1
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Kumar N, Kolos M, Bhattacharya S, Karlický F. Excitons, optical spectra, and electronic properties of semiconducting Hf-based MXenes. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:124707. [PMID: 38533887 DOI: 10.1063/5.0197238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Semiconducting MXenes are an intriguing two-dimensional (2D) material class with promising electronic and optoelectronic properties. Here, we focused on recently prepared Hf-based MXenes, namely, Hf3C2O2 and Hf2CO2. Using the first-principles calculation and excited state corrections, we proved their dynamical stability, reconciled their semiconducting behavior, and obtained fundamental gaps by using the many-body GW method (indirect 1.1 and 2.2 eV; direct 1.4 and 3.5 eV). Using the Bethe-Salpeter equation, we subsequently provided optical gaps (0.9 and 2.7 eV, respectively), exciton binding energies, absorption spectra, and other properties of excitons in both Hf-based MXenes. The indirect character of both 2D materials further allowed for a significant decrease of excitation energies by considering indirect excitons with exciton momentum along the Γ-M path in the Brillouin zone. The first bright excitons are strongly delocalized in real space while contributed by only a limited number of electron-hole pairs around the M point in the k-space from the valence and conduction band. A diverse range of excitonic states in Hf3C2O2 MXene lead to a 4% and 13% absorptance for the first and second peaks in the infrared region of absorption spectra, respectively. In contrast, a prominent 28% absorptance peak in the visible region appears in Hf2CO2 MXene. Results from radiative lifetime calculations indicate the promising potential of these materials in optoelectric devices requiring sustained and efficient exciton behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Kumar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Kolos
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Sitangshu Bhattacharya
- Electronic Structure Theory Group, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology-Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211015, India
| | - František Karlický
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 30. dubna 22, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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2
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Krasley A, Li E, Galeana JM, Bulumulla C, Beyene AG, Demirer GS. Carbon Nanomaterial Fluorescent Probes and Their Biological Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3085-3185. [PMID: 38478064 PMCID: PMC10979413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon nanomaterials have broadly useful chemical and photophysical attributes that are conducive to applications in biology. In this review, we focus on materials whose photophysics allow for the use of these materials in biomedical and environmental applications, with emphasis on imaging, biosensing, and cargo delivery. The review focuses primarily on graphitic carbon nanomaterials including graphene and its derivatives, carbon nanotubes, as well as carbon dots and carbon nanohoops. Recent advances in and future prospects of these fields are discussed at depth, and where appropriate, references to reviews pertaining to older literature are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
T. Krasley
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Eugene Li
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jesus M. Galeana
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Chandima Bulumulla
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Abraham G. Beyene
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Gozde S. Demirer
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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3
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Cohen G, Haber JB, Neaton JB, Qiu DY, Refaely-Abramson S. Phonon-Driven Femtosecond Dynamics of Excitons in Crystalline Pentacene from First Principles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:126902. [PMID: 38579218 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.126902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Nonradiative exciton relaxation processes are critical for energy transduction and transport in optoelectronic materials, but how these processes are connected to the underlying crystal structure and the associated electron, exciton, and phonon band structures, as well as the interactions of all these particles, is challenging to understand. Here, we present a first-principles study of exciton-phonon relaxation pathways in pentacene, a paradigmatic molecular crystal and optoelectronic semiconductor. We compute the momentum- and band-resolved exciton-phonon interactions, and use them to analyze key scattering channels. We find that both exciton intraband scattering and interband scattering to parity-forbidden dark states occur on the same ∼100 fs timescale as a direct consequence of the longitudinal-transverse splitting of the bright exciton band. Consequently, exciton-phonon scattering exists as a dominant nonradiative relaxation channel in pentacene. We further show how the propagation of an exciton wave packet is connected with crystal anisotropy, which gives rise to the longitudinal-transverse exciton splitting and concomitant anisotropic exciton and phonon dispersions. Our results provide a framework for understanding the role of exciton-phonon interactions in exciton nonradiative lifetimes in molecular crystals and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Cohen
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Jonah B Haber
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Neaton
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Diana Y Qiu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Sivan Refaely-Abramson
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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4
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Trerayapiwat KJ, Li X, Ma X, Sharifzadeh S. Broken Symmetry Optical Transitions in (6,5) Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Containing sp3 Defects Revealed by First-Principles Theory. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:667-671. [PMID: 38174941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
We present a first-principles many-body perturbation theory study of nitrophenyl-doped (6,5) single-walled nanotubes (SWCNTs) to understand how sp3 doping impacts the excitonic properties. sp3-doped SWCNTs are promising as a class of optoelectronic materials with bright tunable photoluminescence, long spin coherence, and single-photon emission (SPE), motivating the study of spin excitations. We predict that the dopant results in a single unpaired spin localized around the defect site, which induces multiple low-energy excitonic peaks. By comparing optical absorption and photoluminescence from experiment and theory, we identify the transitions responsible for the red-shifted, defect-induced E11* peak, which has demonstrated SPE for some dopants; the presence of this state is due to both the symmetry-breaking associated with the defect and the presence of the defect-induced in-gap state. Furthermore, we find an asymmetry between the contribution of the two spin channels, suggesting that this system has potential for spin-selective optical transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinxin Li
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Xuedan Ma
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Northwestern Argonne Institute of Science and Engineering, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sahar Sharifzadeh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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5
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Ali B, Siddique SA, Ahmed Siddique MB, Ullah S, Ali MA, Rauf A, Kamran MA, Arshad M. Insight on the structural, electronic and optical properties of Zn, Ga-doped/dual-doped graphitic carbon nitride for visible-light applications. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 125:108603. [PMID: 37633020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The density functional theory (DFT) was applied for the first time to study the doping and co-doping of Ga and Zn metals on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). The doping of these metal impurities into g-C3N4 leads to a significant decrease in the bandgap energy. Moreover, the co-doping leads to even lower bandgap energy than either individual Zn or Ga-doped g-C3N4. The theoretical electronic and optical properties including the density of state (DOS), energy levels of the frontier orbital, excited state lifetime, and molecular electrostatic potential of the doped and co-doped g-C3N4 support their application in UV-visible light-based technologies. The quantum mechanical parameters (energy band gap, binding energy, exciton energy, softness, hardness) and dipole moment exhibit higher values (ranging from 1.36 to 4.94 D) compared to the bare g-C3N4 (0.29 D), indicating better solubility in the water solvent. The time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations showed absorption maxima in between the UV-Vis region (309-878 nm). Additionally, charge transfer characteristics, transition density matrix (TDM), excited state lifetime and light harvesting efficiency (LHE) were investigated. Overall, these theoretical studies suggest that doped and co-doped g-C3N4 are excellent candidates for electronic semiconductor devices, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), solar cells, and photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babar Ali
- Department of Physics, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Sabir Ali Siddique
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | | | - Sami Ullah
- Department of Physics, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arif Ali
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rauf
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Arshad
- Institute of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
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6
