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Abu-Hashem AA, Hakami O, El-Shazly M, El-Nashar HAS, Yousif MNM. Caffeine and Purine Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review on the Chemistry, Biosynthetic Pathways, Synthesis-Related Reactions, Biomedical Prospectives and Clinical Applications. Chem Biodivers 2024:e202400050. [PMID: 38719741 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Caffeine and purine derivatives represent interesting chemical moieties, which show various biological activities. Caffeine is an alkaloid that belongs to the family of methylxanthine alkaloids and it is present in food, beverages, and drugs. Coffee, tea, and some other beverages are a major source of caffeine in the human diet. Caffeine can be extracted from tea or coffee using hot water with dichloromethane or chloroform and the leftover is known as decaffeinated coffee or tea. Caffeine and its derivatives were synthesized via different procedures on small and large scales. It competitively antagonizes the adenosine receptors (ARs), which are G protein-coupled receptors largely distributed in the human body, including the heart, vessels, brain, and kidneys. Recently, many reports showed the effect of caffeine derivatives in the treatment of many diseases such as Alzheimer's, asthma, parkinsonism, and cancer. Also, it is used as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hypocholesterolemic agent. The present review article discusses the synthesis, reactivity, and biological and pharmacological properties of caffeine and its derivatives. The biosynthesis and biotransformation of caffeine in coffee and tea leaves and the human body were summarized in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameen A Abu-Hashem
- Photochemistry Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, 45142 and 2097, Jazan, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Othman Hakami
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, 45142 and 2097, Jazan, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Heba A S El-Nashar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud N M Yousif
- Photochemistry Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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2
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Cherubino Ribeiro TH, de Oliveira RR, das Neves TT, Santiago WD, Mansur BL, Saczk AA, Vilela de Resende ML, Chalfun-Junior A. Metabolic Pathway Reconstruction Indicates the Presence of Important Medicinal Compounds in Coffea Such as L-DOPA. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12466. [PMID: 37569839 PMCID: PMC10419165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of transcriptomic data to make inferences about plant metabolomes is a useful tool to help the discovery of important compounds in the available biodiversity. To unveil previously undiscovered metabolites of Coffea, of phytotherapeutic and economic value, we employed 24 RNAseq libraries. These libraries were sequenced from leaves exposed to a diverse range of environmental conditions. Subsequently, the data were meticulously processed to create models of putative metabolic networks, which shed light on the production of potential natural compounds of significant interest. Then, we selected one of the predicted compounds, the L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), to be analyzed by LC-MS/MS using three biological replicates of flowers, leaves, and fruits from Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora. We were able to identify metabolic pathways responsible for producing several compounds of economic importance. One of the identified pathways involved in isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis was found to be active and producing L-DOPA, which is a common product of POLYPHENOL OXIDASES (PPOs, EC 1.14.18.1 and EC 1.10.3.1). We show that coffee plants are a natural source of L-DOPA, a widely used medicine for treatment of the human neurodegenerative condition called Parkinson's disease. In addition, dozens of other compounds with medicinal significance were predicted as potential natural coffee products. By further refining analytical chemistry techniques, it will be possible to enhance the characterization of coffee metabolites, enabling a deeper understanding of their properties and potential applications in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales Henrique Cherubino Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Plant Physiology Sector, Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (T.H.C.R.); (R.R.d.O.)
| | - Raphael Ricon de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Plant Physiology Sector, Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (T.H.C.R.); (R.R.d.O.)
| | - Taís Teixeira das Neves
- Plant Physiology Sector, Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Brazil;
| | - Wilder Douglas Santiago
- National Institute of Coffee Science and Technology (INCT-CAFÉ), Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Brazil;
| | - Bethania Leite Mansur
- Multiuser Instrumental Analysis Laboratory (LabMAI), Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Brazil;
| | - Adelir Aparecida Saczk
- Analytical and Electroanalytical Laboratory (LAE), Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Brazil;
| | | | - Antonio Chalfun-Junior
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Plant Physiology Sector, Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (T.H.C.R.); (R.R.d.O.)
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3
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Lin Z, Wei J, Hu Y, Pi D, Jiang M, Lang T. Caffeine Synthesis and Its Mechanism and Application by Microbial Degradation, A Review. Foods 2023; 12:2721. [PMID: 37509813 PMCID: PMC10380055 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a metabolite derived from purine nucleotides, typically accounting for 2-5% of the dry weight of tea and 1-2% of the dry weight of coffee. In the tea and coffee plants, the main synthesis pathway of caffeine is a four-step sequence consisting of three methylation reactions and one nucleosidase reaction using xanthine as a precursor. In bacteria, caffeine degradation occurs mainly through the pathways of N-demethylation and C-8 oxidation. However, a study fully and systematically summarizing the metabolism and application of caffeine in microorganisms has not been established elsewhere. In the present study, we provide a review of the biosynthesis, microbial degradation, gene expression, and application of caffeine microbial degradation. The present review aims to further elaborate the mechanism of caffeine metabolism by microorganisms and explore the development prospects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Jian Wei
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yongqiang Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Dujuan Pi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Mingguo Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Tao Lang
- MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518071, China
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Santos GAND, Scherer Filho C, Schimpl FC, Souza SCRD, Nina Junior ADR, Garcia RPO, Silva JFD. Metabolism of guarana ( Paullinia cupana Kunth var. sorbilis) plants and fruit production subjected to glyphosate doses. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2023; 58:69-79. [PMID: 36747348 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2023.2172275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth var. sorbilis) is a typically Amazonian plant of high economic value due to the compounds found in its seed. For guarana to reach the maximum productive potential, management practices such as weed control are necessary. The use of herbicides is a viable alternative, however, its drift may lead to adverse effects on the primary and secondary plant metabolisms and cause losses in crop production. This study evaluated the differential drift effects of glyphosate doses on the physiology of guarana plants and the production of compounds of economic interest in their seeds. Glyphosate doses (57.6, 115.2, 230.4, 460.8 g ae ha-1) were applied to adult guarana plants after the flowering period. The photosynthetic functions and metabolism effects were evaluated. Herbicide treatments led to oxidative stress due to increased lipid peroxidation and increased carbohydrate and amino acid in their leaflets. Despite this, glyphosate showed no effect on fruit production or the content of secondary metabolites of commercial interest in seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celso Scherer Filho
- Post-graduation Program in Animal Science, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Flávia Camila Schimpl
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Amazonas/Campus, Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - José Ferreira da Silva
- Department of Animal and Plant Production, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Portillo OR, Arévalo AC. Caffeine. A critical review of contemporary scientific literature. BIONATURA 2022. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2022.07.03.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a secondary metabolite extensively studied for its stimulatory properties and presumed association with specific pathologies. This alkaloid is typically consumed through coffee, tea, and other plant products but is also an additive in many medications and confectionaries. Nonetheless, despite its worldwide consumption and acceptance, there is controversial evidence as to whether its effects on the central nervous system should be interpreted as stimulatory or as an addiction in which typical withdrawal effects are canceled out with its daily consumption. The following discussion is the product of an extensive review of current scientific literature, which aims to describe the most salient topics associated with caffeine's purpose in nature, biosynthesis, metabolism, physiological effects, toxicity, extraction, industrial use and current plant breeding approaches for the development of new caffeine deficient varieties as a more economical option to the industrially decaffeinated coffees currently available to caffeine intolerant consumers.
