1
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Voothuluru P, Wu Y, Sharp RE. Not so hidden anymore: Advances and challenges in understanding root growth under water deficits. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1377-1409. [PMID: 38382086 PMCID: PMC11062450 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Limited water availability is a major environmental factor constraining plant development and crop yields. One of the prominent adaptations of plants to water deficits is the maintenance of root growth that enables sustained access to soil water. Despite early recognition of the adaptive significance of root growth maintenance under water deficits, progress in understanding has been hampered by the inherent complexity of root systems and their interactions with the soil environment. We highlight selected milestones in the understanding of root growth responses to water deficits, with emphasis on founding studies that have shaped current knowledge and set the stage for further investigation. We revisit the concept of integrated biophysical and metabolic regulation of plant growth and use this framework to review central growth-regulatory processes occurring within root growth zones under water stress at subcellular to organ scales. Key topics include the primary processes of modifications of cell wall-yielding properties and osmotic adjustment, as well as regulatory roles of abscisic acid and its interactions with other hormones. We include consideration of long-recognized responses for which detailed mechanistic understanding has been elusive until recently, for example hydrotropism, and identify gaps in knowledge, ongoing challenges, and opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Voothuluru
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Yajun Wu
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Robert E Sharp
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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2
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Serre NBC, Wernerová D, Vittal P, Dubey SM, Medvecká E, Jelínková A, Petrášek J, Grossmann G, Fendrych M. The AUX1-AFB1-CNGC14 module establishes a longitudinal root surface pH profile. eLife 2023; 12:e85193. [PMID: 37449525 PMCID: PMC10414970 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant roots navigate in the soil environment following the gravity vector. Cell divisions in the meristem and rapid cell growth in the elongation zone propel the root tips through the soil. Actively elongating cells acidify their apoplast to enable cell wall extension by the activity of plasma membrane AHA H+-ATPases. The phytohormone auxin, central regulator of gravitropic response and root development, inhibits root cell growth, likely by rising the pH of the apoplast. However, the role of auxin in the regulation of the apoplastic pH gradient along the root tip is unclear. Here, we show, by using an improved method for visualization and quantification of root surface pH, that the Arabidopsis thaliana root surface pH shows distinct acidic and alkaline zones, which are not primarily determined by the activity of AHA H+-ATPases. Instead, the distinct domain of alkaline pH in the root transition zone is controlled by a rapid auxin response module, consisting of the AUX1 auxin influx carrier, the AFB1 auxin co-receptor, and the CNCG14 calcium channel. We demonstrate that the rapid auxin response pathway is required for an efficient navigation of the root tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson BC Serre
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Daša Wernerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Pruthvi Vittal
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Shiv Mani Dubey
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Eva Medvecká
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Adriana Jelínková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- CEPLAS - Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
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3
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Cell Wall Integrity Signaling in Fruit Ripening. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044054. [PMID: 36835462 PMCID: PMC9961072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls are essential structures for plant growth and development as well as plant adaptation to environmental stresses. Thus, plants have evolved signaling mechanisms to monitor the changes in the cell wall structure, triggering compensatory changes to sustain cell wall integrity (CWI). CWI signaling can be initiated in response to environmental and developmental signals. However, while environmental stress-associated CWI signaling has been extensively studied and reviewed, less attention has been paid to CWI signaling in relation to plant growth and development under normal conditions. Fleshy fruit development and ripening is a unique process in which dramatic alternations occur in cell wall architecture. Emerging evidence suggests that CWI signaling plays a pivotal role in fruit ripening. In this review, we summarize and discuss the CWI signaling in relation to fruit ripening, which will include cell wall fragment signaling, calcium signaling, and NO signaling, as well as Receptor-Like Protein Kinase (RLKs) signaling with an emphasis on the signaling of FERONIA and THESEUS, two members of RLKs that may act as potential CWI sensors in the modulation of hormonal signal origination and transduction in fruit development and ripening.
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4
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Friero I, Larriba E, Martínez-Melgarejo PA, Justamante MS, Alarcón MV, Albacete A, Salguero J, Pérez-Pérez JM. Transcriptomic and hormonal analysis of the roots of maize seedlings grown hydroponically at low temperature. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 326:111525. [PMID: 36328179 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged cold stress has a strong effect on plant growth and development, especially in subtropical crops such as maize. Soil temperature limits primary root elongation, mainly during early seedling establishment. However, little is known about how moderate temperature fluctuations affect root growth at the molecular and physiological levels. We have studied root tips of young maize seedlings grown hydroponically at 30 ºC and after a short period (up to 24 h) of moderate cooling (20 ºC). We found that both cell division and cell elongation in the root apical meristem are affected by temperature. Time-course analyses of hormonal and transcriptomic profiles were achieved after temperature reduction from 30 ºC to 20 ºC. Our results highlighted a complex regulation of endogenous pathways leading to adaptive root responses to moderate cooling conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Friero
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Ecología y Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Larriba
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | | | | | - M Victoria Alarcón
- Área de Agronomía de Cultivos Leñosos y Hortícolas, Instituto de Investigaciones Agrarias "La Orden-Valdesequera" (CICYTEX), Junta de Extremadura, 06187 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Albacete
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Julio Salguero
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Ecología y Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
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5
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Moreau H, Gaillard I, Paris N. Genetically encoded fluorescent sensors adapted to acidic pH highlight subdomains within the plant cell apoplast. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6744-6757. [PMID: 35604912 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring pH is one of the challenges in understanding diverse physiological regulations as well as ionic balance, especially in highly acidic environments such as the apoplast and the vacuole. To circumvent the poor efficiency of pH measurements below pH 5, we designed three genetically encoded sensors composed of two fluorescent proteins in tandem. We selected fluorescent protein pairs of low but sufficiently different pKa so that each protein could differentially sense the imposed pH. The generated tandems, named Acidin2, Acidin3, and Acidin4, were produced in Escherichia coli and extensively characterized. Altogether, these generated tandems cover a pH range of 3-8. The Acidins were targeted either for release in the apoplast (Apo) or for anchoring at the outer face of the plasma membrane (PM-Apo), with the fluorescent part exposed in the apoplast. Apoplastic Acidins in stably transformed Arabidopsis thaliana primary roots responded immediately and reversibly to pH changes, directly reporting physiological conditions related to cell elongation. In addition, membrane-anchored Acidins reveal a gradual acidification from the surface through the anticlinal wall of pavement cells, a process controlled at least partially by H+-ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hortense Moreau
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Gaillard
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Nadine Paris
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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6
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Großeholz R, Wanke F, Rohr L, Glöckner N, Rausch L, Scholl S, Scacchi E, Spazierer AJ, Shabala L, Shabala S, Schumacher K, Kummer U, Harter K. Computational modeling and quantitative physiology reveal central parameters for brassinosteroid-regulated early cell physiological processes linked to 5elongation growth of the Arabidopsis root. eLife 2022; 11:73031. [PMID: 36069528 PMCID: PMC9525061 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BR) are key hormonal regulators of plant development. However, whereas the individual components of BR perception and signaling are well characterized experimentally, the question of how they can act and whether they are sufficient to carry out the critical function of cellular elongation remains open. Here, we combined computational modeling with quantitative cell physiology to understand the dynamics of the plasma membrane (PM)-localized BR response pathway during the initiation of cellular responses in the epidermis of the Arabidopsis root tip that are be linked to cell elongation. The model, consisting of ordinary differential equations, comprises the BR-induced hyperpolarization of the PM, the acidification of the apoplast and subsequent cell wall swelling. We demonstrate that the competence of the root epidermal cells for the BR response predominantly depends on the amount and activity of H+-ATPases in the PM. The model further predicts that an influx of cations is required to compensate for the shift of positive charges caused by the apoplastic acidification. A potassium channel was subsequently identified and experimentally characterized, fulfilling this function. Thus, we established the landscape of components and parameters for physiological processes potentially linked to cell elongation, a central process in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Friederike Wanke
- Center for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leander Rohr
- Center for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nina Glöckner
- Center for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luiselotte Rausch
- Center for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholl
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emanuele Scacchi
- Center for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Lana Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute for Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobard, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute for Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Kummer
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Center for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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7
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Gámez-Arjona FM, Sánchez-Rodríguez C, Montesinos JC. The root apoplastic pH as an integrator of plant signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:931979. [PMID: 36082302 PMCID: PMC9448249 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.931979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant nutrition, growth, and response to environmental stresses are pH-dependent processes that are regulated at the apoplastic and subcellular levels. The root apoplastic pH is especially sensitive to external cues and can also be modified by intracellular inputs, such as hormonal signaling. Optimal crosstalk of the mechanisms involved in the extent and span of the apoplast pH fluctuations promotes plant resilience to detrimental biotic and abiotic factors. The fact that variations in local pHs are a standard mechanism in different signaling pathways indicates that the pH itself can be the pivotal element to provide a physiological context to plant cell regions, allowing a proportional reaction to different situations. This review brings a collective vision of the causes that initiate root apoplastic pHs variations, their interaction, and how they influence root response outcomes.