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Oyibo G, Barrett T, Jois S, Blackburn JL, Lee JU. All-Carbon Nanotube Solar Cell Devices Mimic Photosynthesis. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9100-9106. [PMID: 36326598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Both solar cells and photosynthetic systems employ a two-step process of light absorption and energy conversion. In photosynthesis, they are performed by distinct proteins. However, conventional solar cells use the same semiconductor for optical absorption and electron-hole separation, leading to inefficiencies. Here, we show that an all-semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube (s-SWCNTs) device provides an artificial system that models photosynthesis in a tandem geometry. We use distinct chirality s-SWCNTs to separate the site and direction of light absorption from those of power generation. Using different bandgap s-SWCNTs, we implement an energy funnel in dual-gated p-n diodes. The device captures photons from multiple regions of the solar spectrum and funnels photogenerated excitons to the smallest bandgap s-SWCNT layer, where they become free carriers. We demonstrate an increase in the photoresponse by adding more s-SWCNT layers of different bandgaps without a corresponding deleterious increase in the dark leakage current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Oyibo
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, State University of New York-Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York12203, United States
| | - Thomas Barrett
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, State University of New York-Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York12203, United States
| | - Sharadh Jois
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, State University of New York-Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York12203, United States
| | | | - Ji Ung Lee
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, State University of New York-Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York12203, United States
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7
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Chen JS, Dasgupta A, Morrow DJ, Emmanuele R, Marks TJ, Hersam MC, Ma X. Room Temperature Lasing from Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:16776-16783. [PMID: 36121213 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized near-infrared semiconductor lasers that are able to generate coherent light with low energy consumption have widespread applications in fields such as optical interconnects, neuromorphic computing, and deep-tissue optogenetics. With optical transitions at near-infrared wavelengths, diameter-tunable electronic structures, and superlative optoelectronic properties, semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are promising candidates for nanolaser applications. However, despite significant efforts in this direction and recent progress toward enhancing spontaneous emission from SWCNTs through Purcell effects, SWCNT-based excitonic lasers have not yet been demonstrated. Leveraging an optimized cavity-emitter integration scheme enabled by a self-assembly process, here we couple SWCNT emission to the whispering gallery modes supported by polymer microspheres, resulting in room temperature excitonic lasing with an average lasing threshold of 4.5 kW/cm2. The high photostability of SWCNTs allows stable lasing for prolonged duration with minimal degradation. This experimental realization of excitonic lasing from SWCNTs, combined with their versatile electronic and optical properties that can be further controlled by chemical modification, offers far-reaching opportunities for tunable near-infrared nanolasers that are applicable for optical signal processing, in vivo biosensing, and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Shiang Chen
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Anushka Dasgupta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Darien J Morrow
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ruggero Emmanuele
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xuedan Ma
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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8
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Eller B, Fortner J, Kłos J, Wang Y, Clark CW. Can armchair nanotubes host organic color centers? JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:464004. [PMID: 36063817 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac8f7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We use time-dependent density functional theory to investigate the possibility of hosting organic color centers in (6, 6) armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes, which are known to be metallic. Our calculations show that in short segments of (6, 6) nanotubes∼5nm in length there is a dipole-allowed singlet transition related to the quantum confinement of charge carriers in the smaller segments. The introduction ofsp3defects to the surface of (6, 6) nanotubes results in new dipole-allowed excited states. Some of these states are redshifted from the native confinement state of the defect-free (6, 6) segments; this is similar behavior to what is observed withsp3defects to exciton transitions in semiconducting carbon nanotubes. This result suggests the possibility of electrically wiring organic color centers directly through armchair carbon nanotube hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Eller
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Jacob Fortner
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Jacek Kłos
- Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Charles W Clark
- Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
- National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
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9
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Ackermann J, Metternich JT, Herbertz S, Kruss S. Biosensing with Fluorescent Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202112372. [PMID: 34978752 PMCID: PMC9313876 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors are powerful tools for modern basic research and biomedical diagnostics. Their development requires substantial input from the chemical sciences. Sensors or probes with an optical readout, such as fluorescence, offer rapid, minimally invasive sensing of analytes with high spatial and temporal resolution. The near‐infrared (NIR) region is beneficial because of the reduced background and scattering of biological samples (tissue transparency window) in this range. In this context, single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have emerged as versatile NIR fluorescent building blocks for biosensors. Here, we provide an overview of advances in SWCNT‐based NIR fluorescent molecular sensors. We focus on chemical design strategies for diverse analytes and summarize insights into the photophysics and molecular recognition. Furthermore, different application areas are discussed—from chemical imaging of cellular systems and diagnostics to in vivo applications and perspectives for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ackermann
- Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057, Duisburg, Germany.,Department EBS, University Duisburg-Essen, Bismarckstrasse 81, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Justus T Metternich
- Physical Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.,Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Herbertz
- Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Physical Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.,Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Finkenstrasse 61, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
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10
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Nandi S, Caicedo K, Cognet L. When Super-Resolution Localization Microscopy Meets Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091433. [PMID: 35564142 PMCID: PMC9105540 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We recently assisted in a revolution in the realm of fluorescence microscopy triggered by the advent of super-resolution techniques that surpass the classic diffraction limit barrier. By providing optical images with nanometer resolution in the far field, super-resolution microscopy (SRM) is currently accelerating our understanding of the molecular organization of bio-specimens, bridging the gap between cellular observations and molecular structural knowledge, which was previously only accessible using electron microscopy. SRM mainly finds its roots in progress made in the control and manipulation of the optical properties of (single) fluorescent molecules. The flourishing development of novel fluorescent nanostructures has recently opened the possibility of associating super-resolution imaging strategies with nanomaterials’ design and applications. In this review article, we discuss some of the recent developments in the field of super-resolution imaging explicitly based on the use of nanomaterials. As an archetypal class of fluorescent nanomaterial, we mainly focus on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), which are photoluminescent emitters at near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths bearing great interest for biological imaging and for information optical transmission. Whether for fundamental applications in nanomaterial science or in biology, we show how super-resolution techniques can be applied to create nanoscale images “in”, “of” and “with” SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somen Nandi
- Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5298, 33400 Talence, France; (S.N.); (K.C.)
- Institut d’Optique and CNRS, LP2N UMR 5298, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Karen Caicedo
- Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5298, 33400 Talence, France; (S.N.); (K.C.)
- Institut d’Optique and CNRS, LP2N UMR 5298, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Laurent Cognet
- Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5298, 33400 Talence, France; (S.N.); (K.C.)
