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Hesami L, Yang C, Anwar E, Noginova N, Noginov MA. Effect of metal/dielectric substrates on photopolymerization of BITh thin films. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19109. [PMID: 36352053 PMCID: PMC9646767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied effects of metal–dielectric substrates on photopolymerization of [2,2ʹ-Bi-1H-indene]-1,1ʹ-dione-3,3ʹ-diyl diheptanoate (BITh) monomer. We synthetized BITh and spin-coated it onto a variety of dielectric, metallic, and metal–dielectric substrates. The films were exposed to radiation of a UV–Visible Xe lamp, causing photo-polymerization of monomer molecules. The magnitude and the rate of the photo-polymerization were monitored by measuring the strength of the ~ 480 nm absorption band, which existed in the monomer but not in the polymer. Expectedly, the rate of photo-polymerization changed nearly linearly with the change of the pumping intensity. In contrast with our early study of photo-degradation of semiconducting polymer P3HT, the rate of photo-polymerization of BITh is getting modestly higher if the monomer film is deposited on top of silver separated from the monomer by a thin insulating MgF2 layer preventing a charge transfer. This effect is partly due to a constructive interference of the incident and reflected light waves, as well as known in the literature effects of metal/dielectric substrates on a variety of spectroscopic and energy transfer parameters. At the same time, the rate of photopolymerization is getting threefold larger if monomer is deposited on Ag film directly and charge transfer is allowed. Finally, Au substrates cause modest (~ 50%) enhancement of both monomer film absorption and the rate of photo-polymerization.
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Inter-Cavity Coupling Strength Control in Metal/Insulator Multilayers for Hydrogen Sensing. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8120537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) sensing is crucial for modern energy storage technology, which looks to hydrogen as the most promising alternative to fossil fuels. In this respect, magnesium (Mg) offers unique possibilities, since magnesium and hydrogen easily undergo a reversible hydrogenation reaction where Mg reversibly converts into MgH2. From an optical point of view, this process produces an abrupt refractive index change, which can be exploited for sensing applications. To maximize this opportunity, we envision an architecture composed of two Ag/ITO/Mg metal/dielectric resonators facing each other and displaced by 200 nm of vacuum. This structure forms a so-called Epsilon-Near-Zero (ENZ) multi-cavity resonator, in which the two internal Mg layers, used as tunneling coupling metals, are accessible to environmental agents. We demonstrate that the hydrogenation of the two Mg layers leads to substantial changes in the strong coupling between the cavities composing the entire resonator, with a consequent abrupt modification of the spectral response, thus enabling the sensing mechanism. One of the main advantages of the proposed system with respect to previous research is that the proposed multilayered architecture avoids the need for lithographic processes. This feature makes the proposed architecture inexpensive and wafer-to-chip scalable, considering that each kind of substrate from common glass to silicon can be used. Therefore, our sensing architecture offers great promise for applications in embedded H2 sensors.
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Verlhac C, Makhsiyan M, Haidar R, Primot J, Bouchon P. Towards perfect metallic behavior in optical resonant nanostructures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:18458-18468. [PMID: 34154101 DOI: 10.1364/oe.430126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Looking for a perfect metallic behavior is a crucial research line for metamaterials scientists. This paper outlines a versatile strategy based on a contrast of dielectric index to control dissipative losses in metal within waveguides and resonant nanostructures. This permits us to tune the quality factor of the guided mode and of the resonance over a large range, up to eight orders of magnitude, and over a broad spectral band, from visible to millimeter waves. An interpretation involving a low-loss equivalent model for the metal is developed. The latter is based on a Drude model, in which the dissipative parameter can reach very low values, which amounts to a nearly perfect metallic behavior. Finally, this concept is applied to a practical design that permits us to finely control the localization of dissipation in an absorbing photonic structure.
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Zhu X, Wang H, Lei D, Pendry JB, Li J. Designing plasmonic exceptional points by transformation optics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:16046-16055. [PMID: 34154176 DOI: 10.1364/oe.415323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exceptional points (EPs) have been shown to be useful in bringing about sensitive optical properties based on non-Hermitian physics. For example, they have been applied in plasmonics to realize nano-sensing with extreme sensitivity. While the exceptional points are conventionally constructed by considering parity-time symmetric or anti-parity-time symmetric media, we theoretically demonstrate the possibility of generating a series of non-Hermitian systems by transforming a seed system with conventional parity-time symmetry within the transformation optics framework. The transformed systems do not possess PT-symmetry with a conventional parity operator after a spatial operation, i.e. hidden from conventional sense, but are equipped with exceptional points and phase transitions, hinting an alternative method to design non-Hermitian plasmonic systems with sensitive spectra or eigenmodes.
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Abstract
We have studied optical properties of single-layer and multi-fold nanoporous gold leaf (NPGL) metamaterials and observed highly unusual transmission spectra composed of two well-resolved peaks. We explain this phenomenon in terms of a surface plasmon absorption band positioned on the top of a broader transmission band, the latter being characteristic of both homogeneous "solid" and inhomogeneous "diluted" Au films. The transmission spectra of NPGL metamaterials were shown to be controlled by external dielectric environments, e.g. water and applied voltage in an electrochemical cell. This paves the road to numerous functionalities of the studied tunable and active metamaterials, including control of spontaneous emission, energy transfer and many others.
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6
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A Novel Metal Nanoparticles-Graphene Nanodisks-Quantum Dots Hybrid-System-Based Spaser. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030416. [PMID: 32120985 PMCID: PMC7152836 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Active nanoplasmonics have recently led to the emergence of many promising applications. One of them is the spaser (surface plasmons amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) that has been shown to generate coherent and intense fields of selected surface plasmon modes that are strongly localized in the nanoscale. We propose a novel nanospaser composed of a metal nanoparticles-graphene nanodisks hybrid plasmonic system as its resonator and a quantum dots cascade stack as its gain medium. We derive the plasmonic fields induced by pulsed excitation through the use of the effective medium theory. Based on the density matrix approach and by solving the Lindblad quantum master equation, we analyze the ultrafast dynamics of the spaser associated with coherent amplified plasmonic fields. The intensity of the plasmonic field is significantly affected by the width of the metallic contact and the time duration of the laser pulse used to launch the surface plasmons. The proposed nanospaser shows an extremely low spasing threshold and operates in the mid-infrared region that has received much attention due to its wide biomedical, chemical and telecommunication applications.
