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Sun K, Schipper D, Jacobsen E, Visser RGF, Govers F, Bouwmeester K, Bai Y. Silencing susceptibility genes in potato hinders primary infection of Phytophthora infestans at different stages. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab058. [PMID: 35043191 PMCID: PMC8968627 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Most potato cultivars are susceptible to late blight disease caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. A new source of resistance to prevent or diminish pathogen infection is found in the genetic loss of host susceptibility. Previously, we showed that RNAi-mediated silencing of the potato susceptibility (S) genes StDND1, StDMR1 and StDMR6 leads to increased late blight resistance. The mechanisms underlying this S-gene mediated resistance have thus far not been identified. In this study, we examined the infection process of P. infestans on StDND1-, StDMR1- and StDMR6-silenced potato lines. Microscopic analysis showed that penetration of P. infestans spores was hampered on StDND1-silenced plants. On StDMR1- and StDMR6-silenced plants, P. infestans infection was arrested at a primary infection stage by enhanced cell death responses. Histochemical staining revealed that StDMR1- and StDMR6-silenced plants display elevated ROS levels in cells at the infection sites. Resistance in StDND1-silenced plants, however, seems not to rely on a cell death response as ROS accumulation was found to be absent at most inoculated sites. Quantitative analysis of marker gene expression suggests that the increased resistance observed in StDND1- and StDMR6-silenced plants relies on an early onset of SA- and ET-mediated signalling pathways. Resistance mediated by silencing StDMR1 was found to be correlated with the early induction of SA-mediated signalling. These data provide evidence that different defense mechanisms are involved in late blight resistance mediated by functional impairment of different potato S-genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaile Sun
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Nongye Road 63, 450002 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Schipper
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Jacobsen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Sharma K, Gupta S, Sarma S, Rai M, Sreelakshmi Y, Sharma R. Mutations in tomato 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid synthase2 uncover its role in development beside fruit ripening. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:95-112. [PMID: 33370496 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The role of ethylene in plant development is mostly inferred from its exogenous application. The usage of mutants affecting ethylene biosynthesis proffers a better alternative to decipher its role. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid synthase2 (ACS2) is a key enzyme regulating ripening-specific ethylene biosynthesis. We characterised two contrasting acs2 mutants; acs2-1 overproduces ethylene, has higher ACS activity, and has increased protein levels, while acs2-2 is an ethylene underproducer, displays lower ACS activity, and has lower protein levels than wild type. Consistent with high/low ethylene emission, the mutants show opposite phenotypes, physiological responses, and metabolomic profiles compared with the wild type. The acs2-1 mutant shows early seed germination, faster leaf senescence, and accelerated fruit ripening. Conversely, acs2-2 has delayed seed germination, slower leaf senescence, and prolonged fruit ripening. The phytohormone profiles of mutants were mostly opposite in the leaves and fruits. The faster/slower senescence of acs2-1/acs2-2 leaves correlated with the endogenous ethylene/zeatin ratio. The genetic analysis showed that the metabolite profiles of respective mutants co-segregated with the homozygous mutant progeny. Our results uncover that besides ripening, ACS2 participates in the vegetative and reproductive development of tomato. The distinct influence of ethylene on phytohormone profiles indicates the intertwining of ethylene action with other phytohormones in regulating plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Sharma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Soni Gupta
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Supriya Sarma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Meenakshi Rai
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Yellamaraju Sreelakshmi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Rameshwar Sharma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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Sharma K, Gupta S, Sarma S, Rai M, Sreelakshmi Y, Sharma R. Mutations in tomato 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid synthase2 uncover its role in development beside fruit ripening. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:95-112. [PMID: 33370496 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.12.090431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The role of ethylene in plant development is mostly inferred from its exogenous application. The usage of mutants affecting ethylene biosynthesis proffers a better alternative to decipher its role. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid synthase2 (ACS2) is a key enzyme regulating ripening-specific ethylene biosynthesis. We characterised two contrasting acs2 mutants; acs2-1 overproduces ethylene, has higher ACS activity, and has increased protein levels, while acs2-2 is an ethylene underproducer, displays lower ACS activity, and has lower protein levels than wild type. Consistent with high/low ethylene emission, the mutants show opposite phenotypes, physiological responses, and metabolomic profiles compared with the wild type. The acs2-1 mutant shows early seed germination, faster leaf senescence, and accelerated fruit ripening. Conversely, acs2-2 has delayed seed germination, slower leaf senescence, and prolonged fruit ripening. The phytohormone profiles of mutants were mostly opposite in the leaves and fruits. The faster/slower senescence of acs2-1/acs2-2 leaves correlated with the endogenous ethylene/zeatin ratio. The genetic analysis showed that the metabolite profiles of respective mutants co-segregated with the homozygous mutant progeny. Our results uncover that besides ripening, ACS2 participates in the vegetative and reproductive development of tomato. The distinct influence of ethylene on phytohormone profiles indicates the intertwining of ethylene action with other phytohormones in regulating plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Sharma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Soni Gupta
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Supriya Sarma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Meenakshi Rai
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Yellamaraju Sreelakshmi
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Rameshwar Sharma