- Institut d’Optique and CNRS, LP2N UMR 5298, 33400 Talence, France
- Correspondence:
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11
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Dimitriev OP. Dynamics of Excitons in Conjugated Molecules and Organic Semiconductor Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8487-8593. [PMID: 35298145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The exciton, an excited electron-hole pair bound by Coulomb attraction, plays a key role in photophysics of organic molecules and drives practically important phenomena such as photoinduced mechanical motions of a molecule, photochemical conversions, energy transfer, generation of free charge carriers, etc. Its behavior in extended π-conjugated molecules and disordered organic films is very different and very rich compared with exciton behavior in inorganic semiconductor crystals. Due to the high degree of variability of organic systems themselves, the exciton not only exerts changes on molecules that carry it but undergoes its own changes during all phases of its lifetime, that is, birth, conversion and transport, and decay. The goal of this review is to give a systematic and comprehensive view on exciton behavior in π-conjugated molecules and molecular assemblies at all phases of exciton evolution with emphasis on rates typical for this dynamic picture and various consequences of the above dynamics. To uncover the rich variety of exciton behavior, details of exciton formation, exciton transport, exciton energy conversion, direct and reverse intersystem crossing, and radiative and nonradiative decay are considered in different systems, where these processes lead to or are influenced by static and dynamic disorder, charge distribution symmetry breaking, photoinduced reactions, electron and proton transfer, structural rearrangements, exciton coupling with vibrations and intermediate particles, and exciton dissociation and annihilation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg P Dimitriev
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics NAS of Ukraine, pr. Nauki 41, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
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12
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Ackermann J, Metternich JT, Herbertz S, Kruss S. Biosensing with Fluorescent Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ackermann
- Biomedical Nanosensors Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems Finkenstrasse 61 47057 Duisburg Germany
- Department EBS University Duisburg-Essen Bismarckstrasse 81 47057 Duisburg Germany
| | - Justus T. Metternich
- Physical Chemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
- Biomedical Nanosensors Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems Finkenstrasse 61 47057 Duisburg Germany
| | - Svenja Herbertz
- Biomedical Nanosensors Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems Finkenstrasse 61 47057 Duisburg Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Physical Chemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
- Biomedical Nanosensors Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems Finkenstrasse 61 47057 Duisburg Germany
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13
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Yin H, Liu Y, Ma Y. Brightening of dark excitons in single-walled carbon nanotubes: Investigation by many-body Green’s function theory. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2110201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huabing Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Institute for Computational Materials Science, International Joint Research Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yaru Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yuchen Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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14
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Ping Y, Smart TJ. Computational design of quantum defects in two-dimensional materials. NATURE COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 1:646-654. [PMID: 38217204 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-021-00140-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Missing atoms or atom substitutions (point defects) in crystal lattices in two-dimensional (2D) materials are potential hosts for emerging quantum technologies, such as single-photon emitters and spin quantum bits (qubits). First-principles-guided design of quantum defects in 2D materials is paving the way for rational spin qubit discovery. Here we discuss the frontier of first-principles theory development and the challenges in predicting the critical physical properties of point defects in 2D materials for quantum information technology, in particular for optoelectronic and spin-optotronic properties. Strong many-body interactions at reduced dimensionality require advanced electronic structure methods beyond mean-field theory. The great challenges for developing theoretical methods that are appropriate for strongly correlated defect states, as well as general approaches for predicting spin relaxation and the decoherence time of spin defects, are yet to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ping
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
| | - Tyler J Smart
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
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15
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Qiu DY, Cohen G, Novichkova D, Refaely-Abramson S. Signatures of Dimensionality and Symmetry in Exciton Band Structure: Consequences for Exciton Dynamics and Transport. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:7644-7650. [PMID: 34463514 PMCID: PMC8890683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exciton dynamics, lifetimes, and scattering are directly related to the exciton dispersion or band structure. Here, we present a general theory for exciton band structure within both ab initio and model Hamiltonian approaches. We show that contrary to common assumption, the exciton band structure contains nonanalytical discontinuities-a feature which is impossible to obtain from the electronic band structure alone. These discontinuities are purely quantum phenomena, arising from the exchange scattering of electron-hole pairs. We show that the degree of these discontinuities depends on materials' symmetry and dimensionality, with jump discontinuities occurring in 3D and different orders of removable discontinuities in 2D and 1D, whose details depend on the exciton degeneracy and material thickness. We connect these features to the early stages of exciton dynamics, radiative lifetimes, and diffusion constants, in good correspondence with recent experimental observations, revealing that the discontinuities in the band structure lead to ultrafast ballistic transport and suggesting that measured exciton diffusion and dynamics are influenced by the underlying exciton dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Y. Qiu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Galit Cohen
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Dana Novichkova
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sivan Refaely-Abramson
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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16
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Sethi G, Zhou Y, Zhu L, Yang L, Liu F. Flat-Band-Enabled Triplet Excitonic Insulator in a Diatomic Kagome Lattice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:196403. [PMID: 34047585 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.196403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The excitonic insulator (EI) state is a strongly correlated many-body ground state, arising from an instability in the band structure toward exciton formation. We show that the flat valence and conduction bands of a semiconducting diatomic Kagome lattice, as exemplified in a superatomic graphene lattice, can possibly conspire to enable an interesting triplet EI state, based on density-functional theory calculations combined with many-body GW and Bethe-Salpeter equation. Our results indicate that massive carriers in flat bands with highly localized electron and hole wave functions significantly reduce the screening and enhance the exchange interaction, leading to an unusually large triplet exciton binding energy (∼1.1 eV) exceeding the GW band gap by ∼0.2 eV and a large singlet-triplet splitting of ∼0.4 eV. Our findings enrich once again the intriguing physics of flat bands and extend the scope of EI materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjyot Sethi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Yinong Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Linghan Zhu
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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17