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Yin G, Bai S, Tu X, Li Z, Zhang Y, Wang W, Lu J, He D. Highly Sensitive and Stable SERS Substrate Fabricated by Co-sputtering and Atomic Layer Deposition. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:168. [PMID: 31104182 PMCID: PMC6525682 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-2997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we develop a facile method to fabricate highly sensitive and stable surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate, which is realized by combining co-sputtering with atomic layer deposition technology. To accomplish the SERS substrate preparation, we firstly utilized co-sputtering silver and aluminum on glass slides to form uniform discontinuous Ag film by removing Al later, which acted as SERS active moiety and presented high sensitivity in glycerin detection. After coating an ultrathin TiO2 layer via atomic layer deposition (ALD), the samples could further enhance the Raman signal due to the chemical effect as well as the long-range effect of the enhanced electromagnetic field generated by the encapsulated Ag nanoparticles (NPs). Besides, the coated sample could maintain the significant enhancement in air condition for more than 30 days. The high stability is induced by TiO2 layer, which efficiently prevents Ag NPs from surface oxidation. This highly sensitive and stable SERS substrate might highlight the application of interface state investigation for exploring novel liquid lubricating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Yin
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, No. 28 East Jiangchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiheng Bai
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, No. 28 East Jiangchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinglong Tu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, No. 28 East Jiangchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanpeng Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, No. 28 East Jiangchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiming Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Lu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, No. 28 East Jiangchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dannong He
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology, No. 28 East Jiangchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241 People’s Republic of China
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8
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Kadochkin AS, Moiseev SG, Dadoenkova YS, Svetukhin VV, Zolotovskii IO. Surface plasmon polariton amplification in a single-walled carbon nanotube. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:27165-27171. [PMID: 29092195 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.027165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of a surface plasmon polariton wave of the far-infrared regime propagating in a single-walled carbon nanotube with a drift current is theoretically investigated. It is shown that under the synchronism condition a surface plasmon polariton amplification mechanism is implemented due to the transfer of electromagnetic energy from a drift current wave into a terahertz surface wave propagating along the surface of a single-walled carbon nanotube. Numerical calculations show that for a typical carbon nanotube surface plasmon polariton amplification coefficient reaches huge values of the order of 106 сm-1, which makes it possible to create a carbon-nanotube-based spaser.
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Kim SH, Han WS, Jeong TY, Lee HR, Jeong H, Lee D, Shim SB, Kim DS, Ahn KJ, Yee KJ. Broadband Surface Plasmon Lasing in One-dimensional Metallic Gratings on Semiconductor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7907. [PMID: 28801608 PMCID: PMC5554227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report surface plasmon (SP) lasing in metal/semiconductor nanostructures, where one-dimensional periodic silver slit gratings are placed on top of an InGaAsP layer. The SP nature of the lasing is confirmed from the emission wavelength governed by the grating period, polarization analysis, spatial coherence, and comparison with the linear transmission. The excellent performance of the device as an SP source is demonstrated by its tunable emission in the 400-nm-wide telecom wavelength band at room temperature. We show that the stimulated emission enhanced by the Purcell effect enables successful SP lasing at high energies above the gap energy of the gain. We also discuss the dependence of the lasing efficiency on temperature, grating dimension, and type of metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea.,Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Won Seok Han
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, 34129, South Korea
| | - Tae-Young Jeong
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Hyang-Rok Lee
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - H Jeong
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - D Lee
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Seung-Bo Shim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Dai-Sik Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Kwang Jun Ahn
- Department of Energy Systems Research and Department of Physics, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.
| | - Ki-Ju Yee
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea.
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10
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Cuerda J, García-Vidal FJ, Bravo-Abad J. Spatio-temporal Modeling of Lasing Action in Core-Shell Metallic Nanoparticles. ACS PHOTONICS 2016; 3:1952-1960. [PMID: 27785457 PMCID: PMC5073962 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6b00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale laser sources based on single metallic nanoparticles (spasers) have attracted significant interest for their fundamental implications and technological potential. Here we theoretically investigate the spatio-temporal dynamics of lasing action in core-shell metallic nanoparticles that include optically pumped four-level gain media. By using detailed semiclassical simulations based on a time-domain generalization of the finite-element method, we study the evolution of the lasing dynamics when going from a spherical case to an elongated nanorod configuration. Our calculations show that there exists an optimal nanoparticle elongation that exhibits significantly improved lasing threshold and slope efficiency over those obtained for its spherical counterpart. These results are accounted for in terms of a coupled-mode theory analysis of the variation with elongation of the light confinement properties of localized surface plasmons. This work could be of importance for further development of nanoscale light sources based on localized surface plasmon resonances.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Cuerda
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F. J. García-Vidal
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), E-20018 Donostia/San Sebastian, Spain
| | - J. Bravo-Abad
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Borovkova O, Kalish A, Belotelov V. Transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect in active magneto-plasmonic structures. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:4593-4596. [PMID: 27749889 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.004593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel method to enhance the transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect (TMOKE) in the magneto-plasmonic (MP) nanostructures by means of the active dielectric layer. We report the theoretical analysis of the MP structure with a ferromagnetic dielectric doped with rear-earth ions (Nd3+) as the example of a gain layer. The enhancement takes place near the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) resonances of the nanostructures. The stimulated emission of the dopants in the field of the SPP wave partially compensates its losses. It is shown that due to a decrease of SPP damping, a Q-factor of the MP resonance increases and the TMOKE is increased in comparison with the passive nanostructure.