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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Chen Y, Bonkowski M, Shen Y, Griffiths BS, Jiang Y, Wang X, Sun B. Root ethylene mediates rhizosphere microbial community reconstruction when chemically detecting cyanide produced by neighbouring plants. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:4. [PMID: 31954405 PMCID: PMC6969408 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0775-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress-induced hormones are essential for plants to modulate their microbiota and dynamically adjust to the environment. Despite the emphasis of the role of the phytohormone ethylene in the plant physiological response to heterospecific neighbour detection, less is known about how this activated signal mediates focal plant rhizosphere microbiota to enhance plant fitness. Here, using 3 years of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a legume, and cyanide-containing cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) intercropping and peanut monocropping field, pot and hydroponic experiments in addition to exogenous ethylene application and soil incubation experiments, we found that ethylene, a cyanide-derived signal, is associated with the chemical identification of neighbouring cassava and the microbial re-assemblage in the peanut rhizosphere. RESULTS Ethylene production in peanut roots can be triggered by cyanide production of neighbouring cassava plants. This gaseous signal alters the microbial composition and re-assembles the microbial co-occurrence network of peanut by shifting the abundance of an actinobacterial species, Catenulispora sp., which becomes a keystone in the intercropped peanut rhizosphere. The re-assembled rhizosphere microbiota provide more available nutrients to peanut roots and support seed production. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that root ethylene acts as a signal with a dual role. It plays a role in perceiving biochemical cues from interspecific neighbours, and also has a regulatory function in mediating the rhizosphere microbial assembly, thereby enhancing focal plant fitness by improving seed production. This discovery provides a promising direction to develop novel intercropping strategies for targeted manipulations of the rhizosphere microbiome through phytohormone signals. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008 China
| | - Michael Bonkowski
- Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yi Shen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.50 Zhonglin Street, Nanjing, 210014 China
| | - Bryan S. Griffiths
- SRUC, Crop and Soil System Research Group, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH93JG UK
| | - Yuji Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008 China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008 China
| | - Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008 China
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Alves LR, Rodrigues Dos Reis A, Prado ER, Lavres J, Pompeu GB, Azevedo RA, Gratão PL. New insights into cadmium stressful-conditions: Role of ethylene on selenium-mediated antioxidant enzymes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 186:109747. [PMID: 31634660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) contamination has generated an environmental problem worldwide, leading to harmful effects on human health and damages to plant metabolism. Selenium (Se) is non essential for plants, however it can improve plant growth and reduce the adverse effects of abiotic stress. In addition, ethylene may interplay the positive effects of Se in plants. In order to investigate the role of ethylene in Se-modulation of antioxidant defence system in response to Cd-stress, we tested the hormonal mutant Epinastic (epi) with a subset of constitutive activation of the ethylene response and Micro-Tom (MT) plants. For this purpose, Se mineral uptake, Cd and Se concentrations, pigments, malondialdeyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents, ethylene production, glutathione (GSH) compound, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were analysed in MT and epi plants submitted to 0.5 mM CdCl2 and 1 μM of selenate or selenite. MT plants treated with both Se forms increased growth in the presence or not of 0.5 mM CdCl2, but not change epi growth. Both Se forms reduced Cd uptake in MT plants and cause reverse effect in epi plants. P, Mg, S, K and Zn uptake increased in epi plants with Se application, irrespective to Cd exposure. Chlorophylls and carotenoids contents decreased in both genotypes under Cd exposure, in contrast to what was observed in epi leaves in the presence of Se. When antioxidant enzymes activities were concerned, Se application increased Mn-SOD, Fe-SOD and APX activities. In the presence of Cd, MT and epi plants exhibited decreased SOD activity and increased CAT, APX and GR activities. MT and epi plants with Se supply exhibited increased APX and GR activities in the presence of Cd. Overall, these results suggest that ethylene may be involved in Se induced-defence responses, that triggers a positive response of the antioxidant system and improve growth under Cd stress. These results showed integrative roles of ethylene and Se in regulating the cell responses to stressful-conditions and, the cross-tolerance to stress could be used to manipulate ethylene regulated gene expression to induce heavy metal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Rodrigues Alves
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - André Rodrigues Dos Reis
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências e Engenharia, Laboratório de Biologia, CEP 17602-496, Tupã, SP, Brazil
| | - Emilaine Rocha Prado
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - José Lavres
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Laboratório de Nutrição Mineral de Plantas, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Georgia Bertoni Pompeu
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Depto. de Ciência do Solo, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Antunes Azevedo
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Depto. de Genética, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila Lupino Gratão
