1
|
Liu P, Bu C, Chen P, El-Kassaby YA, Zhang D, Song Y. Enhanced genome-wide association reveals the role of YABBY11-NGATHA-LIKE1 in leaf serration development of Populus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1702-1718. [PMID: 36535002 PMCID: PMC10022644 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Leaf margins are complex plant morphological features that contribute to leaf shape diversity, which affects plant structure, yield, and adaptation. Although several leaf margin regulators have been identified to date, the genetic basis of their natural variation has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we profiled two distinct leaf morphology types (serrated and smooth) using the persistent homology mathematical framework (PHMF) in two poplar species (Populus tomentosa and Populus simonii, respectively). A combined genome-wide association study (GWAS) and expression quantitative trait nucleotide (eQTN) mapping were applied to create a leaf morphology control module using data from P. tomentosa and P. simonii populations. Natural variation in leaf margins was associated with YABBY11 (YAB11) transcript abundance in poplar. In P. tomentosa, PtoYAB11 carries a premature stop codon (PtoYAB11PSC), resulting in the loss of its positive regulation of NGATHA-LIKE1 (PtoNGAL-1) and RIBULOSE BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE LARGE SUBUNIT (PtoRBCL). Overexpression of PtoYAB11PSC promoted serrated leaf margins, enlarged leaves, enhanced photosynthesis, and increased biomass. Overexpression of PsiYAB11 in P. tomentosa promoted smooth leaf margins, higher stomatal density, and greater light damage repair ability. In poplar, YAB11-NGAL1 is sensitive to environmental conditions, acts as a positive regulator of leaf margin serration, and may also link environmental signaling to leaf morphological plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Chenhao Bu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Panfei Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Yousry A El-Kassaby
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Yuepeng Song
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lobo AKM, Catarino ICA, Silva EA, Centeno DC, Domingues DS. Physiological and Molecular Responses of Woody Plants Exposed to Future Atmospheric CO2 Levels under Abiotic Stresses. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141880. [PMID: 35890514 PMCID: PMC9322912 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is mainly driven by the accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere in the last century. Plant growth is constantly challenged by environmental fluctuations including heat waves, severe drought and salinity, along with ozone accumulation in the atmosphere. Food security is at risk in an increasing world population, and it is necessary to face the current and the expected effects of global warming. The effects of the predicted environment scenario of elevated CO2 concentration (e[CO2]) and more severe abiotic stresses have been scarcely investigated in woody plants, and an integrated view involving physiological, biochemical and molecular data is missing. This review highlights the effects of elevated CO2 in the metabolism of woody plants and the main findings of its interaction with abiotic stresses, including a molecular point of view, aiming to improve the understanding of how woody plants will face the predicted environmental conditions. Overall, e[CO2] stimulates photosynthesis and growth and attenuates mild to moderate abiotic stress in woody plants if root growth and nutrients are not limited. Moreover, e[CO2] does not induce acclimation in most tree species. Some high-throughput analyses involving omics techniques were conducted to better understand how these processes are regulated. Finally, knowledge gaps in the understanding of how the predicted climate condition will affect woody plant metabolism were identified, with the aim of improving the growth and production of this plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karla M. Lobo
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (A.K.M.L.); (D.S.D.)
| | - Ingrid C. A. Catarino
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil;
| | - Emerson A. Silva
- Institute of Environmental Research, São Paulo 04301-002, Brazil;
| | - Danilo C. Centeno
- Centre for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo 09606-045, Brazil;
| | - Douglas S. Domingues
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (A.K.M.L.); (D.S.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu Z, Hu W, Ye X, Lu J, Gu H, Li X, Cong R, Ren T. Potassium regulates diel leaf growth of Brassica napus by coordinating the rhythmic carbon supply and water balance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3686-3698. [PMID: 35176159 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon and water are two main factors limiting leaf expansion. Restriction of leaf growth by low availability of carbon or water is among the earliest visible effects of potassium (K) deficiency. It is not known how K is involved in regulating the rhythmic supply of these two substrates, which differ remarkably across the day-night cycle, affecting leaf expansion. We investigated the effects of different K regimes on the time courses of leaf expansion, carbon assimilation, carbohydrates, and hydraulic properties of Brassica napus. Potassium supply increased leaf area, predominantly by promoting night-time leaf expansion (>60%), which was mainly associated with increased availability of carbohydrates from photosynthetic carbon fixation and import from old leaves rather than improvement of leaf hydraulics. However, sufficient K improved leaf hydraulic conductance to balance diurnal evaporative water loss and increase the osmotic contribution of water-soluble carbohydrates, thereby maintaining leaf turgor and increasing the daytime expansion rate. The results also indicated an ontogenetic role of K in modifying the amplitude of circadian expansion; almost 80% of the increase in leaf area occurred before the area reached 66.9% of the mature size. Our data provide mechanistic insight into K-mediated diel coordination of rhythmic carbon supply and water balance in leaf expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Lu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenshi Hu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaolei Ye
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianwei Lu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hehe Gu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rihuan Cong
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Ren
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Poorter H, Knopf O, Wright IJ, Temme AA, Hogewoning SW, Graf A, Cernusak LA, Pons TL. A meta-analysis of responses of C 3 plants to atmospheric CO 2 : dose-response curves for 85 traits ranging from the molecular to the whole-plant level. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1560-1596. [PMID: 34657301 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Generalised dose-response curves are essential to understand how plants acclimate to atmospheric CO2 . We carried out a meta-analysis of 630 experiments in which C3 plants were experimentally grown at different [CO2 ] under relatively benign conditions, and derived dose-response curves for 85 phenotypic traits. These curves were characterised by form, plasticity, consistency and reliability. Considered over a range of 200-1200 µmol mol-1 CO2 , some traits more than doubled (e.g. area-based photosynthesis; intrinsic water-use efficiency), whereas others more than halved (area-based transpiration). At current atmospheric [CO2 ], 64% of the total stimulation in biomass over the 200-1200 µmol mol-1 range has already been realised. We also mapped the trait responses of plants to [CO2 ] against those we have quantified before for light intensity. For most traits, CO2 and light responses were of similar direction. However, some traits (such as reproductive effort) only responded to light, others (such as plant height) only to [CO2 ], and some traits (such as area-based transpiration) responded in opposite directions. This synthesis provides a comprehensive picture of plant responses to [CO2 ] at different integration levels and offers the quantitative dose-response curves that can be used to improve global change simulation models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Oliver Knopf
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Andries A Temme
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Graf
- Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4879, Australia
| | - Thijs L Pons
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3512 PN, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hilty J, Muller B, Pantin F, Leuzinger S. Plant growth: the What, the How, and the Why. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:25-41. [PMID: 34245021 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Growth is a widely used term in plant science and ecology, but it can have different meanings depending on the context and the spatiotemporal scale of analysis. At the meristem level, growth is associated with the production of cells and initiation of new organs. At the organ or plant scale and over short time periods, growth is often used synonymously with tissue expansion, while over longer time periods the increase in biomass is a common metric. At even larger temporal and spatial scales, growth is mostly described as net primary production. Here, we first address the question 'what is growth?'. We propose a general framework to distinguish between the different facets of growth, and the corresponding physiological processes, environmental drivers and mathematical formalisms. Based on these different definitions, we then review how plant growth can be measured and analysed at different organisational, spatial and temporal scales. We conclude by discussing why gaining a better understanding of the different facets of plant growth is essential to disentangle genetic and environmental effects on the phenotype, and to uncover the causalities around source or sink limitations of plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hilty
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, 46 Wakefield Street, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Bertrand Muller
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Florent Pantin
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Sebastian Leuzinger