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8
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Jiang D, Wu H, Cai H, Chen G. Silicon confers aluminium tolerance in rice via cell wall modification in the root transition zone. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1765-1778. [PMID: 35289406 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The root-apex transition zone (TZ), the major perception site for aluminium (Al) toxicity, is crucial for the Al-induced root-growth inhibition, while the mechanism underlying silicon-mediated alleviation of Al toxicity in the TZ is largely unknown. In this study, the role of silicon (Si) in alleviating Al-induced damage in the TZ and root-growth inhibition of rice was investigated. We found that Si had direct alleviative effect on Al toxicity as revealed by less root growth-inhibition, Al accumulation, and callose formation. Si reversed Al-induced decreases of the cell wall elongation and extensibility, and reduced Al-induced increments of cell wall polysaccharides in the TZ. The similar distribution patterns of Al and Si in the cell wall indicated that Si might detoxify Al by forming hydroxyaluminumsilicates in the apoplast of the root-apex TZ. Moreover, the wall-bound form of Si reduced Al binding sites, thereby reducing the capability of Al bound to the cell wall. These results suggest that Si-mediated cell wall modification in the TZ alleviates Al-induced root-growth inhibition in rice involving the promotion of cell wall extensibility and the decrease of Al accumulation in the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexing Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huihui Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoxiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Towards Understanding the Involvement of H +-ATPase in Programmed Cell Death of Psammosilene tunicoides after Oxalic Acid Application. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226957. [PMID: 34834048 PMCID: PMC8622363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Psammosilene tunicoides is a unique perennial medicinal plant species native to the Southwestern regions of China. Its wild population is rare and endangered due to over-excessive collection and extended growth (4–5 years). This research shows that H+-ATPase activity was a key factor for oxalate-inducing programmed cell death (PCD) of P. tunicoides suspension cells. Oxalic acid (OA) is an effective abiotic elicitor that enhances a plant cell’s resistance to environmental stress. However, the role of OA in this process remains to be mechanistically unveiled. The present study evaluated the role of OA-induced cell death using an inverted fluorescence microscope after staining with Evans blue, FDA, PI, and Rd123. OA-stimulated changes in K+ and Ca2+ trans-membrane flows using a patch-clamp method, together with OA modulation of H+-ATPase activity, were further examined. OA treatment increased cell death rate in a dosage-and duration-dependent manner. OA significantly decreased the mitochondria activity and damaged its electron transport chain. The OA treatment also decreased intracellular pH, while the FC increased the pH value. Simultaneously, NH4Cl caused intracellular acidification. The OA treatment independently resulted in 90% and the FC led to 25% cell death rates. Consistently, the combined treatments caused a 31% cell death rate. Furthermore, treatment with EGTA caused a similar change in intracellular pH value to the La3+ and OA application. Combined results suggest that OA-caused cell death could be attributed to intracellular acidification and the involvement of OA in the influx of extracellular Ca2+, thereby leading to membrane depolarization. Here we explore the resistance mechanism of P. tunicoides cells against various stresses endowed by OA treatment.
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10
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Moreau H, Zimmermann SD, Gaillard I, Paris N. pH biosensing in the plant apoplast-a focus on root cell elongation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:504-514. [PMID: 35237817 PMCID: PMC8491080 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The pH parameter of soil plays a key role for plant nutrition as it is affecting the availability of minerals and consequently determines plant growth. Although the mechanisms by which root perceive the external pH is still unknown, the impact of external pH on tissue growth has been widely studied especially in hypocotyl and root. Thanks to technological development of cell imaging and fluorescent sensors, we can now monitor pH in real time with at subcellular definition. In this focus, fluorescent dye-based, as well as genetically-encoded pH indicators are discussed especially with respect to their ability to monitor acidic pH in the context of primary root. The notion of apoplastic subdomains is discussed and suggestions are made to develop fluorescent indicators for pH values below 5.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hortense Moreau
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Isabelle Gaillard
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Nadine Paris
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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11
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Pitann B, Bakhat HF, Fatima A, Hanstein S, Schubert S. Silicon-mediated growth promotion in maize (Zea mays L.) occurs via a mechanism that does not involve activation of the plasma membrane H +-ATPase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:1121-1130. [PMID: 34328870 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si)-mediated growth promotion of various grasses is well documented. In the present study, Si-induced changes in maize shoot growth and its underlying mechanisms were studied. Maize plants were grown with various concentrations of Si (0-3 mM) in the nutrient solution. Silicon nutrition improved plant expansion growth. Silicon-supplied maize plants (0.8 and 1.2 mM) showed higher plant height and leaf area compared to no-Si amended plants. It was assumed that Si-induced expansion growth was due to positive Si effects on plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase. In this context, western blot analysis revealed an increase in PM H+-ATPase abundance by 77% under Si nutrition. However, in vitro measurements of enzyme activities showed no significant effect on apoplast pH, proton pumping, passive H+ efflux and enzyme kinetics such as Km, Vmax, and activation energy. Further, these results were confirmed by in vivo ratiometric analysis of apoplastic pH, which showed non-significant changes upon Si supply. In contrast, 1 mM Si altered the relative transcripts of specific PM H+-ATPase isoforms. Silicon application resulted in a significant decrease of MHA3, and this decrease in transcription seems to be compensated by an increased concentration of H+-ATPase protein. From these results, it can be concluded that changes in cell wall composition and PM H+-ATPase may be responsible for Si-mediated growth improvement in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Pitann
- Institute of Plant Nutrition (iFZ) Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hafiz Faiq Bakhat
- Institute of Plant Nutrition (iFZ) Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Ammara Fatima
- Institute of Plant Nutrition (iFZ) Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hanstein
- Institute of Plant Nutrition (iFZ) Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sven Schubert
- Institute of Plant Nutrition (iFZ) Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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12
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Wang K, Xu F, Yuan W, Zhang D, Liu J, Sun L, Cui L, Zhang J, Xu W. Rice G protein γ subunit qPE9-1 modulates root elongation for phosphorus uptake by involving 14-3-3 protein OsGF14b and plasma membrane H + -ATPase. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1603-1615. [PMID: 34216063 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G protein is involved in plant growth and development, while the role of rice (Oryza sativa) G protein γ subunit qPE9-1 in response to low-phosphorus (LP) conditions remains unclear. The gene expression of qPE9-1 was significantly induced in rice roots under LP conditions. Rice varieties carrying the qPE9-1 allele showed a stronger primary root response to LP than the varieties carrying the qpe9-1 allele (mutant of the qPE9-1 allele). Transgenic rice plants with the qPE9-1 allele had longer primary roots and higher P concentrations than those with the qpe9-1 allele under LP conditions. The plasma membrane (PM) H+ -ATPase was important for the qPE9-1-mediated response to LP. Furthermore, OsGF14b, a 14-3-3 protein that acts as a key component in activating PM H+ -ATPase for root elongation, is also involved in the qPE9-1 mediation. Moreover, the overexpression of OsGF14b in WYJ8 (carrying the qpe9-1 allele) partially increased primary root length under LP conditions. Experiments using R18 peptide (a 14-3-3 protein inhibitor) showed that qPE9-1 is important for primary root elongation and H+ efflux under LP conditions by involving the 14-3-3 protein. In addition, rhizosheath weight, total P content, and the rhizosheath soil Olsen-P concentration of qPE9-1 lines were higher than those of qpe9-1 lines under soil drying and LP conditions. These results suggest that the G protein γ subunit qPE9-1 in rice plants modulates root elongation for phosphorus uptake by involving the 14-3-3 protein OsGF14b and PM H+ -ATPase, which is required for rice P use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops and College of Life Sciences, Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resource and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Feiyun Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops and College of Life Sciences, Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resource and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops and College of Life Sciences, Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resource and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Dongping Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops and College of Life Sciences, Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resource and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Leyun Sun
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops and College of Life Sciences, Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resource and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Liyou Cui
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops and College of Life Sciences, Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resource and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops and College of Life Sciences, Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Resource and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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13
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Rahimi Y, Ingvarsson PK, Bihamta MR, Alipour H, Taleei A, Khoshnoodi Jabar Abadi S. Characterization of Dynamic Regulatory Gene and Protein Networks in Wheat Roots Upon Perceiving Water Deficit Through Comparative Transcriptomics Survey. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:710867. [PMID: 34484273 PMCID: PMC8415571 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.710867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A well-developed root system benefits host plants by optimizing water absorption and nutrient uptake and thereby increases plant productivity. In this study we have characterized the root transcriptome using RNA-seq and subsequential functional analysis in a set of drought tolerant and susceptible genotypes. The goal of the study was to elucidate and characterize water deficit-responsive genes in wheat landraces that had been through long-term field and biochemical screening for drought tolerance. The results confirm genotype differences in water-deficit tolerance in line with earlier results from field trials. The transcriptomics survey highlighted a total of 14,187 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that responded to water deficit. The characterization of these genes shows that all chromosomes contribute to water-deficit tolerance, but to different degrees, and the B genome showed higher involvement than the A and D genomes. The DEGs were mainly mapped to flavonoid, phenylpropanoid, and diterpenoid biosynthesis pathways, as well as glutathione metabolism and hormone signaling. Furthermore, extracellular region, apoplast, cell periphery, and external encapsulating structure were the main water deficit-responsive cellular components in roots. A total of 1,377 DEGs were also predicted to function as transcription factors (TFs) from different families regulating downstream cascades. TFs from the AP2/ERF-ERF, MYB-related, B3, WRKY, Tify, and NAC families were the main genotype-specific regulatory factors. To further characterize the dynamic biosynthetic pathways, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed using significant KEGG proteins and putative TFs. In PPIs, enzymes from the CYP450, TaABA8OH2, PAL, and GST families play important roles in water-deficit tolerance in connection with MYB13-1, MADS-box, and NAC transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Rahimi
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pär K. Ingvarsson
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Reza Bihamta
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hadi Alipour
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Alireza Taleei
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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14
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The Arabidopsis Root Tip (Phospho)Proteomes at Growth-Promoting versus Growth-Repressing Conditions Reveal Novel Root Growth Regulators. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071665. [PMID: 34359847 PMCID: PMC8303113 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin plays a dual role in growth regulation and, depending on the tissue and concentration of the hormone, it can either promote or inhibit division and expansion processes in plants. Recent studies have revealed that, beyond transcriptional reprogramming, alternative auxin-controlled mechanisms regulate root growth. Here, we explored the impact of different concentrations of the synthetic auxin NAA that establish growth-promoting and -repressing conditions on the root tip proteome and phosphoproteome, generating a unique resource. From the phosphoproteome data, we pinpointed (novel) growth regulators, such as the RALF34-THE1 module. Our results, together with previously published studies, suggest that auxin, H+-ATPases, cell wall modifications and cell wall sensing receptor-like kinases are tightly embedded in a pathway regulating cell elongation. Furthermore, our study assigned a novel role to MKK2 as a regulator of primary root growth and a (potential) regulator of auxin biosynthesis and signalling, and suggests the importance of the MKK2 Thr31 phosphorylation site for growth regulation in the Arabidopsis root tip.