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12
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Farhat M, Chen PY, Guenneau S, Bağcı H, Salama KN, Alù A. Cloaking through cancellation of diffusive wave scattering. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2016; 472:20160276. [PMID: 27616925 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new cloaking mechanism, which makes enclosed objects invisible to diffusive photon density waves, is proposed. First, diffusive scattering from a basic core-shell geometry, which represents the cloaked structure, is studied. The conditions of scattering cancellation in a quasi-static scattering regime are derived. These allow for tailoring the diffusivity constant of the shell enclosing the object so that the fields scattered from the shell and the object cancel each other. This means that the photon flow outside the cloak behaves as if the cloaked object were not present. Diffusive light invisibility may have potential applications in hiding hot spots in infrared thermography or tissue imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Farhat
- Division of Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - P Y Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Wayne State University , Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - S Guenneau
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille , Institut Fresnel, Campus universitaire de Saint-Jérôme , 13013 Marseille, France
| | - H Bağcı
- Division of Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - K N Salama
- Division of Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Alù
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX 78712, USA
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13
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Ho KS, Han YH, Ri CS, Im SJ. Actively phase-controlled coupling between plasmonic waveguides via in-between gain-assisted nanoresonator: nanoscale optical logic gates. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:3739-3742. [PMID: 27519077 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.003739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of nanoscale optical logic gates has attracted immense attention due to increasing demand for ultrahigh-speed and energy-efficient optical computing and data processing, however, suffers from the difficulty in precise control of phase difference of the two optical signals. We propose a novel conception of nanoscale optical logic gates based on actively phase-controlled coupling between two plasmonic waveguides via an in-between gain-assisted nanoresonator. Precise control of phase difference between the two plasmonic signals can be performed by manipulating pumping rate at an appropriate frequency detuning, enabling a high contrast between the output logic states "1" and "0." Without modification of the structural parameters, different logic functions can be provided. This active nanoscale optical logic device is expected to be quite energy-efficient with ideally low energy consumption on the order of 0.1 fJ/bit. Analytical calculations and numerical experiments demonstrate the validity of the proposed concept.
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Arnold N, Hrelescu C, Klar TA. Minimal spaser threshold within electrodynamic framework: Shape, size and modes. ANNALEN DER PHYSIK 2016; 528:295-306. [PMID: 27158151 PMCID: PMC4834728 DOI: 10.1002/andp.201500318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
It is known (yet often ignored) from quantum mechanical or energetic considerations, that the threshold gain of the quasi-static spaser depends only on the dielectric functions of the metal and the gain material. Here, we derive this result from the purely classical electromagnetic scattering framework. This is of great importance, because electrodynamic modelling is far simpler than quantum mechanical one. The influence of the material dispersion and spaser geometry are clearly separated; the latter influences the threshold gain only indirectly, defining the resonant wavelength. We show that the threshold gain has a minimum as a function of wavelength. A variation of nanoparticle shape, composition, or spasing mode may shift the plasmonic resonance to this optimal wavelength, but it cannot overcome the material-imposed minimal gain. Furthermore, retardation is included straightforwardly into our framework; and the global spectral gain minimum persists beyond the quasi-static limit. We illustrate this with two examples of widely used geometries: Silver spheroids and spherical shells embedded in and filled with gain materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Arnold
- Institute of Applied Physics Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstraße 694040 Linz Austria; Soft Matter Physics Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstraße 694040 Linz Austria
| | - Calin Hrelescu
- Institute of Applied Physics Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstraße 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Thomas A Klar
- Institute of Applied Physics Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstraße 69 4040 Linz Austria
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15
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Liu Y, Yan J, Shao Y, Pan J, Zhang C, Hao Y, Han G. Spoof surface plasmon polaritons based on ultrathin corrugated metallic grooves at terahertz frequency. APPLIED OPTICS 2016; 55:1720-1724. [PMID: 26974635 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.001720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the dispersion properties of an ultrathin spoof plasmonic waveguide based on metal strip grooves using the finite element method. The confinement ability of the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waves are influenced by the dispersion curves, which can be modulated by the structure parameters. The propagation characteristics of a subwavelength planar plasmonic waveguide ring resonator have also been studied. Furthermore, a gain medium is introduced to compensate for the propagation loss of the SPP wave in the device at terahertz frequency. It is demonstrated that the gain medium provides an enhancement for the control of on/off states of the signal with the presence of pumping, which paves a way for gain-assisted switching and lasing applications in the terahertz regime.
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16
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Livani AM, Kaatuzian H. Analysis and simulation of nonlinearity and effects of spontaneous emission in Schottky-junction-based plasmonic amplifiers. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:6103-6110. [PMID: 26193159 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.006103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An amplifier that operates on surface plasmon polaritons has been analyzed and simulated. Nonlinearity behavior and the spontaneous emission effects of the plasmonic amplifier are investigated in this paper. A rate equations approach has been used in which parameters are derived from simulation results of the plasmonic amplifier (Silvaco/ATLAS). Details on the method of this derivation are included, which were not previously reported. Rate equations are solved numerically by MATLAB codes. These codes verify the Silvaco results. The plasmonic amplifier operates on surface plasmons with a free-space wavelength of 1550 nm. Results show that, even without the effect of spontaneous emission, gain of the plasmonic amplifier saturates in high input levels. Saturation power, which can be used for comparing nonlinearity of different amplifiers, is 2.1 dBm for this amplifier. Amplified spontaneous emission reduces the gain of the amplifiers, which is long. There is an optimum value for the length of the amplifier. For the amplifier of this work, the optimum length for the small signal condition is 265 μm.