Keywords: biosynthesis, decaffeination, extraction, metabolism, physiological effects, plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ostilio R. Portillo
- Faculty of Engineering, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Ana C. Arévalo
- Faculty of Chemistry & Pharmacy, National Autonomous University of Hondura (UNAH), Tegucigalpa, Honduras
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Steger MC, Rigling M, Blumenthal P, Segatz V, Quintanilla-Belucci A, Beisel JM, Rieke-Zapp J, Schwarz S, Lachenmeier DW, Zhang Y. Coffee Leaf Tea from El Salvador: On-Site Production Considering Influences of Processing on Chemical Composition. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172553. [PMID: 36076738 PMCID: PMC9455624 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of coffee leaf tea (Coffea arabica) in El Salvador and the influences of processing steps on non-volatile compounds and volatile aroma-active compounds were investigated. The tea was produced according to the process steps of conventional tea (Camellia sinensis) with the available possibilities on the farm. Influencing factors were the leaf type (old, young, yellow, shoots), processing (blending, cutting, rolling, freezing, steaming), drying (sun drying, oven drying, roasting) and fermentation (wild, yeast, Lactobacillus). Subsequently, the samples were analysed for the maximum levels of caffeine, chlorogenic acid, and epigallocatechin gallate permitted by the European Commission. The caffeine content ranged between 0.37–1.33 g/100 g dry mass (DM), the chlorogenic acid was between not detectable and 9.35 g/100 g DM and epigallocatechin gallate could not be detected at all. Furthermore, water content, essential oil, ash content, total polyphenols, total catechins, organic acids, and trigonelline were determined. Gas chromatography—mass spectrometry—olfactometry and calculation of the odour activity values (OAVs) were carried out to determine the main aroma-active compounds, which are β-ionone (honey-like, OAV 132-927), decanal (citrus-like, floral, OAV 14-301), α-ionone (floral, OAV 30-100), (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal (cucumber-like, OAV 18-256), 2,4-nonadienal (melon-like, OAV 2-18), octanal (fruity, OAV 7-23), (E)-2 nonenal (citrus-like, OAV 1-11), hexanal (grassy, OAV 1-10), and 4-heptenal (green, OAV 1-9). The data obtained in this study may help to adjust process parameters directly to consumer preferences and allow coffee farmers to earn an extra income from this by-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C. Steger
- Department of Flavor Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, Verfügungsgebäude 221, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- Coffee Consulate, Hans-Thoma-Strasse 20, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marina Rigling
- Department of Flavor Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, Verfügungsgebäude 221, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Valerie Segatz
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA), Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Coburg, Friedrich-Streib-Strasse 2, 96450 Coburg, Germany
| | | | - Julia M. Beisel
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA), Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jörg Rieke-Zapp
- Rubiacea Research and Development GmbH, Hans-Thoma-Strasse 20, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Steffen Schwarz
- Coffee Consulate, Hans-Thoma-Strasse 20, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk W. Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA), Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Correspondence: (D.W.L.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +49-721-926-5434 (D.W.L.); +49-711-459-24871 (Y.Z.)
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Flavor Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 12, Verfügungsgebäude 221, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- Correspondence: (D.W.L.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +49-721-926-5434 (D.W.L.); +49-711-459-24871 (Y.Z.)
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Zhou MZ, O'Neill Rothenberg D, Zeng W, Luo L, Yan CY, Zeng Z, Huang YH. Discovery and Biochemical Characterization of N-methyltransferase Genes Involved in Purine Alkaloid Biosynthetic Pathway of Camellia gymnogyna Hung T.Chang (Theaceae) from Dayao Mountain. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 199:113167. [PMID: 35378107 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, purine alkaloid analysis and transcriptome of Camellia gymnogyna Hung T. Chang (Theaceae) from Dayao Mountain were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and RNA-Seq, respectively. The results showed that the major purine alkaloids accumulated in Camellia gymnogyna Hung T. Chang (Theaceae) were theobromine together with a small amount of theacrine and caffeine. Through polymerase chain reaction (PCR), three types of cDNA encoding N-methyltransferases were isolated from the leaves of Camellia gymnogyna Hung T. Chang (Theaceae) and designated GCS1, GCS2, and GCS3. We subsequently expressed GCS1, GCS2, and GCS3 in Escherichia coli and incubated lysates of the bacterial cells with a variety of xanthine substrates in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the methyl donor. We found that the recombinant GCS1 proteins catalyzed 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid to produce theacrine, the recombinant GCS3 proteins catalyzed 7-methylxanthine to produce theobromine, while the recombinant GCS2 proteins did not catalyze any xanthine derivatives. Simultaneous analysis of the expressions of GCS1, GCS2, GCS3, and a caffeine synthase gene (TCS1) in Camellia gymnogyna Hung T. Chang (Theaceae) and other tea plants provided a reference for further research on the functions of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Zhen Zhou
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Tea Research Institute, Meizhou Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Meizhou, 514071, China
| | - Dylan O'Neill Rothenberg
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chang-Yu Yan
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhen Zeng
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ya-Hui Huang
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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The biological feasibility and social context of gene-edited, caffeine-free coffee. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:635-655. [PMID: 35646415 PMCID: PMC9133285 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee, especially the species Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora, is one of the world’s most consumed beverages. The consumer demand for caffeine-free coffee is currently being met through chemical decaffeination processes. However, this method leads to loss of beverage quality. In this review, the feasibility of using gene editing to produce caffeine-free coffee plants is reviewed. The genes XMT (7-methylxanthosine methyltransferase) and DXMT (3,7-dimethylxanthine methyltransferase) were identified as candidate target genes for knocking out caffeine production in coffee plants. The possible effect of the knock-out of the candidate genes was assessed. Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated introduction of the CRISPR-Cas system to Knock out XMT or DXMT would lead to blocking caffeine biosynthesis. The use of CRISPR-Cas to genetically edit consumer products is not yet widely accepted, which may lead to societal hurdles for introducing gene-edited caffeine-free coffee cultivars onto the market. However, increased acceptance of CRISPR-Cas/gene editing on products with a clear benefit for consumers offers better prospects for gene editing efforts for caffeine-free coffee.
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Patil S, Vedashree M, Murthy PS. Valorization of coffee leaves as a potential agri-food resource: bio-active compounds, applications and future prospective. PLANTA 2022; 255:67. [PMID: 35165765 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This article intends to summarize all the up-to-date information on coffee leaves, rendering it to be used as a potential agri-food resource in the growing functional foods and pharma industries. Coffee leaves have been processed for herbal tea and ethno-medicine since centuries in the parts of the world where coffee is grown traditionally. Currently, interest in the valorisation of coffee leaves for its application in the food industry is proliferating and the research related to it is scanty and, therefore, worthwhile to congregate. The current review compromises the botanical description, chemical composition, bio-actives and ethnomedicinal properties of coffee leaves. It encompasses the existing pharmacological studies on coffee leaves including the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity activities to pave path for future research. Furthermore, applications and patents associated with coffee leaves in different fields such as therapeutic agents, beverages, packaging material, tobacco substitute etc. have been summarized. The investigation reveals that, despite of many patents on coffee leaves only few products could reach the worldwide market; also in spite of coffee leaves having a rich ethno-medicinal use the study on its pharmacological activities are scarce which creates a huge scope to carry out in-vitro and in-vivo research on its various bio-activities. Future insights reflecting the supplementary research regarding the sensory attributes, changes in phytochemical composition, flavour development and product formulations which is vital are also discussed. In conclusion, this review addresses the breach and specifies the requirements to convert the existing knowledge into commercialized food products with functional properties. Thus, coffee leaves being a copious resource of bio-actives serve as a potential agri-food resource and a promising future in the emerging functional food and nutraceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhi Patil
- Department of Spice and Flavour Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - M Vedashree
- Department of Spice and Flavour Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570020, India
| | - Pushpa S Murthy
- Department of Spice and Flavour Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570020, India.