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15
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Dissanayaka DMSB, Ghahremani M, Siebers M, Wasaki J, Plaxton WC. Recent insights into the metabolic adaptations of phosphorus-deprived plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:199-223. [PMID: 33211873 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is an essential macronutrient required for many fundamental processes in plants, including photosynthesis and respiration, as well as nucleic acid, protein, and membrane phospholipid synthesis. The huge use of Pi-containing fertilizers in agriculture demonstrates that the soluble Pi levels of most soils are suboptimal for crop growth. This review explores recent advances concerning the understanding of adaptive metabolic processes that plants have evolved to alleviate the negative impact of nutritional Pi deficiency. Plant Pi starvation responses arise from complex signaling pathways that integrate altered gene expression with post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. The resultant remodeling of the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome enhances the efficiency of root Pi acquisition from the soil, as well as the use of assimilated Pi throughout the plant. We emphasize how the up-regulation of high-affinity Pi transporters and intra- and extracellular Pi scavenging and recycling enzymes, organic acid anion efflux, membrane remodeling, and the remarkable flexibility of plant metabolism and bioenergetics contribute to the survival of Pi-deficient plants. This research field is enabling the development of a broad range of innovative and promising strategies for engineering phosphorus-efficient crops. Such cultivars are urgently needed to reduce inputs of unsustainable and non-renewable Pi fertilizers for maximum agronomic benefit and long-term global food security and ecosystem preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M S B Dissanayaka
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mina Ghahremani
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meike Siebers
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jun Wasaki
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - William C Plaxton
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Cheng HQ, Zou YN, Wu QS, Kuča K. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Alleviate Drought Stress in Trifoliate Orange by Regulating H +-ATPase Activity and Gene Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:659694. [PMID: 33841484 PMCID: PMC8027329 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.659694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A feature of arbuscular mycorrhiza is enhanced drought tolerance of host plants, although it is unclear whether host H+-ATPase activity and gene expression are involved in the physiological process. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), Funneliformis mosseae, on H+-ATPase activity, and gene expression of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings subjected to well-watered (WW) and drought stress (DS), together with the changes in leaf gas exchange, root morphology, soil pH value, and ammonium content. Soil drought treatment dramatically increased H+-ATPase activity of leaf and root, and AMF inoculation further strengthened the increased effect. A plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase gene of trifoliate orange, PtAHA2 (MW239123), was cloned. The PtAHA2 expression was induced by mycorrhization in leaves and roots and also up-regulated by drought treatment in leaves of AMF-inoculated seedlings and in roots of AMF- and non-AMF-inoculated seedlings. And, the induced expression of PtAHA2 under mycorrhization was more prominent under DS than under WW. Mycorrhizal plants also showed greater photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, and transpiration rate and better root volume and diameter than non-mycorrhizal plants under DS. AMF inoculation significantly increased leaf and root ammonium content, especially under DS, whereas it dramatically reduced soil pH value. In addition, H+-ATPase activity was significantly positively correlated with ammonium contents in leaves and roots, and root H+-ATPase activity was significantly negatively correlated with soil pH value. Our results concluded that AMF stimulated H+-ATPase activity and PtAHA2 gene expression in response to DS, which resulted in great nutrient (e.g., ammonium) uptake and root growth, as well as low soil pH microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qian Cheng
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ying-Ning Zou
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Qiang-Sheng Wu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Qiang-Sheng Wu,
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
- Kamil Kuča,
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17
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Shen N, Jing Y, Tu G, Fu A, Lan W. Danger-Associated Peptide Regulates Root Growth by Promoting Protons Extrusion in an AHA2-Dependent Manner in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217963. [PMID: 33120933 PMCID: PMC7663391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant elicitor peptides (Peps) are damage/danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are derived from precursor proteins PROPEPs and perceived by a pair of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), PEPR1 and PEPR2, to enhance innate immunity and to inhibit root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we show that Arabidopsis Pep1 inhibits the root growth by interfering with pH signaling, as acidic condition increased, but neutral and alkaline conditions decreased the Pep1 effect on inhibiting the root growth. The perception of Pep1 to PEPRs activated the plasma membrane-localized H+-ATPases (PM H+-ATPases) -the pump proton in plant cell-to extrude the protons into apoplast, and induced an overly acidic environment in apoplastic space, which further promoted the cell swelling in root apex and inhibited root growth. Furthermore, we revealed that pump proton AUTOINHIBITED H+-ATPase 2 (AHA2) physically interacted with PEPR2 and served downstream of the Pep1-PEPRs signaling pathway to regulate Pep1-induced protons extrusion and root growth inhibition. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a previously unrecognized signaling crosstalk between Pep1 and pH signaling to regulate root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; (N.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Yanping Jing
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China;
| | - Guoqing Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; (N.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Aigen Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China;
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (W.L.)
| | - Wenzhi Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; (N.S.); (G.T.)
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (W.L.)
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18
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Rajagopal D, Mathew MK. Role of Arabidopsis RAB5 GEF vps9a in maintaining potassium levels under sodium chloride stress. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00273. [PMID: 33103044 PMCID: PMC7576885 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is one of the major factors impacting crop productivity worldwide. Through a variety of effector and signaling pathways, plants achieve survival under salinity stress by maintaining high cytosolic potassium/sodium ion (K+/Na+) ratios, preventing Na+ cytotoxicity, and retaining osmotic balance. Ras-related protein 5 (Rab5) members are involved in the trafficking of endosomes to the vacuole or plasma membrane (PM). The vacuolar protein sorting- associated protein 9 (vps9a) encodes the single guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that activates all three known Rab5 proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Previous work from our group has reported the critical function of vps9a for the operation of salt-induced endocytic pathway, as well as the expansion of endomembrane compartments under saline stress conditions. Here we show an additional role of vps9a in plant response to salt stress via maintenance of K+ status of the cell rather than Na+ homeostasis. Our results show that roots from vps9a-2 mutant, subjected to 100 mM NaCl, display alterations in transcript levels of genes involved in the K+ homeostasis pathway. Concurrent with the observed sensitivity of vps9a-2 mutant under NaCl stress, exposure to low K+ environments resulted in growth retardation, and reduced rate of endocytosis. Furthermore, vps9a-2 mutant displays reduced expression of auxin reporter, Direct Repeat-5 (DR5), and alterations in polarity and abundance of auxin efflux carrier PIN- FORMED2 (PIN2). Imposition of NaCl stress was found to be restrictive to the elongation capacity of cells in the root elongation zone of vps9a-2 mutant. Together our results indicate that alterations in K+ homeostasis and associated cellular changes causing increased cell wall pH, contribute to diminished root growth and compromised survival of vps9a-2 mutant under salt stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Rajagopal
- National Centre for Biological SciencesTIFRBangaloreKarnatakaIndia
| | - M. K. Mathew
- National Centre for Biological SciencesTIFRBangaloreKarnatakaIndia
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19
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Siao W, Coskun D, Baluška F, Kronzucker HJ, Xu W. Root-Apex Proton Fluxes at the Centre of Soil-Stress Acclimation. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:794-804. [PMID: 32673580 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Proton (H+) fluxes in plant roots play critical roles in maintaining root growth and facilitating plant responses to multiple soil stresses, including fluctuations in nutrient supply, salt infiltration, and water stress. Soil mining for nutrients and water, rates of nutrient uptake, and the modulation of cell expansion all depend on the regulation of root H+ fluxes, particularly at the root apex, mediated primarily by the activity of plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPases. Here, we summarize recent findings on the regulatory mechanisms of H+ fluxes at the root apex under three abiotic stress conditions - phosphate deficiency, salinity stress, and water deficiency - and present an integrated physiomolecular view of the functions of H+ fluxes in maintaining root growth in the acclimation to soil stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Siao
- Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan Fuzhou 350002, China; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Devrim Coskun
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan Fuzhou 350002, China.