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, 46 Wakefield Street, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Song Y, Chen P, Xuan A, Bu C, Liu P, Ingvarsson PK, El-Kassaby YA, Zhang D. Integration of genome wide association studies and co-expression networks reveal roles of PtoWRKY 42-PtoUGT76C1-1 in trans-zeatin metabolism and cytokinin sensitivity in poplar. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1462-1477. [PMID: 33999454 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are important for in vitro shoot regeneration in plants. Cytokinin N-glucosides are produced via an irreversible glycosylation pathway, which regulates the endogenous cytokinin content. Although cytokinin N-glucoside pathways have been uncovered in higher plants, no regulator has been identified to date. We performed a metabolome genome-wide association study (mGWAS), weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and expression quantitative trait nucleotide (eQTN) mappings to build a core triple genetic network (mGWAS-gene expression-phenotype) for the trans-zeatin N-glucoside (ZNG) metabolite using data from 435 unrelated Populus tomentosa individuals. Variation of the ZNG level in poplar is attributed to the differential transcription of PtoWRKY42, a member of WRKY multigene family group IIb. Functional analysis revealed that PtoWRKY42 negatively regulated ZNG accumulation by binding directly to the W-box of the UDP-glycosyltransferase 76C 1-1 (PtoUGT761-1) promoter. Also, PtoWRKY42 was strongly induced by leaf senescence, 6-BA, wounding, and salt stress, resulting in a reduced ZNG level. We identified PtoWRKY42, a negative regulator of cytokinin N-glucosides, which contributes to the natural variation in ZNG level and mediates ZNG accumulation by directly modulating the key glycosyltransferase gene PtoUGT76C1-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuepeng Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Panfei Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Anran Xuan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chenhao Bu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Pär K Ingvarsson
- Department of Plant Biology, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7080, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
| | - Yousry A El-Kassaby
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lauriks F, Salomón RL, Steppe K. Temporal variability in tree responses to elevated atmospheric CO 2. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1292-1310. [PMID: 33368341 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
At leaf level, elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2 ) results in stimulation of carbon net assimilation and reduction of stomatal conductance. However, a comprehensive understanding of the impact of eCO2 at larger temporal (seasonal and annual) and spatial (from leaf to whole-tree) scales is still lacking. Here, we review overall trends, magnitude and drivers of dynamic tree responses to eCO2 , including carbon and water relations at the leaf and the whole-tree level. Spring and early season leaf responses are most susceptible to eCO2 and are followed by a down-regulation towards the onset of autumn. At the whole-tree level, CO2 fertilization causes consistent biomass increments in young seedlings only, whereas mature trees show a variable response. Elevated CO2 -induced reductions in leaf stomatal conductance do not systematically translate into limitation of whole-tree transpiration due to the unpredictable response of canopy area. Reduction in the end-of-season carbon sink demand and water-limiting strategies are considered the main drivers of seasonal tree responses to eCO2 . These large temporal and spatial variabilities in tree responses to eCO2 highlight the risk of predicting tree behavior to eCO2 based on single leaf-level point measurements as they only reveal snapshots of the dynamic responses to eCO2 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fran Lauriks
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roberto Luis Salomón
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Natural Resources and Systems, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gray SB, Rodriguez‐Medina J, Rusoff S, Toal TW, Kajala K, Runcie DE, Brady SM. Translational regulation contributes to the elevated CO 2 response in two Solanum species. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:383-397. [PMID: 31797460 PMCID: PMC7216843 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) in global agriculture is important given climate change projections. Breeding climate-resilient crops depends on genetic variation within naturally varying populations. The effect of genetic variation in response to eCO2 is poorly understood, especially in crop species. We describe the different ways in which Solanum lycopersicum and its wild relative S. pennellii respond to eCO2 , from cell anatomy, to the transcriptome, and metabolome. We further validate the importance of translational regulation as a potential mechanism for plants to adaptively respond to rising levels of atmospheric CO2 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon B. Gray
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUniversity of California, Davis451 Health Sciences DriveDavisCA95616USA
| | - Joel Rodriguez‐Medina
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUniversity of California, Davis451 Health Sciences DriveDavisCA95616USA
| | - Samuel Rusoff
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUniversity of California, Davis451 Health Sciences DriveDavisCA95616USA
| | - Ted W. Toal
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUniversity of California, Davis451 Health Sciences DriveDavisCA95616USA
| | - Kaisa Kajala
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUniversity of California, Davis451 Health Sciences DriveDavisCA95616USA
- Present address:
Plant EcophysiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Daniel E. Runcie
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of California, DavisOne Shields AvenueDavisCA95616USA
| | - Siobhan M. Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterUniversity of California, Davis451 Health Sciences DriveDavisCA95616USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu S, Zhang Y, Li S, Chang L, Wu Y, Zhang J. Plastid-expressed Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cry3Bb confers high mortality to a leaf eating beetle in poplar. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:317-323. [PMID: 31797051 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cry3Bb gene was successfully introduced into poplar plastid genome, leading to transplastomic poplar with high mortality to Plagiodera versicolora. Poplar (Populus L.) is one of the main resource of woody industry, but being damaged by insect pests. The feasibility and efficiency of plastid transformation technology for controlling two lepidopteran caterpillars have been demonstrated previously. Here, we introduced B. thuringiensis (Bt) cry3Bb into poplar plastid genome by biolistic bombardment for controlling P. versicolora, a widely distributed forest pest. Chimeric cry3Bb gene is controlled by the tobacco plastid rRNA operon promoter combined with the 5'UTR from gene10 of bacteriophage T7 (NtPrrn:T7g10) and the 3'UTR from the E. coli ribosomal RNA operon rrnB (TrrnB). The integration of transgene and homoplasmy of transplastomic poplar plants was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Northern blot analysis indicated that cry3Bb was transcribed to both read through and shorter length transcripts in plastid. The transplastomic poplar expressing Cry3Bb insecticidal protein showed the highest accumulation level in young leaves, which reach up to 16.8 μg/g fresh weight, and comparatively low levels in mature and old leaves. Feeding the young leaves from Bt-Cry3Bb plastid lines to P. versicolora caused 100% mortality in the first-instar larvae after only 1 day, in the second-instar larvae after 2 days, and in the third-instar larvae for 3 days. Thus, we report a successful extension of plastid engineering poplar against the chrysomelid beetle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yiqiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Shengchun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Ling Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yuyong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Jiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu Y, Xu L, Chang L, Ma M, You L, Jiang C, Li S, Zhang J. Bacillus thuringiensis cry1C expression from the plastid genome of poplar leads to high mortality of leaf-eating caterpillars. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1525-1532. [PMID: 31222266 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plastid transformation technology has several attractive features compared with traditional nuclear transformation technology. However, only a handful of species are able to be successfully transformed. Here, we report an efficient and stable plastid transformation protocol for poplar, an economically important tree species grown worldwide. We transformed the Bacillus thuringiensis cry1C gene into the poplar plastid genome, and homoplasmic transplastomic poplar was obtained after two to three rounds of regeneration under antibiotic selection for 7-12 months. The transplastomic poplar expressing Cry1C insecticidal protein showed the highest accumulation level in young leaves, which reached up to 20.7 μg g-1 fresh weight, and comparatively low levels in mature and old leaves, and hardly detectable levels in non-green tissues, such as phloem, xylem and roots. Transplastomic poplar showed high toxicity to Hyphantria cunea and Lymantria dispar, two notorious forest pests worldwide, without affecting plant growth. These results are the first successful examples of insect-resistant poplar generation by plastid genome engineering and provide a new avenue for future genetic improvement of poplar plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Letian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meiqi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili You
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunmei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengchun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sugar-induced de novo cytokinin biosynthesis contributes to Arabidopsis growth under elevated CO 2. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7765. [PMID: 31123308 PMCID: PMC6533260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon availability is a major regulatory factor in plant growth and development. Cytokinins, plant hormones that play important roles in various aspects of growth and development, have been implicated in the carbon-dependent regulation of plant growth; however, the details of their involvement remain to be elucidated. Here, we report that sugar-induced cytokinin biosynthesis plays a role in growth enhancement under elevated CO2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Growing Arabidopsis seedlings under elevated CO2 resulted in an accumulation of cytokinin precursors that preceded growth enhancement. In roots, elevated CO2 induced two genes involved in de novo cytokinin biosynthesis: an adenosine phosphate-isopentenyltransferase gene, AtIPT3, and a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene, CYP735A2. The expression of these genes was inhibited by a photosynthesis inhibitor, DCMU, under elevated CO2, and was enhanced by sugar supplements, indicating that photosynthetically generated sugars are responsible for the induction. Consistently, cytokinin precursor accumulation was enhanced by sugar supplements. Cytokinin biosynthetic mutants were impaired in growth enhancement under elevated CO2, demonstrating the involvement of de novo cytokinin biosynthesis for a robust growth response. We propose that plants employ a system to regulate growth in response to elevated CO2 in which photosynthetically generated sugars induce de novo cytokinin biosynthesis for growth regulation.