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Jibrin MO, Liu Q, Guingab-Cagmat J, Jones JB, Garrett TJ, Zhang S. Metabolomics Insights into Chemical Convergence in Xanthomonas perforans and Metabolic Changes Following Treatment with the Small Molecule Carvacrol. Metabolites 2021; 11:879. [PMID: 34940636 PMCID: PMC8706651 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes are natural chemical factories and their metabolome comprise diverse arrays of chemicals. The genus Xanthomonas comprises some of the most important plant pathogens causing devastating yield losses globally and previous studies suggested that species in the genus are untapped chemical minefields. In this study, we applied an untargeted metabolomics approach to study the metabolome of a globally spread important xanthomonad, X. perforans. The pathogen is difficult to manage, but recent studies suggest that the small molecule carvacrol was efficient in disease control. Bacterial strains were treated with carvacrol, and samples were taken at time intervals (1 and 6 h). An untreated control was also included. There were five replicates for each sample and samples were prepared for metabolomics profiling using the standard procedure. Metabolomics profiling was carried out using a thermo Q-Exactive orbitrap mass spectrometer with Dionex ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and an autosampler. Annotation of significant metabolites using the Metabolomics Standards Initiative level 2 identified an array of novel metabolites that were previously not reported in Xanthomonas perforans. These metabolites include methoxybrassinin and cyclobrassinone, which are known metabolites of brassicas; sarmentosin, a metabolite of the Passiflora-heliconiine butterfly system; and monatin, a naturally occurring sweetener found in Sclerochiton ilicifolius. To our knowledge, this is the first report of these metabolites in a microbial system. Other significant metabolites previously identified in non-Xanthomonas systems but reported in this study include maculosin; piperidine; β-carboline alkaloids, such as harman and derivatives; and several important medically relevant metabolites, such as valsartan, metharbital, pirbuterol, and ozagrel. This finding is consistent with convergent evolution found in reported biological systems. Analyses of the effect of carvacrol in time-series and associated pathways suggest that carvacrol has a global effect on the metabolome of X. perforans, showing marked changes in metabolites that are critical in energy biosynthesis and degradation pathways, amino acid pathways, nucleic acid pathways, as well as the newly identified metabolites whose pathways are unknown. This study provides the first insight into the X. perforans metabolome and additionally lays a metabolomics-guided foundation for characterization of novel metabolites and pathways in xanthomonad systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ojonuba Jibrin
- Tropical Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, USA; (M.O.J.); (Q.L.)
- Department of Crop Protection, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810103, Nigeria
| | - Qingchun Liu
- Tropical Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, USA; (M.O.J.); (Q.L.)
| | - Joy Guingab-Cagmat
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (J.G.-C.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Jeffrey B. Jones
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Timothy J. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (J.G.-C.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Shouan Zhang
- Tropical Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL 33031, USA; (M.O.J.); (Q.L.)
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
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Montis A, Souard F, Delporte C, Stoffelen P, Stévigny C, Van Antwerpen P. Coffee Leaves: An Upcoming Novel Food? PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:949-963. [PMID: 34560791 DOI: 10.1055/a-1533-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Unlike those of coffee beans, the healthy properties of coffee leaves have been overlooked for a long time, even if they are consumed as a beverage by local communities of several African countries. Due to the presence of xanthines, diterpenes, xanthones, and several other polyphenol derivatives as main secondary metabolites, coffee leaves might be useful to prevent many daily disorders. At the same time, as for all bioactive molecules, careless use of coffee leaf infusions may be unsafe due to their adverse effects, such as the excessive stimulant effects on the central nervous system or their interactions with other concomitantly administered drugs. Moreover, the presence of some toxic diterpene derivatives requires careful analytical controls on manufactured products made with coffee leaves. Accordingly, knowledge about the properties of coffee leaves needs to be increased to know if they might be considered a good source for producing new supplements. The purpose of the present review is to highlight the biosynthesis, metabolism, and distribution of the 4 main classes of secondary metabolites present in coffee leaves, their main pharmacological and toxicological aspects, and their main roles in planta. Differences in coffee leaf chemical composition depending on the coffee species will also be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Montis
- RD3 Department-Unit of Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- APFP Analytical platform of the faculty of pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florence Souard
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, UMR 5063 CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin d'Hères, France
- DPP Department - Unit of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cédric Delporte
- RD3 Department-Unit of Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- APFP Analytical platform of the faculty of pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Piet Stoffelen
- Meise Botanic Garden, Domein van Bouchout, Meise, Belgium
| | - Caroline Stévigny
- RD3 Department-Unit of Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- RD3 Department-Unit of Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- APFP Analytical platform of the faculty of pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Jamieson CS, Misa J, Tang Y, Billingsley JM. Biosynthesis and synthetic biology of psychoactive natural products. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:6950-7008. [PMID: 33908526 PMCID: PMC8217322 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Psychoactive natural products play an integral role in the modern world. The tremendous structural complexity displayed by such molecules confers diverse biological activities of significant medicinal value and sociocultural impact. Accordingly, in the last two centuries, immense effort has been devoted towards establishing how plants, animals, and fungi synthesize complex natural products from simple metabolic precursors. The recent explosion of genomics data and molecular biology tools has enabled the identification of genes encoding proteins that catalyze individual biosynthetic steps. Once fully elucidated, the "biosynthetic pathways" are often comparable to organic syntheses in elegance and yield. Additionally, the discovery of biosynthetic enzymes provides powerful catalysts which may be repurposed for synthetic biology applications, or implemented with chemoenzymatic synthetic approaches. In this review, we discuss the progress that has been made toward biosynthetic pathway elucidation amongst four classes of psychoactive natural products: hallucinogens, stimulants, cannabinoids, and opioids. Compounds of diverse biosynthetic origin - terpene, amino acid, polyketide - are identified, and notable mechanisms of key scaffold transforming steps are highlighted. We also provide a description of subsequent applications of the biosynthetic machinery, with an emphasis placed on the synthetic biology and metabolic engineering strategies enabling heterologous production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cooper S Jamieson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Joshua Misa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - John M Billingsley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. and Invizyne Technologies, Inc., Monrovia, CA, USA
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Application of the Dehydration Homogeneous Liquid-Liquid Extraction (DHLLE) Sample Preparation Method for Fingerprinting of Honey Volatiles. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082277. [PMID: 33920003 PMCID: PMC8071035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we proposed a new sample preparation method involving reduced solvent and sample usage, based on dehydration homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction (DHLLE) for the screening of volatiles and semi-volatiles from honey. In the present research, the method was applied to a wide range of honeys (21 different representative unifloral samples) to determine its suitability for detecting characteristic honey compounds from different chemical classes. GC-FID/MS disclosed 130 compounds from different structural and chemical groups. The DHLLE method allowed the extraction and identification of a wide range of previously reported specific and nonspecific marker compounds belonging to different chemical groups (including monoterpenes, norisoprenoids, benzene derivatives, or nitrogen compounds). For example, DHLLE allowed the detection of cornflower honey chemical markers: 3-oxo-retro-α-ionols, 3,4-dihydro-3-oxoedulan, phenyllactic acid; coffee honey markers: theobromine and caffeine; linden honey markers: 4-isopropenylcyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid and 4-(2-hydroxy-2-propanyl)cyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid, as well as furan derivatives from buckwheat honey. The obtained results were comparable with the previously reported data on markers of various honey varieties. Considering the application of much lower volumes of very common reagents, DHLLE may provide economical and ecological advantages as an alternative sample preparation method for routine purposes.
