidentally broke and the laboratory worker who was handling the tube sustained a cut on his hand. The wound was flooded with the culture. The culture was that of strain MG 347 belonging to serovar Australis recovered from a patient, and it had undergone 52 passages in Ellinghausen McCullough Johnson Harris medium. The laboratory worker developed a headache 21 days after the accident and became febrile the next day. He was hospitalized for 5 days and was treated initially with doxycycline and later with ciprofloxacin. A blood sample collected on the second day of illness, after starting doxycycline therapy, yielded leptospires and the isolate, HZ 651, was identified as serovar Australis. Monoclonal antibody patterns and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting patterns of the isolate and strain MG 347 were identical, thus indicating that HZ 651 and MG 347 were clonal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Sugunan
- WHO Collaborative Centre for Diagnosis, Research, Reference and Training in Leptospirosis, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Post Bag No. 13, Port Blair 744 101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - K Natarajaseenivasan
- WHO Collaborative Centre for Diagnosis, Research, Reference and Training in Leptospirosis, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Post Bag No. 13, Port Blair 744 101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - P Vijayachari
- WHO Collaborative Centre for Diagnosis, Research, Reference and Training in Leptospirosis, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Post Bag No. 13, Port Blair 744 101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - S C Sehgal
- WHO Collaborative Centre for Diagnosis, Research, Reference and Training in Leptospirosis, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Post Bag No. 13, Port Blair 744 101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
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Roy S, Biswas D, Vijayachari P, Sugunan AP, Sehgal SC. A 22-mer primer enhances discriminatory power of AP-PCR fingerprinting technique in characterization of leptospires. Trop Med Int Health 2004; 9:1203-9. [PMID: 15548317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the discriminatory power and usefulness of arbitrarily primed-polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) characterization of leptospires with M16 primer. METHODS AP-PCR fingerprints of 20 reference strains of Leptospira representing 20 different serovars belonging to seven genospecies (Leptospira interrogans, 11; L. noguchii, 2; L. borgpetersenii, 1; L. santarosai, 2; L. biflexa, 2; L. kirschneri, 1; L. weilii, 1) were generated by employing M16 primer. Fingerprints generated with this primer were compared with those generated with two other commonly used primers PB1, and L10. An attempt was also made to type 20 leptospiral isolates with the M16 primer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Fingerprints with M16 primer could not only differentiate between strains of different genospecies, but also between strains of the same genospecies belonging to different serovars. While two commonly used primers (PB1 and L10) failed to discriminate between some of the different serovars belonging to the same genospecies, this primer was able to generate discriminatory fingerprints for all strains tested. All 20 Leptospira isolates, recovered from patients in Andaman Islands, could also be typed by fingerprints generated with the M16 primer. The discriminatory power of M16 primer adds more specificity to the rapidity of this system of characterization and can be used as an excellent tool in epidemiological studies on Leptospira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarna Roy
- WHO Collaborating Center for Diagnosis, Research, Training and Reference in Leptospirosis, Regional Medical Research Center (ICMR) Port Blair, India
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Natarajaseenivasan K, Vijayachari P, Sugunan AP, Sharma S, Sehgal SC. Leptospiral proteins expressed during acute & convalescent phases of human leptospirosis. Indian J Med Res 2004; 120:151-9. [PMID: 15489552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES The available serological techniques for the diagnosis of leptospirosis have less sensitivity during the early stage of the disease. Understanding of leptospiral proteins expressed during acute and convalescent phases of leptospirosis, would be help the develop of new serodiagnostic strategies. Therefore, the present study was carried out to identify (i) an antigen that is conserved among the various pathogenic leptospira; (ii) best protein antigen to which immune response can be identified in the acute phase; and (iii) best protein antigen which is present in convalescent sera which can be used for seroepidemiological studies. METHODS Quantitative immunoblot analysis was performed using acute and convalescent phase human sera along with sera from normal healthy individuals and from patients with typhoid, malaria and hepatitis as the controls. All the samples were analyzed for the leptospiral protein recognition by using IgM and IgG immunoblots. Leptospiral cell fractionation was performed using triton X-114 and lysozyme and further the conservation of leptospiral proteins was also performed. RESULTS In confirmed cases of leptospirosis, the IgG recognition in acute phase sera was 30.2, 39.5, 27.9, 55.8 and 27.9 per cent for the leptospiral proteins p32, p41/42, p58, p62 and p82 respectively. The IgG has considerably increased to 65.1, 55.8, 46.5, 67.4 and 48.8 per cent against the same proteins during convalescent phase. The IgM recognition was 32.6 , 32.6, 30.2 and 37.2 per cent for acute phase sera and 32.6, 37.2, 44.2 and 41.9 per cent for convalescent phase sera for the leptospiral proteins p14, p25, p32 and p41/42, respectively. Leptospiral proteins like p62 and p82 were recognized among all the control groups with 3.3-15.3 per cent for IgG recognition. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION Leptospiral protein p32 was found to be highly sensitive and specific and could be useful for the development of newer techniques for diagnosis and seroepidemiological studies. Combination of p32 and p41/42 for IgG and p14, p25, p32, p41/42 for IgM would increase the sensitivity of these techniques further.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Natarajaseenivasan
- National Leptospirosis Reference Centre, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR)Port Blair, India
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