Collapse
|
12
|
Sellin A, Taneda H, Alber M. Leaf structural and hydraulic adjustment with respect to air humidity and canopy position in silver birch (Betula pendula). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:369-381. [PMID: 30989500 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01106-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change scenarios predict an increase in air temperature and precipitation in northern temperate regions of Europe by the end of the century. Increasing atmospheric humidity inevitably resulting from more frequent rainfall events reduces water flux through vegetation, influencing plants' structure and functioning. We investigated the extent to which artificially elevated air humidity affects the anatomical structure of the vascular system and hydraulic conductance of leaves in Betula pendula. A field experiment was carried out at the Free Air Humidity Manipulation (FAHM) site with a mean increase in relative air humidity (RH) by 7% over the ambient level across the growing period. Leaf hydraulic properties were determined with a high-pressure flow meter; changes in leaf anatomical structure were studied by means of conventional light microscopy and digital image processing techniques. Leaf development under elevated RH reduced leaf-blade hydraulic conductance and petiole conductivity and had a weak effect on leaf vascular traits (vessel diameters decreased), but had no significant influence on stomatal traits or tissue proportions in laminae. Both hydraulic traits and relevant anatomical characteristics demonstrated pronounced trends with respect to leaf location in the canopy-they increased from crown base to top. Stomatal traits were positively correlated with several petiole and leaf midrib vascular traits. The reduction in leaf hydraulic conductance in response to increasing air humidity is primarily attributable to reduced vessel size, while higher hydraulic efficiency of upper-crown foliage is associated with vertical trends in the size of vascular bundles, vessel number and vein density. Although we observed co-ordinated adjustment of vascular and hydraulic traits, the reduced leaf hydraulic efficiency could lead to an imbalance between hydraulic supply and transpiration demand under the extreme environmental conditions likely to become more frequent in light of global climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Sellin
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Haruhiko Taneda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, 1130033, Japan
| | - Meeli Alber
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Watson-Lazowski A, Lin Y, Miglietta F, Edwards RJ, Chapman MA, Taylor G. Plant adaptation or acclimation to rising CO 2 ? Insight from first multigenerational RNA-Seq transcriptome. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:3760-3773. [PMID: 27539677 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) directly determines the rate of plant photosynthesis and indirectly effects plant productivity and fitness and may therefore act as a selective pressure driving evolution, but evidence to support this contention is sparse. Using Plantago lanceolata L. seed collected from a naturally high CO2 spring and adjacent ambient CO2 control site, we investigated multigenerational response to future, elevated atmospheric CO2 . Plants were grown in either ambient or elevated CO2 (700 μmol mol-1 ), enabling for the first time, characterization of the functional and population genomics of plant acclimation and adaptation to elevated CO2 . This revealed that spring and control plants differed significantly in phenotypic plasticity for traits underpinning fitness including above-ground biomass, leaf size, epidermal cell size and number and stomatal density and index. Gene expression responses to elevated CO2 (acclimation) were modest [33-131 genes differentially expressed (DE)], whilst those between control and spring plants (adaptation) were considerably larger (689-853 DE genes). In contrast, population genomic analysis showed that genetic differentiation between spring and control plants was close to zero, with no fixed differences, suggesting that plants are adapted to their native CO2 environment at the level of gene expression. An unusual phenotype of increased stomatal index in spring but not control plants in elevated CO2 correlated with altered expression of stomatal patterning genes between spring and control plants for three loci (YODA, CDKB1;1 and SCRM2) and between ambient and elevated CO2 for four loci (ER, YODA, MYB88 and BCA1). We propose that the two positive regulators of stomatal number (SCRM2) and CDKB1;1 when upregulated act as key controllers of stomatal adaptation to elevated CO2 . Combined with significant transcriptome reprogramming of photosynthetic and dark respiration and enhanced growth in spring plants, we have identified the potential basis of plant adaptation to high CO2 likely to occur over coming decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunan Lin
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Franco Miglietta
- Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Caproni 8, Firenze, 50145, Italy
| | - Richard J Edwards
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Mark A Chapman
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Gail Taylor
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gray SB, Brady SM. Plant developmental responses to climate change. Dev Biol 2016; 419:64-77. [PMID: 27521050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is multi-faceted, and includes changing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, rising temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and increasing frequency of extreme weather events. Here, we focus on the effects of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations, rising temperature, and drought stress and their interaction on plant developmental processes in leaves, roots, and in reproductive structures. While in some cases these responses are conserved across species, such as decreased root elongation, perturbation of root growth angle and reduced seed yield in response to drought, or an increase in root biomass in shallow soil in response to elevated CO2, most responses are variable within and between species and are dependent on developmental stage. These variable responses include species-specific thresholds that arrest development of reproductive structures, reduce root growth rate and the rate of leaf initiation and expansion in response to elevated temperature. Leaf developmental responses to elevated CO2 vary by cell type and by species. Variability also exists between C3 and C4 species in response to elevated CO2, especially in terms of growth and seed yield stimulation. At the molecular level, significantly less is understood regarding conservation and variability in molecular mechanisms underlying these traits. Abscisic acid-mediated changes in cell wall expansion likely underlie reductions in growth rate in response to drought, and changes in known regulators of flowering time likely underlie altered reproductive transitions in response to elevated temperature and CO2. Genes that underlie most other organ or tissue-level responses have largely only been identified in a single species in response to a single stress and their level of conservation is unknown. We conclude that there is a need for further research regarding the molecular mechanisms of plant developmental responses to climate change factors in general, and that this lack of data is particularly prevalent in the case of interactive effects of multiple climate change factors. As future growing conditions will likely expose plants to multiple climate change factors simultaneously, with a sum negative influence on global agriculture, further research in this area is critical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon B Gray
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, 2243 Life Sciences Addition, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, 2243 Life Sciences Addition, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu L, Shen F, Xin C, Wang Z. Multi-scale modeling of Arabidopsis thaliana response to different CO2 conditions: From gene expression to metabolic flux. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:2-11. [PMID: 26010949 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Multi-scale investigation from gene transcript level to metabolic activity is important to uncover plant response to environment perturbation. Here we integrated a genome-scale constraint-based metabolic model with transcriptome data to explore Arabidopsis thaliana response to both elevated and low CO2 conditions. The four condition-specific models from low to high CO2 concentrations show differences in active reaction sets, enriched pathways for increased/decreased fluxes, and putative post-transcriptional regulation, which indicates that condition-specific models are necessary to reflect physiological metabolic states. The simulated CO2 fixation flux at different CO2 concentrations is consistent with the measured Assimilation-CO2intercellular curve. Interestingly, we found that reactions in primary metabolism are affected most significantly by CO2 perturbation, whereas secondary metabolic reactions are not influenced a lot. The changes predicted in key pathways are consistent with existing knowledge. Another interesting point is that Arabidopsis is required to make stronger adjustment on metabolism to adapt to the more severe low CO2 stress than elevated CO2 . The challenges of identifying post-transcriptional regulation could also be addressed by the integrative model. In conclusion, this innovative application of multi-scale modeling in plants demonstrates potential to uncover the mechanisms of metabolic response to different conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Fangzhou Shen
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Changpeng Xin
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Shanghai Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 200231, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Viger M, Rodriguez-Acosta M, Rae AM, Morison JIL, Taylor G. Toward improved drought tolerance in bioenergy crops: QTL for carbon isotope composition and stomatal conductance inPopulus. Food Energy Secur 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maud Viger
- Centre for Biological Sciences; Life Sciences Building; University of Southampton; Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom
| | - Maricela Rodriguez-Acosta
- Centre for Biological Sciences; Life Sciences Building; University of Southampton; Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom
| | - Anne M. Rae
- Centre for Biological Sciences; Life Sciences Building; University of Southampton; Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom
| | - James I. L. Morison
- Centre for Forestry and Climate Change; Forest Research; Alice Holt Farnham Surrey United Kingdom
| | - Gail Taylor
- Centre for Biological Sciences; Life Sciences Building; University of Southampton; Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mielewczik M, Friedli M, Kirchgessner N, Walter A. Diel leaf growth of soybean: a novel method to analyze two-dimensional leaf expansion in high temporal resolution based on a marker tracking approach (Martrack Leaf). PLANT METHODS 2013; 9:30. [PMID: 23883317 PMCID: PMC3750653 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-9-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We present a novel method for quantitative analysis of dicot leaf expansion at high temporal resolution. Image sequences of growing leaves were assessed using a marker tracking algorithm. An important feature of the method is the attachment of dark beads that serve as artificial landmarks to the leaf margin. The beads are mechanically constricted to the focal plane of a camera. Leaf expansion is approximated by the increase in area of the polygon defined by the centers of mass of the beads surrounding the leaf. Fluctuating illumination conditions often pose serious problems for tracking natural structures of a leaf; this problem is circumvented here by the use of the beads. RESULTS The new method has been used to assess leaf growth in environmental situations with different illumination conditions that are typical in agricultural and biological experiments: Constant illumination via fluorescent light tubes in a climate chamber, a mix of natural and artificial illumination in a greenhouse and natural illumination of the situation on typical summer days in the field. Typical features of diel (24h) soybean leaf growth patterns were revealed in all three conditions, thereby demonstrating the general applicability of the method. Algorithms are provided to the entire community interested in using such approaches. CONCLUSIONS The implementation Martrack Leaf presented here is a robust method to investigate diel leaf growth rhythms both under natural and artificial illumination conditions. It will be beneficial for the further elucidation of genotype x environment x management interactions affecting leaf growth processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mielewczik
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitätstr. 2, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Friedli
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitätstr. 2, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Kirchgessner