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Singh A, Kumar S, Nivedan A, Kumar S. Temperature-Dependent Ultrafast Response and π-Plasmon Dynamics in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:627-632. [PMID: 33382625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-dependent femtosecond time-resolved carrier relaxation dynamics has been studied in thin films of single-walled carbon nanotubes. An early time evolution of the photoexcited relaxation shows evidence of superimposed transient bleaching and induced photo absorption of almost similar strengths, whereas at longer times it is governed by slow recovery of long-lived dark excitons. After about 3 ps, the signal is dictated by the slowest negative relaxation component attributed to the low-energy π-plasmons. An absorption trough near 500 fs in the ultrafast response evolves with the increasing sample temperature. This particular feature is masked by the reduced induced transmission at room temperature and above. We have estimated the electron-phonon coupling constant to be ∼0.86 from the linear temperature dependence of the slow relaxation time constant. More such studies can help advance the understanding of the intrinsic charge and energy loss mechanisms to improve the efficiency of the optoelectronic devices based on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Singh
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy and Nonlinear Photonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy and Nonlinear Photonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anand Nivedan
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy and Nonlinear Photonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Femtosecond Spectroscopy and Nonlinear Photonics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
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18
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Riche F, Bragança H, Qu F, Lopez-Richard V, Xie SJ, Dias AC, Marques GE. Robust room temperature emissions of trion in darkish WSe 2monolayers: effects of dark neutral and charged excitonic states. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:365702. [PMID: 32365339 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab8fd4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Owing to nonzero charge and spin degrees of freedom, trions offer unprecedented tunability and open new paths for applications in devices based on 2D semiconductors. However, in monolayer WSe2, the trion photoluminescence is commonly detected only at low temperatures and vanishes at room temperature, which undermines practical applications. To unveil how to overcome this obstacle, we have developed a comprehensive theory to probe the impact of different excitonic channels on the trion emission in WSe2monolayers, which combinesab initiotight-binding formalism, Bethe-Salpeter equation and a set of coupled rate equations to describe valley dynamics of excitonic particles. Through a systematic study in which new scattering channels are progressively included, we found that, besides the low electron density, strong many-body correlations between bright and dark excitonic states quenches the trion emission in WSe2. Therefore, the reduction of scatterings from bright to dark states is required to achieve trion emission at room temperature for experimentally accessible carrier concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Riche
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Helena Bragança
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto-MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Fanyao Qu
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Victor Lopez-Richard
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - S J Xie
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - A C Dias
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil
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19
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Kim Y, Goupalov SV, Weight BM, Gifford BJ, He X, Saha A, Kim M, Ao G, Wang Y, Zheng M, Tretiak S, Doorn SK, Htoon H. Hidden Fine Structure of Quantum Defects Revealed by Single Carbon Nanotube Magneto-Photoluminescence. ACS NANO 2020; 14:3451-3460. [PMID: 32053343 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic color-center quantum defects in semiconducting carbon nanotube hosts are rapidly emerging as promising candidates for solid-state quantum information technologies. However, it is unclear whether these defect color-centers could support the spin or pseudospin-dependent excitonic fine structure required for spin manipulation and readout. Here we conducted magneto-photoluminescence spectroscopy on individual organic color-centers and observed the emergence of fine structure states under an 8.5 T magnetic field applied parallel to the nanotube axis. One to five fine structure states emerge depending on the chirality of the nanotube host, nature of chemical functional group, and chemical binding configuration, presenting an exciting opportunity toward developing chemical control of magnetic brightening. We attribute these hidden excitonic fine structure states to field-induced mixing of singlet excitons trapped at sp3 defects and delocalized band-edge triplet excitons. These findings provide opportunities for using organic color-centers for spintronics, spin-based quantum computing, and quantum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghee Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Serguei V Goupalov
- Department of Physics, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
- Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - Braden M Weight
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Brendan J Gifford
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Theory Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Xiaowei He
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Avishek Saha
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Mijin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Geyou Ao
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ming Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Theory Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Stephen K Doorn
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Han Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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20
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Jhalani VA, Chen HY, Palummo M, Bernardi M. Precise radiative lifetimes in bulk crystals from first principles: the case of wurtzite gallium nitride. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:084001. [PMID: 31698340 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab5563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gallium nitride (GaN) is a key semiconductor for solid-state lighting, but its radiative processes are not fully understood. Here we show a first-principles approach to accurately compute the radiative lifetimes in bulk uniaxial crystals, focusing on wurtzite GaN. Our computed radiative lifetimes are in very good agreement with experiment up to 100 K. We show that taking into account excitons (through the Bethe-Salpeter equation) and spin-orbit coupling is essential for computing accurate radiative lifetimes. A model for exciton dissociation into free carriers allows us to compute the radiative lifetimes up to room temperature. Our work enables precise radiative lifetime calculations in III-nitrides and other anisotropic solid-state emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vatsal A Jhalani
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, United States of America
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21
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Qian Q, Peng L, Perea-Lopez N, Fujisawa K, Zhang K, Zhang X, Choudhury TH, Redwing JM, Terrones M, Ma X, Huang S. Defect creation in WSe 2 with a microsecond photoluminescence lifetime by focused ion beam irradiation. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:2047-2056. [PMID: 31912844 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08390a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Defect engineering is important for tailoring the electronic and optical properties of two-dimensional materials, and the capability of generating defects of certain types at specific locations is meaningful for potential applications such as optoelectronics and quantum photonics. In this work, atomic defects are created in single-layer WSe2 using focused ion beam (FIB) irradiation, with defect densities spanning many orders of magnitude. The influences of defects are systematically characterized. Raman spectroscopy can only discern defects in WSe2 for a FIB dose higher than 1 × 1013 cm-2, which causes blue shifts of both A'1 and E' modes. Photoluminescence (PL) of WSe2 is more sensitive to defects. At cryogenic temperature, the low-energy PL induced by defects can be revealed, which shows redshifts and broadenings with increased FIB doses. Similar Raman shifts and PL spectrum changes are observed for the WSe2 film grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). A four microsecond-long lifetime is observed in the PL dynamics and is three orders of magnitude longer than the often observed delocalized exciton lifetime and becomes more dominant for WSe2 with increasing FIB doses. The ultra-long lifetime of PL in single-layer WSe2 is consistent with first-principles calculation results considering the creation of both chalcogen and metal vacancies by FIB, and can be valuable for photo-catalytic reactions, valleytronics and quantum light emissions owing to the longer carrier separation/manipulation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingkai Qian
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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22