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Vega FE, Emche S, Shao J, Simpkins A, Summers RM, Mock MB, Ebert D, Infante F, Aoki S, Maul JE. Cultivation and Genome Sequencing of Bacteria Isolated From the Coffee Berry Borer ( Hypothenemus hampei), With Emphasis on the Role of Caffeine Degradation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:644768. [PMID: 33889142 PMCID: PMC8055839 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.644768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coffee berry borer, the most economically important insect pest of coffee worldwide, is the only insect capable of feeding and reproducing solely on the coffee seed, a food source containing the purine alkaloid caffeine. Twenty-one bacterial species associated with coffee berry borers from Hawai’i, Mexico, or a laboratory colony in Maryland (Acinetobacter sp. S40, S54, S55, Bacillus aryabhattai, Delftia lacustris, Erwinia sp. S38, S43, S63, Klebsiella oxytoca, Ochrobactrum sp. S45, S46, Pantoea sp. S61, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. parafulva, and Pseudomonas sp. S30, S31, S32, S37, S44, S60, S75) were found to have at least one of five caffeine N-demethylation genes (ndmA, ndmB, ndmC, ndmD, ndmE), with Pseudomonas spp. S31, S32, S37, S60 and P. parafulva having the full complement of these genes. Some of the bacteria carrying the ndm genes were detected in eggs, suggesting possible vertical transmission, while presence of caffeine-degrading bacteria in frass, e.g., P. parafulva (ndmABCDE) and Bacillus aryabhattai (ndmA) could result in horizontal transmission to all insect life stages. Thirty-five bacterial species associated with the insect (Acinetobacter sp. S40, S54, S55, B. aryabhattai, B. cereus group, Bacillus sp. S29, S70, S71, S72, S73, D. lacustris, Erwinia sp. S38, S43, S59, S63, K. oxytoca, Kosakonia cowanii, Ochrobactrum sp. S45, S46, Paenibacillus sp. S28, Pantoea sp. S61, S62, P. aeruginosa, P. parafulva, Pseudomonas sp. S30, S31, S32, S37, S44, S60, S75, Stenotrophomonas sp. S39, S41, S48, S49) might contribute to caffeine breakdown using the C-8 oxidation pathway, based on presence of genes required for this pathway. It is possible that caffeine-degrading bacteria associated with the coffee berry borer originated as epiphytes and endophytes in the coffee plant microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando E Vega
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Sarah Emche
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan Shao
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Ann Simpkins
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Ryan M Summers
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Meredith B Mock
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Sayaka Aoki
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Jude E Maul
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
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15
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O'Donnell AJ, Huang R, Barboline JJ, Barkman TJ. Convergent Biochemical Pathways for Xanthine Alkaloid Production in Plants Evolved from Ancestral Enzymes with Different Catalytic Properties. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:2704-2714. [PMID: 33662138 PMCID: PMC8233510 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Convergent evolution is widespread but the extent to which common ancestral conditions are necessary to facilitate the independent acquisition of similar traits remains unclear. In order to better understand how ancestral biosynthetic catalytic capabilities might lead to convergent evolution of similar modern-day biochemical pathways, we resurrected ancient enzymes of the caffeine synthase (CS) methyltransferases that are responsible for theobromine and caffeine production in flowering plants. Ancestral CS enzymes of Theobroma, Paullinia, and Camellia exhibited similar substrate preferences but these resulted in the formation of different sets of products. From these ancestral enzymes, descendants with similar substrate preference and product formation independently evolved after gene duplication events in Theobroma and Paullinia. Thus, it appears that the convergent modern-day pathways likely originated from ancestral pathways with different inferred flux. Subsequently, the modern-day enzymes originated independently via gene duplication and their convergent catalytic characteristics evolved to partition the multiple ancestral activities by different mutations that occurred in homologous regions of the ancestral proteins. These results show that even when modern-day pathways and recruited genes are similar, the antecedent conditions may be distinctive such that different evolutionary steps are required to generate convergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J O'Donnell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Ruiqi Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Jessica J Barboline
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Todd J Barkman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
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16
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Rodrigues-Silva N, Silva GA, Gontijo PC, Galdino TVDS, Ribeiro AV, Picanço MC. Citrus Mealybug Performance and Plant Strata Preference on Different Coffee Varieties. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:46-52. [PMID: 33501631 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-020-00826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The optimal defense theory stipulates that a plant prioritizes the defense of young tissue against herbivory, which may affect the spatial distribution of the attacking insect and its impact on plant performance. In this study, we evaluated the feeding and oviposition site preferences of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), when comparing different parts of the canopy of two coffee varieties as well as its fertility and life history parameters. We evaluated the feeding preference, oviposition site choice, and the distribution of different development stages of P. citri on different strata (apical, median, base, and trunk regions) of two coffee varieties, Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora, as well as the associated variations in life history parameters and fertility. The citrus mealybug preferred to feed and oviposit on young leaves despite the presence of high levels of defense compounds. On average, more than 38% of P. citri preferred the apical leaves of cv. Coffea arabica compared to the other parts of the plant. However, in cv. C. canephora, the proportion that preferred the apical leaves was greater than 55%. The net reproduction rate (R0) and the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of P. citri reared on C. canephora were significantly higher than those seen on C. arabica. The generation time (T) of P. citri reared on C. arabica was significantly longer than that observed on C. canephora. The estimated population growth rate of mealybugs on C. canephora varieties over 15 generations was more than twice that of the population on C. arabica. The dispersion ability and choice of the most nutritious plant strata by nymphs and adults on coffee plants are fundamental to the fitness of these mealybugs. Mealybugs showed a distinct preference for C. canephora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilson Rodrigues-Silva
- Núcleo de Engenharia Agronômica, Univ Federal de Sergipe, N. Sra. Glória, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Gerson Adriano Silva
- Lab de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Univ Estadual Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pablo Costa Gontijo
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
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17
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Zhou MZ, Yan CY, Zeng Z, Luo L, Zeng W, Huang YH. N-Methyltransferases of Caffeine Biosynthetic Pathway in Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:15359-15372. [PMID: 33206517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine (Cf) is one of the important components of plant-derived drinks, such as tea, coffee, and cola. It can protect soft tissues from being infected by pathogens and is also medically beneficial for human health. In this review, we first introduced the Cf biosynthesis pathways in plants and the related N-methyltransferases (NMTs), with a focus on the current research status of the substrate specificity, structural basis for substrate recognition, and catalytic mechanism in members of the caffeine synthase gene family. In addition, we addressed the expression characteristics and potential regulatory mechanisms of NMTs and also projected the future research directions. The goal was to summarize the Cf biosynthetic pathway and related NMTs in plants and to provide the molecular basis for regulating the caffeine biosynthesis, so as to effectively guide future tea and coffee breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Zhen Zhou
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chang-Yu Yan
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhen Zeng
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ya-Hui Huang
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Guangzhou 510642, China
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18
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Klingel T, Kremer JI, Gottstein V, Rajcic de Rezende T, Schwarz S, Lachenmeier DW. A Review of Coffee By-Products Including Leaf, Flower, Cherry, Husk, Silver Skin, and Spent Grounds as Novel Foods within the European Union. Foods 2020; 9:E665. [PMID: 32455549 PMCID: PMC7278860 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coffee plant Coffea spp. offers much more than the well-known drink made from the roasted coffee bean. During its cultivation and production, a wide variety of by-products are accrued, most of which are currently unused, thermally recycled, or used as animal feed. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of novel coffee products in the food sector and their current legal classification in the European Union (EU). For this purpose, we have reviewed the literature on the composition and safety of coffee flowers, leaves, pulp, husk, parchment, green coffee, silver skin, and spent coffee grounds. Some of these products have a history of consumption in Europe (green coffee), while others have already been used as traditional food in non-EU-member countries (coffee leaves, notification currently pending), or an application for authorization as novel food has already been submitted (husks, flour from spent coffee grounds). For the other products, toxicity and/or safety data appear to be lacking, necessitating further studies to fulfill the requirements of novel food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tizian Klingel
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany; (T.K.); (J.I.K.); (V.G.); (T.R.d.R.)
| | - Jonathan I. Kremer
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany; (T.K.); (J.I.K.); (V.G.); (T.R.d.R.)
| | - Vera Gottstein
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany; (T.K.); (J.I.K.); (V.G.); (T.R.d.R.)
| | - Tabata Rajcic de Rezende
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany; (T.K.); (J.I.K.); (V.G.); (T.R.d.R.)
| | - Steffen Schwarz
- Coffee Consulate, Hans-Thoma-Strasse 20, 68163 Mannheim, Germany;
| | - Dirk W. Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany; (T.K.); (J.I.K.); (V.G.); (T.R.d.R.)