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17
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Xu X, Lin SC, Li Q, Zhang Z, Ivanov IN, Li Y, Wang W, Gu B, Zhang Z, Hsueh CH, Snijders PC, Seal K. Optical control of fluorescence through plasmonic eigenmode extinction. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9911. [PMID: 25927955 PMCID: PMC5386199 DOI: 10.1038/srep09911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce the concept of optical control of the fluorescence yield of CdSe quantum dots through plasmon-induced structural changes in random semicontinuous nanostructured gold films. We demonstrate that the wavelength- and polarization dependent coupling between quantum dots and the semicontinuous films, and thus the fluorescent emission spectrum, can be controlled and significantly increased through the optical extinction of a selective band of eigenmodes in the films. This optical method of effecting controlled changes in the metal nanostructure allows for versatile functionality in a single sample and opens a pathway to in situ control over the fluorescence spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Xu
- Materials Sciences and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Shih-Che Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Quanshui Li
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN 37996
| | - Zhili Zhang
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN 37996
| | - Ilia N. Ivanov
- Center for Nanoscale Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Yuan Li
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Wenbin Wang
- Materials Sciences and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Baohua Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Chun-Hway Hsueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Paul C. Snijders
- Materials Sciences and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Katyayani Seal
- Materials Sciences and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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18
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Livani AM, Kaatuzian H. Design and simulation of an electrically pumped Schottky-junction-based plasmonic amplifier. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:2164-2173. [PMID: 25968496 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.002164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated an amplifier which operates on surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). A semiconductor is considered instead of dielectric since its interface with metal can support transverse-magnetic-polarized SPP propagation. A T-shaped cross section for the analyzed waveguide is considered. Metal-semiconductor interface conditions in particular can be regarded as a Schottky junction that has the capability of being pumped electrically. So compensation of propagation loss imposed by metal is possible and beyond that, amplification occurs. This configuration has advantages such as a simple fabrication process and compact size. This scheme has been implemented previously in 3.16, 1.7, and 0.8 μm for increasing the propagation length of the SPP but here, the free-space wavelength of 1.55 μm is considered for designing a plasmonic amplifier. This wavelength is selected because this is the most used wavelength in fiber-optic telecommunications due to its ultralow attenuation in silica. However, designing such an amplifier with too many effects that arise in a Schottky junction may be an extremely difficult process. So simplification, which regards essential effects and ignores nonimportant ones, is included. In this work, gold is considered as the metal and n+-doped In0.53Ga0.47As as the semiconductor to form a Schottky junction. The semiconductor has a doping concentration of 1×1018 cm-3. In forward bias of 1.25 V, the gain coefficient of the SPP mode is estimated up to 337 cm-1 which corresponds to 14.62 dB power gain for a 100 μm long amplifier.
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19
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Ruan Z. Spatial mode control of surface plasmon polariton excitation with gain medium: from spatial differentiator to integrator. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:601-604. [PMID: 25680160 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In optical analogue computation, optical differentiator and integrator are the key element devices for ultrafast parallel data processing. Here we demonstrate that a Kretschmann configuration prism can directly perform spatial differentiation for the incident beam profile. Additionally, we realize all-optical reconfiguration from differentiator to integrator by modulating the propagation loss of surface plasmon polariton with optical pump. The feature of reconfiguration opens directions to ultrafast beam transformation, reconfigurable imaging processing, and all-optical analogue computing.
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20
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Nanoplasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications. NATO SCIENCE FOR PEACE AND SECURITY SERIES B: PHYSICS AND BIOPHYSICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9133-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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21
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Li Y, Zhang H, Mei T, Zhu N, Zhang DH, Teng J. Effect of dielectric cladding on active plasmonic device based on InGaAsP multiple quantum wells. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:25599-25607. [PMID: 25401593 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.025599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) planar waveguide with amorphous silicon (α-Si) cladding is studied, for empowering the device modulation response. The device is fabricated with multiple quantum wells (MQWs) as the gain media electrically pumped for compensating SPP propagation loss on Au film waveguide. The SPP propagation greatly benefits from the modal gain for the long-range hybrid mode, which is optimized by adopting an α-Si cladding layer accompanied with minimal degradation of mode confinement. The proposed structure presented more sensitive response to electrical manipulation than the one without cladding in experiment.
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22
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Spontaneous emission noise in long-range surface plasmon polariton waveguide based optical gyroscope. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6369. [PMID: 25234712 PMCID: PMC4168282 DOI: 10.1038/srep06369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous emission noise is an important limit to the performance of active plasmonic devices. Here, we investigate the spontaneous emission noise in the long-range surface plasmon-polariton waveguide based optical gyroscope. A theoretical model of the sensitivity is established to study the incoherent multi-beam interference of spontaneous emission in the gyroscope. Numerical results show that spontaneous emission produces a drift in the transmittance spectra and lowers the signal-to-noise-ratio of the gyroscope. It also strengthens the shot noise to be the main limit to the sensitivity of the gyroscope for high propagation loss. To reduce the negative effects of the spontaneous emission noise on the gyroscope, an external feedback loop is suggested to estimate the drift in the transmittance spectra and therefor enhance the sensitivity. Our work lays a foundation for the improvement of long-range surface plasmon-polariton gyroscope and paves the way to its practical application.