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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Cottilli P, Belda-Palazón B, Adkar-Purushothama CR, Perreault JP, Schleiff E, Rodrigo I, Ferrando A, Lisón P. Citrus exocortis viroid causes ribosomal stress in tomato plants. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:8649-8661. [PMID: 31392997 PMCID: PMC6895259 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Viroids are naked RNAs that do not code for any known protein and yet are able to infect plants causing severe diseases. Because of their RNA nature, many studies have focused on the involvement of viroids in RNA-mediated gene silencing as being their pathogenesis mechanism. Here, the alterations caused by the Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) on the tomato translation machinery were studied as a new aspect of viroid pathogenesis. The presence of viroids in the ribosomal fractions of infected tomato plants was detected. More precisely, CEVd and its derived viroid small RNAs were found to co-sediment with tomato ribosomes in vivo, and to provoke changes in the global polysome profiles, particularly in the 40S ribosomal subunit accumulation. Additionally, the viroid caused alterations in ribosome biogenesis in the infected tomato plants, affecting the 18S rRNA maturation process. A higher expression level of the ribosomal stress mediator NAC082 was also detected in the CEVd-infected tomato leaves. Both the alterations in the rRNA processing and the induction of NAC082 correlate with the degree of viroid symptomatology. Taken together, these results suggest that CEVd is responsible for defective ribosome biogenesis in tomato, thereby interfering with the translation machinery and, therefore, causing ribosomal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cottilli
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas. Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Borja Belda-Palazón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas. Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Charith Raj Adkar-Purushothama
- RNA Group, Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine des Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée au Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Perreault
- RNA Group, Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine des Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée au Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Enrico Schleiff
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants & Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Science, Goethe University; Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies; Frankfurt/Main 60438, Germany
| | - Ismael Rodrigo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas. Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ferrando
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas. Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Purificación Lisón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas. Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Valencia 46022, Spain
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Oligomerization and Photo-Deoligomerization of HOOKLESS1 Controls Plant Differential Cell Growth. Dev Cell 2019; 51:78-88.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Constantin ME, de Lamo FJ, Vlieger BV, Rep M, Takken FLW. Endophyte-Mediated Resistance in Tomato to Fusarium oxysporum Is Independent of ET, JA, and SA. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:979. [PMID: 31417594 PMCID: PMC6685397 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Root endophytes can confer resistance against plant pathogens by direct antagonism or via the host by triggering induced resistance. The latter response typically relies on jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET)-depended signaling pathways, but can also be triggered via salicylic acid (SA)-dependent signaling pathways. Here, we set out to determine if endophyte-mediated resistance (EMR), conferred by the Fusarium endophyte Fo47, against Fusarium wilt disease in tomato is mediated via SA, ET or JA. To test the contribution of SA, ET, and JA in EMR we performed bioassays with Fo47 and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato plants impaired in SA accumulation (NahG), JA biosynthesis (def1) or ET-production (ACD) and -sensing (Nr). We observed that the colonization pattern of Fo47 in stems of wildtype plants was indistinguishable from that of the hormone mutants. Surprisingly, EMR was not compromised in the lines affected in JA, ET, or SA signaling. The independence of EMR on SA, JA, and ET implies that this induced resistance-response against Fusarium wilt disease is distinct from the classical Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) response, providing exciting possibilities for control of wilt diseases independent of conventional defense pathways.
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Post-harvest shelf-life of banana and guava: Mechanisms of common degradation problems and emerging counteracting strategies. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gene expression analyses in tomato near isogenic lines provide evidence for ethylene and abscisic acid biosynthesis fine-tuning during arbuscular mycorrhiza development. Arch Microbiol 2017; 199:787-798. [PMID: 28283681 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1354-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant responses to the environment and microorganisms, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, involve complex hormonal interactions. It is known that abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene may be involved in the regulation of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and that part of the detrimental effects of ABA deficiency in plants is due to ethylene overproduction. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the low susceptibility to mycorrhizal colonization in ABA-deficient mutants is due to high levels of ethylene and whether AM development is associated with changes in the steady-state levels of transcripts of genes involved in the biosynthesis of ethylene and ABA. For that, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) ethylene overproducer epinastic (epi) mutant and the ABA-deficient notabilis (not) and sitiens (sit) mutants, in the same Micro-Tom (MT) genetic background, were inoculated with Rhizophagus clarus, and treated with the ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG). The development of AM, as well as the steady-state levels of transcripts involved in ethylene (LeACS2, LeACO1 and LeACO4) and ABA (LeNCED) biosynthesis, was determined. The intraradical colonization in epi, not and sit mutants was significantly reduced compared to MT. The epi mutant completely restored the mycorrhizal colonization to the levels of MT with the application of 10 µM of AVG, probably due to the inhibition of the ACC synthase gene expression. The steady-state levels of LeACS2 and LeACO4 transcripts were induced in mycorrhizal roots of MT, whereas the steady-state levels of LeACO1 and LeACO4 transcripts were significantly induced in sit, and the steady-state levels of LeNCED transcripts were significantly induced in all genotypes and in mycorrhizal roots of epi mutants treated with AVG. The reduced mycorrhizal colonization in sit mutants seems not to be limited by ethylene production via ACC oxidase regulation. Both ethylene overproduction and ABA deficiency impaired AM fungal colonization in tomato roots, indicating that, besides hormonal interactions, a fine-tuning of each hormone level is required for AM development.