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20
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Basso V, Kohler A, Miyauchi S, Singan V, Guinet F, Šimura J, Novák O, Barry KW, Amirebrahimi M, Block J, Daguerre Y, Na H, Grigoriev IV, Martin F, Veneault-Fourrey C. An ectomycorrhizal fungus alters sensitivity to jasmonate, salicylate, gibberellin, and ethylene in host roots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1047-1068. [PMID: 31834634 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormones jasmonate, gibberellin, salicylate, and ethylene regulate an interconnected reprogramming network integrating root development with plant responses against microbes. The establishment of mutualistic ectomycorrhizal symbiosis requires the suppression of plant defense responses against fungi as well as the modification of root architecture and cortical cell wall properties. Here, we investigated the contribution of phytohormones and their crosstalk to the ontogenesis of ectomycorrhizae (ECM) between grey poplar (Populus tremula x alba) roots and the fungus Laccaria bicolor. To obtain the hormonal blueprint of developing ECM, we quantified the concentrations of jasmonates, gibberellins, and salicylate via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Subsequently, we assessed root architecture, mycorrhizal morphology, and gene expression levels (RNA sequencing) in phytohormone-treated poplar lateral roots in the presence or absence of L. bicolor. Salicylic acid accumulated in mid-stage ECM. Exogenous phytohormone treatment affected the fungal colonization rate and/or frequency of Hartig net formation. Colonized lateral roots displayed diminished responsiveness to jasmonate but regulated some genes, implicated in defense and cell wall remodelling, that were specifically differentially expressed after jasmonate treatment. Responses to salicylate, gibberellin, and ethylene were enhanced in ECM. The dynamics of phytohormone accumulation and response suggest that jasmonate, gibberellin, salicylate, and ethylene signalling play multifaceted roles in poplar L. bicolor ectomycorrhizal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Basso
- INRA, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes (IAM), Laboratoire d'excellence Recherches Avancés sur la Biologie de l'Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (LabEx ARBRE), Centre INRA Grand-Est, University of Lorraine, Champenoux, France
| | - Annegret Kohler
- INRA, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes (IAM), Laboratoire d'excellence Recherches Avancés sur la Biologie de l'Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (LabEx ARBRE), Centre INRA Grand-Est, University of Lorraine, Champenoux, France
| | - Shingo Miyauchi
- INRA, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes (IAM), Laboratoire d'excellence Recherches Avancés sur la Biologie de l'Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (LabEx ARBRE), Centre INRA Grand-Est, University of Lorraine, Champenoux, France
| | - Vasanth Singan
- Joint Genome Institute (JGI), US Department of Energy, Walnut Creek, California
| | - Frédéric Guinet
- INRA, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes (IAM), Laboratoire d'excellence Recherches Avancés sur la Biologie de l'Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (LabEx ARBRE), Centre INRA Grand-Est, University of Lorraine, Champenoux, France
| | - Jan Šimura
- Laboratory of Growth, Palacký University, Faculty of Science & The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth, Palacký University, Faculty of Science & The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Kerrie W Barry
- Joint Genome Institute (JGI), US Department of Energy, Walnut Creek, California
| | - Mojgan Amirebrahimi
- Joint Genome Institute (JGI), US Department of Energy, Walnut Creek, California
| | - Jonathan Block
- INRA, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes (IAM), Laboratoire d'excellence Recherches Avancés sur la Biologie de l'Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (LabEx ARBRE), Centre INRA Grand-Est, University of Lorraine, Champenoux, France
| | - Yohann Daguerre
- INRA, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes (IAM), Laboratoire d'excellence Recherches Avancés sur la Biologie de l'Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (LabEx ARBRE), Centre INRA Grand-Est, University of Lorraine, Champenoux, France
- Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hyunsoo Na
- Joint Genome Institute (JGI), US Department of Energy, Walnut Creek, California
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- Joint Genome Institute (JGI), US Department of Energy, Walnut Creek, California
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Francis Martin
- INRA, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes (IAM), Laboratoire d'excellence Recherches Avancés sur la Biologie de l'Arbre et les Ecosystèmes Forestiers (LabEx ARBRE), Centre INRA Grand-Est, University of Lorraine, Champenoux, France
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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21
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Sun X, Chen F, Yuan L, Mi G. The physiological mechanism underlying root elongation in response to nitrogen deficiency in crop plants. PLANTA 2020; 251:84. [PMID: 32189077 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In response to low nitrogen stress, multiple hormones together with nitric oxide signaling pathways work synergistically and antagonistically in crop root elongation. Changing root morphology allows plants to adapt to soil nutrient availability. Nitrogen is the most important essential nutrient for plant growth. An important adaptive strategy for crops responding to nitrogen deficiency is root elongation, thereby accessing increased soil space and nitrogen resources. Multiple signaling pathways are involved in this regulatory network, working together to fine-tune root elongation in response to soil nitrogen availability. Based on existing research, we propose a model to explain how different signaling pathways interact to regulate root elongation in response to low nitrogen stress. In response to a low shoot nitrogen status signal, auxin transport from the shoot to the root increases. High auxin levels in the root tip stimulate the production of nitric oxide, which promotes the synthesis of strigolactones to accelerate cell division. In this process, cytokinin, ethylene, and abscisic acid play an antagonistic role, while brassinosteroids and auxin play a synergistic role in regulating root elongation. Further study is required to identify the QTLs, genes, and favorable alleles which control the root elongation response to low nitrogen stress in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichao Sun
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fanjun Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lixing Yuan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guohua Mi
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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22
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Full-Length Transcriptome Analysis of the ABCB, PIN/PIN-LIKES, and AUX/LAX Families Involved in Somatic Embryogenesis of Lilium pumilum DC. Fisch. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020453. [PMID: 31936841 PMCID: PMC7014436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell totipotency is one of the 25 major topics in current scientific research, and somatic embryos are good experimental material for studying cell totipotency. Polar auxin transport plays an important regulatory role in somatic embryogenesis (SE). However, little is known about the auxin transport genes and their regulatory mechanisms in Lilium SE. In this study, we applied single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing to Lilium pumilum DC. Fisch. for the first time and obtained a total of 119,649 transcripts, of which 14 encoded auxin transport genes. Correlation analyses between somatic embryo induction and gene expression under different treatments revealed that auxin transport genes, especially ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter B family member 21 (ABCB21) and PIN-FORMED (PIN) LIKES 7 (PILS7), may be key players in SE, and the necessary duration of picloram (PIC) treatment to induce SE is as short as 3 days. Our research provides valuable genetic information on Lilium pumilum, elucidating the candidate auxin transport genes involved in SE and their influencing factors. This study lays a foundation for elucidating the regulatory mechanism of auxin transport in SE.
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23
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Kesten C, Gámez-Arjona FM, Menna A, Scholl S, Dora S, Huerta AI, Huang HY, Tintor N, Kinoshita T, Rep M, Krebs M, Schumacher K, Sánchez-Rodríguez C. Pathogen-induced pH changes regulate the growth-defense balance in plants. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101822. [PMID: 31736111 PMCID: PMC6912046 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental adaptation of organisms relies on fast perception and response to external signals, which lead to developmental changes. Plant cell growth is strongly dependent on cell wall remodeling. However, little is known about cell wall‐related sensing of biotic stimuli and the downstream mechanisms that coordinate growth and defense responses. We generated genetically encoded pH sensors to determine absolute pH changes across the plasma membrane in response to biotic stress. A rapid apoplastic acidification by phosphorylation‐based proton pump activation in response to the fungus Fusarium oxysporum immediately reduced cellulose synthesis and cell growth and, furthermore, had a direct influence on the pathogenicity of the fungus. In addition, pH seems to influence cellulose structure. All these effects were dependent on the COMPANION OF CELLULOSE SYNTHASE proteins that are thus at the nexus of plant growth and defense. Hence, our discoveries show a remarkable connection between plant biomass production, immunity, and pH control, and advance our ability to investigate the plant growth‐defense balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefan Scholl
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Dora
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Nico Tintor
- Department of Phytopathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Martijn Rep
- Department of Phytopathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Krebs
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Šípošová K, Kollárová K, Lišková D, Vivodová Z. The effects of IBA on the composition of maize root cell walls. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 239:10-17. [PMID: 31177026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is one of the crucial plant hormones which stimulates and controls cell and plant growth. The effects of auxin IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) during 10-days on maize plants growth in controlled conditions (hydroponic, 16-h photoperiod, 70% humidity, 25/20 °C temperature), depended on its concentration in the substrate. A high concentration (10-7 M) of IBA inhibited root growth, evoked the development of apoplasmic barriers (Casparian bands and suberin lamellae) closer to the root apex, and elevated the amount of lignin in roots. A low concentration (10-11 M) of IBA stimulated root growth but affected neither the development of apoplasmic barriers, nor the amount of lignin. Auxin in a 10-8 M concentration influenced the root growth to a minimal extent compare to the control, and it was the non-effective concentration. Plant cell walls as cell structures ensure cell enlargement and plant growth, and have to react to auxin stimulus by modification of their components. We found the most significant changes in the composition of the PF III fraction (lignocellulosic complex) of the cell wall. The presence of auxin in the substrate affected all three components of this fraction - Klason lignin and both the by acid (2 M TFA) non-hydrolysable and the hydrolysable parts of this complex. The ratio of the non-hydrolysable part to the Klason lignin increased from 1.3 to 3.3 with increasing auxin concentrations in the substrate. This may be related to the deposition of polysaccharides and lignin in the cell wall, which help maintain the specific tensile stress of, and turgor pressure on, the cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristína Šípošová
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Karin Kollárová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Desana Lišková
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Vivodová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Hanaka A, Ozimek E, Majewska M, Rysiak A, Jaroszuk-Ściseł J. Physiological Diversity of Spitsbergen Soil Microbial Communities Suggests Their Potential as Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1207. [PMID: 30857335 PMCID: PMC6429280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to assess the physiological diversity and metabolic activity of the soil bacterial communities inhabiting Spitsbergen soils in search of bacterial abilities facilitating plant growth promotion. In the soil, the total number of culturable microorganisms, the number of their individual physiological groups (including Siderophore Synthesizing; SSB and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria; PSB), the dehydrogenase (DH) activity, and the ability to utilize sources of C, N, P (EcoPlate) were analysed. In bacterial isolates, siderophores production, ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) deaminase (ACCD) activity, IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) synthesis were examined. The isolates were applied to the seeds of Phaseolus coccineus regarding their germination and root length. The results showed differences between copio- and oligotrophic bacteria. A usually high number of SSB was accompanied by the raised number of PSB. A bigger number of SSB was connected with low values of Fe in the soil. High DH activity was assisted by greater number of copio- and oligotrophic bacteria, raised average well color development value, and N and C contents in the soil. Germination index was more alike relative seed germination than relative root growth. IAA concentration and ACCD activity were conversely related. Synthesis of siderophores was matched with ACCD activity and its high level was combined with elevated germination index. In spite of different localization of soil samples, some isolates proved similar traits of activity. Distinct affiliation of isolates and their various localizations were displayed. Among all isolates tested, some possessed one main trait of activity, but most of them had two or more significant features for potential plant growth stimulation. These isolates could be an important source of useful bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Hanaka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ewa Ozimek
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Majewska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Rysiak
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Jaroszuk-Ściseł
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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26