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Toropov AA, Evropeitsev EA, Nestoklon MO, Smirnov DS, Shubina TV, Kaibyshev VK, Budkin GV, Jmerik VN, Nechaev DV, Rouvimov S, Ivanov SV, Gil B. Strongly Confined Excitons in GaN/AlN Nanostructures with Atomically Thin GaN Layers for Efficient Light Emission in Deep-Ultraviolet. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:158-165. [PMID: 31756115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fascinating optical properties governed by extremely confined excitons have been so far observed in 2D crystals like monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides. These materials, however, are limited for production by epitaxial methods. Besides, they are not suitable for the development of optoelectronics for the challenging deep-ultraviolet spectral range. Here, we present a single monolayer of GaN in AlN as a heterostructure fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy, which provides extreme 2D confinement of excitons, being ideally suited for light generation in the deep-ultraviolet. Optical studies in the samples, supplemented by a group-theory analysis and first-principle calculations, make evident a giant enhancement of the splitting between the dark and bright excitons due to short-range electron-hole exchange interaction that is a fingerprint of the strongly confined excitons. The practical significance of our results is in the observation of the internal quantum yield of the room-temperature excitonic emission as high as ∼75% at 235 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Toropov
- Ioffe Institute , St. Petersburg 194021 , Russia
| | | | | | - D S Smirnov
- Ioffe Institute , St. Petersburg 194021 , Russia
| | - T V Shubina
- Ioffe Institute , St. Petersburg 194021 , Russia
| | | | - G V Budkin
- Ioffe Institute , St. Petersburg 194021 , Russia
| | - V N Jmerik
- Ioffe Institute , St. Petersburg 194021 , Russia
| | - D V Nechaev
- Ioffe Institute , St. Petersburg 194021 , Russia
| | - S Rouvimov
- University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - S V Ivanov
- Ioffe Institute , St. Petersburg 194021 , Russia
| | - B Gil
- Ioffe Institute , St. Petersburg 194021 , Russia
- Université Montpellier, L2C, UMR 5221 , 34095 Cedex 5 Montpellier , France
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23
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Kwon H, Kim M, Nutz M, Hartmann NF, Perrin V, Meany B, Hofmann MS, Clark CW, Htoon H, Doorn SK, Högele A, Wang Y. Probing Trions at Chemically Tailored Trapping Defects. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1786-1794. [PMID: 31807680 PMCID: PMC6891859 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Trions, charged excitons that are reminiscent of hydrogen and positronium ions, have been intensively studied for energy harvesting, light-emitting diodes, lasing, and quantum computing applications because of their inherent connection with electron spin and dark excitons. However, these quasi-particles are typically present as a minority species at room temperature making it difficult for quantitative experimental measurements. Here, we show that by chemically engineering the well depth of sp3 quantum defects through a series of alkyl functional groups covalently attached to semiconducting carbon nanotube hosts, trions can be efficiently generated and localized at the trapping chemical defects. The exciton-electron binding energy of the trapped trion approaches 119 meV, which more than doubles that of "free" trions in the same host material (54 meV) and other nanoscale systems (2-45 meV). Magnetoluminescence spectroscopy suggests the absence of dark states in the energetic vicinity of trapped trions. Unexpectedly, the trapped trions are approximately 7.3-fold brighter than the brightest previously reported and 16 times as bright as native nanotube excitons, with a photoluminescence lifetime that is more than 100 times larger than that of free trions. These intriguing observations are understood by an efficient conversion of dark excitons to bright trions at the defect sites. This work makes trions synthetically accessible and uncovers the rich photophysics of these tricarrier quasi-particles, which may find broad implications in bioimaging, chemical sensing, energy harvesting, and light emitting in the short-wave infrared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kwon
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United
States
| | - Mijin Kim
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United
States
| | - Manuel Nutz
- Fakultat
für Physik, Center for NanoScience and Munich Quantum Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - Nicolai F. Hartmann
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Vivien Perrin
- Fakultat
für Physik, Center for NanoScience and Munich Quantum Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - Brendan Meany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United
States
| | - Matthias S. Hofmann
- Fakultat
für Physik, Center for NanoScience and Munich Quantum Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - Charles W. Clark
- Joint
Quantum Institute, National Institute of
Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20902, United States
| | - Han Htoon
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Stephen K. Doorn
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Alexander Högele
- Fakultat
für Physik, Center for NanoScience and Munich Quantum Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat München, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, D-80539 München, Germany
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United
States
- Maryland
NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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24
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Esteve-Paredes JJ, Pakdel S, Palacios JJ. Quenching of Exciton Recombination in Strained Two-Dimensional Monochalcogenides. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:077402. [PMID: 31491087 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.077402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We predict that long-lived excitons with very large binding energies can also exist in a single or few layers of monochalcogenides such as GaSe. Our theoretical study shows that excitons confined by a radial local strain field are unable to recombine despite electrons and holes coexisting in space. The localized single-particle states are calculated in the envelope function approximation based on a three-band k·p Hamiltonian obtained from density-functional-theory calculations. The binding energy and the decay rate of the exciton ground state are computed after including correlations in the basis of electron-hole pairs. The interplay between the localized strain and the caldera-type valence band characteristic of few-layered monochalcogenides creates localized electron and hole states with very different quantum numbers which hinders the recombination even for singlet excitons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Esteve-Paredes
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sahar Pakdel
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 14395-515, Iran
| | - J J Palacios
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Nicolás Cabrera (INC) and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physics, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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25
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Brozena AH, Kim M, Powell LR, Wang Y. Controlling the optical properties of carbon nanotubes with organic colour-centre quantum defects. Nat Rev Chem 2019; 3:375-392. [PMID: 32789186 PMCID: PMC7418925 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-019-0103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previously unwelcome, defects are emerging as a new frontier of research, providing a molecular focal point to study the coupling of electrons, excitons, phonons and spin in low-dimensional materials. This opportunity is particularly intriguing in semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes, in which covalently bonding organic functional groups to the sp 2 carbon lattice can produce tunable sp 3 quantum defects that fluoresce brightly in the shortwave IR, emitting pure single photons at room temperature. These novel physical properties have made such synthetic defects, or 'organic colour centres', exciting new systems for chemistry, physics, materials science, engineering and quantum technologies. This Review examines progress in this emerging field and presents a unified description of this new family of quantum emitters, as well as providing an outlook of the rapidly expanding research and applications of synthetic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H. Brozena
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Mijin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lyndsey R. Powell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park,
MD, USA
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26
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Liang S, Xie J, Tang P, Liu J. Large object distance and super-resolution graded-index photonic crystal flat lens. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:9601-9609. [PMID: 31045109 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.009601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to realize super-resolution imaging of point source at any positions within a large object distance range, a graded-index equivalent medium (GEM) flat lens, which can break through the object distance limit d (d is the lens thickness), is analyzed by negative refraction. Based on this analysis, graded-index photonic crystal (GPC) flat lens with a large object distance is designed. Its imaging resolution can reach up to 0.4λ at the maximum object distance of 5d, which breaks through the diffraction limit.