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23
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Paul A, Zhen YR, Wang Y, Chang WS, Xia Y, Nordlander P, Link S. Dye-assisted gain of strongly confined surface plasmon polaritons in silver nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:3628-3633. [PMID: 24798451 DOI: 10.1021/nl501363s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Noble metal nanowires are excellent candidates as subwavelength optical components in miniaturized devices due to their ability to support the propagation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). Nanoscale data transfer based on SPP propagation at optical frequencies has the advantage of larger bandwidths but also suffers from larger losses due to strong mode confinement. To overcome losses, SPP gain has been realized, but so far only for weakly confined SPPs in metal films and stripes. Here we report the demonstration of gain for subwavelength SPPs that were strongly confined in chemically prepared silver nanowires (mode area = λ(2)/40) using a dye-doped polymer film as the optical gain medium. Under continuous wave excitation at 514 nm, we measured a gain coefficient of 270 cm(-1) for SPPs at 633 nm, resulting in partial SPP loss compensation of 14%. This achievement for strongly confined SPPs represents a major step forward toward the realization of nanoscale plasmonic amplifiers and lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Paul
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, ∥Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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24
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Nan F, Cheng ZQ, Wang YL, Zhang Q, Zhou L, Yang ZJ, Zhong YT, Liang S, Xiong Q, Wang QQ. Manipulating nonlinear emission and cooperative effect of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots by coupling to a silver nanorod complex cavity. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4839. [PMID: 24787617 PMCID: PMC4007083 DOI: 10.1038/srep04839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Colloidal semiconductor quantum dots have three-dimensional confined excitons with large optical oscillator strength and gain. The surface plasmons of metallic nanostructures offer an efficient tool to enhance exciton-exciton coupling and excitation energy transfer at appropriate geometric arrangement. Here, we report plasmon-mediated cooperative emissions of approximately one monolayer of ensemble CdSe/ZnS quantum dots coupled with silver nanorod complex cavities at room temperature. Power-dependent spectral shifting, narrowing, modulation, and amplification are demonstrated by adjusting longitudinal surface plasmon resonance of silver nanorods, reflectivity and phase shift of silver nanostructured film, and mode spacing of the complex cavity. The underlying physical mechanism of the nonlinear excitation energy transfer and nonlinear emissions are further investigated and discussed by using time-resolved photoluminescence and finite-difference time-domain numerical simulations. Our results suggest effective strategies to design active plasmonic complex cavities for cooperative emission nanodevices based on semiconductor quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Nan
- 1] Department of Physics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China [2]
| | - Zi-Qiang Cheng
- 1] Department of Physics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China [2]
| | - Ya-Lan Wang
- Department of Physics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Li Zhou
- 1] Department of Physics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China [2] Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Zhong-Jian Yang
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing100084, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ting Zhong
- Department of Physics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Shan Liang
- Department of Physics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Qihua Xiong
- 1] Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371 [2] NOVITAS, Nanoelectronics Centre of Excellence, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Qu-Quan Wang
- Department of Physics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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25
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Rupasinghe C, Rukhlenko ID, Premaratne M. Spaser made of graphene and carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2014; 8:2431-2438. [PMID: 24559464 DOI: 10.1021/nn406015d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Spaser is a nanoscale source of surface plasmons comprising a plasmonic resonator and gain medium to replenish energy losses. Here we propose a carbon-based spaser design in which a graphene nanoflake (GNF) resonator is coupled to a carbon nanotube (CNT) gain element. We theoretically demonstrate that the optically excited CNT can nonradiatively transfer its energy to the localized plasmon modes of the GNF because of the near-field interaction between the modes and the CNT excitons. By calculating the localized fields of the plasmon modes and the matrix elements of the plasmon-exciton interaction, we find the optimal geometric and material parameters of the spaser that yield the highest plasmon generation rate. The results obtained may prove useful in designing robust and ultracompact coherent sources of surface plasmons for plasmonic nanocircuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanaka Rupasinghe
- Advanced Computing and Simulation Laboratory (AχL), Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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26
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Stamplecoskie KG, Grenier M, Scaiano JC. Self-Assembled Dipole Nanolasers. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2956-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja411696r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G. Stamplecoskie
- Department
of Chemistry and
Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michel Grenier
- Department
of Chemistry and
Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Juan C. Scaiano
- Department
of Chemistry and
Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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27
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Wijesinghe T, Premaratne M, Agrawal GP. Electrically pumped hybrid plasmonic waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:2681-2694. [PMID: 24663560 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.002681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Active plasmonic waveguiding has become a key requirement for designing and implementing nanophotonic devices. We study theoretically the performance of an Au/GaSb-based, metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structure acting as a hybrid electrically pumped waveguide with gain. The surface-plasmon polariton (SPP) mode supported by this configuration is analyzed in the third telecommunication window and discussed in detail. Changes in the effective mode index, confinement factor and effective mode area are illustrated for different core widths and layer thicknesses. Electrical behavior of the MIS junction is analyzed using a self-consistent numerical technique and used to study variations in the material and model gains within the semiconducting region of the device. Our results indicate the possibility of achieving low loss SPP propagation while maintaining a strong field confinement.
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28
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Leong ESP, Wu S, Zhang N, Loh WW, Khoo EH, Si GY, Dai HT, Liu YJ. Optical properties of ultrafine line and space polymeric nanogratings coated with metal and metal-dielectric-metal thin films. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:055203. [PMID: 24406796 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/5/055203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Noble metal and metal-dielectric-metal ultrathin films were deposited on the surfaces of ultrafine polymeric nanogratings, which were fabricated using nanoimprint lithography. Experimental results showed dramatic differences of the surface morphologies for single metal and triple metal-dielectric-metal films deposited on flat and corrugated polymeric surfaces. The effect of the surface morphology on the optical properties was hence investigated and analyzed under linearly polarized light. The surface plasmon resonances of single metal and triple metal-dielectric-metal films deposited on polymeric nanograting surfaces were also characterized based on the Kretschmann prism-coupling method. The single metal and triple metal-dielectric-metal films deposited on polymeric nanograting surfaces are important for the study of photon-plasmon interactions (i.e. couplings and conversions) at the interfaces between a nanograting and metal films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Sok Ping Leong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Singapore
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29
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Meng X, Kildishev AV, Fujita K, Tanaka K, Shalaev VM. Wavelength-tunable spasing in the visible. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:4106-12. [PMID: 23915034 DOI: 10.1021/nl4015827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A SPASER, short for surface plasmon amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, is key to accessing coherent optical fields at the nanoscale. Nevertheless, the realization of a SPASER in the visible range still remains a great challenge because of strong dissipative losses. Here, we demonstrate that room-temperature SPASER emission can be achieved by amplifying longitudinal surface plasmon modes supported in gold nanorods as plasmon nanocavities and utilizing laser dyes to supply optical gain for compensation of plasmon losses. By choosing a particular organic dye and adjusting the doping level, the resonant wavelength of the SPASER emission can be tuned from 562 to 627 nm with a spectral line width narrowed down to 5-11 nm. This work provides a versatile route toward SPASERs at extended wavelength regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangeng Meng