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Mahender A, Swamy BPM, Anandan A, Ali J. Tolerance of Iron-Deficient and -Toxic Soil Conditions in Rice. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E31. [PMID: 30696039 PMCID: PMC6409647 DOI: 10.3390/plants8020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency and toxicity are the most widely prevalent soil-related micronutrient disorders in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Progress in rice cultivars with improved tolerance has been hampered by a poor understanding of Fe availability in the soil, the transportation mechanism, and associated genetic factors for the tolerance of Fe toxicity soil (FTS) or Fe deficiency soil (FDS) conditions. In the past, through conventional breeding approaches, rice varieties were developed especially suitable for low- and high-pH soils, which indirectly helped the varieties to tolerate FTS and FDS conditions. Rice-Fe interactions in the external environment of soil, internal homeostasis, and transportation have been studied extensively in the past few decades. However, the molecular and physiological mechanisms of Fe uptake and transport need to be characterized in response to the tolerance of morpho-physiological traits under Fe-toxic and -deficient soil conditions, and these traits need to be well integrated into breeding programs. A deeper understanding of the several factors that influence Fe absorption, uptake, and transport from soil to root and above-ground organs under FDS and FTS is needed to develop tolerant rice cultivars with improved grain yield. Therefore, the objective of this review paper is to congregate the different phenotypic screening methodologies for prospecting tolerant rice varieties and their responsible genetic traits, and Fe homeostasis related to all the known quantitative trait loci (QTLs), genes, and transporters, which could offer enormous information to rice breeders and biotechnologists to develop rice cultivars tolerant of Fe toxicity or deficiency. The mechanism of Fe regulation and transport from soil to grain needs to be understood in a systematic manner along with the cascade of metabolomics steps that are involved in the development of rice varieties tolerant of FTS and FDS. Therefore, the integration of breeding with advanced genome sequencing and omics technologies allows for the fine-tuning of tolerant genotypes on the basis of molecular genetics, and the further identification of novel genes and transporters that are related to Fe regulation from FTS and FDS conditions is incredibly important to achieve further success in this aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anumalla Mahender
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines.
| | - B P Mallikarjuna Swamy
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines.
| | - Annamalai Anandan
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753006, India.
| | - Jauhar Ali
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines.
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Vanderstraeten L, Depaepe T, Bertrand S, Van Der Straeten D. The Ethylene Precursor ACC Affects Early Vegetative Development Independently of Ethylene Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1591. [PMID: 31867034 PMCID: PMC6908520 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene plays a pivotal role in virtually every aspect of plant development, including vegetative growth, fruit ripening, senescence, and abscission. Moreover, it acts as a primary defense signal during plant stress. Being a volatile, its immediate biosynthetic precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, ACC, is generally employed as a tool to provoke ethylene responses. However, several reports propose a role for ACC in parallel or independently of ethylene signaling. In this study, pharmacological experiments with ethylene biosynthesis and signaling inhibitors, 2-aminoisobutyric acid and 1-methylcyclopropene, as well as mutant analyses demonstrate ACC-specific but ethylene-independent growth responses in both dark- and light-grown Arabidopsis seedlings. Detection of ethylene emanation in ethylene-deficient seedlings by means of laser-based photoacoustic spectroscopy further supports a signaling role for ACC. In view of these results, future studies employing ACC as a proxy for ethylene should consider ethylene-independent effects as well. The use of multiple knockout lines of ethylene biosynthesis genes will aid in the elucidation of the physiological roles of ACC as a signaling molecule in addition to its function as an ethylene precursor.
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Zemlyanskaya EV, Omelyanchuk NA, Ubogoeva EV, Mironova VV. Deciphering Auxin-Ethylene Crosstalk at a Systems Level. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124060. [PMID: 30558241 PMCID: PMC6321013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The auxin and ethylene pathways cooperatively regulate a variety of developmental processes in plants. Growth responses to ethylene are largely dependent on auxin, the key regulator of plant morphogenesis. Auxin, in turn, is capable of inducing ethylene biosynthesis and signaling, making the interaction of these hormones reciprocal. Recent studies discovered a number of molecular events underlying auxin-ethylene crosstalk. In this review, we summarize the results of fine-scale and large-scale experiments on the interactions between the auxin and ethylene pathways in Arabidopsis. We integrate knowledge on molecular crosstalk events, their tissue specificity, and associated phenotypic responses to decipher the crosstalk mechanisms at a systems level. We also discuss the prospects of applying systems biology approaches to study the mechanisms of crosstalk between plant hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Zemlyanskaya
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Nadya A Omelyanchuk
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Elena V Ubogoeva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Victoria V Mironova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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29
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Pacifici E, Di Mambro R, Dello Ioio R, Costantino P, Sabatini S. Acidic cell elongation drives cell differentiation in the Arabidopsis root. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201899134. [PMID: 30012836 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In multicellular systems, the control of cell size is fundamental in regulating the development and growth of the different organs and of the whole organism. In most systems, major changes in cell size can be observed during differentiation processes where cells change their volume to adapt their shape to their final function. How relevant changes in cell volume are in driving the differentiation program is a long-standing fundamental question in developmental biology. In the Arabidopsis root meristem, characteristic changes in the size of the distal meristematic cells identify cells that initiated the differentiation program. Here, we show that changes in cell size are essential for the initial steps of cell differentiation and that these changes depend on the concomitant activation by the plant hormone cytokinin of the EXPAs proteins and the AHA1 and AHA2 proton pumps. These findings identify a growth module that builds on a synergy between cytokinin-dependent pH modification and wall remodeling to drive differentiation through the mechanical control of cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pacifici
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Dello Ioio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Costantino
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Biologia e Medicina Molecolari, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sabatini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Hu L, Xie Y, Fan S, Wang Z, Wang F, Zhang B, Li H, Song J, Kong L. Comparative analysis of root transcriptome profiles between drought-tolerant and susceptible wheat genotypes in response to water stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 272:276-293. [PMID: 29807601 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Water deficit is one of the major factors limiting crop productivity worldwide. Plant roots play a key role in uptaking water, perceiving and transducing of water deficit signals to shoot. Although the mechanisms of drought-tolerance have been reported recently, the transcriptional regulatory network of wheat root response to water stress has not been fully understood. In this study, drought-tolerant cultivar JM-262 and susceptible cultivar LM-2 are planted to characterize the root transcriptional changes and physiological responses to water deficit. A total of 8197 drought tolerance-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are identified, these genes are mainly mapped to carbon metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, and phytohormone signal transduction. The number and expression level of DEGs involved in antioxidative and antiosmotic stresses are more enhanced in JM-262 under water stress. Furthermore, we find the DEGs related to root development are much more induced in JM-262 in phytohormone signal transduction and carbon metabolism pathway. In conclusion, JM-262 may alleviate the damage of drought by producing more osmoprotectants, ROS scavengers, biomass and energy. Interestingly, hormone signaling and cross-talk probably play an important role in promoting JM-262 greater root systems to take up more water, higher capabilities to induce more drought-related DEGs and higher resisitance to oxidative stresse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hu
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yan Xie
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shoujin Fan
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Zongshuai Wang
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Fahong Wang
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Haosheng Li
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jie Song
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Lingan Kong
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
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31
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Li X, Li Y, Mai J, Tao L, Qu M, Liu J, Shen R, Xu G, Feng Y, Xiao H, Wu L, Shi L, Guo S, Liang J, Zhu Y, He Y, Baluška F, Shabala S, Yu M. Boron Alleviates Aluminum Toxicity by Promoting Root Alkalization in Transition Zone via Polar Auxin Transport. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:1254-1266. [PMID: 29784768 PMCID: PMC6053005 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) alleviates aluminum (Al) toxicity in higher plants; however, the underlying mechanisms behind this phenomenon remain unknown. Here, we used bromocresol green pH indicator, noninvasive microtest, and microelectrode ion flux estimation techniques to demonstrate that B promotes root surface pH gradients in pea (Pisum sativum) roots, leading to alkalization in the root transition zone and acidification in the elongation zone, while Al inhibits these pH gradients. B significantly decreased Al accumulation in the transition zone (∼1.0-2.5 mm from the apex) of lateral roots, thereby alleviating Al-induced inhibition of root elongation. Net indole acetic acid (IAA) efflux detected by an IAA-sensitive platinum microelectrode showed that polar auxin transport, which peaked in the root transition zone, was inhibited by Al toxicity, while it was partially recovered by B. Electrophysiological experiments using the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) auxin transporter mutants (auxin resistant1-7; pin-formed2 [pin2]) and the specific polar auxin transporter inhibitor1-naphthylphthalamic acid showed that PIN2-based polar auxin transport is involved in root surface alkalization in the transition zone. Our results suggest that B promotes polar auxin transport driven by the auxin efflux transporter PIN2 and leads to the downstream regulation of the plasma membrane-H+-ATPase, resulting in elevated root surface pH, which is essential to decrease Al accumulation in this Al-targeted apical root zone. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the role of exogenous B in alleviation of Al accumulation and toxicity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Li
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
| | - Yalin Li
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Mai
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
| | - Mei Qu
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
| | - Jiayou Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
| | - Renfang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Guilian Xu
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
| | - Yingming Feng
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
| | - Hongdong Xiao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Lishu Wu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Shaoxue Guo
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Liang
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
| | - Yiyong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yongming He
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
- Tasmanian Institute for Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, P.R. China
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32
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Uncovering pH at both sides of the root plasma membrane interface using noninvasive imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:6488-6493. [PMID: 29866831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721769115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Building a proton gradient across a biological membrane and between different tissues is a matter of great importance for plant development and nutrition. To gain a better understanding of proton distribution in the plant root apoplast as well as across the plasma membrane, we generated Arabidopsis plants expressing stable membrane-anchored ratiometric fluorescent sensors based on pHluorin. These sensors enabled noninvasive pH-specific measurements in mature root cells from the medium-epidermis interface up to the inner cell layers that lie beyond the Casparian strip. The membrane-associated apoplastic pH was much more alkaline than the overall apoplastic space pH. Proton concentration associated with the plasma membrane was very stable, even when the growth medium pH was altered. This is in apparent contradiction with the direct connection between root intercellular space and the external medium. The plasma membrane-associated pH in the stele was the most preserved and displayed the lowest apoplastic pH (6.0 to 6.1) and the highest transmembrane delta pH (1.5 to 2.2). Both pH values also correlated well with optimal activities of channels and transporters involved in ion uptake and redistribution from the root to the aerial part. In growth medium where ionic content is minimized, the root plasma membrane-associated pH was more affected by environmental proton changes, especially for the most external cell layers. Calcium concentration appears to play a major role in apoplastic pH under these restrictive conditions, supporting a role for the cell wall in pH homeostasis of the unstirred surface layer of plasma membrane in mature roots.