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27
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Senevirathne V, Hapuarachchi H, Mallawaarachchi S, Gunapala SD, Stockman MI, Premaratne M. Scattering characteristics of an exciton-plasmon nanohybrid made by coupling a monolayer graphene nanoflake to a carbon nanotube. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:085302. [PMID: 30540985 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaf845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid nanostructure where a graphene nanoflake (GNF) is optically coupled to a carbon nanotube (CNT) could potentially possess enhanced sensing capabilities compared to the individual constituents whilst inheriting their high biocompatibility, favourable electrical, mechanical and spectroscopic properties. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate the scattering characteristics of an all-carbon exciton-plasmon nanohybrid which was made by coupling an elliptical GNF resonator to a semiconducting CNT gain element. We analytically model the nanohybrid as an open quantum system using cavity quantum electrodynamics. We derive analytical expressions for the dipole moment operator and the dipole response field of the GNF and characterize the Rayleigh scattering spectrum of the nanohybrid. These analytical expressions are valid for any arbitrary ellipsoidal nanoresonator coupled to a quantum emitter. Furthermore, we perform a detailed numerical analysis, the results of which indicate that the GNF-CNT nanohybrid exhibits enhanced and versatile scattering capabilities compared to the individual constituents. We show that the spectral signatures of the nanohybrid are highly tunable using a multitude of system parameters such as Fermi energy of the GNF, component dimensions, GNF-CNT separation distance and the permittivity of the submerging medium. We finally demonstrate the prospect of using the proposed nanohybrid to reconstruct the permittivity profile of a tumour. The high biocompatibility and high sensitivity to the dielectric properties of the environment make the proposed GNF-CNT nanohybrid an ideal candidate for such biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj Senevirathne
- Advanced Computing and Simulation Laboratory (AχL), Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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28
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Ma YZ, Lin H, Du MH, Doughty B, Ma B. Direct Evidence of Exciton-Exciton Annihilation in Single-Crystalline Organic Metal Halide Nanotube Assemblies. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2164-2169. [PMID: 29637785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Excitons in low-dimensional organic-inorganic metal halide hybrid structures are commonly thought to undergo rapid self-trapping following creation due to strong quantum confinement and exciton-phonon interaction. Here we report an experimental study probing the dynamics of these self-trapped excitons in the single-crystalline bulk assemblies of 1D organic metal halide nanotubes, (C6H13N4)3Pb2Br7. Through time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) measurements at different excitation intensities, we observed a marked variation in the PL decay behavior that is manifested by an accelerated decay rate with increasing excitation fluence. Our results offer direct evidence of the occurrence of an exciton-exciton annihilation process, a nonlinear relaxation phenomenon that takes place only when some of the self-trapped excitons become mobile and can approach either each other or those trapped excitons. We further identify a fast and dominant PL decay component with a lifetime of ∼2 ns with a nearly invariant relative area for all acquired PL kinetics, suggesting that this rapid relaxation process is intrinsic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zhong Ma
- Chemical Sciences Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Haoran Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , FAMU-FSU College of Engineering , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
| | - Mao-Hua Du
- Materials Science and Technology Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Benjamin Doughty
- Chemical Sciences Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Biwu Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , FAMU-FSU College of Engineering , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32306 , United States
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29
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Amori AR, Hou Z, Krauss TD. Excitons in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Their Dynamics. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2018; 69:81-99. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-050317-014241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Amori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Zhentao Hou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Todd D. Krauss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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30
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Pal S, Casanova D, Prezhdo OV. Effect of Aspect Ratio on Multiparticle Auger Recombination in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Time Domain Atomistic Simulation. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:58-63. [PMID: 29190106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Many-particle Auger-type processes are common in nanoscale materials due to a combination of high densities of states that can support multiple excitations and substantial Coulomb coupling between charges enhanced by quantum confinement. Auger decay dynamics in (10,5) semiconductor carbon nanotubes (CNT) with different aspect ratios and particle densities are simulated in time domain using global flux surface hopping, recently developed and implemented within Kohn-Sham tight-binding density functional theory. Despite an increasing density of states, the multiparticle Auger recombination rate decreases in longer CNTs. The atomistic simulation shows that the effect is directly related to the coupling between electronic states, which decreases as the aspect ratio becomes larger. The dependence on tube length is stronger for three-exciton than two-exciton recombination and the calculated time scale ratio approaches the experimental value measured for long CNTs. Phonon-assisted transitions play a particularly important role during Auger recombination. Electron-phonon relaxation is faster than the recombination, and Auger transitions are assisted by phonons over a range of frequencies up to the G-mode. The involvement of phonons strongly enhances the probability of transitions involving asymmetric electron-hole pairs. The time-domain atomistic simulation mimics directly time-resolved optical experiments and provides a detailed, systematic analysis of the phonon-assisted Auger dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sougata Pal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gour Banga , Malda 732103, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - David Casanova
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , 48013 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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31
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Ou Q, Subotnik JE. Comparison between the Bethe–Salpeter Equation and Configuration Interaction Approaches for Solving a Quantum Chemistry Problem: Calculating the Excitation Energy for Finite 1D Hubbard Chains. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:527-542. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Joseph E. Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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32
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Gao S, Yang L, Spataru CD. Interlayer Coupling and Gate-Tunable Excitons in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Heterostructures. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:7809-7813. [PMID: 29164895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Bilayer van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures such as MoS2/WS2 and MoSe2/WSe2 have attracted much attention recently, particularly because of their type II band alignments and the formation of interlayer exciton as the lowest-energy excitonic state. In this work, we calculate the electronic and optical properties of such heterostructures with the first-principles GW+Bethe-Salpeter Equation (BSE) method and reveal the important role of interlayer coupling in deciding the excited-state properties, including the band alignment and excitonic properties. Our calculation shows that due to the interlayer coupling, the low energy excitons can be widely tuned by a vertical gate field. In particular, the dipole oscillator strength and radiative lifetime of the lowest energy exciton in these bilayer heterostructures is varied by over an order of magnitude within a practical external gate field. We also build a simple model that captures the essential physics behind this tunability and allows the extension of the ab initio results to a large range of electric fields. Our work clarifies the physical picture of interlayer excitons in bilayer vdW heterostructures and predicts a wide range of gate-tunable excited-state properties of 2D optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Gao
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63136, United States
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63136, United States
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63136, United States
| | - Catalin D Spataru
- Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore, California 94551, United States
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33
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Zhou W, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Tian C, Xu C. Strongly coupled exciton-surface plasmon polariton from excited-subband transitions of single-walled carbon nanotubes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:32142-32149. [PMID: 29245878 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.032142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report experimental observation of strong coupling between surface plasmon polariton (SPP) propagating on a thin silver film and excitons from excited-subband transtitions of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Clear anti-crossing behaviors were observed from attenuated total reflection measurements when the SPP energy approaches the 2nd subband transition of (6,5) SWNTs. The maximum Rabi splitting of the plasmon-exciton mixed states was extracted to be up to ~166.2 meV. Moreover, the splitting was found to be dependent linearly on the square root of the SWNTs concentration, in good agreement with theoretical prediction.