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19
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Phytochemical characteristics of leaves determine foraging rate of the leaf-cutting ant Atta mexicana (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). CHEMOECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-020-00306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Identification and characterization of N9-methyltransferase involved in converting caffeine into non-stimulatory theacrine in tea. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1473. [PMID: 32193380 PMCID: PMC7081346 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15324-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a major component of xanthine alkaloids and commonly consumed in many popular beverages. Due to its occasional side effects, reduction of caffeine in a natural way is of great importance and economic significance. Recent studies reveal that caffeine can be converted into non-stimulatory theacrine in the rare tea plant Camellia assamica var. kucha (Kucha), which involves oxidation at the C8 and methylation at the N9 positions of caffeine. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we identify the theacrine synthase CkTcS from Kucha, which possesses novel N9-methyltransferase activity using 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid but not caffeine as a substrate, confirming that C8 oxidation takes place prior to N9-methylation. The crystal structure of the CkTcS complex reveals the key residues that are required for the N9-methylation, providing insights into how caffeine N-methyltransferases in tea plants have evolved to catalyze regioselective N-methylation through fine tuning of their active sites. These results may guide the future development of decaffeinated drinks. Kucha is a rare variety of tea tree that produces the non-stimulatory theacrine instead of caffeine. Here the authors show that theacrine synthase from Kucha has N9-methyltransferase activity resulting from amino acid substitutions that explain substrate specificity and could potentially guide production of caffeine-free tea.
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21
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Dietary Antioxidants in Coffee Leaves: Impact of Botanical Origin and Maturity on Chlorogenic Acids and Xanthones. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 9:antiox9010006. [PMID: 31861762 PMCID: PMC7023256 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural polyphenols are important dietary antioxidants that significantly benefit human health. Coffee and tea have been shown to largely contribute to the dietary intake of these antioxidants in several populations. More recently, the use of coffee leaves to produce tea has become a potential commercial target, therefore prompting studies on the quantification of polyphenols in coffee leaves. In this study a variety of coffee leaf species, at different development stages, were analyzed using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography. The results demonstrate that both the botanical origin of the samples and their maturity influence significantly the concentration of the antioxidants; for total chlorogenic acids a two-fold difference was found between different species and up to a three-fold variation was observed between young and mature leaves. Furthermore, the range of concentrations of chlorogenic acids in young leaves (35.7–80.8 mg/g of dry matter) were found to be comparable to the one reported for green coffee beans. The results provide important data from which potential new commercial products can be developed.
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Morris JS, Facchini PJ. Molecular Origins of Functional Diversity in Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Methyltransferases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1058. [PMID: 31543888 PMCID: PMC6730481 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
O- and N-methylations are ubiquitous and recurring features in the biosynthesis of many specialized metabolites. Accordingly, the methyltransferase (MT) enzymes catalyzing these modifications are directly responsible for a substantial fraction of the vast chemodiversity observed in plants. Enabled by DNA sequencing and synthesizing technologies, recent studies have revealed and experimentally validated the trajectories of molecular evolution through which MTs, such as those biosynthesizing caffeine, emerge and shape plant chemistry. Despite these advances, the evolutionary origins of many other alkaloid MTs are still unclear. Focusing on benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA)-producing plants such as opium poppy, we review the functional breadth of BIA N- and O-MT enzymes and their relationship with the chemical diversity of their host species. Drawing on recent structural studies, we discuss newfound insight regarding the molecular determinants of BIA MT function and highlight key hypotheses to be tested. We explore what is known and suspected concerning the evolutionary histories of BIA MTs and show that substantial advances in this domain are within reach. This new knowledge is expected to greatly enhance our conceptual understanding of the evolutionary origins of specialized metabolism.
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Marcheafave GG, Tormena CD, Pauli ED, Rakocevic M, Bruns RE, Scarminio IS. Experimental mixture design solvent effects on pigment extraction and antioxidant activity from Coffea arabica L. leaves. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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24
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de Almeida RF, Trevisan MTS, Thomaziello RA, Breuer A, Klika KD, Ulrich CM, Owen RW. Nutraceutical compounds: Echinoids, flavonoids, xanthones and caffeine identified and quantitated in the leaves of Coffea arabica trees from three regions of Brazil. Food Res Int 2019; 115:493-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Tormena CD, Marcheafave GG, Rakocevic M, Bruns RE, Scarminio IS. Sequential mixture design optimization for divergent metabolite analysis: Enriched carbon dioxide effects on Coffea arabica L. leaves and buds. Talanta 2019; 191:382-389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Chen X. A review on coffee leaves: Phytochemicals, bioactivities and applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1008-1025. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1546667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Chen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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27
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Tran HT, Ramaraj T, Furtado A, Lee LS, Henry RJ. Use of a draft genome of coffee (Coffea arabica) to identify SNPs associated with caffeine content. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1756-1766. [PMID: 29509991 PMCID: PMC6131422 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) has a small gene pool limiting genetic improvement. Selection for caffeine content within this gene pool would be assisted by identification of the genes controlling this important trait. Sequencing of DNA bulks from 18 genotypes with extreme high- or low-caffeine content from a population of 232 genotypes was used to identify linked polymorphisms. To obtain a reference genome, a whole genome assembly of arabica coffee (variety K7) was achieved by sequencing using short read (Illumina) and long-read (PacBio) technology. Assembly was performed using a range of assembly tools resulting in 76 409 scaffolds with a scaffold N50 of 54 544 bp and a total scaffold length of 1448 Mb. Validation of the genome assembly using different tools showed high completeness of the genome. More than 99% of transcriptome sequences mapped to the C. arabica draft genome, and 89% of BUSCOs were present. The assembled genome annotated using AUGUSTUS yielded 99 829 gene models. Using the draft arabica genome as reference in mapping and variant calling allowed the detection of 1444 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with caffeine content. Based on Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes pathway-based analysis, 65 caffeine-associated SNPs were discovered, among which 11 SNPs were associated with genes encoding enzymes involved in the conversion of substrates, which participate in the caffeine biosynthesis pathways. This analysis demonstrated the complex genetic control of this key trait in coffee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue T.M. Tran
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI)The University of QueenslandSt LuciaQldAustralia
- Western Highlands Agriculture & Forestry Science Institute (WASI)Buon Ma ThuotVietnam
| | | | - Agnelo Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI)The University of QueenslandSt LuciaQldAustralia
| | - Leonard Slade Lee
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI)The University of QueenslandSt LuciaQldAustralia
| | - Robert J. Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI)The University of QueenslandSt LuciaQldAustralia
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Metabolomics fingerprint of coffee species determined by untargeted-profiling study using LC-HRMS. Food Chem 2018; 245:603-612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Convergent evolution of caffeine in plants by co-option of exapted ancestral enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 113:10613-8. [PMID: 27638206 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1602575113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Convergent evolution is a process that has occurred throughout the tree of life, but the historical genetic and biochemical context promoting the repeated independent origins of a trait is rarely understood. The well-known stimulant caffeine, and its xanthine alkaloid precursors, has evolved multiple times in flowering plant history for various roles in plant defense and pollination. We have shown that convergent caffeine production, surprisingly, has evolved by two previously unknown biochemical pathways in chocolate, citrus, and guaraná plants using either caffeine synthase- or xanthine methyltransferase-like enzymes. However, the pathway and enzyme lineage used by any given plant species is not predictable from phylogenetic relatedness alone. Ancestral sequence resurrection reveals that this convergence was facilitated by co-option of genes maintained over 100 million y for alternative biochemical roles. The ancient enzymes of the Citrus lineage were exapted for reactions currently used for various steps of caffeine biosynthesis and required very few mutations to acquire modern-day enzymatic characteristics, allowing for the evolution of a complete pathway. Future studies aimed at manipulating caffeine content of plants will require the use of different approaches given the metabolic and genetic diversity revealed by this study.