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Abstract
Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that controls plant life throughout development. Being a simple hydrophobic molecule, it can freely enter cells; therefore, the cell type specificity of its action is challenging. By means of tissue-specific expression of two negative regulators of the signaling cascade, we selectively disrupted the ethylene signal in different cell types without affecting its biosynthesis. We demonstrate that ethylene restricts plant growth by dampening the effect of auxins in the outermost cell layer. We further show that this epidermis-specific signaling has an impact on the growth of neighboring cells, suggesting that the master controller of cell expansion resides in the epidermis, where it senses the environment and, subsequently drives growth, of the inner tissues. The gaseous hormone ethylene plays a key role in plant growth and development, and it is a major regulator of stress responses. It inhibits vegetative growth by restricting cell elongation, mainly through cross-talk with auxins. However, it remains unknown whether ethylene controls growth throughout all plant tissues or whether its signaling is confined to specific cell types. We employed a targeted expression approach to map the tissue site(s) of ethylene growth regulation. The ubiquitin E3 ligase complex containing Skp1, Cullin1, and the F-box protein EBF1 or EBF2 (SCFEBF1/2) target the degradation of EIN3, the master transcription factor in ethylene signaling. We coupled EBF1 and EBF2 to a number of cell type-specific promoters. Using phenotypic assays for ethylene response and mutant complementation, we revealed that the epidermis is the main site of ethylene action controlling plant growth in both roots and shoots. Suppression of ethylene signaling in the epidermis of the constitutive ethylene signaling mutant ctr1-1 was sufficient to rescue the mutant phenotype, pointing to the epidermis as a key cell type required for ethylene-mediated growth inhibition.
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34
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Tavares EQP, Grandis A, Lembke CG, Souza GM, Purgatto E, De Souza AP, Buckeridge MS. Roles of auxin and ethylene in aerenchyma formation in sugarcane roots. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1422464. [PMID: 29286887 PMCID: PMC5927678 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1422464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although the cross-talk between auxin and ethylene has been described during plant development, the role played by auxin upon gene expression during aerenchyma formation is poorly understood. Root aerenchyma formation results from the opening of gas spaces in the cortex. It is part of a developmental program (constitutive) or due to ethylene treatment or abiotic stress (induced) such as flooding and nutrient starvation. This process relies on programmed cell death and cell wall modifications. Here we followed development of aerenchyma formation in sugarcane along 5 cm from the root apex. As a constitutive process, the aerenchyma formation was observed in the cortex from the 3rd cm onwards. This occurred despite 1-methylcyclepropene (1-MCP) treatment, an inhibitor of ethylene perception. However, this process occurred while ethylene (and auxin) levels decreased. Within the aerenchyma formation zone, the concentration of ethylene is lower in comparison to the concentration in maize. Besides, the ratio between both hormones (ethylene and auxin) was around 1:1. These pieces of evidence suggest that ethylene sensitivity and ethylene-auxin balance may play a role in the formation of aerenchyma. Furthermore, the transcriptional analysis showed that genes related to cell expansion are up-regulated due to 1-MCP treatment. Our results help explaining the regulation of the formation constitutive aerenchyma in sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Grandis
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C. G. Lembke
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G. M. Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E. Purgatto
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, Instituto de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A. P. De Souza
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. S. Buckeridge
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- CONTACT M. S. Buckeridge Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive | MC-195., Urbana, IL 61801, United States
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35
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Dubey NK, Mishra DK, Idris A, Nigam D, Singh PK, Sawant SV. Whitefly and aphid inducible promoters of Arabidopsis thaliana L. J Genet 2018; 97:109-119. [PMID: 29666330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lack of regulated expression and tissue specificity are the major drawbacks of plant and virus-derived constitutive promoters. A precise tissue or site-specific expression, facilitate regulated expression of proteins at the targeted time and site. Publically available microarray data on whitefly and aphid infested Arabidopsis thaliana L. was used to identify whitefly and aphid-inducible genes. The qRT-PCR further validated the inducible behaviour of these genes under artificial infestation. Promoter sequences of genes were retrieved from the Arabidopsis Information Resources database with their corresponding 5'UTR and cloned from the A. thaliana genome. Promoter reporter transcriptional fusions were developed with the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gusA gene in a binary expression vector to validate the inducible behaviour of these promoters in eight independent transgenic Nicotiana tabaccum lines. Histochemical analysis of the reporter gene in T2 transgenic tobacco lines confirmed promoter driven expression at the sites of aphid and whitefly infestation. The qRT-PCR and GUS expression analysis of transgenic lines revealed that abscisic acid largely influenced the expression of both aphid and whitefly inducible promoters. Further, whitefly-specific promoter respond to salicylic acid and jasmonic acid (JA), whereas aphid-specific promoters to JA and 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid. The response of promoters to phytohormones correlated to the presence of corresponding conserved cis-regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar Dubey
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India.