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitätstr. 2, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Achim Walter
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitätstr. 2, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ribeiro DM, Mueller-Roeber B, Schippers JH. Promotion of growth by elevated carbon dioxide is coordinated through a flexible transcriptional network in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e23356. [PMID: 23333969 PMCID: PMC3676502 DOI: 10.4161/psb.23356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although gibberellins (GAs) promote many developmental responses in plants, little is known about how the hormone interacts with environmental signals at the molecular level for regulating plant growth. Recently, we have demonstrated that inhibition of growth by the GA biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) at ambient [CO₂] (350 µmol CO₂ mol(-1)) is reverted by elevated [CO₂] (750 μmol CO₂ mol(-1)). Our finding points to an important role of elevated [CO₂] as a signal allowing higher growth rates of low-GA plants. GA promotes plant growth via a complex transcriptional network that integrates multiple signaling pathways. Herein, we discuss how elevated [CO₂] stimulates biomass accumulation in a GA-independent manner by regulating the expression of growth-related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimas M. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal; Universidade Federal de Viçosa; Viçosa, MG Brasil
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- University of Potsdam; Institute of Biochemistry and Biology; Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology; Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jos H.M. Schippers
- University of Potsdam; Institute of Biochemistry and Biology; Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology; Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang H, Niu Y, Chai R, Liu M, Zhang Y. Cross-talk between nitric oxide and Ca (2+) in elevated CO 2-induced lateral root formation. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e23106. [PMID: 23299426 PMCID: PMC3657006 DOI: 10.4161/psb.23106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates a potential signaling pathway of CO 2-dependent stimulation in lateral root (LR) formation. Elevated CO 2 increases production of nitric oxide (NO), which subsequently stimulates the generation of cytosolic Ca (2+) concentration by activating plasma membrane and/or intracellular Ca (2+)-permeable channels. Meanwhile, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), as one of the main NO source, requires Ca (2+) and CaM as cofactors. This complex interaction involves transduction cascades of multiple signals that lead to the LR formation and development. Finally, this review highlights the the role of Ca (2+) in the process that elevated CO 2 enhances the development of LRs through increased NO level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecosystem Health; College of Environmental and Resource Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaofang Niu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition; College of Environmental and Resource Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Rushan Chai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecosystem Health; College of Environmental and Resource Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecosystem Health; College of Environmental and Resource Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongsong Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecosystem Health; College of Environmental and Resource Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
- Correspondence to: Yongsong Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ribeiro DM, Araújo WL, Fernie AR, Schippers JH, Mueller-Roeber B. Action of gibberellins on growth and metabolism of Arabidopsis plants associated with high concentration of carbon dioxide. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1781-94. [PMID: 23090585 PMCID: PMC3510110 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.204842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the positive effect of elevated CO(2) concentration [CO(2)] on plant growth is well known, it remains unclear whether global climate change will positively or negatively affect crop yields. In particular, relatively little is known about the role of hormone pathways in controlling the growth responses to elevated [CO(2)]. Here, we studied the impact of elevated [CO(2)] on plant biomass and metabolism in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) in relation to the availability of gibberellins (GAs). Inhibition of growth by the GA biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) at ambient [CO(2)] (350 µmol CO(2) mol(-1)) was reverted by elevated [CO(2)] (750 µmol CO(2) mol(-1)). Thus, we investigated the metabolic adjustment and modulation of gene expression in response to changes in growth of plants imposed by varying the GA regime in ambient and elevated [CO(2)]. In the presence of PAC (low-GA regime), the activities of enzymes involved in photosynthesis and inorganic nitrogen assimilation were markedly increased at elevated [CO(2)], whereas the activities of enzymes of organic acid metabolism were decreased. Under ambient [CO(2)], nitrate, amino acids, and protein accumulated upon PAC treatment; however, this was not the case when plants were grown at elevated [CO(2)]. These results suggest that only under ambient [CO(2)] is GA required for the integration of carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism underlying optimal biomass determination. Our results have implications concerning the action of the Green Revolution genes in future environmental conditions.
Collapse
|
21
|
Pantin F, Simonneau T, Muller B. Coming of leaf age: control of growth by hydraulics and metabolics during leaf ontogeny. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:349-366. [PMID: 22924516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Leaf growth is the central process facilitating energy capture and plant performance. This is also one of the most sensitive processes to a wide range of abiotic stresses. Because hydraulics and metabolics are two major determinants of expansive growth (volumetric increase) and structural growth (dry matter increase), we review the interaction nodes between water and carbon. We detail the crosstalks between water and carbon transports, including the dual role of stomata and aquaporins in regulating water and carbon fluxes, the coupling between phloem and xylem, the interactions between leaf water relations and photosynthetic capacity, the links between Lockhart's hydromechanical model and carbon metabolism, and the central regulatory role of abscisic acid. Then, we argue that during leaf ontogeny, these interactions change dramatically because of uncoupled modifications between several anatomical and physiological features of the leaf. We conclude that the control of leaf growth switches from a metabolic to a hydromechanical limitation during the course of leaf ontogeny. Finally, we illustrate how taking leaf ontogeny into account provides insights into the mechanisms underlying leaf growth responses to abiotic stresses that affect water and carbon relations, such as elevated CO2, low light, high temperature and drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Pantin
- INRA, UMR759, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Simonneau
- INRA, UMR759, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Bertrand Muller
- INRA, UMR759, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, 34060, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
de la Mata L, Cabello P, de la Haba P, Agüera E. Growth under elevated atmospheric CO(2) concentration accelerates leaf senescence in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1392-400. [PMID: 22818664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Some morphogenetic and metabolic processes were sensitive to a high atmospheric CO(2) concentration during sunflower primary leaf ontogeny. Young leaves of sunflower plants growing under elevated CO(2) concentration exhibited increased growth, as reflected by the high specific leaf mass referred to as dry weight in young leaves (16 days). The content of photosynthetic pigments decreased with leaf development, especially in plants grown under elevated CO(2) concentrations, suggesting that high CO(2) accelerates chlorophyll degradation, and also possibly leaf senescence. Elevated CO(2) concentration increased the oxidative stress in sunflower plants by increasing H(2)O(2) levels and decreasing activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. The loss of plant defenses probably increases the concentration of reactive oxygen species in the chloroplast, decreasing the photosynthetic pigment content as a result. Elevated CO(2) concentration was found to boost photosynthetic CO(2) fixation, especially in young leaves. High CO(2) also increased the starch and soluble sugar contents (glucose and fructose) and the C/N ratio during sunflower primary leaf development. At the beginning of senescence, we observed a strong increase in the hexoses to sucrose ratio that was especially marked at high CO(2) concentration. These results indicate that elevated CO(2) concentration could promote leaf senescence in sunflower plants by affecting the soluble sugar levels, the C/N ratio and the oxidative status during leaf ontogeny. It is likely that systemic signals produced in plants grown with elevated CO(2), lead to early senescence and a higher oxidation state of the cells of these plant leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes de la Mata
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Celestino Mutis (C4), 3ª planta, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Research on the degree to which carbon (C) availability limits growth in trees, as well as recent trends in climate change and concurrent increases in drought-related tree mortality, have led to a renewed focus on the physiological mechanisms associated with tree growth responses to current and future climate. This has led to some dispute over the role of stored non-structural C compounds as indicators of a tree's current demands for photosynthate. Much of the uncertainty surrounding this issue could be resolved by developing a better understanding of the potential functions of non-structural C stored within trees. In addition to functioning as a buffer to reconcile temporal asynchrony between C demand and supply, the storage of non-structural C compounds may be under greater regulation than commonly recognized. We propose that in the face of environmental stochasticity, large, long-lived trees may require larger C investments in storage pools as safety margins than previously recognized, and that an important function of these pools may be to maintain hydraulic transport, particularly during episodes of severe stress. If so, survival and long-term growth in trees remain a function of C availability. Given that drought, freeze-thaw events and increasing tree height all impose additional constraints on vascular transport, the common trend of an increase in non-structural carbohydrate concentrations with tree size, drought or cold is consistent with our hypothesis. If the regulated maintenance of relatively large constitutive stored C pools in trees serves to maintain hydraulic integrity, then the minimum thresholds are expected to vary depending on the specific tissues, species, environment, growth form and habit. Much research is needed to elucidate the extent to which allocation of C to storage in trees is a passive vs. an active process, the specific functions of stored C pools, and the factors that drive active C allocation to storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Remmler L, Rolland-Lagan AG. Computational method for quantifying growth patterns at the adaxial leaf surface in three dimensions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:27-39. [PMID: 22402928 PMCID: PMC3366717 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.194662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Growth patterns vary in space and time as an organ develops, leading to shape and size changes. Quantifying spatiotemporal variations in organ growth throughout development is therefore crucial to understand how organ shape is controlled. We present a novel method and computational tools to quantify spatial patterns of growth from three-dimensional data at the adaxial surface of leaves. Growth patterns are first calculated by semiautomatically tracking microscopic fluorescent particles applied to the leaf surface. Results from multiple leaf samples are then combined to generate mean maps of various growth descriptors, including relative growth, directionality, and anisotropy. The method was applied to the first rosette leaf of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and revealed clear spatiotemporal patterns, which can be interpreted in terms of gradients in concentrations of growth-regulating substances. As surface growth is tracked in three dimensions, the method is applicable to young leaves as they first emerge and to nonflat leaves. The semiautomated software tools developed allow for a high throughput of data, and the algorithms for generating mean maps of growth open the way for standardized comparative analyses of growth patterns.