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Xanthine Alkaloids: Occurrence, Biosynthesis, and Function in Plants. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 105 2017; 105:1-88. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49712-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Martin AR, Rapidel B, Roupsard O, Van den Meersche K, Melo Virginio Filho E, Barrios M, Isaac ME. Intraspecific trait variation across multiple scales: the leaf economics spectrum in coffee. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Martin
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences & Centre for Critical Development Studies University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ONM1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Bruno Rapidel
- Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE) 7170 Turrialba 30501 Costa Rica
- CIRAD UMR SYSTEM 2 Place Viala 34060 Montpellier France
| | - Olivier Roupsard
- Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE) 7170 Turrialba 30501 Costa Rica
- CIRAD UMR Eco&Sols (Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Biogéochimie des Sols et des Agroécosystèmes) 34060 Montpellier France
| | - Karel Van den Meersche
- Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE) 7170 Turrialba 30501 Costa Rica
- CIRAD UMR Eco&Sols (Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Biogéochimie des Sols et des Agroécosystèmes) 34060 Montpellier France
| | | | - Mirna Barrios
- Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE) A.P. 4830 KM 8.5 Carretera a Masaya Edificio MAGFOR Managua Nicaragua
| | - Marney E. Isaac
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences & Centre for Critical Development Studies University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ONM1C 1A4 Canada
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Koeduka T, Kajiyama M, Suzuki H, Furuta T, Tsuge T, Matsui K. Benzenoid biosynthesis in the flowers of Eriobotrya japonica: molecular cloning and functional characterization of p-methoxybenzoic acid carboxyl methyltransferase. PLANTA 2016; 244:725-736. [PMID: 27146420 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
p -Methoxybenzoic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (MBMT) was isolated from loquat flowers. MBMT displayed high similarity to jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferases, but exhibited high catalytic activity to form methyl p -methoxybenzoate from p -methoxybenzoic acid. Volatile benzenoids impart the characteristic fragrance of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) flowers. Here, we report that loquat produces methyl p-methoxybenzoate, along with other benzenoids, as the flowers bloom. Although the adaxial side of flower petals is covered with hairy trichomes, the trichomes are not the site of volatile benzenoid formation. Here we identified four carboxyl methyltransferase (EjMT1 to EjMT4) genes from loquat and functionally characterized EjMT1 which we found to encode a p-methoxybenzoic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (MBMT); an enzyme capable of converting p-methoxybenzoic acid to methyl p-methoxybenzoate via methylation of the carboxyl group. We found that transcript levels of MBMT continually increased throughout the flower development with peak expression occurring in fully opened flowers. Recombinant MBMT protein expressed in Escherichia coli showed the highest substrate preference toward p-methoxybenzoic acid with an apparent K m value of 137.3 µM. In contrast to benzoic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (BAMT) and benzoic acid/salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase, MBMT also displayed activity towards both benzoic acid and jasmonic acid. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that loquat MBMT forms a monophyletic group with jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferases (JMTs) from other plant species. Our results suggest that plant enzymes with same BAMT activity have evolved independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Koeduka
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.
| | - Mami Kajiyama
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Department of Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Takumi Furuta
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tsuge
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsui
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
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Ncube B, Van Staden J. Tilting Plant Metabolism for Improved Metabolite Biosynthesis and Enhanced Human Benefit. Molecules 2015; 20:12698-731. [PMID: 26184148 PMCID: PMC6331799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200712698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The immense chemical diversity of plant-derived secondary metabolites coupled with their vast array of biological functions has seen this group of compounds attract considerable research interest across a range of research disciplines. Medicinal and aromatic plants, in particular, have been exploited for this biogenic pool of phytochemicals for products such as pharmaceuticals, fragrances, dyes, and insecticides, among others. With consumers showing increasing interests in these products, innovative biotechnological techniques are being developed and employed to alter plant secondary metabolism in efforts to improve on the quality and quantity of specific metabolites of interest. This review provides an overview of the biosynthesis for phytochemical compounds with medicinal and other related properties and their associated biological activities. It also provides an insight into how their biosynthesis/biosynthetic pathways have been modified/altered to enhance production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhekumthetho Ncube
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
| | - Johannes Van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
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Perrois C, Strickler SR, Mathieu G, Lepelley M, Bedon L, Michaux S, Husson J, Mueller L, Privat I. Differential regulation of caffeine metabolism in Coffea arabica (Arabica) and Coffea canephora (Robusta). PLANTA 2015; 241:179-91. [PMID: 25249475 PMCID: PMC4282694 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is a metabolite of great economic importance, especially in coffee, where it influences the sensorial and physiological impacts of the beverage. Caffeine metabolism in the Coffea species begins with the degradation of purine nucleotides through three specific N-methyltransferases: XMT, MXMT and DXMT. A comparative analysis was performed to clarify the molecular reasons behind differences in caffeine accumulation in two Coffea species, namely Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora var. robusta. Three different genes encoding N-methyltransferase were amplified in the doubled haploid Coffea canephora: CcXMT1, CcMXMT1 and CcDXMT. Six genes were amplified in the haploid Coffea arabica: CaXMT1, CaXMT2, CaMXMT1, CaMXMT2, CaDXMT1, and CaDXMT2. A complete phylogenic analysis was performed to identify specific key amino acids defining enzymatic function for each protein identified. Furthermore, a quantitative gene-expression analysis was conducted on leaves and on maturing coffee beans, simultaneously analyzing caffeine content. In the different varieties analyzed, caffeine accumulation is higher in leaves than in the coffee bean maturation period, higher in Robusta than in Arabica. In Robusta, CcXMT1 and CcDXMT gene expressions are predominant and transcriptional activity is higher in leaves than in maturing beans, and is highly correlated to caffeine accumulation. In Arabica, the CaXMT1 expression level is high in leaves and CaDXMT2 as well to a lesser extent, while global transcriptional activity is weak during bean maturation, suggesting that the transcriptional control of caffeine-related genes differs within different organs and between Arabica and Robusta. These findings indicate that caffeine accumulation in Coffea species has been modulated by a combination of differential transcriptional regulation and genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Perrois
- Nestlé R&D Center, 101 Av. Gustave Eiffel, Notre Dame D’Oé, BP 49716, 37097 Tours, France
| | - Susan R. Strickler
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Guillaume Mathieu
- Nestlé R&D Center, 101 Av. Gustave Eiffel, Notre Dame D’Oé, BP 49716, 37097 Tours, France