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Nascimento FX, Rossi MJ, Glick BR. Ethylene and 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) in Plant-Bacterial Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:114. [PMID: 29520283 PMCID: PMC5827301 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene and its precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) actively participate in plant developmental, defense and symbiotic programs. In this sense, ethylene and ACC play a central role in the regulation of bacterial colonization (rhizospheric, endophytic, and phyllospheric) by the modulation of plant immune responses and symbiotic programs, as well as by modulating several developmental processes, such as root elongation. Plant-associated bacterial communities impact plant growth and development, both negatively (pathogens) and positively (plant-growth promoting and symbiotic bacteria). Some members of the plant-associated bacterial community possess the ability to modulate plant ACC and ethylene levels and, subsequently, modify plant defense responses, symbiotic programs and overall plant development. In this work, we review and discuss the role of ethylene and ACC in several aspects of plant-bacterial interactions. Understanding the impact of ethylene and ACC in both the plant host and its associated bacterial community is key to the development of new strategies aimed at increased plant growth and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco X. Nascimento
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Márcio J. Rossi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Bernard R. Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Dubey NK, Mishra DK, Idris A, Nigam D, Singh PK, Sawant SV. Whitefly and aphid inducible promoters of Arabidopsis thaliana L. J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-0887-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Luo S, Zhang X, Wang J, Jiao C, Chen Y, Shen Y. Plant ion channels and transporters in herbivory-induced signalling. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:111-131. [PMID: 32291026 DOI: 10.1071/fp16318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to many biotic stresses that plants face, feeding by herbivores produces unique mechanical and chemical signatures. Plants have evolved effective systems to recognise these mechanical stimuli and chemical elicitors at the plasma membrane (PM), where this recognition generates ion fluxes, including an influx of Ca2+ that elicits cellular Ca2+ signalling, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and variation in transmembrane potential. These signalling events also function in propagation of long-distance signals (Ca2+ waves, ROS waves, and electrical signals), which contribute to rapid, systemic induction of defence responses. Recent studies have identified several candidate channels or transporters that likely produce these ion fluxes at the PM. Here, we describe the important roles of these channels/transporters in transduction or transmission of herbivory-induced early signalling events, long-distance signals, and jasmonic acid and green leaf volatile signalling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuitian Luo
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinfei Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chunyang Jiao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yingbai Shen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Kopittke PM, Gianoncelli A, Kourousias G, Green K, McKenna BA. Alleviation of Al Toxicity by Si Is Associated with the Formation of Al-Si Complexes in Root Tissues of Sorghum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2189. [PMID: 29312419 PMCID: PMC5742621 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Silicon is reported to reduce the toxic effects of Al on root elongation but the in planta mechanism by which this occurs remains unclear. Using seedlings of soybean (Glycine max) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), we examined the effect of up to 2 mM Si on root elongation rate (RER) in Al-toxic nutrient solutions. Synchrotron-based low energy X-ray fluorescence (LEXRF) was then used for the in situ examination of the distribution of Al and Si within cross-sections cut from the apical tissues of sorghum roots. The addition of Si potentially increased RER in Al-toxic solutions, with RER being up to ca. 0.3 mm h-1 (14%) higher for soybean and ca. 0.2 mm h-1 (17%) higher for sorghum relative to solutions without added Si. This improvement in RER could not be attributed to a change in Al-chemistry of the bulk nutrient solution, nor was it due to a change in the concentration of Al within the apical (0-10 mm) root tissues. Using LEXRF to examine sorghum, it was demonstrated that in roots exposed to both Al and Si, much of the Al was co-located with Si in the mucigel and outer apoplast. These observations suggest that Si reduces the toxicity of Al in planta through formation of Al-Si complexes in mucigel and outer cellular tissues, thereby decreasing the binding of Al to the cell wall where it is known to inhibit wall loosening as required for cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Kopittke
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - Kathryn Green
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brigid A. McKenna
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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40
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Higuchi K, Ono K, Araki S, Nakamura S, Uesugi T, Makishima T, Ikari A, Hanaoka T, Sue M. Elongation of barley roots in high-pH nutrient solution is supported by both cell proliferation and differentiation in the root apex. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1609-1617. [PMID: 28425570 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many crops grow well on neutral or weakly acidic soils. The ability of roots to elongate under high-external pH would be advantageous for the survival of plants on alkaline soil. We found that root elongation was promoted in some plant species in alkaline-nutrient solution. Barley, but not tomato, root growth was maintained in pH 8 nutrient solution. Fe and Mn were absorbed well from the pH 8 nutrient solution by both barley and tomato plants, suggesting that the different growth responses of these two species may not be caused by insolubilization of transition metals. The ability of intact barley and tomato plants to acidify external solution was comparable; in both species, this ability decreased in plants exposed to pH 8 nutrient solution for 1 w. Conversely, cell proliferation and elongation in barley root apices were facilitated at pH 8 as shown by microscopy and cell-cycle-related gene-expression data; this was not observed in tomato. We propose that barley adapts to alkaline stress by increasing root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Higuchi
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kota Ono
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Araki
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Nakamura
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Uesugi
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taira Makishima
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ikari
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hanaoka
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sue
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
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Auxin steers root cell expansion via apoplastic pH regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4884-E4893. [PMID: 28559333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613499114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells are embedded within cell walls, which provide structural integrity, but also spatially constrain cells, and must therefore be modified to allow cellular expansion. The long-standing acid growth theory postulates that auxin triggers apoplast acidification, thereby activating cell wall-loosening enzymes that enable cell expansion in shoots. Interestingly, this model remains heavily debated in roots, because of both the complex role of auxin in plant development as well as technical limitations in investigating apoplastic pH at cellular resolution. Here, we introduce 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (HPTS) as a suitable fluorescent pH indicator for assessing apoplastic pH, and thus acid growth, at a cellular resolution in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Using HPTS, we demonstrate that cell wall acidification triggers cellular expansion, which is correlated with a preceding increase of auxin signaling. Reduction in auxin levels, perception, or signaling abolishes both the extracellular acidification and cellular expansion. These findings jointly suggest that endogenous auxin controls apoplastic acidification and the onset of cellular elongation in roots. In contrast, an endogenous or exogenous increase in auxin levels induces a transient alkalinization of the extracellular matrix, reducing cellular elongation. The receptor-like kinase FERONIA is required for this physiological process, which affects cellular root expansion during the gravitropic response. These findings pinpoint a complex, presumably concentration-dependent role for auxin in apoplastic pH regulation, steering the rate of root cell expansion and gravitropic response.
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Yuan W, Zhang D, Song T, Xu F, Lin S, Xu W, Li Q, Zhu Y, Liang J, Zhang J. Arabidopsis plasma membrane H+-ATPase genes AHA2 and AHA7 have distinct and overlapping roles in the modulation of root tip H+ efflux in response to low-phosphorus stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1731-1741. [PMID: 28369625 PMCID: PMC5441905 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus deficiency in soil is one of the major limiting factors for plant growth. Plasma membrane H+-ATPase (PM H+-ATPase) plays an important role in the plant response to low-phosphorus stress (LP). However, few details are known regarding the action of PM H+-ATPase in mediating root proton (H+) flux and root growth under LP. In this study, we investigated the involvement and function of different Arabidopsis PM H+-ATPase genes in root H+ flux in response to LP. First, we examined the expressions of all Arabidopsis PM H+-ATPase gene family members (AHA1-AHA11) under LP. Expression of AHA2 and AHA7 in roots was enhanced under this condition. When the two genes were deficient in their respective Arabidopsis mutant plants, root growth and responses of the mutants to LP were highly inhibited compared with the wild-type plant. AHA2-deficient plants exhibited reduced primary root elongation and lower H+ efflux in the root elongation zone. AHA7-deficient plants exhibited reduced root hair density and lower H+ efflux in the root hair zone. The modulation of H+ efflux by AHA2 or AHA7 was affected by the action of 14-3-3 proteins and/or auxin regulatory pathways in the context of root growth and response to LP. Our results suggest that under LP conditions, AHA2 acts mainly to modulate primary root elongation by mediating H+ efflux in the root elongation zone, whereas AHA7 plays an important role in root hair formation by mediating H+ efflux in the root hair zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetic Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dongping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetic Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Song
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetic Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Feiyun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetic Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetic Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetic Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Yiyong Zhu
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Chen H, Zhang Q, Cai H, Xu F. Ethylene Mediates Alkaline-Induced Rice Growth Inhibition by Negatively Regulating Plasma Membrane H +-ATPase Activity in Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1839. [PMID: 29114258 PMCID: PMC5660857 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
pH is an important factor regulating plant growth. Here, we found that rice was better adapted to low pH than alkaline conditions, as its growth was severely inhibited at high pH, with shorter root length and an extreme biomass reduction. Under alkaline stress, the expression of genes for ethylene biosynthesis enzymes in rice roots was strongly induced by high pH and exogenous ethylene precursor ACC and ethylene overproduction in etol1-1 mutant aggravated the alkaline stress-mediated inhibition of rice growth, especially for the root elongation with decreased cell length in root apical regions. Conversely, the ethylene perception antagonist silver (Ag+) and ein2-1 mutants could partly alleviate the alkaline-induced root elongation inhibition. The H+-ATPase activity was extremely inhibited by alkaline stress and exogenous ACC. However, the H+-ATPase-mediated rhizosphere acidification was enhanced by exogenous Ag+, while H+ efflux on the root surface was extremely inhibited by exogenous ACC, suggesting that ethylene negatively regulated H+-ATPase activity under high-pH stress. Our results demonstrate that H+-ATPase is involved in ethylene-mediated inhibition of rice growth under alkaline stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongmei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangsen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Fangsen Xu,
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44
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Nguyen HP, Jeong HY, Jeon SH, Kim D, Lee C. Rice pectin methylesterase inhibitor28 (OsPMEI28) encodes a functional PMEI and its overexpression results in a dwarf phenotype through increased pectin methylesterification levels. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 208:17-25. [PMID: 27889517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Pectin methylesterases (PMEs, EC 3.1.1.11) belonging to carbohydrate esterase family 8 cleave the ester bond between a galacturonic acid and an methyl group and the resulting change in methylesterification level plays an important role during the growth and development of plants. Optimal pectin methylesterification status in each cell type is determined by the balance between PME activity and post-translational PME inhibition by PME inhibitors (PMEIs). Rice contains 49 PMEIs and none of them are functionally characterized. Genomic sequence analysis led to the identification of rice PMEI28 (OsPMEI28). Recombinant OsPMEI28 exhibited inhibitory activity against commercial PME protein with the highest activities detected at pH 8.5. Overexpression of OsPMEI28 in rice resulted in an increased level of cell wall bound methylester groups and differential changes in the composition of cell wall neutral monosaccharides and lignin content in culm tissues. Consequently, transgenic plants overexpressing OsPMEI28 exhibited dwarf phenotypes and reduced culm diameter. Our data indicate that OsPMEI28 functions as a critical structural modulator by regulating the degree of pectin methylesterification and that an impaired status of pectin methylesterification affects physiochemical properties of the cell wall components and causes abnormal cell extensibility in rice culm tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Phuong Nguyen