Collapse
|
25
|
Niu YF, Jin GL, Chai RS, Wang H, Zhang YS. Responses of root hair development to elevated CO2. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1414-7. [PMID: 21847031 PMCID: PMC3258080 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.9.17302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights a potential signaling pathway of CO2-dependent stimulation in root hair development. Elevated CO2 firstly increases the carbohydrates production, which triggers the auxin or ethylene responsive signal transduction pathways and subsequently stimulates the generation of intracellular nitric oxide (NO). The NO acts on target Ca2+ and ion channels and induces activation of MAPK. Meanwhile, reactive oxygen species (ROS) activates cytoplasmic Ca2+ channels at the plasma membrane in the apex of the root tip. This complex pathway involves transduction cascades of multiple signals that lead to the fine tuning of epidermal cell initiation and elongation. The results suggest that elevated CO2 plays an important role in cell differentiation processes at the root epidermis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y F Niu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Elevated carbon dioxide and/or ozone concentrations induce hormonal changes in Pinus tabulaeformis. J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:779-84. [PMID: 21611809 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-9975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated endogenous plant hormones and needle growth in Pinus tabulaeformis plants grown in open-top chambers and exposed to ambient or elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and/or ozone (O(3)). Exposure to elevated CO(2) for 100 days significantly increased the change in fresh needle weight, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), isopentenyl-adenosine (iPA), and dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR) content. Abscisic acid (ABA) content decreased, and no effect was observed on zeatin riboside (ZR) content or changes in needle dry weight. The ratios of IAA/ABA and total cytokinins (CKs)/ABA [Formula: see text] were increased. Elevated O(3) significantly decreased IAA and ZR, and decreased the ratios of IAA/ABA and CKs/ABA. Ozone treatment increased ABA content but did not change iPA or DHZR content or change fresh or dry needle weights. The combination treatment significantly increased ABA content and the IAA/ABA ratio but decreased the total CKs/ABA ratio and had no effect on CKs or IAA content or change in fresh and dry needle weights. The results indicate that elevated CO(2) ameliorated the effects of elevated O(3) on tree growth.
Collapse
|
27
|
Fares S, Oksanen E, Lännenpää M, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Loreto F. Volatile emissions and phenolic compound concentrations along a vertical profile of Populus nigra leaves exposed to realistic ozone concentrations. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2010; 104:61-74. [PMID: 20407831 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-010-9549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to increasing levels of tropospheric ozone concentrations. This pollutant penetrates in leaves through stomata and quickly reacts inside leaves, thus making plants valuable ozone sinks, but at the same time triggers oxidation processes which lead to leaf injuries. To counteract these negative effects, plants produce an array of antioxidants which react with ozone and reactive molecules which ozone generates in the leaf tissues. In this study, we measured the effect of an ozone concentration which is likely to be attained in many areas of the world in the near future (80 ppb) on leaves of the vertical profile of the widespread agroforestry species Populus nigra. Changes in (1) physiological parameters (photosynthesis and stomatal conductance), (2) ozone uptake, (3) emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs, i.e. isoprene, methanol and other oxygenated compounds), (4) concentration of antioxidant surface compounds, and (5) concentration of phenolic compounds were assessed. The aim was to assess whether the defensive pathways leading to isoprenoids and phenolics formation were induced when a moderate and chronic increment of ozone is not able to damage photosynthesis. No visual injuries and minor changes in physiology and ozone uptake were observed. The emission of isoprene and oxygenated six-carbon (C6) volatiles were inhibited by ozone, whereas methanol emission was increased, especially in developing leaves. We interpret these results as suggesting an ontogenetic shift in ozone-treated leaves, leading to a slower development and a faster senescence. Most surface and phenolic compounds showed a declining trend in concentration from the youngest to the fully expanded leaves. Ozone reduced the concentrations of chlorogenic acid derivatives at the leaf surface, whereas in total leaf extracts a metabolic shift towards few phenolics with higher antioxidant capacity was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvano Fares
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale (IBAF), Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kontunen-Soppela S, Parviainen J, Ruhanen H, Brosché M, Keinänen M, Thakur RC, Kolehmainen M, Kangasjärvi J, Oksanen E, Karnosky DF, Vapaavuori E. Gene expression responses of paper birch (Betula papyrifera) to elevated CO2 and O3 during leaf maturation and senescence. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:959-968. [PMID: 19889492 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression responses of paper birch (Betula papyrifera) leaves to elevated concentrations of CO(2) and O(3) were studied with microarray analyses from three time points during the summer of 2004 at Aspen FACE. Microarray data were analyzed with clustering techniques, self-organizing maps, K-means clustering and Sammon's mappings, to detect similar gene expression patterns within sampling times and treatments. Most of the alterations in gene expression were caused by O(3), alone or in combination with CO(2). O(3) induced defensive reactions to oxidative stress and earlier leaf senescence, seen as decreased expression of photosynthesis- and carbon fixation-related genes, and increased expression of senescence-associated genes. The effects of elevated CO(2) reflected surplus of carbon that was directed to synthesis of secondary compounds. The combined CO(2)+O(3) treatment resulted in differential gene expression than with individual gas treatments or in changes similar to O(3) treatment, indicating that CO(2) cannot totally alleviate the harmful effects of O(3).
Collapse
|
29
|
McGrath JM, Karnosky DF, Ainsworth EA. Spring leaf flush in aspen (Populus tremuloides) clones is altered by long-term growth at elevated carbon dioxide and elevated ozone concentration. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:1023-1028. [PMID: 19625117 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Early spring leaf out is important to the success of deciduous trees competing for light and space in dense forest plantation canopies. In this study, we investigated spring leaf flush and how long-term growth at elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO(2)]) and elevated ozone concentration ([O(3)]) altered leaf area index development in a closed Populus tremuloides (aspen) canopy. This work was done at the Aspen FACE experiment where aspen clones have been grown since 1997 in conditions simulating the [CO(2)] and [O(3)] predicted for approximately 2050. The responses of two clones were compared during the first month of spring leaf out when CO(2) fumigation had begun, but O(3) fumigation had not. Trees in elevated [CO(2)] plots showed a stimulation of leaf area index (36%), while trees in elevated [O(3)] plots had lower leaf area index (-20%). While individual leaf area was not significantly affected by elevated [CO(2)], the photosynthetic operating efficiency of aspen leaves was significantly improved (51%). There were no significant differences in the way that the two aspen clones responded to elevated [CO(2)]; however, the two clones responded differently to long-term growth at elevated [O(3)]. The O(3)-sensitive clone, 42E, had reduced individual leaf area when grown at elevated [O(3)] (-32%), while the tolerant clone, 216, had larger mature leaf area at elevated [O(3)] (46%). These results indicate a clear difference between the two clones in their long-term response to elevated [O(3)], which could affect competition between the clones, and result in altered genotypic composition in future atmospheric conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin M McGrath
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Riikonen J, Percy KE, Kivimäenpää M, Kubiske ME, Nelson ND, Vapaavuori E, Karnosky DF. Leaf size and surface characteristics of Betula papyrifera exposed to elevated CO2 and O3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:1029-1035. [PMID: 19674822 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Betula papyrifera trees were exposed to elevated concentrations of CO(2) (1.4 x ambient), O(3) (1.2 x ambient) or CO(2) + O(3) at the Aspen Free-air CO(2) Enrichment Experiment. The treatment effects on leaf surface characteristics were studied after nine years of tree exposure. CO(2) and O(3) increased epidermal cell size and reduced epidermal cell density but leaf size was not altered. Stomatal density remained unaffected, but stomatal index increased under elevated CO(2). Cuticular ridges and epicuticular wax crystallites were less evident under CO(2) and CO(2) + O(3). The increase in amorphous deposits, particularly under CO(2) + O(3,) was associated with the appearance of elongated plate crystallites in stomatal chambers. Increased proportions of alkyl esters resulted from increased esterification of fatty acids and alcohols under elevated CO(2) + O(3). The combination of elevated CO(2) and O(3) resulted in different responses than expected under exposure to CO(2) or O(3) alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Riikonen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Granier C, Tardieu F. Multi-scale phenotyping of leaf expansion in response to environmental changes: the whole is more than the sum of parts. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:1175-84. [PMID: 19210637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The leaf is a multi-scale dynamic unit that is determined by mechanisms at different organizational scales (cell, tissue, whole leaf and whole plant) and affected by both internal (genotype) and external (environmental) determinisms. The recent development of phenotyping platforms and imaging techniques provides new insights into the temporal and spatial patterns of leaf growth as affected by those determinisms. Conclusions about the overriding mechanisms often depend on the considered organizational scale and of time resolution which varies from minutes to several weeks. Analyses of leaf growth responses to environmental conditions have revealed robust emerging properties at whole plant or whole leaf scales. They have highlighted that the control of individual leaf expansion is more complex than merely the sum of cellular processes, and the control at the whole plant level is more complex than the sum of individual leaf expansions. However, in many cases, the integrated leaf-growth variable can be simplified to a limited set of underlying variables to be measured for comparative analyses of leaf growth or modelling purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Granier
- Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux UMR 759, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie, Place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier, Cedex 1, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liberloo M, Lukac M, Calfapietra C, Hoosbeek MR, Gielen B, Miglietta F, Scarascia-Mugnozza GE, Ceulemans R. Coppicing shifts CO2 stimulation of poplar productivity to above-ground pools: a synthesis of leaf to stand level results from the POP/EUROFACE experiment. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 182:331-346. [PMID: 19207687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A poplar short rotation coppice (SRC) grown for the production of bioenergy can combine carbon (C) storage with fossil fuel substitution. Here, we summarize the responses of a poplar (Populus) plantation to 6 yr of free air CO(2) enrichment (POP/EUROFACE consisting of two rotation cycles). We show that a poplar plantation growing in nonlimiting light, nutrient and water conditions will significantly increase its productivity in elevated CO(2) concentrations ([CO(2)]). Increased biomass yield resulted from an early growth enhancement and photosynthesis did not acclimate to elevated [CO(2)]. Sufficient nutrient availability, increased nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and the large sink capacity of poplars contributed to the sustained increase in C uptake over 6 yr. Additional C taken up in high [CO(2)] was mainly invested into woody biomass pools. Coppicing increased yield by 66% and partly shifted the extra C uptake in elevated [CO(2)] to above-ground pools, as fine root biomass declined and its [CO(2)] stimulation disappeared. Mineral soil C increased equally in ambient and elevated [CO(2)] during the 6 yr experiment. However, elevated [CO(2)] increased the stabilization of C in the mineral soil. Increased productivity of a poplar SRC in elevated [CO(2)] may allow shorter rotation cycles, enhancing the viability of SRC for biofuel production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Liberloo
- University of Antwerp, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Martin Lukac
- NERC Centre for Population Biology, Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- University of Tuscia, DISAFRI, Via San Camillo De Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology, Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy
| | - Marcel R Hoosbeek
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Earth System Science - Climate Change group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Birgit Gielen
- University of Antwerp, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Franco Miglietta
- Institute of Biometeorology - National Research Council (IBIMET-CNR), Via Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giuseppe E Scarascia-Mugnozza
- University of Tuscia, DISAFRI, Via San Camillo De Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology, Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy
| | - Reinhart Ceulemans
- University of Antwerp, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Walter A, Silk WK, Schurr U. Environmental effects on spatial and temporal patterns of leaf and root growth. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 60:279-304. [PMID: 19575584 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Leaves and roots live in dramatically different habitats, but are parts of the same organism. Automated image processing of time-lapse records of these organs has led to understanding of spatial and temporal patterns of growth on time scales from minutes to weeks. Growth zones in roots and leaves show distinct patterns during a diel cycle (24 h period). In dicot leaves under nonstressful conditions these patterns are characterized by endogenous rhythms, sometimes superimposed upon morphogenesis driven by environmental variation. In roots and monocot leaves the growth patterns depend more strongly on environmental fluctuations. Because the impact of spatial variations and temporal fluctuations of above- and belowground environmental parameters must be processed by the plant body as an entire system whose individual modules interact on different levels, growth reactions of individual modules are often highly nonlinear. A mechanistic understanding of plant resource use efficiency and performance in a dynamically fluctuating environment therefore requires an accurate analysis of leaf and root growth patterns in conjunction with knowledge of major intraplant communication systems and metabolic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Achim Walter
- Institute of Chemistry and Dynamics of Geosphere ICG-3: Phytosphere Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
De Souza AP, Gaspar M, Da Silva EA, Ulian EC, Waclawovsky AJ, Nishiyama MY, Dos Santos RV, Teixeira MM, Souza GM, Buckeridge MS. Elevated CO2 increases photosynthesis, biomass and productivity, and modifies gene expression in sugarcane. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2008; 31:1116-27. [PMID: 18433443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Because of the economical relevance of sugarcane and its high potential as a source of biofuel, it is important to understand how this crop will respond to the foreseen increase in atmospheric [CO(2)]. The effects of increased [CO(2)] on photosynthesis, development and carbohydrate metabolism were studied in sugarcane (Saccharum ssp.). Plants were grown at ambient (approximately 370 ppm) and elevated (approximately 720 ppm) [CO(2)] during 50 weeks in open-top chambers. The plants grown under elevated CO(2) showed, at the end of such period, an increase of about 30% in photosynthesis and 17% in height, and accumulated 40% more biomass in comparison with the plants grown at ambient [CO(2)]. These plants also had lower stomatal conductance and transpiration rates (-37 and -32%, respectively), and higher water-use efficiency (c.a. 62%). cDNA microarray analyses revealed a differential expression of 35 genes on the leaves (14 repressed and 22 induced) by elevated CO(2). The latter are mainly related to photosynthesis and development. Industrial productivity analysis showed an increase of about 29% in sucrose content. These data suggest that sugarcane crops increase productivity in higher [CO(2)], and that this might be related, as previously observed for maize and sorghum, to transient drought stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Pereira De Souza
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Li JY, Liu XH, Cai QS, Gu H, Zhang SS, Wu YY, Wang CJ. Effects of elevated CO2 on growth, carbon assimilation, photosynthate accumulation and related enzymes in rice leaves during sink-source transition. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 50:723-732. [PMID: 18713413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To study the effects of growing rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves under the treatment of the short-term elevated CO(2) during the period of sink-source transition, several physiological processes such as dynamic changes in photosynthesis, photosynthate accumulation, enzyme activities (sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), and sucrose synthase (SS)), and their specific gene (sps1 and RSus1) expressions in both mature and developing leaf were measured. Rice seedlings with fully expanded sixth leaf (marked as the source leaf, L6) were kept in elevated (700 micromol/mol) and ambient (350 mol/L) CO(2) until the 7th leaf (marked as the sink leaf, L7) fully expanded. The results demonstrated that elevated CO(2) significantly increased the rate of leaf elongation and biomass accumulation of L7 during the treatment without affecting the growth of L6. However, in both developing and mature leaves, net photosynthetic assimilation rate (A), all kinds of photosynthate contents such as starch, sucrose and hexose, activities of SPS and SS and transcript levels of sps1 and RSus1 were significantly increased under elevated CO(2) condition. Results suggested that the elevated CO(2) had facilitated photosynthate assimilation, and increased photosynthate supplies from the source leaf to the sink leaf, which accelerated the growth and sink-source transition in new developing sink leaves. The mechanisms of SPS regulation by the elevated CO(2) was also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ying Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhang FZ, Wagstaff C, Rae AM, Sihota AK, Keevil CW, Rothwell SD, Clarkson GJJ, Michelmore RW, Truco MJ, Dixon MS, Taylor G. QTLs for shelf life in lettuce co-locate with those for leaf biophysical properties but not with those for leaf developmental traits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2007; 58:1433-49. [PMID: 17347132 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erm006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Developmental and biophysical leaf characteristics that influence post-harvest shelf life in lettuce, an important leafy crop, have been examined. The traits were studied using 60 informative F9 recombinant inbed lines (RILs) derived from a cross between cultivated lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. Salinas) and wild lettuce (L. serriola acc. UC96US23). Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for shelf life co-located most closely with those for leaf biophysical properties such as plasticity, elasticity, and breakstrength, suggesting that these are appropriate targets for molecular breeding for improved shelf life. Significant correlations were found between shelf life and leaf size, leaf weight, leaf chlorophyll content, leaf stomatal index, and epidermal cell number per leaf, indicating that these pre-harvest leaf development traits confer post-harvest properties. By studying the population in two contrasting environments in northern and southern Europe, the genotype by environment interaction effects of the QTLs relevant to leaf development and shelf life were assessed. In total, 107 QTLs, distributed on all nine linkage groups, were detected from the 29 traits. Only five QTLs were common in both environments. Several areas where many QTLs co-located (hotspots) on the genome were identified, with relatively little overlap between developmental hotspots and those relating to shelf life. However, QTLs for leaf biophysical properties (breakstrength, plasticity, and elasticity) and cell area correlated well with shelf life, confirming that the ideal ideotype lettuce should have small cells with strong cell walls. The identification of QTLs for leaf development, strength, and longevity will lead to a better understanding of processability at a genetic and cellular level, and allow the improvement of salad leaf quality through marker-assisted breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Z Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton S016 7PX, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lake JA, Gray JE. A diversity of scales. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 173:670-673. [PMID: 17286816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice A Lake