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku 615-8510, Kyoto, Japan
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30
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Rupasinghe C, Rukhlenko ID, Premaratne M. Design optimization of spasers considering the degeneracy of excited plasmon modes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:15335-15349. [PMID: 23842320 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.015335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We model spaser as an n-level quantum system and study a spasing geometry comprising of a metal nanosphere resonantly coupled to a semiconductor quantum dot (QD). The localized surface plasmons are assumed to be generated at the nanosphere due to the energy relaxation of the optically excited electron-hole pairs inside the QD. We analyze the total system, which is formed by hybridizing spaser's electronic and plasmonic subsystems, using the density matrix formalism, and then derive an analytic expression for the plasmon excitation rate. Here, the QD with three nondegenerate states interacts with a single plasmon mode of arbitrary degeneracy with respect to angular momentum projection. The derived expression is analyzed, in order to optimize the performance of a spaser operating at the triple-degenerate dipole mode by appropriately choosing the geometric parameters of the spaser. Our method is applicable to different resonator geometries and may prove useful in the design of QD-powered spasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanaka Rupasinghe
- Advanced Computing and Simulation Laboratory (AχL), Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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31
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Scaiano JC, Stamplecoskie K. Can Surface Plasmon Fields Provide a New Way to Photosensitize Organic Photoreactions? From Designer Nanoparticles to Custom Applications. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:1177-1187. [PMID: 26282039 DOI: 10.1021/jz400002a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we explore the opportunities that plasmon excitation may offer for the practitioners in organic chemistry. Beyond the interesting physical properties and lively colors of colloidal solutions of noble metal nanostructures, excitation of plasmon transitions can trigger a variety of processes, from the simple heat delivery with pinpoint precision, to the enhanced generation of excited states in the immediate vicinity of the nanoparticle, to electron- and hole-transfer processes that can readily participate in photoredox processes. In understanding how particles are produced, what properties they have, and the diversity of nanostructures and environments in which they can be produced, we aim at providing the small steps toward a paradigm that will allow organic chemists to take advantage of the opportunities that await in the area of plasmon-assisted processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Scaiano
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kevin Stamplecoskie
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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32
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Unidirectional spaser in symmetry-broken plasmonic core-shell nanocavity. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1241. [PMID: 23393623 PMCID: PMC3566612 DOI: 10.1038/srep01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The spaser, a quantum amplifier of surface plasmons by stimulated emission of radiation, is recognized as a coherent light source capable of confining optical fields at subwavelength scale. The control over the directionality of spasing has not been addressed so far, especially for a single-particle spasing nanocavity where optical feedback is solely provided by a plasmon resonance. In this work we numerically examine an asymmetric spaser – a resonant system comprising a dielectric core capped by a metal semishell. The proposed spaser emits unidirectionally along the axis of the semishell; this directionality depends neither on the incident polarization nor on the incident angle of the pump. The spasing efficiency of the semishell-capped resonator is one order of magnitude higher than that in the closed core-shell counterpart. Our calculations indicate that symmetry breaking can serve as a route to create unidirectional, highly intense, single-particle, coherent light sources at subwavelength scale.
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33
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Arnold C, Zhang Y, Rivas JG. Modified light emission from emitters coupled to long-range guided modes in strongly absorbing layers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:27554-27561. [PMID: 23262705 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.027554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the near-field coupling and energy transfer between photoexcited dye molecules and guided modes in layers of strongly absorbing dielectrics. The dye molecules decay by exciting long-range guided modes (LRGMs) in a thin layer of chalcogenide glass. These modes can exist in spite of the very large absorption of the material forming the layer. The LRGMs are detected by coupling then out to free space radiation through a prism in the Krestschmann configuration. By calculating the dissipated power of a dipole, representing a dye molecule, in the vicinity of the absorbing thin film, we show that there is a large probability of decay exciting LRGMs. This probability can reach 35% for perpendicularly oriented dipoles. The demonstration of the excitation of LRGMs in thin films of absorbing dielectrics by near-field coupling of excited molecules opens the possibility to compensate for the losses in the propagation of these modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Arnold
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, c/o Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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34
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Liu YJ, Si GY, Leong ESP, Xiang N, Danner AJ, Teng JH. Light-driven plasmonic color filters by overlaying photoresponsive liquid crystals on gold annular aperture arrays. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:OP131-5. [PMID: 22438069 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201104440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jun Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research-A*STAR, 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Singapore.
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35
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Lee H, Yoo Y, Kang T, In J, Seo MK, Kim B. Topotaxial fabrication of vertical Aux Ag1-x nanowire arrays: plasmon-active in the blue region and corrosion resistant. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:1527-1533. [PMID: 22431295 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201102576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Topotaxial growth of Au(x) Ag(1-x) alloy nanowires (NWs) by postepitaxial deposition of Ag vapor on Au NWs and investigation of their plasmonic properties are reported. Ag vapor is supplied onto the epitaxially grown Au NWs, topotaxially turning them into Au(x) Ag(1-x) alloy NWs. The original geometries and alignments of the Au nanostructures are well preserved, while the composition of the alloy NWs is controlled by varying the Ag vapor supply time. The Au(0.5) Ag(0.5) NWs show high surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity comparable to that of Ag NWs as well as highly increased oxidation resistance. The plasmon-active wavelength range of the Au(0.5) Ag(0.5) NW is significantly extended to the blue region compared to Au NWs. The Au(x) Ag(1-x) alloy NWs that have plasmonic activity in the blue region in addition to high corrosion resistance will make a superb material for practical plasmonic devices including SERS sensors and optical nanoantennas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoban Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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36
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Chen YH, Li J, Ren ML, Li ZY. Amplified spontaneous emission of surface plasmon polaritons with unusual angle-dependent response. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:1355-1359. [PMID: 22378595 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Loss issues are fundamentally crucial for the application of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). In this study the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) of SPPs in a typical Kretschmann configuration is observed and shows an unusually broadened angular response with increased pump intensity. Theoretical models are further developed to verify the results and understand the amplification of SPPs in Fourier space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hui Chen
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China
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37
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Garcia C, Coello V, Han Z, Radko IP, Bozhevolnyi SI. Partial loss compensation in dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides at near infra-red wavelengths. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:7771-7776. [PMID: 22453455 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.007771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on the fabrication and characterization of straight dielectric-loaded surface plasmon polaritons waveguides doped with lead-sulfide quantum dots as a near infra-red gain medium. A loss compensation of ~33% (an optical gain of ~143 cm⁻¹) was observed in the guided mode. The mode propagation, coupling efficiency and stimulated emission were characterized using leakage radiation microscopy. The guided mode signature was separated using spatial filters in the Fourier plane of the microscope for quantitative measurements of stimulated emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Garcia
- Doctorado en Ingeniería Física Industrial, Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ave. Universidad s/n. Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, N.L., C.P. 66450, Mexico.