| | - Maud Lepelley
- Nestlé R&D Center, 101 Av. Gustave Eiffel, Notre Dame D’Oé, BP 49716, 37097 Tours, France
| | - Lucie Bedon
- Nestlé R&D Center, 101 Av. Gustave Eiffel, Notre Dame D’Oé, BP 49716, 37097 Tours, France
| | - Stéphane Michaux
- Nestlé R&D Center, 101 Av. Gustave Eiffel, Notre Dame D’Oé, BP 49716, 37097 Tours, France
| | - Jwanro Husson
- Nestlé R&D Center, 101 Av. Gustave Eiffel, Notre Dame D’Oé, BP 49716, 37097 Tours, France
| | - Lukas Mueller
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Isabelle Privat
- Nestlé R&D Center, 101 Av. Gustave Eiffel, Notre Dame D’Oé, BP 49716, 37097 Tours, France
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Exploring the genes of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) by NGS and de novo transcriptome assembly. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109835. [PMID: 25330175 PMCID: PMC4199719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) is an important subtropical tree crop cultivated on 326,000 ha in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, with a total yield production of more than 1,000,000 t. Yerba mate presents a strong limitation regarding sequence information. The NCBI GenBank lacks an EST database of yerba mate and depicts only 80 DNA sequences, mostly uncharacterized. In this scenario, in order to elucidate the yerba mate gene landscape by means of NGS, we explored and discovered a vast collection of I. paraguariensis transcripts. Total RNA from I. paraguariensis was sequenced by Illumina HiSeq-2000 obtaining 72,031,388 pair-end 100 bp sequences. High quality reads were de novo assembled into 44,907 transcripts encompassing 40 million bases with an estimated coverage of 180X. Multiple sequence analysis allowed us to predict that yerba mate contains ∼ 32,355 genes and 12,551 gene variants or isoforms. We identified and categorized members of more than 100 metabolic pathways. Overall, we have identified ∼ 1,000 putative transcription factors, genes involved in heat and oxidative stress, pathogen response, as well as disease resistance and hormone response. We have also identified, based in sequence homology searches, novel transcripts related to osmotic, drought, salinity and cold stress, senescence and early flowering. We have also pinpointed several members of the gene silencing pathway, and characterized the silencing effector Argonaute1. We predicted a diverse supply of putative microRNA precursors involved in developmental processes. We present here the first draft of the transcribed genomes of the yerba mate chloroplast and mitochondrion. The putative sequence and predicted structure of the caffeine synthase of yerba mate is presented. Moreover, we provide a collection of over 10,800 SSR accessible to the scientific community interested in yerba mate genetic improvement. This contribution broadly expands the limited knowledge of yerba mate genes, and is presented as the first genomic resource of this important crop.
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Jin L, Bhuiya MW, Li M, Liu X, Han J, Deng W, Wang M, Yu O, Zhang Z. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for caffeine and theobromine production. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105368. [PMID: 25133732 PMCID: PMC4136831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine (1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine) and theobromine (3, 7-dimethylxanthine) are the major purine alkaloids in plants, e.g. tea (Camellia sinensis) and coffee (Coffea arabica). Caffeine is a major component of coffee and is used widely in food and beverage industries. Most of the enzymes involved in the caffeine biosynthetic pathway have been reported previously. Here, we demonstrated the biosynthesis of caffeine (0.38 mg/L) by co-expression of Coffea arabica xanthosine methyltransferase (CaXMT) and Camellia sinensis caffeine synthase (TCS) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Furthermore, we endeavored to develop this production platform for making other purine-based alkaloids. To increase the catalytic activity of TCS in an effort to increase theobromine production, we identified four amino acid residues based on structural analyses of 3D-model of TCS. Two TCS1 mutants (Val317Met and Phe217Trp) slightly increased in theobromine accumulation and simultaneously decreased in caffeine production. The application and further optimization of this biosynthetic platform are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | | | - Mengmeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - XiangQi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Jixiang Han
- Conagen Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - WeiWei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Oliver Yu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zhengzhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
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Gutiérrez-Sánchez G, Roussos S, Augur C. Effect of caffeine concentration on biomass production, caffeine degradation, and morphology of Aspergillus tamarii. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2012; 58:195-200. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-012-0197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Stefan L, Bertrand B, Richard P, Le Gendre P, Denat F, Picquet M, Monchaud D. Assessing the Differential Affinity of Small Molecules for Noncanonical DNA Structures. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1905-12. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Purine compounds are special types of alkaloids. Caffeine and aminophylline are considered the most important members of purines due to their wide use in therapeutics. AIMS To detect any potential antibacterial effects on pathogenic bacteria of the widely prescribed members of purines caffeine and aminophylline. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two species of gram-positive bacteria and five species of gram-negative bacteria were exposed to these purine agents. Antibacterial effects of the tested purines were determined using the spectrophotometer method to assess the minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC). RESULTS Among the strains of bacteria tested, Bacillus subtilis showed the most susceptibility to purine agents. Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were found to be more susceptible to caffeine than the other strains. Aminophylline showed inhibitory action on many isolates, especially at the concentration of 10mg/ml. Paracoccus yeei demonstrated resistance to all tested purine compounds up to a concentration of 10.5mg/ml. CONCLUSIONS Caffeine and aminophylline had the ability to inhibit many strains of pathogenic bacteria.
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Franco OL, Pelegrini PB, Gomes CPC, Souza A, Costa FT, Domont G, Quirino BF, Eira MT, Mehta A. Proteomic evaluation of coffee zygotic embryos in two different stages of seed development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:1046-1050. [PMID: 19775900 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Coffee seed development is accompanied by severe modifications in water soluble proteins, several of these being associated to a specific developmental stage. For this reason, a proteomic approach has been used to describe spatial-temporal proteome modifications in zygotic embryos at different stages of seed development. Embryos from Coffea arabica seeds were harvested in two different developmental stages: stage 1 at 210 days after anthesis and stage 2 at 255 days. Total proteins were extracted and submitted to 2-DE. From these gels, several spots were identified by mass spectrometry including kinases, MYB transcription factor and enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. All proteins identified seem to affect coffee development in different ways, being directly involved in plant growth or used as an intermediate in some metabolic pathway that, indirectly, will influence coffee development. This is the first work using two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry analyses that evaluates the expression of proteins during coffee zygotic embryos development. Data here reported supply some light over coffee development and could be used in a near future to improve coffee plants' growth and development by molecular strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio L Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília - DF, Brazil.