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN
| | - Julie E Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rae AM, Tricker PJ, Bunn SM, Taylor G. Adaptation of tree growth to elevated CO2: quantitative trait loci for biomass in Populus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 175:59-69. [PMID: 17547667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
* Information on the genetic variation of plant response to elevated CO(2) (e[CO(2)]) is needed to understand plant adaptation and to pinpoint likely evolutionary response to future high atmospheric CO(2) concentrations. * Here, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for above- and below-ground tree growth were determined in a pedigree - an F(2) hybrid of poplar (Populus trichocarpa and Populus deltoides), following season-long exposure to either current day ambient CO(2) (a[CO(2)]) or e[CO(2)] at 600 microl l(-1), and genotype by environment interactions investigated. * In the F(2) generation, both above- and below-ground growth showed a significant increase in e[CO(2)]. Three areas of the genome on linkage groups I, IX and XII were identified as important in determining above-ground growth response to e[CO(2)], while an additional three areas of the genome on linkage groups IV, XVI and XIX appeared important in determining root growth response to e[CO(2)]. * These results quantify and identify genetic variation in response to e[CO(2)] and provide an insight into genomic response to the changing environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Rae
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton S016 7PX, UK
| | - Penny J Tricker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton S016 7PX, UK
| | - Stephen M Bunn
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton S016 7PX, UK
| | - Gail Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton S016 7PX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Street NR, Skogström O, Sjödin A, Tucker J, Rodríguez-Acosta M, Nilsson P, Jansson S, Taylor G. The genetics and genomics of the drought response in Populus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 48:321-41. [PMID: 17005011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The genetic nature of tree adaptation to drought stress was examined by utilizing variation in the drought response of a full-sib second generation (F(2)) mapping population from a cross between Populus trichocarpa (93-968) and P. deltoides Bart (ILL-129) and known to be highly divergent for a vast range of phenotypic traits. We combined phenotyping, quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis and microarray experiments to demonstrate that 'genetical genomics' can be used to provide information on adaptation at the species level. The grandparents and F(2) population were subjected to soil drying, and contrasting responses to drought across genotypes, including leaf coloration, expansion and abscission, were observed, and QTL for these traits mapped. A subset of extreme genotypes exhibiting extreme sensitivity and insensitivity to drought on the basis of leaf abscission were defined, and microarray experiments conducted on these genotypes and the grandparent species. The extreme genotype groups induced a different set of genes: 215 and 125 genes differed in their expression response between groups in control and drought, respectively, suggesting species adaptation at the gene expression level. Co-location of differentially expressed genes with drought-specific and drought-responsive QTLs was examined, and these may represent candidate genes contributing to the variation in drought response.
Collapse
|
40
|
Horváth BM, Magyar Z, Zhang Y, Hamburger AW, Bakó L, Visser RGF, Bachem CWB, Bögre L. EBP1 regulates organ size through cell growth and proliferation in plants. EMBO J 2006; 25:4909-20. [PMID: 17024182 PMCID: PMC1618091 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant organ size shows remarkable uniformity within species indicating strong endogenous control. We have identified a plant growth regulatory gene, functionally and structurally homologous to human EBP1. Plant EBP1 levels are tightly regulated; gene expression is highest in developing organs and correlates with genes involved in ribosome biogenesis and function. EBP1 protein is stabilised by auxin. Elevating or decreasing EBP1 levels in transgenic plants results in a dose-dependent increase or reduction in organ growth, respectively. During early stages of organ development, EBP1 promotes cell proliferation, influences cell-size threshold for division and shortens the period of meristematic activity. In postmitotic cells, it enhances cell expansion. EBP1 is required for expression of cell cycle genes; CyclinD3;1, ribonucleotide reductase 2 and the cyclin-dependent kinase B1;1. The regulation of these genes by EBP1 is dose and auxin dependent and might rely on the effect of EBP1 to reduce RBR1 protein level. We argue that EBP1 is a conserved, dose-dependent regulator of cell growth that is connected to meristematic competence and cell proliferation via regulation of RBR1 level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix M Horváth
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Department of Plant Sciences, Graduate School of Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rae AM, Ferris R, Tallis MJ, Taylor G. Elucidating genomic regions determining enhanced leaf growth and delayed senescence in elevated CO2. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2006; 29:1730-41. [PMID: 16913862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Limited information is available on the genetic variation and control for plant growth response to elevated CO(2) (e[CO(2)]). Such information is necessary to understand plant adaptation and evolution in future rising CO(2). Here, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for leaf growth, development, quality and leaf senescence were determined in a tree pedigree - an F(2) hybrid of Populus trichocarpa T. & G and Populus deltoides Marsh, following season-long exposure to either current day ambient carbon dioxide (a[CO(2)]) or e[CO(2)] at 600 microL L(-1). Leaf growth and development differed between the grandparents such that P. trichocarpa showed greater response to e[CO(2)]. In the F(2) generation, leaf development and quality traits including leaf area, leaf shape, epidermal cell area, and stomatal number, specific leaf area (SLA), and the phenology trait, canopy senescence index, were sensitive to e[CO(2)]. Sixty-nine QTL were mapped for the 19 traits of plants in a[CO(2)] while 60 QTL were mapped for plants in e[CO(2)]. The results suggest that although many QTL mapped to common positions in a[CO(2)] and e[CO(2)], confirming their importance in determining growth, there was also differential genetic control for a number of traits including leaf senescence. Candidate genes were shown to collocate to regions where response QTL mapped. This study is the first to identify candidate genes that may be important in determining plant adaptation to future high-CO(2) world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Rae
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ainsworth EA, Rogers A, Vodkin LO, Walter A, Schurr U. The effects of elevated CO2 concentration on soybean gene expression. An analysis of growing and mature leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 142:135-47. [PMID: 16877698 PMCID: PMC1557602 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.086256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Improvements in carbon assimilation and water-use efficiency lead to increases in maximum leaf area index at elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO(2)]); however, the molecular drivers for this increase are unknown. We investigated the molecular basis for changes in leaf development at elevated [CO(2)] using soybeans (Glycine max) grown under fully open air conditions at the Soybean Free Air CO(2) Enrichment (SoyFACE) facility. The transcriptome responses of rapidly growing and fully expanded leaves to elevated [CO(2)] were investigated using cDNA microarrays. We identified 1,146 transcripts that showed a significant change in expression in growing versus fully expanded leaves. Transcripts for ribosomal proteins, cell cycle, and cell wall loosening, necessary for cytoplasmic growth and cell proliferation, were highly expressed in growing leaves. We further identified 139 transcripts with a significant [CO(2)] by development interaction. Clustering of these transcripts showed that transcripts involved in cell growth and cell proliferation were more highly expressed in growing leaves that developed at elevated [CO(2)] compared to growing leaves that developed at ambient [CO(2)]. The 327 [CO(2)]-responsive genes largely suggest that elevated [CO(2)] stimulates the respiratory breakdown of carbohydrates, which provides increased energy and biochemical precursors for leaf expansion and growth at elevated [CO(2)]. While increased photosynthesis and carbohydrate production at elevated [CO(2)] are well documented, this research demonstrates that at the transcript and metabolite level, respiratory breakdown of starch is also increased at elevated [CO(2)].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Photosynthesis Research Unit, Deparment of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 61801, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Davey PA, Olcer H, Zakhleniuk O, Bernacchi CJ, Calfapietra C, Long SP, Raines CA. Can fast-growing plantation trees escape biochemical down-regulation of photosynthesis when grown throughout their complete production cycle in the open air under elevated carbon dioxide? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2006; 29:1235-44. [PMID: 17080946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Poplar trees sustain close to the predicted increase in leaf photosynthesis when grown under long-term elevated CO2 concentration ([CO2]). To investigate the mechanisms underlying this response, carbohydrate accumulation and protein expression were determined over four seasons of growth. No increase in the levels of soluble carbohydrates was observed in the young expanding or mature sun leaves of the three poplar genotypes during this period. However, substantial increases in starch levels were observed in the mature leaves of all three poplar genotypes grown in elevated [CO2]. Despite the very high starch levels, no changes in the expression of photosynthetic Calvin cycle proteins, or in the starch biosynthetic enzyme ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), were observed. This suggested that no long-term photosynthetic acclimation to CO2 occurred in these plants. Our data indicate that poplar trees are able to 'escape' from long-term, acclimatory down-regulation of photosynthesis through a high capacity for starch synthesis and carbon export. These findings show that these poplar genotypes are well suited to the elevated [CO2] conditions forecast for the middle of this century and may be particularly suited for planting for the long-term carbon sequestration into wood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Davey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Fiorani F, Beemster GTS. Quantitative analyses of cell division in plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 60:963-79. [PMID: 16724264 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-005-4065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