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38
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Wild B, Cao L, Sun Y, Khanal BP, Zubarev ER, Gray SK, Scherer NF, Pelton M. Propagation lengths and group velocities of plasmons in chemically synthesized gold and silver nanowires. ACS NANO 2012; 6:472-482. [PMID: 22185403 DOI: 10.1021/nn203802e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in chemical synthesis have made it possible to produce gold and silver nanowires that are free of large-scale crystalline defects and surface roughness. Surface plasmons can propagate along the wires, allowing them to serve as optical waveguides with cross sections much smaller than the optical wavelength. Gold nanowires provide improved chemical stability as compared to silver nanowires, but at the cost of higher losses for the propagating plasmons. In order to characterize this trade-off, we measured the propagation length and group velocity of plasmons in both gold and silver nanowires. Propagation lengths are measured by fluorescence imaging of the plasmonic near fields. Group velocities are deduced from the spacing of fringes in the spectrum of coherent light transmitted by the wires. In contrast to previous work, we interpret these fringes as arising from a far-field interference effect. The measured propagation characteristics agree with numerical simulations, indicating that propagation in these wires is dominated by the material properties of the metals, with additional losses due to scattering from roughness or grain boundaries providing at most a minor contribution. The propagation lengths and group velocities can also be described by a simple analytical model that considers only the lowest-order waveguide mode in a solid metal cylinder, showing that this single mode dominates in real nanowires. Comparison between experiments and theory indicates that widely used tabulated values for dielectric functions provide a good description of plasmons in gold nanowires but significantly overestimate plasmon losses in silver nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wild
- Department of Chemistry and The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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39
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Kim KH, Husakou A, Herrmann J. Theory of plasmonic femtosecond pulse generation by mode-locking of long-range surface plasmon polariton lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:462-473. [PMID: 22274369 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We develop a semiclassical theory of passively mode-locked surface plasmon polariton (SPP) lasers based on a SPP Bragg resonator with a metal film deposited on a polymer host and adjacent layers of a slow saturable absorber and a slow saturable gain medium. The mode-locked laser dynamics is studied for the case that both the gain medium and the saturable absorber are solid-state dyes. The SPP laser pulse parameters are calculated in dependence on layer thicknesses of the metal film and pump parameters. We predict the possibility of SPP pulse generation with ∼ 100 fs pulse duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Hyon Kim
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Str. 2a, Berlin D-12489, Germany
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40
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Ni X, Ishii S, Thoreson MD, Shalaev VM, Han S, Lee S, Kildishev AV. Loss-compensated and active hyperbolic metamaterials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:25242-25254. [PMID: 22273915 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.025242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the dispersion relations of multilayers of silver and a dye-doped dielectric using four methods: standard effective-medium theory (EMT), nonlocal-effect-corrected EMT, nonlinear equations based on the eigenmode method, and a spatial harmonic analysis method. We compare the validity of these methods and show that metallic losses can be greatly compensated by saturated gain. Two realizable applications are also proposed. Loss-compensated metal-dielectric multilayers that have hyperbolic dispersion relationships are beneficial for numerous applications such as subwavelength imaging and quantum optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie Ni
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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41
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Low absorption losses of strongly coupled surface plasmons in nanoparticle assemblies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:19879-84. [PMID: 22084069 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1113563108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupled surface plasmons in one-dimensional assemblies of metal nanoparticles have attracted significant attention because strong interparticle interactions lead to large electromagnetic field enhancements that can be exploited for localizing and amplifying electromagnetic radiation in nanoscale structures. Ohmic loss (i.e., absorption by the metal), however, limits the performance of any application due to nonradiative surface plasmon relaxation. While absorption losses have been studied theoretically, they have not been quantified experimentally for strongly coupled surface plasmons. Here, we report on the ohmic loss in one-dimensional assemblies of gold nanoparticles with small interparticle separations of only a few nanometers and hence strong plasmon coupling. Both the absorption and scattering cross-sections of coupled surface plasmons were determined and compared to electrodynamic simulations. A lower absorption and higher scattering cross-section for coupled surface plasmons compared to surface plasmons of isolated nanoparticles suggest that coupled surface plasmons suffer smaller ohmic losses and therefore act as better antennas. These experimental results provide important insight for the design of plasmonic devices.
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42
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Stockman MI. Nanoplasmonics: past, present, and glimpse into future. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:22029-106. [PMID: 22109053 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.022029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A review of nanoplasmonics is given. This includes fundamentals, nanolocalization of optical energy and hot spots, ultrafast nanoplasmonics and control of the spatiotemporal nanolocalization of optical fields, and quantum nanoplasmonics (spaser and gain-assisted plasmonics). This article reviews both fundamental theoretical ideas in nanoplasmonics and selected experimental developments. It is designed both for specialists in the field and general physics readership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark I Stockman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA.