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Ishida M, Kitao N, Mizuno K, Tanikawa N, Kato M. Occurrence of theobromine synthase genes in purine alkaloid-free species of Camellia plants. PLANTA 2009; 229:559-568. [PMID: 19018565 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0847-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) and theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine) are purine alkaloids that are present in high concentrations in plants of some species of Camellia. However, most members of the genus Camellia contain no purine alkaloids. Tracer experiments using [8-(14)C]adenine and [8-(14)C]theobromine showed that the purine alkaloid pathway is not fully functional in leaves of purine alkaloid-free species. In five species of purine alkaloid-free Camellia plants, sufficient evidence was obtained to show the occurrence of genes that are homologous to caffeine synthase. Recombinant enzymes derived from purine alkaloid-free species showed only theobromine synthase activity. Unlike the caffeine synthase gene, these genes were expressed more strongly in mature tissue than in young tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Ishida
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610, Japan
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Pinto RM, Salvador JA, Le Roux C. Metal triflates combined with caffeine based imidazolium salts: A new family of highly efficient and reusable catalysts. CATAL COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Zhao N, Ferrer JL, Ross J, Guan J, Yang Y, Pichersky E, Noel JP, Chen F. Structural, biochemical, and phylogenetic analyses suggest that indole-3-acetic acid methyltransferase is an evolutionarily ancient member of the SABATH family. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:455-67. [PMID: 18162595 PMCID: PMC2245846 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.110049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The plant SABATH protein family encompasses a group of related small-molecule methyltransferases (MTs) that catalyze the S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methylation of natural chemicals encompassing widely divergent structures. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) methyltransferase (IAMT) is a member of the SABATH family that modulates IAA homeostasis in plant tissues through methylation of IAA's free carboxyl group. The crystal structure of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) IAMT (AtIAMT1) was determined and refined to 2.75 A resolution. The overall tertiary and quaternary structures closely resemble the two-domain bilobed monomer and the dimeric arrangement, respectively, previously observed for the related salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase from Clarkia breweri (CbSAMT). To further our understanding of the biological function and evolution of SABATHs, especially of IAMT, we analyzed the SABATH gene family in the rice (Oryza sativa) genome. Forty-one OsSABATH genes were identified. Expression analysis showed that more than one-half of the OsSABATH genes were transcribed in one or multiple organs. The OsSABATH gene most similar to AtIAMT1 is OsSABATH4. Escherichia coli-expressed OsSABATH4 protein displayed the highest level of catalytic activity toward IAA and was therefore named OsIAMT1. OsIAMT1 exhibited kinetic properties similar to AtIAMT1 and poplar IAMT (PtIAMT1). Structural modeling of OsIAMT1 and PtIAMT1 using the experimentally determined structure of AtIAMT1 reported here as a template revealed conserved structural features of IAMTs within the active-site cavity that are divergent from functionally distinct members of the SABATH family, such as CbSAMT. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that IAMTs from Arabidopsis, rice, and poplar (Populus spp.) form a monophyletic group. Thus, structural, biochemical, and phylogenetic evidence supports the hypothesis that IAMT is an evolutionarily ancient member of the SABATH family likely to play a critical role in IAA homeostasis across a wide range of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Rodrigues CI, Marta L, Maia R, Miranda M, Ribeirinho M, Máguas C. Application of solid-phase extraction to brewed coffee caffeine and organic acid determination by UV/HPLC. J Food Compost Anal 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Filippi SB, Azevedo RA, Sodek L, Mazzafera P. Allantoin has a limited role as nitrogen source in cultured coffee cells. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 164:544-52. [PMID: 16690165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In plants the ureides allantoin (ALN) and allantoic acid (ALA) are formed in purine metabolism, and in some legumes both compounds play an important role as nitrogen (N) sources. In coffee plants, ALN and ALA are catabolites of caffeine degradation. Caffeine is found throughout the coffee plant and in some parts this alkaloid can accumulate up to 4% dry basis. Therefore, caffeine degradation via ureides may make an important contribution to N metabolism of the plant. Using coffee cell suspension as a model we investigated the contribution of ALN as a source of N in coffee. ALN was incorporated in the liquid medium and after 20 d of cultivation, cell mass, NO(3), NH(4), amino acids, soluble proteins, ALN and caffeine were determined in the cells. The activity of glutamine synthetase was also studied. The results showed that despite being taken up by cells ALN does not contribute significantly as a source of N in coffee cells. Compared with mineral N sources, cells grown with ALN-N accumulated much less mass. The inclusion of ALN in the medium caused significant alterations in the content of some N compounds indicating a stress condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia B Filippi
- Departamento de Fisiologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, CP 6109, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brasil
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Facchini PJ. Regulation of alkaloid biosynthesis in plants. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2007; 63:1-44. [PMID: 17133713 DOI: 10.1016/s1099-4831(06)63001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Facchini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Ashihara H, Zheng XQ, Katahira R, Morimoto M, Ogita S, Sano H. Caffeine biosynthesis and adenine metabolism in transgenic Coffea canephora plants with reduced expression of N-methyltransferase genes. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2006; 67:882-6. [PMID: 16624354 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In anti-sense and RNA interference transgenic plants of Coffea canephora in which the expression of CaMXMT1 was suppressed, caffeine biosynthesis from [8-(14)C]adenine was investigated, together with the overall metabolism of [8-(14)C]adenine. Compared with wild type control plants, total purine alkaloid biosynthesis from adenine and conversion of theobromine to caffeine were both reduced in the transgenic plants. As found previously, [8-(14)C]adenine was metabolised to salvage products (nucleotides and RNA), to degradation products (ureides and CO(2)) and to purine alkaloids (theobromine and caffeine). In the transgenic plants, metabolism of [8-(14)C]adenine shifted from purine alkaloid synthesis to purine catabolism or salvage for nucleotides. HPLC analysis revealed a significantly reduced caffeine content in the transgenic plants. A small quantity (less than 20 nmol g(-1) fresh weight) of xanthosine had accumulated in at least one of the transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ashihara
- Metabolic Biology Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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De Castro RD, Marraccini P. Cytology, biochemistry and molecular changes during coffee fruit development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-04202006000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In commercial coffee species (Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora), fruit development is a lengthy process, characterized by tissue changes and evolutions. For example, soon after fecundation and up to mid development, the fruit is mainly constituted of the pericarp and perisperm tissue. Thereafter, the perisperm gradually disappears and is progressively replaced by the endosperm (true seed). Initially present in a "liquid" state, the endosperm hardens as it ripens during the maturation phase, as a result of accumulation of storage proteins, sucrose and complex polysaccharides representing the main reserves of the seed. The last step of maturation is characterized by the dehydration of the endosperm and the color change of the pericarp. Important quantitative and qualitative changes accompany fruit growth, highlighting the importance of its study to better understand the final characteristics of coffee beans. Following a description of the coffee fruit tissues, this review presents some data concerning biochemical, enzymatic and gene expression variations observed during the coffee fruit development. The latter will also be analyzed in the light of recent data (electronic expression profiles) arising from the Brazilian Coffee Genome Project.
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Abstract
Coffee beans contain two types of alkaloids, caffeine and trigonelline, as major components. This review describes the distribution and metabolism of these compounds. Caffeine is synthesised from xanthosine derived from purine nucleotides. The major biosynthetic route is xanthosine -> 7-methylxanthosine -> 7-methylxanthine -> theobromine -> caffeine. Degradation activity of caffeine in coffee plants is very low, but catabolism of theophylline is always present. Theophylline is converted to xanthine, and then enters the conventional purine degradation pathway. A recent development in caffeine research is the successful cloning of genes of N-methyltransferases and characterization of recombinant proteins of these genes. Possible biotechnological applications are discussed briefly. Trigonelline (N-methylnicotinic acid) is synthesised from nicotinic acid derived from nicotinamide adenine nucleotides. Nicotinate N-methyltransferase (trigonelline synthase) activity was detected in coffee plants, but purification of this enzyme or cloning of the genes of this N-methyltransferase has not yet been reported. The degradation activity of trigonelline in coffee plants is extremely low.
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Yoneyama N, Morimoto H, Ye CX, Ashihara H, Mizuno K, Kato M. Substrate specificity of N-methyltransferase involved in purine alkaloids synthesis is dependent upon one amino acid residue of the enzyme. Mol Genet Genomics 2005; 275:125-35. [PMID: 16333668 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-005-0070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) and theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine) are the major purine alkaloids in plants. To investigate the diversity of N-methyltransferases involved in purine alkaloid biosynthesis, we isolated the genes homologous for caffeine synthase from theobromine-accumulating plants. The predicted amino acid sequences of N-methyltransferases in theobromine-accumulating species in Camellia were more than 80% identical to caffeine synthase in C. sinensis. However, there was a little homology among the N-methyltransferases between Camellia and Theobroma. The recombinant enzymes derived from theobromine-accumulating plants had only 3-N-methyltransferase activity. The accumulation of purine alkaloids was, therefore, dependent on the substrate specificity of N-methyltransferase determined by one amino acid residue in the central part of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naho Yoneyama
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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