At the molecular level regulatory interactions between cell cycle genes are being uncovered rapidly, but less progress is made in unravelling how these molecular events regulate growth processes at the level of cells and of the whole organism. The main obstacle is the absence of a set of analytical tools that are powerful enough to determine pertinent parameters and, at the same time, relatively easy to use by non-specialized laboratories. Appropriate methodology to obtain this type of data has been pioneered in the first half of the last century and is now commonly defined as 'kinematic analysis'. Unfortunately, the laborious nature of these analyses and the relatively complex numerical methods used, have limited their use to only a handful of specialized research groups. In this article we attempt to present an accessible entry to this methodology, particularly in terms of the mathematical framework. We start describing the simplest possible system, i.e., a virtually homogenous cell suspension culture. Then, we outline the analysis of dicotyledonous leaves, root tips, monocotyledonous leaves, and finally shoot apical meristems. For each of these systems we discuss the details of the calculation of cell division parameters such as cell cycle duration, size of the meristem and number of cells contained in it, which enables answering fundamental questions about the relative contribution of differences in cell production and cell size to variation in growth. In addition, we discuss the assumptions and limitations of these and alternative methodologies with the aim to facilitate the choice of appropriate analyses depending on the specific research question.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fiorani
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB)/University of Ghent, Technologiepark 927, Ghent, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Druart N, Rodríguez-Buey M, Barron-Gafford G, Sjödin A, Bhalerao R, Hurry V. Molecular targets of elevated [CO 2] in leaves and stems of Populus deltoides: implications for future tree growth and carbon sequestration. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2006; 33:121-131. [PMID: 32689219 DOI: 10.1071/fp05139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the first comprehensive analysis of the effects of elevated [CO2] on gene expression in source leaf and stem sink tissues in woody plants. We have taken advantage of coppiced Populus deltoides (Bartr.) stands grown for 3 years under three different and constant elevated [CO2] in the agriforest mesocosms of Biosphere 2. Leaf area per tree was doubled by elevated [CO2] but although growth at 800 v. 400 µmol mol-1 CO2 resulted in a significant increase in stem biomass, growth was not stimulated at 1200 µmol mol-1 CO2. Growth under elevated [CO2] also resulted in significant increases in stem wood density. Analysis of expression data for the 13 490 clones present on POP1 microarrays revealed 95 and 277 [CO2]-responsive clones in leaves and stems respectively, with the response being stronger at 1200 µmol mol-1. When these [CO2]-responsive genes were assigned to functional categories, metabolism-related genes were the most responsive to elevated [CO2]. However within this category, expression of genes relating to bioenergetic processes was unchanged in leaves whereas the expression of genes for storage proteins and of those involved in control of wall expansion was enhanced. In contrast to leaves, the genes up-regulated in stems under elevated [CO2] were primarily enzymes responsible for lignin formation and polymerisation or ethylene response factors, also known to induce lignin biosynthesis. Concomitant with this enhancement of lignin biosynthesis in stems, there was a pronounced repression of genes related to cell wall formation and cell growth. These changes in gene expression have clear consequences for long-term carbon sequestration, reducing the carbon-fertilisation effect, and the potential for increased lignification may negatively impact on future wood quality for timber and paper production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Druart
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marisa Rodríguez-Buey
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Greg Barron-Gafford
- Biosphere 2 Laboratory, Columbia University, Oracle AZ 85623, USA. Current address: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rishikesh Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vaughan Hurry
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Teng N, Wang J, Chen T, Wu X, Wang Y, Lin J. Elevated CO2 induces physiological, biochemical and structural changes in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 172:92-103. [PMID: 16945092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana grown under elevated or ambient CO2 (700 or 370 micromol mol(-1), respectively) were examined for physiological, biochemical and structural changes. Stomatal characters, carbohydrate and mineral nutrient concentrations, leaf ultrastructure and plant hormone content were investigated using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Elevated CO2 reduced the stomatal density and stomatal index of leaves, and also reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. Elevated CO2 increased chloroplast number, width and profile area, and starch grain size and number, but reduced the number of grana thylakoid membranes. Under elevated CO2, the concentrations of carbohydrates and plant hormones, with the exception of abscisic acid, increased whereas mineral nutrient concentrations declined. These results suggest that the changes in chloroplast ultrastructure may primarily be a consequence of increased starch accumulation. Accelerated A. thaliana growth and development in elevated CO2 could in part be attributed to increased foliar concentrations of plant hormones. The reductions in mineral nutrient concentrations may be a result of dilution by increased concentrations of carbohydrates and also of decreases in stomatal conductance and transpiration rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nianjun Teng
- Key laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sakai H, Hasegawa T, Kobayashi K. Enhancement of rice canopy carbon gain by elevated CO(2) is sensitive to growth stage and leaf nitrogen concentration. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 170:321-32. [PMID: 16608457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing our understanding of the factors regulating seasonal changes in rice canopy carbon gain (C(gain): daily net photosynthesis -- night respiration) under elevated CO(2) concentrations ([CO(2)]) will reduce our uncertainty in predicting future rice yields and assist in the development of adaptation strategies. In this study we measured CO(2) exchange from rice (Oryza sativa) canopies grown at c. 360 and 690 micromol mol(-1)[CO(2)] in growth chambers continuously over three growing seasons. Stimulation of C(gain) by elevated [CO(2)] was 22-79% during vegetative growth, but decreased to between -12 and 5% after the grain-filling stage, resulting in a 7-22% net enhancement for the whole season. The decreased stimulation of C(gain) resulted mainly from decreased canopy net photosynthesis and partially from increased respiration. A decrease in canopy photosynthetic capacity was noted where leaf nitrogen (N) decreased. The effect of elevated [CO(2)] on leaf area was generally small, but most dramatic under ample N conditions; this increased the stimulation of whole-season C(gain). These results suggest that a decrease in C(gain) enhancement following elevated CO(2) levels is difficult to avoid, but that careful management of nitrogen levels can alter the whole-season C(gain) enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Sakai
- National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Dermody O, Long SP, DeLucia EH. How does elevated CO2 or ozone affect the leaf-area index of soybean when applied independently? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 169:145-55. [PMID: 16390426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in leaf-area index (LAI) may alter ecosystem productivity in elevated [CO2] or [O3]. By increasing the apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis (phi(c,max)), elevated [CO2] may increase maximum LAI. However, [O3] when elevated independently accelerates senescence and may reduce LAI. Large plots (20 m diameter) of soybean (Glycine max) were exposed to ambient (approx. 370 micromol mol(-1)) or elevated (approx. 550 micromol mol(-1)) CO2 or 1.2 times ambient [O3] using soybean free-air concentration enrichment (SoyFACE). In 2001 elevated CO2 had no detectable effect on maximum LAI, but in 2002 maximum LAI increased by 10% relative to ambient air. Elevated [CO2] also increased the phi(c,max) of shade leaves in both years. Elevated [CO2] delayed LAI loss to senescence by approx. 54% and also increased leaf-area duration. Elevated [O3] accelerated senescence, reducing LAI by 40% near the end of the growing season. No effect of elevated [O3] on photosynthesis was detected. Elevated [CO2] or [O3] affected LAI primarily by altering the rate of senescence; knowledge of this may aid in optimizing future soybean productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orla Dermody
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Responses to Elevated [CO2] of a Short Rotation, Multispecies Poplar Plantation: the POPFACE/EUROFACE Experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-31237-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
|
50
|
Taylor G, Street NR, Tricker PJ, Sjödin A, Graham L, Skogström O, Calfapietra C, Scarascia-Mugnozza G, Jansson S. The transcriptome of Populus in elevated CO2. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 167:143-54. [PMID: 15948837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide for long-term adaptation of forest ecosystems remain uncertain, with virtually no studies undertaken at the genetic level. A global analysis using cDNA microarrays was conducted following 6 yr exposure of Populus x euramericana (clone I-214) to elevated [CO(2)] in a FACE (free-air CO(2) enrichment) experiment. Gene expression was sensitive to elevated [CO(2)] but the response depended on the developmental age of the leaves, and < 50 transcripts differed significantly between different CO(2) environments. For young leaves most differentially expressed genes were upregulated in elevated [CO(2)], while in semimature leaves most were downregulated in elevated [CO(2)]. For transcripts related only to the small subunit of Rubisco, upregulation in LPI 3 and downregulation in LPI 6 leaves in elevated CO(2) was confirmed by anova. Similar patterns of gene expression for young leaves were also confirmed independently across year 3 and year 6 microarray data, and using real-time RT-PCR. This study provides the first clues to the long-term genetic expression changes that may occur during long-term plant response to elevated CO(2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gail Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, Bassett Crescent East, University of Southampton, SO16 7PX, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|