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11
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Kissoudis C, Seifi A, Yan Z, Islam ATMT, van der Schoot H, van de Wiel CCM, Visser RGF, van der Linden CG, Bai Y. Ethylene and Abscisic Acid Signaling Pathways Differentially Influence Tomato Resistance to Combined Powdery Mildew and Salt Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 7:2009. [PMID: 28119708 PMCID: PMC5220069 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.02009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
There is currently limited knowledge on the role of hormones in plants responses to combinations of abiotic and pathogen stress factors. This study focused on the response of tomato near-isogenic lines (NILs) that carry the Ol-1, ol-2, and Ol-4 loci, conferring resistance to tomato powdery mildew (PM) caused by Oidium neolycopersici, to combined PM and salt stress. These NILs were crossed with the notabilis (ABA-deficient), defenceless1 (JA-deficient), and epinastic (ET overproducer) tomato mutants to investigate possible roles of hormone signaling in response to combined stresses. In the NILs, marker genes for hormonal pathways showed differential expression patterns upon PM infection. The epinastic mutation resulted in breakdown of resistance in NIL-Ol-1 and NIL-ol-2. This was accompanied by reduced callose deposition, and was more pronounced under combined salt stress. The notabilis mutation resulted in H2O2 overproduction and reduced susceptibility to PM in NIL-Ol-1 under combined stress, but lead to higher plant growth reduction under salinity and combined stress. Resistance in NIL-ol-2 was compromised by the notabilis mutation, which was potentially caused by reduction of callose deposition. Under combined stress the compromised resistance in NIL-ol-2 was restored. PM resistance in NIL-Ol-4 remained robust across all mutant and treatment combinations. Hormone signaling is critical to the response to combined stress and PM, in terms of resistance and plant fitness. ABA appears to be at the crossroads of disease susceptibility/senescence and plant performance under combined stress These gained insights can aid in narrowing down targets for improving crop performance under stress combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Seifi
- Biotechnology and Plant Breeding Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of MashhadMashhad, Iran
| | - Zhe Yan
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
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12
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Leida C, Dal Rì A, Dalla Costa L, Gómez MD, Pompili V, Sonego P, Engelen K, Masuero D, Ríos G, Moser C. Insights into the Role of the Berry-Specific Ethylene Responsive Factor VviERF045. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1793. [PMID: 28018369 PMCID: PMC5146979 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
During grape ripening, numerous transcriptional and metabolic changes are required in order to obtain colored, sweet, and flavored berries. There is evidence that ethylene, together with other signals, plays an important role in triggering the onset of ripening. Here, we report the functional characterization of a berry-specific Ethylene Responsive Factor (ERF), VviERF045, which is induced just before véraison and peaks at ripening. Phylogenetic analysis revealed it is close to the SHINE clade of ERFs, factors involved in the regulation of wax biosynthesis and cuticle morphology. Transgenic grapevines lines overexpressing VviERF045 were obtained, in vitro propagated, phenotypically characterized, and analyzed for the content of specific classes of metabolites. The effect of VviERF045 was correlated with the level of transgene expression, with high-expressing lines showing stunted growth, discolored and smaller leaves, and a lower level of chlorophylls and carotenoids. One line with intermediate expression, L15, was characterized at the transcriptomic level and showed 573 differentially expressed genes compared to wild type plants. Microscopy and gene expression analyses point toward a major role of VviERF045 in epidermis patterning by acting on waxes and cuticle. They also indicate that VviERF045 affects phenolic secondary metabolism and induces a reaction resembling a plant immune response with modulation of receptor like-kinases and pathogen related genes. These results suggest also a possible role of this transcription factor in berry ripening, likely related to changes in epidermis and cuticle of the berry, cell expansion, a decrease in photosynthetic capacity, and the activation of several defense related genes as well as from the phenylpropanoid metabolism. All these processes occur in the berry during ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Leida
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
- *Correspondence: Carmen Leida,
| | - Antonio Dal Rì
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Lorenza Dalla Costa
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Maria D. Gómez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasValencia, Spain
| | - Valerio Pompili
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Paolo Sonego
- Computational Biology Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachTrento, Italy
| | - Kristof Engelen
- Computational Biology Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachTrento, Italy
| | - Domenico Masuero
- Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachTrento, Italy
| | - Gabino Ríos
- Fruit Tree Breeding Department, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones AgrariasMoncada, Spain
| | - Claudio Moser
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
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Mattiello L, Riaño-Pachón DM, Martins MCM, da Cruz LP, Bassi D, Marchiori PER, Ribeiro RV, Labate MTV, Labate CA, Menossi M. Physiological and transcriptional analyses of developmental stages along sugarcane leaf. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:300. [PMID: 26714767 PMCID: PMC4696237 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0694-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugarcane is one of the major crops worldwide. It is cultivated in over 100 countries on 22 million ha. The complex genetic architecture and the lack of a complete genomic sequence in sugarcane hamper the adoption of molecular approaches to study its physiology and to develop new varieties. Investments on the development of new sugarcane varieties have been made to maximize sucrose yield, a trait dependent on photosynthetic capacity. However, detailed studies on sugarcane leaves are scarce. In this work, we report the first molecular and physiological characterization of events taking place along a leaf developmental gradient in sugarcane. RESULTS Photosynthetic response to CO2 indicated divergence in photosynthetic capacity based on PEPcase activity, corroborated by activity quantification (both in vivo and in vitro) and distinct levels of carbon discrimination on different segments along leaf length. Additionally, leaf segments had contrasting amount of chlorophyll, nitrogen and sugars. RNA-Seq data indicated a plethora of biochemical pathways differentially expressed along the leaf. Some transcription factors families were enriched on each segment and their putative functions corroborate with the distinct developmental stages. Several genes with higher expression in the middle segment, the one with the highest photosynthetic rates, were identified and their role in sugarcane productivity is discussed. Interestingly, sugarcane leaf segments had a different transcriptional behavior compared to previously published data from maize. CONCLUSION This is the first report of leaf developmental analysis in sugarcane. Our data on sugarcane is another source of information for further studies aiming to understand and/or improve C4 photosynthesis. The segments used in this work were distinct in their physiological status allowing deeper molecular analysis. Although limited in some aspects, the comparison to maize indicates that all data acquired on one C4 species cannot always be easily extrapolated to other species. However, our data indicates that some transcriptional factors were segment-specific and the sugarcane leaf undergoes through the process of suberizarion, photosynthesis establishment and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mattiello
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Genoma Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil.
| | - Diego Mauricio Riaño-Pachón
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marina Camara Mattos Martins
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Prado da Cruz
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Denis Bassi
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Eduardo Ribeiro Marchiori
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas "Coaracy M. Franco", Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Ecofisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto Agronômico, Caixa Postal 28, Campinas, 13020-902, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Vasconcelos Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia de Plantas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, Campinas, 13083-970, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mônica T Veneziano Labate
- Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 83, Piracicaba, 13400-970, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Alberto Labate
- Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 83, Piracicaba, 13400-970, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Menossi
- Laboratório de Genoma Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil.