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34
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Djokić DM, Goswami A. Quantum yield in polymer wrapped single walled carbon nanotubes: a computational model. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:465204. [PMID: 29059055 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa8f38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantum yield in polymer wrapped single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) has been computationally investigated using a 2D model of exciton decay with non-radiative channels due to the diffusive motion across the nanotube surface. Beside the role of SWCNT's ends as the exciton quenchers, we have considered the influence of the wrapping polymer through its chemistry and wrapping angle. The model has been solved exactly for zero-angle wrapping, a particular case when the polymer interfaces the nanotube along its axis. The general case has been treated numerically and it has been concluded that the wrapping angle has no relevant influence upon the quantum yield values which are of experimental interest. A wide range of quantum yield values computed in the present contribution can be helpful in understanding potentially available photoluminescence data of SWCNTs wrapped with a variety of polymer families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan M Djokić
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Center for Solid State Physics and New Materials, Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11 080 Belgrade, Serbia
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35
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Kryjevski A, Mihaylov D, Kilina S, Kilin D. Multiple exciton generation in chiral carbon nanotubes: Density functional theory based computation. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:154106. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4997048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Kryjevski
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
| | - Deyan Mihaylov
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
| | - Dmitri Kilin
- Department of Chemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
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36
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Hou Z, Krauss TD. Photoluminescence Brightening of Isolated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4954-4959. [PMID: 28937225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The addition of dithiothreitol (DTT) to a suspension consisting of either DNA- or sodium-dodecyl-sulfate (SDS)-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) caused significant photoluminescence (PL) brightening from the SWCNTs, whereas PL quenching to different extents was observed for other surfactant-SWCNT suspensions. PL lifetime studies with high temporal resolution show that the addition of DTT mitigates nonradiative decay processes but also surprisingly increases the radiative decay rate for DNA- and SDS-SWCNTs. Completely opposite effects on the decay rates are found for the other surfactant-SWCNTs that show PL quenching. We propose that the PL brightening results from a surfactant reorganization upon DTT addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Hou
- Department of Chemistry and ‡The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester , 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627-0216, United States
| | - Todd D Krauss
- Department of Chemistry and ‡The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester , 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627-0216, United States
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37
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Kryjevski A, Mihaylov D, Gifford B, Kilin D. Singlet fission in chiral carbon nanotubes: Density functional theory based computation. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:034106. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4992785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Kryjevski
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
| | - Deyan Mihaylov
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
| | - Brendan Gifford
- Department of Chemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
| | - Dmitri Kilin
- Department of Chemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
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38
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Kryjevski A, Gifford B, Kilina S, Kilin D. Theoretical predictions on efficiency of bi-exciton formation and dissociation in chiral carbon nanotubes. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:154112. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4963735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Kryjevski
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
| | - Brendan Gifford
- Department of Chemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
| | - Dmitri Kilin
- Department of Chemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, USA
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39
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Zhang XX, You Y, Zhao SYF, Heinz TF. Experimental Evidence for Dark Excitons in Monolayer WSe_{2}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:257403. [PMID: 26722944 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.257403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides in the class MX_{2} (M=Mo, W; X=S, Se) have been identified as direct-gap semiconductors in the monolayer limit. Here, we examine light emission of monolayer WSe_{2} using temperature-dependent photoluminescence and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. We present experimental evidence for the existence of an optically forbidden dark state of the band-gap exciton that lies tens of meV below the optically bright state. The presence of the dark state is manifest in the strong quenching of light emission observed at reduced temperatures. The experimental findings are consistent with theoretical predictions of spin-polarized conduction and valence bands at the K point of the Brillouin zone, with the minimum gap occurring between bands of opposite electron spin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Zhang
- Departments of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Yumeng You
- Departments of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shu Yang Frank Zhao
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Tony F Heinz
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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40
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Yamada Y, Yamaji Y, Imada M. Exciton Lifetime Paradoxically Enhanced by Dissipation and Decoherence: Toward Efficient Energy Conversion of a Solar Cell. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:197701. [PMID: 26588415 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.197701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Energy dissipation and decoherence are at first glance harmful to acquiring the long exciton lifetime desired for efficient photovoltaics. In the presence of both optically forbidden (namely, dark) and allowed (bright) excitons, however, they can be instrumental, as suggested in photosynthesis. By simulating the quantum dynamics of exciton relaxations, we show that the optimized decoherence that imposes a quantum-to-classical crossover with the dissipation realizes a dramatically longer lifetime. In an example of a carbon nanotube, the exciton lifetime increases by nearly 2 orders of magnitude when the crossover triggers a stable high population in the dark excitons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yamada
- Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Youhei Yamaji
- Quantum-Phase Electronics Center (QPEC), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Imada
- Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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41
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Sarpkaya I, Ahmadi ED, Shepard GD, Mistry KS, Blackburn JL, Strauf S. Strong Acoustic Phonon Localization in Copolymer-Wrapped Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2015; 9:6383-6393. [PMID: 26039893 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling exciton-phonon interactions in carbon nanotubes has important implications for producing efficient nanophotonic devices. Here we show that laser vaporization-grown carbon nanotubes display ultranarrow luminescence line widths (120 μeV) and well-resolved acoustic phonon sidebands at low temperatures when dispersed with a polyfluorene copolymer. Remarkably, we do not observe a correlation of the zero-phonon line width with (13)C atomic concentration, as would be expected for pure dephasing of excitons with acoustic phonons. We demonstrate that the ultranarrow and phonon sideband-resolved emission spectra can be fully described by a model assuming extrinsic acoustic phonon localization at the nanoscale, which holds down to 6-fold narrower spectral line width compared to previous work. Interestingly, both exciton and acoustic phonon wave functions are strongly spatially localized within 5 nm, possibly mediated by the copolymer backbone, opening future opportunities to engineer dephasing and optical bandwidth for applications in quantum photonics and cavity optomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kevin S Mistry
- ‡National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Blackburn
- ‡National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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42
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Wang X, Jones AM, Seyler KL, Tran V, Jia Y, Zhao H, Wang H, Yang L, Xu X, Xia F. Highly anisotropic and robust excitons in monolayer black phosphorus. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 10:517-21. [PMID: 25915195 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Semi-metallic graphene and semiconducting monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides are the most intensively studied two-dimensional materials of recent years. Lately, black phosphorus has emerged as a promising new two-dimensional material due to its widely tunable and direct bandgap, high carrier mobility and remarkable in-plane anisotropic electrical, optical and phonon properties. However, current progress is primarily limited to its thin-film form. Here, we reveal highly anisotropic and strongly bound excitons in monolayer black phosphorus using polarization-resolved photoluminescence measurements at room temperature. We show that, regardless of the excitation laser polarization, the emitted light from the monolayer is linearly polarized along the light effective mass direction and centres around 1.3 eV, a clear signature of emission from highly anisotropic bright excitons. Moreover, photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy suggests a quasiparticle bandgap of 2.2 eV, from which we estimate an exciton binding energy of ∼0.9 eV, consistent with theoretical results based on first principles. The experimental observation of highly anisotropic, bright excitons with large binding energy not only opens avenues for the future explorations of many-electron physics in this unusual two-dimensional material, but also suggests its promising future in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomu Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Aaron M Jones