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43
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De Leon I, Berini P. Theory of noise in high-gain surface plasmon-polariton amplifiers incorporating dipolar gain media. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:20506-20517. [PMID: 21997058 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.020506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical analysis of noise in high-gain surface plasmon-polariton amplifiers incorporating dipolar gain media is presented. An expression for the noise figure is obtained in terms of the spontaneous emission rate into the amplified surface plasmon-polariton taking into account the different energy decay channels experienced by dipoles in close proximity to the metallic surface. Two amplifier structures are examined: a single-interface between a metal and a gain medium and a thin metal film bounded by identical gain media on both sides. A realistic configuration is considered where the surface plasmon-polariton undergoing amplification has a Gaussian field profile in the plane of the metal and paraxial propagation along the amplifier's length. The noise figure of these plasmonic amplifiers is studied considering three prototypical gain media with different permittivities. It is shown that the noise figure exhibits a strong dependance on the real part of the permittivities of the metal and gain medium, and that its minimum value is 4/π(∼3.53 dB). The origin of this minimum value is discussed. It is also shown that amplifier configurations supporting strongly confined surface plasmon-polaritons suffer from a large noise figure, which follows from an enhanced spontaneous emission rate due to the Purcell effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel De Leon
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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44
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Dai L, Xia J, Jiang C. Ultrawideband air-core plasmonic slow-light waveguide with ultralow high-order dispersion. APPLIED OPTICS 2011; 50:4566-4573. [PMID: 21833133 DOI: 10.1364/ao.50.004566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We propose a surface plasmonic waveguide that consists of a metal-dielectric-metal structure and an air-core which are sandwiched in both metals and dielectric material. Numerical results show that the waveguide is able to confine the surface plasmonic modes in a very small air area and achieve slow light with a group velocity of 0.0086 c and cancelled even-orders dispersion over the ultrawideband of 21 THz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems & Networks, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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45
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De Luca A, Grzelczak MP, Pastoriza-Santos I, Liz-Marzán LM, La Deda M, Striccoli M, Strangi G. Dispersed and encapsulated gain medium in plasmonic nanoparticles: a multipronged approach to mitigate optical losses. ACS NANO 2011; 5:5823-5829. [PMID: 21682326 DOI: 10.1021/nn2015562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The performance of all metamaterial-based applications is significantly limited by the inherent and strong energy dissipation present in metals, especially in the visible range. In fact, these materials suffer from rather strong damping of the plasmon fields which can become obstructive for most optical and photonic applications. Therefore, eliminating losses in optical metamaterials is critical for enabling their numerous potential applications. We experimentally demonstrate that the incorporation of gain material (fluorophores) in the high-local-field areas of a metamaterial subunits (gold core/silica shell nanoparticles) makes it possible to induce resonant energy transfer processes from gain units to plasmonic nanoparticles. A comparison between gain-assisted (nanoparticle-dye dispersion) and gain-functionalized (dye encapsulated into the shell) systems is reported. Fluorescence quenching and time-resolved spectroscopy along with modification of Rayleigh scattering and transmission of a probe beam as a function of impinging energy are key evidence of the strong coupling occurring between NPs and gain medium. The multipronged approach used to compensate losses in these metal-based subunits permits one to obtain important advances in materials science and paves the way toward further promising scientific research aimed to enable the wide range of electromagnetic properties of optical metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio De Luca
- CNR-IPCF Licryl Cosenza, Department of Physics, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
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46
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Dai D, Shi Y, He S, Wosinski L, Thylen L. Gain enhancement in a hybrid plasmonic nano-waveguide with a low-index or high-index gain medium. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:12925-12936. [PMID: 21747445 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.012925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical investigation of a nano-scale hybrid plasmonic waveguide with a low-index as well as high-index gain medium is presented. The present hybrid plasmonic waveguide structure consists of a Si substrate, a buffer layer, a high-index dielectric rib, a low-index cladding, a low-index nano-slot, and an inverted metal rib. Due to the field enhancement in the nano-slot region, a gain enhancement is observed, i.e., the ratio ∂G/∂g >1, where g and G are the gains of the gain medium and the TM fundamental mode of the hybrid plasmonic waveguide, respectively. For a hybrid plasmonic waveguide with a core width of w(co)=30nm and a slot height of h(slot)=50nm, the intrinsic loss could be compensated when using a low-index medium with a moderate gain of 176dB/cm. When introducing the high-index gain medium for the hybrid plasmonic waveguide, a higher gain is obtained by choosing a wider core width. For the high-index gain case with h(slot)=50nm and w(co)=500nm, a gain of about 200dB/cm also suffices for the compensation of the intrinsic loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoxin Dai
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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47
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Fedyanin DY, Arsenin AV. Surface plasmon polariton amplification in metal-semiconductor structures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:12524-12531. [PMID: 21716493 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.012524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel scheme of surface plasmon polariton (SPP) amplification that is based on a minority carrier injection in a Schottky diode. This scheme uses compact electrical pumping instead of bulky optical pumping. Compact size and a planar structure of the proposed amplifier allow one to utilize it in integrated plasmonic circuits and couple it easily to passive plasmonic devices. Moreover, this technique can be used to obtain surface plasmon lasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Yu Fedyanin
- Laboratory of Nanooptics and Femtosecond Electronics, Department of General Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 9, Institutsky lane, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia.
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48
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Krasavin AV, Vo TP, Dickson W, Bolger PM, Zayats AV. All-plasmonic modulation via stimulated emission of copropagating surface plasmon polaritons on a substrate with gain. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:2231-2235. [PMID: 21542632 DOI: 10.1021/nl200255t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate suppressed absorption and stimulated emission of surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) leading to all-plasmonic modulation of an SPP signal propagating at the interface between a metal and a gain medium; these observations are supported by the developed theory. The use of copropagating signal and control waves can provide more than 10 times more efficient SPP stimulated emission compared to out-of-plane pumping and opens up the possibility to realize integratable plasmonic components for active nanophotonic circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Krasavin
- Nano-optics and Near-field Spectroscopy Group, Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom.
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49
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Lin XS, Yan JH, Zheng YB, Wu LJ, Lan S. Bistable switching in the lossy side-coupled plasmonic waveguide-cavity structures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:9594-9599. [PMID: 21643217 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.009594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We show numerically that the lossy side-coupled plasmonic resonators can be used as bistable switches without compensation. While the internal loss imposes on the bistable characteristics by reducing the transmission contrast and raising the input power requirement, it makes the switching more available by enlarging the width of the hysteresis loop. We also correct the nonlinear transmission formula of the resonators to adapt the lossy condition. Both the theoretical and simulation results are in good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Sheng Lin
- Laboratory of Photonic Information Technology, School for Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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50
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Kitur JK, Podolskiy VA, Noginov MA. Stimulated emission of surface plasmon polaritons in a microcylinder cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:183903. [PMID: 21635088 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.183903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have observed stimulated emission of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in dye-doped polymeric microcylinder cavities deposited onto gold and silver wires. The stimulated emission spectra featured a characteristic series of laser modes, with modal spacing corresponding to SPPs propagating at the interface between the metal and dielectric. A plasmonic microlaser adds to the toolbox of plasmonic devices and plasmonic metamaterials and enables on-chip plasmonic generation and loss compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Kitur
- Center for Materials Research, Norfolk State University, Virginia 23504, USA
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