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Dobritzsch S, Weyhe M, Schubert R, Dindas J, Hause G, Kopka J, Hause B. Dissection of jasmonate functions in tomato stamen development by transcriptome and metabolome analyses. BMC Biol 2015; 13:28. [PMID: 25895675 PMCID: PMC4443647 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jasmonates are well known plant signaling components required for stress responses and development. A prominent feature of jasmonate biosynthesis or signaling mutants is the loss of fertility. In contrast to the male sterile phenotype of Arabidopsis mutants, the tomato mutant jai1-1 exhibits female sterility with additional severe effects on stamen and pollen development. Its senescence phenotype suggests a function of jasmonates in regulation of processes known to be mediated by ethylene. To test the hypothesis that ethylene involved in tomato stamen development is regulated by jasmonates, a temporal profiling of hormone content, transcriptome and metabolome of tomato stamens was performed using wild type and jai1-1. RESULTS Wild type stamens showed a transient increase of jasmonates that is absent in jai1-1. Comparative transcriptome analyses revealed a diminished expression of genes involved in pollen nutrition at early developmental stages of jai1-1 stamens, but an enhanced expression of ethylene-related genes at late developmental stages. This finding coincides with an early increase of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in jai1-1 and a premature pollen release from stamens, a phenotype similarly visible in an ethylene overproducing mutant. Application of jasmonates to flowers of transgenic plants affected in jasmonate biosynthesis diminished expression of ethylene-related genes, whereas the double mutant jai1-1 NeverRipe (ethylene insensitive) showed a complementation of jai1-1 phenotype in terms of dehiscence and pollen release. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest an essential role of jasmonates in the temporal inhibition of ethylene production to prevent premature desiccation of stamens and to ensure proper timing in flower development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Dobritzsch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D06120, Halle, Germany.
| | - Martin Weyhe
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D06120, Halle, Germany.
| | - Ramona Schubert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D06120, Halle, Germany.
| | - Julian Dindas
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D06120, Halle, Germany.
- Present address: Department of Botany I, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D97082, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Gerd Hause
- Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Biocenter, Electron Microscopy, Weinbergweg 22, D06120, Halle, Germany.
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, D14476, Potsdam, (OT) Golm, Germany.
| | - Bettina Hause
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D06120, Halle, Germany.
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15
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Tomato ethylene mutants exhibit differences in arbuscular mycorrhiza development and levels of plant defense-related transcripts. Symbiosis 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-013-0251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Ethylene (ET) is a gaseous phytohormone that participates in various plant physiological processes and essentially contributes to plant immunity. ET conducts its functions by regulating the expression of ET-responsive genes or in crosstalk with other hormones. Several recent studies have shown the significance of ET in the establishment and development of plant-microbe interactions. Therefore, it is not surprising that pathogens and mutualistic symbionts target ET synthesis or signaling to colonize plants. This review introduces the significance of ET metabolism in plant-microbe interactions, with an emphasis on its role in mutualistic symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Khatabi
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville, TN USA
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- School of Life Sciences; University of Warwick; Coventry, UK
- Correspondence to: Patrick Schäfer,
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Guillet C, Aboul-Soud MAM, Le Menn A, Viron N, Pribat A, Germain V, Just D, Baldet P, Rousselle P, Lemaire-Chamley M, Rothan C. Regulation of the fruit-specific PEP carboxylase SlPPC2 promoter at early stages of tomato fruit development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36795. [PMID: 22615815 PMCID: PMC3355170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The SlPPC2 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC; EC 4.1.1.31) gene from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is differentially and specifically expressed in expanding tissues of developing tomato fruit. We recently showed that a 1966 bp DNA fragment located upstream of the ATG codon of the SlPPC2 gene (GenBank AJ313434) confers appropriate fruit-specificity in transgenic tomato. In this study, we further investigated the regulation of the SlPPC2 promoter gene by analysing the SlPPC2 cis-regulating region fused to either the firefly luciferase (LUC) or the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, using stable genetic transformation and biolistic transient expression assays in the fruit. Biolistic analyses of 5' SlPPC2 promoter deletions fused to LUC in fruits at the 8(th) day after anthesis revealed that positive regulatory regions are mostly located in the distal region of the promoter. In addition, a 5' UTR leader intron present in the 1966 bp fragment contributes to the proper temporal regulation of LUC activity during fruit development. Interestingly, the SlPPC2 promoter responds to hormones (ethylene) and metabolites (sugars) regulating fruit growth and metabolism. When tested by transient expression assays, the chimeric promoter:LUC fusion constructs allowed gene expression in both fruit and leaf, suggesting that integration into the chromatin is required for fruit-specificity. These results clearly demonstrate that SlPPC2 gene is under tight transcriptional regulation in the developing fruit and that its promoter can be employed to drive transgene expression specifically during the cell expansion stage of tomato fruit. Taken together, the SlPPC2 promoter offers great potential as a candidate for driving transgene expression specifically in developing tomato fruit from various tomato cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Guillet
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Mourad A. M. Aboul-Soud
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| | - Aline Le Menn
- Unité de Génétique et d’Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Montfavet, France
| | - Nicolas Viron
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Anne Pribat
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Véronique Germain
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Daniel Just
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Pierre Baldet
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Patrick Rousselle
- Unité de Génétique et d’Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Montfavet, France
| | - Martine Lemaire-Chamley
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Christophe Rothan