- Department of Physics and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Kyle L Seyler
- Department of Physics and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Vy Tran
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Yichen Jia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Huan Zhao
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Fengnian Xia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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43
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Kilina S, Kilin D, Tretiak S. Light-Driven and Phonon-Assisted Dynamics in Organic and Semiconductor Nanostructures. Chem Rev 2015; 115:5929-78. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Kilina
- Chemistry
and Biochemistry Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 5810, United States
| | - Dmitri Kilin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical
Division, Center for Nonlinear Studies (CNLS) and Center for Integrated
Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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44
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Palummo M, Bernardi M, Grossman JC. Exciton radiative lifetimes in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:2794-800. [PMID: 25798735 DOI: 10.1021/nl503799t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Light emission in two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) changes significantly with the number of layers and stacking sequence. While the electronic structure and optical absorption are well understood in 2D-TMDs, much less is known about exciton dynamics and radiative recombination. Here, we show first-principles calculations of intrinsic exciton radiative lifetimes at low temperature (4 K) and room temperature (300 K) in TMD monolayers with the chemical formula MX2 (X = Mo, W, and X = S, Se), as well as in bilayer and bulk MoS2 and in two MX2 heterobilayers. Our results elucidate the time scale and microscopic origin of light emission in TMDs. We find radiative lifetimes of a few picoseconds at low temperature and a few nanoseconds at room temperature in the monolayers and slower radiative recombination in bulk and bilayer than in monolayer MoS2. The MoS2/WS2 and MoSe2/WSe2 heterobilayers exhibit very long-lived (∼20-30 ns at room temperature) interlayer excitons constituted by electrons localized on the Mo-based and holes on the W-based monolayer. The wide radiative lifetime tunability, together with the ability shown here to predict radiative lifetimes from computations, hold unique potential to manipulate excitons in TMDs and their heterostructures for application in optoelectronics and solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizia Palummo
- †Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, and European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF), Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Bernardi
- ‡Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, United States
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45
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Ulissi ZW, Zhang J, Sresht V, Blankschtein D, Strano MS. 2D equation-of-state model for corona phase molecular recognition on single-walled carbon nanotube and graphene surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:628-636. [PMID: 25470315 DOI: 10.1021/la503899e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Corona phase molecular recognition (CoPhMoRe) has been recently introduced as a means of generating synthetic molecular recognition sites on nanoparticle surfaces. A synthetic heteropolymer is adsorbed and confined to the surface of a nanoparticle, forming a corona phase capable of highly selective molecular recognition due to the conformational imposition of the particle surface on the polymer. In this work, we develop a computationally predictive model for analytes adsorbing onto one type of polymer corona phase composed of hydrophobic anchors on hydrophilic loops around a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) surface using a 2D equation of state that takes into consideration the analyte-polymer, analyte-nanoparticle, and polymer-nanoparticle interactions using parameters determined independently from molecular simulation. The SWCNT curvature is found to contribute weakly to the overall interaction energy, exhibiting no correlation for three of the corona phases considered, and differences of less than 5% and 20% over a larger curvature range for two other corona phases, respectively. Overall, the resulting model for this anchor-loop CoPhMoRe is able to correctly predict 83% of an experimental 374 analyte-polymer library, generating experimental fluorescence responses within 20% error of the experimental values. The modeling framework presented here represents an important step forward in the design of suitable polymers to target specific analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W Ulissi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Iwamura M, Akizuki N, Miyauchi Y, Mouri S, Shaver J, Gao Z, Cognet L, Lounis B, Matsuda K. Nonlinear photoluminescence spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes with localized exciton states. ACS NANO 2014; 8:11254-60. [PMID: 25331628 DOI: 10.1021/nn503803b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We report distinctive nonlinear behavior of photoluminescence (PL) intensities from localized exciton states embedded in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) at room temperature. We found that PL from the local states exhibits strong nonlinear behavior with increasing continuous-wave excitation power density, whereas free exciton PL shows only weak sublinear behavior. The strong nonlinear behavior was observed regardless of the origin of the local states and found to be nearly independent of the local state density. These results indicate that the strong PL nonlinearity arises from a universal mechanism to SWNTs with sparse local states. The significant nonlinear PL is attributed to rapid ground-state depletion of the local states caused by an efficient accumulation of photogenerated free excitons into the sparse local states through one-dimensional diffusional migration of excitons along the nanotube axis; this mechanism is verified by Monte Carlo simulations of exciton diffusion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munechiyo Iwamura
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University , Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Relative ordering between bright and dark excitons in single-walled carbon nanotubes. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6999. [PMID: 25385545 PMCID: PMC5381503 DOI: 10.1038/srep06999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ordering and relative energy splitting between bright and dark excitons are critical to the optical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), as they eventually determine the radiative and non-radiative recombination processes of generated carriers. In this work, we report systematic high-field magneto-optical study on the relative ordering between bright and dark excitons in SWNTs. We identified the relative energy position of the dark exciton unambiguously by brightening it in ultra-high magnetic field. The bright-dark excitonic ordering was found to depend not only on the tube structure, but also on the type of transitions. For the 1st sub-band transition, the bright exciton appears to be higher in energy than its dark counterpart for any chiral species and is robust against environmental effect. While for the 2nd sub-band, their relative ordering was found to be chirality-sensitive: the bright exciton can be either higher or lower than the dark one, depending on the specific nanotube structures. These findings provide new clues for engineering the optical and electronic properties of SWNTs.
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Ma X, Adamska L, Yamaguchi H, Yalcin SE, Tretiak S, Doorn SK, Htoon H. Electronic structure and chemical nature of oxygen dopant states in carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2014; 8:10782-9. [PMID: 25265272 DOI: 10.1021/nn504553y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We performed low temperature photoluminescence (PL) studies on individual oxygen-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and correlated our observations to electronic structure simulations. Our experiment reveals multiple sharp asymmetric emission peaks at energies 50-300 meV red-shifted from that of the E11 bright exciton peak. Our simulation suggests an association of these peaks with deep trap states tied to different specific chemical adducts. In addition, oxygen doping is also observed to split the E11 exciton into two or more states with an energy splitting <40 meV. We attribute these states to dark states that are brightened through defect-induced symmetry breaking. While the wave functions of these brightened states are delocalized, those of the deep-trap states are strongly localized and pinned to the dopants. These findings are consistent with our experimental observation of asymmetric broadening of the deep trap emission peaks, which can result from interaction between pinned excitons and one-dimensional phonons. Exciton pinning also increases the sensitivity of the deep traps to the local dielectric environment, leading to a large inhomogeneous broadening. Observations of multiple spectral features on single nanotubes indicate the possibility of different chemical adducts coexisting on a given nanotube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Ma
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, ‡Theory Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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Alexander-Webber JA, Faugeras C, Kossacki P, Potemski M, Wang X, Kim HD, Stranks SD, Taylor RA, Nicholas RJ. Hyperspectral imaging of exciton photoluminescence in individual carbon nanotubes controlled by high magnetic fields. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:5194-5200. [PMID: 25158099 DOI: 10.1021/nl502016q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting carbon nanotubes (CNTs) provide an exceptional platform for studying one-dimensional excitons (bound electron-hole pairs), but the role of defects and quenching centers in controlling emission remains controversial. Here we show that, by wrapping the CNT in a polymer sheath and cooling to 4.2 K, ultranarrow photoluminescence (PL) emission line widths below 80 μeV can be seen from individual solution processed CNTs. Hyperspectral imaging of the tubes identifies local emission sites and shows that some previously dark quenching segments can be brightened by the application of high magnetic fields, and their effect on exciton transport and dynamics can be studied. Using focused high intensity laser irradiation, we introduce a single defect into an individual nanotube which reduces its quantum efficiency by the creation of a shallow bound exciton state with enhanced electron-hole exchange interaction. The emission intensity of the nanotube is then reactivated by the application of the high magnetic field.
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Kurnosov N, Leontiev V, Linnik A, Lytvyn O, Karachevtsev V. Photoluminescence intensity enhancement in SWNT aqueous suspensions due to reducing agent doping: Influence of adsorbed biopolymer. Chem Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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