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Young Jeong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Jeon
- Seed Research Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju-Si 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyuk Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhui Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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Le Deunff E, Lecourt J, Malagoli P. Fine-tuning of root elongation by ethylene: a tool to study dynamic structure-function relationships between root architecture and nitrate absorption. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:607-620. [PMID: 27411681 PMCID: PMC5055632 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Recently developed genetic and pharmacological approaches have been used to explore NO3-/ethylene signalling interactions and how the modifications in root architecture by pharmacological modulation of ethylene biosynthesis affect nitrate uptake. Key Results Structure-function studies combined with recent approaches to chemical genomics highlight the non-specificity of commonly used inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis such as AVG (l-aminoethoxyvinylglycine). Indeed, AVG inhibits aminotransferases such as ACC synthase (ACS) and tryptophan aminotransferase (TAA) involved in ethylene and auxin biosynthesis but also some aminotransferases implied in nitrogen (N) metabolism. In this framework, it can be assumed that the products of nitrate assimilation and hormones may interact through a hub in carbon (C) and N metabolism to drive the root morphogenetic programme (RMP). Although ethylene/auxin interactions play a major role in cell division and elongation in root meristems, shaping of the root system depends also on energetic considerations. Based on this finding, the analysis is extended to nutrient ion-hormone interactions assuming a fractal or constructal model for root development. Conclusion Therefore, the tight control of root structure-function in the RMP may explain why over-expressing nitrate transporter genes to decouple structure-function relationships and improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has been unsuccessful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Le Deunff
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, UMR Écophysiologie Végétale & Agronomie, Nutritions NCS, F-14032 Caen, France
- INRA, UMR 950, Écophysiologie Végétale & Agronomie, Nutritions NCS, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Julien Lecourt
- East Malling Research, New Road, East Malling ME19 6BJ, Kent, UK
| | - Philippe Malagoli
- Université Blaise Pascal-INRA, 24, avenue des Landais, BP 80 006, F-63177 Aubière, France
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, Bâtiment Biologie Végétale Recherche, BP 80 006, F-63177 Aubière, France
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Le Deunff E, Lecourt J. Non-specificity of ethylene inhibitors: 'double-edged' tools to find out new targets involved in the root morphogenetic programme. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:353-61. [PMID: 26434926 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, genetic and pharmacological approaches have been used to explore ethylene biosynthesis and perception in order to study the role of ethylene and ethylene/auxin interaction in root architecture development. However, recent findings with pharmacological approaches highlight the non-specificity of commonly used inhibitors. This suggests that caution is required for interpreting these studies and that the use of pharmacological agents is a 'double-edged' tool. On one hand, non-specific effects make interpretation difficult unless other experiments, such as with different mutants or with multiple diversely acting chemicals, are conducted. On the other hand, the non-specificity of inhibitors opens up the possibility of uncovering some ligands or modulators of new receptors such as plant glutamate-like receptors and importance of some metabolic hubs in carbon and nitrogen metabolism such as the pyridoxal phosphate biosynthesis involved in the regulation of the root morphogenetic programme. Identification of such targets is a critical issue to improve the efficiency of absorption of macronutrients in relation to root the morphogenetic programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Le Deunff
- Normandie Université, UMR EVA, F-14032, Caen cedex, France
- INRA, UMR 950, Écophysiologie Végétale & Agronomie, Nutritions NCS, INRA F-14032 Caen cedex, France
| | - J Lecourt
- East Malling Research, East Malling, Kent, UK
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47
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Song L, Liu D. Ethylene and plant responses to phosphate deficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:796. [PMID: 26483813 PMCID: PMC4586416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. Phosphate (Pi), the major form of phosphorus that plants take up through roots, however, is limited in most soils. To cope with Pi deficiency, plants activate an array of adaptive responses to reprioritize internal Pi use and enhance external Pi acquisition. These responses are modulated by sophisticated regulatory networks through both local and systemic signaling, but the signaling mechanisms are poorly understood. Early studies suggested that the phytohormone ethylene plays a key role in Pi deficiency-induced remodeling of root system architecture. Recently, ethylene was also shown to be involved in the regulation of other signature responses of plants to Pi deficiency. In this article, we review how researchers have used pharmacological and genetic approaches to dissect the roles of ethylene in regulating Pi deficiency-induced developmental and physiological changes. The interactions between ethylene and other signaling molecules, such as sucrose, auxin, and microRNA399, in the control of plant Pi responses are also examined. Finally, we provide a perspective for the future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, BeijingChina
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48
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Li J, Xu HH, Liu WC, Zhang XW, Lu YT. Ethylene Inhibits Root Elongation during Alkaline Stress through AUXIN1 and Associated Changes in Auxin Accumulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:1777-91. [PMID: 26109425 PMCID: PMC4528753 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Soil alkalinity causes major reductions in yield and quality of crops worldwide. The plant root is the first organ sensing soil alkalinity, which results in shorter primary roots. However, the mechanism underlying alkaline stress-mediated inhibition of root elongation remains to be further elucidated. Here, we report that alkaline conditions inhibit primary root elongation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings by reducing cell division potential in the meristem zones and that ethylene signaling affects this process. The ethylene perception antagonist silver (Ag(+)) alleviated the inhibition of root elongation by alkaline stress. Moreover, the ethylene signaling mutants ethylene response1-3 (etr1-3), ethylene insensitive2 (ein2), and ein3-1 showed less reduction in root length under alkaline conditions, indicating a reduced sensitivity to alkalinity. Ethylene biosynthesis also was found to play a role in alkaline stress-mediated root inhibition; the ethylene overproducer1-1 mutant, which overproduces ethylene because of increased stability of 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID SYNTHASE5, was hypersensitive to alkaline stress. In addition, the ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor cobalt (Co(2+)) suppressed alkaline stress-mediated inhibition of root elongation. We further found that alkaline stress caused an increase in auxin levels by promoting expression of auxin biosynthesis-related genes, but the increase in auxin levels was reduced in the roots of the etr1-3 and ein3-1 mutants and in Ag(+)/Co(2+)-treated wild-type plants. Additional genetic and physiological data showed that AUXIN1 (AUX1) was involved in alkaline stress-mediated inhibition of root elongation. Taken together, our results reveal that ethylene modulates alkaline stress-mediated inhibition of root growth by increasing auxin accumulation by stimulating the expression of AUX1 and auxin biosynthesis-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (J.L., W.-C.L., X.-W.Z., Y.-T.L.); andJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening and Co-Innovation Center for Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China (H.-H.X.)
| | - Heng-Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (J.L., W.-C.L., X.-W.Z., Y.-T.L.); andJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening and Co-Innovation Center for Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China (H.-H.X.)
| | - Wen-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (J.L., W.-C.L., X.-W.Z., Y.-T.L.); andJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening and Co-Innovation Center for Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China (H.-H.X.)
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (J.L., W.-C.L., X.-W.Z., Y.-T.L.); andJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening and Co-Innovation Center for Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China (H.-H.X.)
| | - Ying-Tang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China (J.L., W.-C.L., X.-W.Z., Y.-T.L.); andJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening and Co-Innovation Center for Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China (H.-H.X.)
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Li G, Xu W, Kronzucker HJ, Shi W. Ethylene is critical to the maintenance of primary root growth and Fe homeostasis under Fe stress in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2041-54. [PMID: 25711703 PMCID: PMC4378635 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential microelement but is highly toxic when in excess. The response of plant roots to Fe toxicity and the nature of the regulatory pathways engaged are poorly understood. Here, we examined the response to excess Fe exposure in Arabidopsis wild type and ethylene mutants with a focus on primary root growth and the role of ethylene. We showed that excess Fe arrested primary root growth by decreasing both cell elongation and division, and principally resulteds from direct external Fe contact at the root tip. Pronounced ethylene, but not abscisic acid, evolution was associated with excess Fe exposure. Ethylene antagonists intensified root growth inhibition in the wild type, while the inhibition was significantly reduced in ethylene-overproduction mutants. We showed that ethylene plays a positive role in tissue Fe homeostasis, even in the absence of iron-plaque formation. Ethylene reduced Fe concentrations in the stele, xylem, and shoot. Furthermore, ethylene increased the expression of genes encoding Fe-sequestering ferritins. Additionally, ethylene significantly enhanced root K(+) status and upregulated K(+)-transporter (HAK5) expression. Our findings highlight the important role of ethylene in tissue Fe and K homeostasis and primary root growth under Fe stress in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Weiming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
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50
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van Kleeff PJM, Jaspert N, Li KW, Rauch S, Oecking C, de Boer AH. Higher order Arabidopsis 14-3-3 mutants show 14-3-3 involvement in primary root growth both under control and abiotic stress conditions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5877-88. [PMID: 25189593 PMCID: PMC4203132 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis 14-3-3 proteins are a family of conserved proteins that interact with numerous partner proteins in a phospho-specific manner, and can affect the target proteins in a number of ways; e.g. modification of enzymatic activity. We isolated T-DNA insertion lines in six 14-3-3 genes within the non-epsilon group that phylogenetically group in three closely related gene pairs. In total, 6 single, 3 double, 12 triple, and 3 quadruple mutants were generated. The mutants were phenotyped for primary root growth on control plates: single and double mutants were indistinguishable from WT, whereas six triples and all quadruples showed a shorter primary root. In addition, length of the first epidermal cell with a visible root hair bulge (LEH) was used to determine primary root elongation on medium containing mannitol and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). This analysis showed clear differences depending on the stress and 14-3-3 gene combinations. Next to the phenotypic growth analyses, a 14-3-3 pull-down assay on roots treated with and without mannitol showed that mannitol stress strongly affects the 14-3-3 interactome. In conclusion, we show gene specificity and functional redundancy among 14-3-3 proteins in primary root elongation under control and under abiotic stress conditions and changes in the 14-3-3 interactome during the onset of stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J M van Kleeff
- Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Jaspert
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology-Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - K W Li
- Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Rauch
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology-Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - C Oecking
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology-Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - A H de Boer
- Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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