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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Zhang L, Jia C, Liu L, Zhang Z, Li C, Wang Q. The involvement of jasmonates and ethylene in Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici toxin-induced tomato cell death. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:5405-18. [PMID: 21865178 PMCID: PMC3223041 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that an ethylene (ET)-dependent pathway is involved in the cell death signalling triggered by Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici (AAL) toxin in detached tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves. In this study, the role of jasmonic acid (JA) signalling in programmed cell death (PCD) induced by AAL toxin was analysed using a 35S::prosystemin transgenic line (35S::prosys), a JA-deficient mutant spr2, and a JA-insensitive mutant jai1. The results indicated that JA biosynthesis and signalling play a positive role in the AAL toxin-induced PCD process. In addition, treatment with the exogenous ET action inhibitor silver thiosulphate (STS) greatly suppressed necrotic lesions in 35S::prosys leaves, although 35S::prosys leaflets co-treated with AAL toxin and STS still have a significant high relative conductivity. Application of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) markedly enhanced the sensitivity of spr2 and jai1 mutants to the toxin. However, compared with AAL toxin treatment alone, exogenous application of JA to the ET-insensitive mutant Never ripe (Nr) did not alter AAL toxin-induced cell death. In addition, the reduced ET-mediated gene expression in jai1 leaves was restored by co-treatment with ACC and AAL toxin. Furthermore, JA treatment restored the decreased expression of ET biosynthetic genes but not ET-responsive genes in the Nr mutant compared with the toxin treatment alone. Based on these results, it is proposed that both JA and ET promote the AAL toxin-induced cell death alone, and the JAI1 receptor-dependent JA pathway also acts upstream of ET biosynthesis in AAL toxin-triggered PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chengguo Jia
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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19
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Carvalho RF, Campos ML, Pino LE, Crestana SL, Zsögön A, Lima JE, Benedito VA, Peres LEP. Convergence of developmental mutants into a single tomato model system: 'Micro-Tom' as an effective toolkit for plant development research. PLANT METHODS 2011; 7:18. [PMID: 21714900 PMCID: PMC3146949 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-7-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plant is both an economically important food crop and an ideal dicot model to investigate various physiological phenomena not possible in Arabidopsis thaliana. Due to the great diversity of tomato cultivars used by the research community, it is often difficult to reliably compare phenotypes. The lack of tomato developmental mutants in a single genetic background prevents the stacking of mutations to facilitate analysis of double and multiple mutants, often required for elucidating developmental pathways. RESULTS We took advantage of the small size and rapid life cycle of the tomato cultivar Micro-Tom (MT) to create near-isogenic lines (NILs) by introgressing a suite of hormonal and photomorphogenetic mutations (altered sensitivity or endogenous levels of auxin, ethylene, abscisic acid, gibberellin, brassinosteroid, and light response) into this genetic background. To demonstrate the usefulness of this collection, we compared developmental traits between the produced NILs. All expected mutant phenotypes were expressed in the NILs. We also created NILs harboring the wild type alleles for dwarf, self-pruning and uniform fruit, which are mutations characteristic of MT. This amplified both the applications of the mutant collection presented here and of MT as a genetic model system. CONCLUSIONS The community resource presented here is a useful toolkit for plant research, particularly for future studies in plant development, which will require the simultaneous observation of the effect of various hormones, signaling pathways and crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério F Carvalho
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba - SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo L Campos
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba - SP, Brazil
| | - Lilian E Pino
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba - SP, Brazil
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), USP, Av. Centenário, 303, CEP 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone L Crestana
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba - SP, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba - SP, Brazil
| | - Joni E Lima
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba - SP, Brazil
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), USP, Av. Centenário, 303, CEP 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Vagner A Benedito
- Genetics and Developmental Biology Program, Plant and Soil Sciences Division, West Virginia University, 2090 Agricultural Sciences Building, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Lázaro EP Peres
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba - SP, Brazil
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20
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de Los Santos RT, Vierheilig H, Ocampo JA, Garrido JMG. Altered pattern of arbuscular mycorrhizal formation in tomato ethylene mutants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:755-8. [PMID: 21543888 PMCID: PMC3172857 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.5.15415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although no specific role has been demonstrated for ethylene during Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, recent results suggest its participation in the regulation of the AM. Analysis of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in the abscisic acid (ABA)-deficient tomato sitiens mutant has shown that ABA deficiency induced ethylene production. It has also been suggested that one of the mechanisms used by ABA to determine susceptibility to fungal infection is negative modulation of the ethylene pathway. In this study, we describe the pattern of mycorrhization in mutant plants with altered ethylene biosynthesis and/or perception pathways. Epinastic (epi) plants with increased ethylene response were unaffected in terms of mycorrhizal frequency, although this mutation had a considerable negative impact on the intensity of mycorrhizal root colonization. The negative impact of the mutation in epi plants on the intensity of mycorrhizal root colonization was associated with a transitory increase in the transcript level of the LeETR6 ethylene receptor gene. On the other hand, ripenenig-inhibitor (rin) tomato mutant plants were positively affected in relation to all the mycorrhizal colonization parameters measured, suggesting that, at least in tomato plants, the regulation of AM formation is mediated by the RIN pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Torres de Los Santos
- Departament of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), CSIC, Granada, Spain
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21
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Gallie DR. Regulated ethylene insensitivity through the inducible expression of the Arabidopsis etr1-1 mutant ethylene receptor in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:1928-39. [PMID: 20181754 PMCID: PMC2850004 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.151688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene serves as an important hormone controlling several aspects of plant growth and development, including fruit ripening and leaf and petal senescence. Ethylene is perceived following its binding to membrane-localized receptors, resulting in their inactivation and the induction of ethylene responses. Five distinct types of receptors are expressed in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and mutant receptors have been described that repress ethylene signaling in a dominant negative manner. One such mutant, ethylene resistant1-1 (etr1-1), results in a strong ethylene-insensitive phenotype in Arabidopsis. In this study, regulated expression of the Arabidopsis etr1-1 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) was achieved using an inducible promoter. In the absence of the inducer, transgenic seedlings remained sensitive to ethylene, but in its presence, a state of ethylene insensitivity was induced, resulting in the elongation of the hypocotyl and root in dark-grown seedlings in the presence of ethylene, a reduction or absence of an apical hook, and repression of ethylene-inducible E4 expression. The level of ethylene sensitivity could be controlled by the amount of inducer used, demonstrating a linear relationship between the degree of insensitivity and etr1-1 expression. Induction of etr1-1 expression also repressed the epinastic response to ethylene as well as delayed fruit ripening. Restoration of ethylene sensitivity was achieved following the cessation of the induction. These results demonstrate the ability to control ethylene responses temporally and in amount through the control of mutant receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Gallie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0129, USA.
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22
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Negi S, Sukumar P, Liu X, Cohen JD, Muday GK. Genetic dissection of the role of ethylene in regulating auxin-dependent lateral and adventitious root formation in tomato. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 61:3-15. [PMID: 19793078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.04027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the role of ethylene in the formation of lateral and adventitious roots in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) using mutants isolated for altered ethylene signaling and fruit ripening. Mutations that block ethylene responses and delay ripening -Nr (Never ripe), gr (green ripe), nor (non ripening), and rin (ripening inhibitor) - have enhanced lateral root formation. In contrast, the epi (epinastic) mutant, which has elevated ethylene and constitutive ethylene signaling in some tissues, or treatment with the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC), reduces lateral root formation. Treatment with ACC inhibits the initiation and elongation of lateral roots, except in the Nr genotype. Root basipetal and acropetal indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) transport increase with ACC treatments or in the epi mutant, while in the Nr mutant there is less auxin transport than in the wild type and transport is insensitive to ACC. In contrast, the process of adventitious root formation shows the opposite response to ethylene, with ACC treatment and the epi mutation increasing adventitious root formation and the Nr mutation reducing the number of adventitious roots. In hypocotyls, ACC treatment negatively regulated IAA transport while the Nr mutant showed increased IAA transport in hypocotyls. Ethylene significantly reduces free IAA content in roots, but only subtly changes free IAA content in tomato hypocotyls. These results indicate a negative role for ethylene in lateral root formation and a positive role in adventitious root formation with modulation of auxin transport as a central point of ethylene-auxin crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Negi
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Room 226 Winston Hall, Box 7325, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
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Kee JJ, Jun SE, Baek SA, Lee TS, Cho MR, Hwang HS, Lee SC, Kim J, Kim GT, Im KH. Overexpression of the downward leaf curling (DLC) gene from melon changes leaf morphology by controlling cell size and shape in Arabidopsis leaves. Mol Cells 2009; 28:93-8. [PMID: 19669629 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A plant-specific gene was cloned from melon fruit. This gene was named downward leaf curling (CmDLC) based on the phenotype of transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the gene. This expression level of this gene was especially upregulated during melon fruit enlargement. Overexpression of CmDLC in Arabidopsis resulted in dwarfism and narrow, epinastically curled leaves. These phenotypes were found to be caused by a reduction in cell number and cell size on the adaxial and abaxial sides of the epidermis, with a greater reduction on the abaxial side of the leaves. These phenotypic characteristics, combined with the more wavy morphology of epidermal cells in overexpression lines, indicate that CmDLC overexpression affects cell elongation and cell morphology. To investigate intracellular protein localization, a CmDLC-GFP fusion protein was made and expressed in onion epidermal cells. This protein was observed to be preferentially localized close to the cell membrane. Thus, we report here a new plant-specific gene that is localized to the cell membrane and that controls leaf cell number, size and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Jun Kee
- Department of Biology, University of Incheon, Incheon, 402-749, Korea
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24
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Lin Z, Arciga-Reyes L, Zhong S, Alexander L, Hackett R, Wilson I, Grierson D. SlTPR1, a tomato tetratricopeptide repeat protein, interacts with the ethylene receptors NR and LeETR1, modulating ethylene and auxin responses and development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:4271-87. [PMID: 19036844 PMCID: PMC2639023 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The gaseous hormone ethylene is perceived by a family of ethylene receptors which interact with the Raf-like kinase CTR1. SlTPR1 encodes a novel TPR (tetratricopeptide repeat) protein from tomato that interacts with the ethylene receptors NR and LeETR1 in yeast two-hybrid and in vitro protein interaction assays. SlTPR1 protein with a GFP fluorescent tag was localized in the plasmalemma and nuclear membrane in Arabidopsis, and SlTPR1-CFP and NR-YFP fusion proteins were co-localized in the plasmalemma and nuclear membrane following co-bombardment of onion cells. Overexpression of SlTPR1 in tomato resulted in ethylene-related pleiotropic effects including reduced stature, delayed and reduced production of inflorescences, abnormal and infertile flowers with degenerate styles and pollen, epinasty, reduced apical dominance, inhibition of abscission, altered leaf morphology, and parthenocarpic fruit. Similar phenotypes were seen in Arabidopsis overexpressing SlTPR1. SlTPR1 overexpression did not increase ethylene production but caused enhanced accumulation of mRNA from the ethylene responsive gene ChitB and the auxin-responsive gene SlSAUR1-like, and reduced expression of the auxin early responsive gene LeIAA9, which is known to be inhibited by ethylene and to be associated with parthenocarpy. Cuttings from the SlTPR1-overexpressors produced fewer adventitious roots and were less responsive to indole butyric acid. It is suggested that SlTPR1 overexpression enhances a subset of ethylene and auxin responses by interacting with specific ethylene receptors. SlTPR1 shares features with human TTC1, which interacts with heterotrimeric G-proteins and Ras, and competes with Raf-1 for Ras binding. Models for SlTPR1 action are proposed involving modulation of ethylene signalling or receptor levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Don Grierson
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail:
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25
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De la Torre F, Del Carmen Rodríguez-Gacio M, Matilla AJ. How ethylene works in the reproductive organs of higher plants: a signaling update from the third millennium. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2006; 1:231-42. [PMID: 19516984 PMCID: PMC2634124 DOI: 10.4161/psb.1.5.3389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene (ET) is a notable signaling molecule in higher plants. In the year 1993 the ET receptor gene, ETR1, was identified; this ETR1 receptor protein being the first plant hormone receptor to be isolated. It is striking that there are six ET receptors in tomato instead of five in Arabidopsis, the two best-known signaling-model systems. Even though over the last few years great progress has been made in elucidating the genes and proteins involved in ET signaling, the complete pathway remains to be established. The present review examines the most representative successive advances that have taken place in this millennium in terms of the signaling pathway of ET, as well as the implications of the signaling in the reproductive organs of plants (i.e., flowers, fruits, seeds and pollen grains). A detailed comparative study is made on the advances in knowledge in the last decade, showing how the characterization of ET signaling provides clues for understanding how higher plants regulate their ET sensitivity. Also, it is indicated that ET signaling is at present sparking interest within phytohormonal molecular physiology and biology, and it is explained why several socio-economic aspects (flowering and fruit ripening) are undoubtedly involved in ET physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco De la Torre
- Department of Plant Physiology; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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26
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Wang ZF, Ying TJ, Bao BL, Huang XD. Characteristics of fruit ripening in tomato mutant epi. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2005; 6:502-7. [PMID: 15909334 PMCID: PMC1389880 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2005.b0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of fruit ripening and expression of ripening-related genes were investigated in epi, an ethylene overproduction mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). The epi produces apparently more ethylene than its wild type VFN8 at every stage of vegetative and fruit growth and ripening; compared to VFN8, the epi fruit showed higher CO2 evolution, faster descending of chlorophyll, slightly quicker increase of carotenoid and lycopene, and faster reduction in pericarp firmness during maturation and ripening; and the mRNAs of three ripening-related genes including E8, pTOM5 and pTOM6 were at higher levels in epi. The ripening-related characteristics changing of the fruit are consistent with the increase of ethylene production and ripening-related genes expression. These results suggest that epi mutation possibly did not affect the ethylene perception and signaling during fruit ripening, and that the modified characteristics of fruit ripening possibly resulted from the ethylene overproduction and increased expression of ripening-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-feng Wang
- School of Biosystem Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Institute of Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China
| | - Tie-jin Ying
- School of Biosystem Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- †E-mail:
| | - Bi-li Bao
- School of Biosystem Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Xiao-dan Huang
- School of Biosystem Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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Barry CS, McQuinn RP, Thompson AJ, Seymour GB, Grierson D, Giovannoni JJ. Ethylene insensitivity conferred by the Green-ripe and Never-ripe 2 ripening mutants of tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 138:267-75. [PMID: 15834010 PMCID: PMC1104181 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.057745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 02/19/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The ripening of a fleshy fruit represents the summation of an array of biochemical processes that are regulated by interactions between developmental programs and environmental inputs. Analysis of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutants and inhibitor studies indicate that ethylene is necessary for full development of the ripening program of climacteric fruit such as tomato, yet ethylene alone is not sufficient. This suggests that an interaction between ethylene and nonethylene (or developmental) pathways mediates ripening. In this study, we have examined the physiological basis for ripening inhibition of the dominant Green-ripe (Gr) and Never-ripe 2 (Nr-2) mutants of tomato. Our data suggest that this inhibition is due to ethylene insensitivity in mutant fruit. Further investigation of ethylene responses in Gr and Nr-2 plants also revealed weak ethylene insensitivity during floral senescence and abscission and, during inhibition of root elongation, a phenotype associated with the triple response. However, ethylene-induced inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and petiole epinasty are normal in Gr and Nr-2, suggesting that these loci regulate a subset of ethylene responses. We have mapped both dominant mutations to a 2-cM overlapping region of the long arm of chromosome 1 of tomato, a region not previously linked to any known ethylene signaling loci. The phenotypic similarity and overlapping map location of these mutations suggest Gr and Nr-2 may be allelic and may possibly encode a novel component of the ethylene response pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius S Barry
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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28
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Adams-Phillips L, Barry C, Giovannoni J. Signal transduction systems regulating fruit ripening. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2004; 9:331-8. [PMID: 15231278 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a unique aspect of plant development with direct implications for a large component of the food supply and related areas of human health and nutrition. Recent advances in ripening research have given insights into the molecular basis of conserved developmental signals coordinating the ripening process and suggest that sequences related to floral development genes might be logical targets for additional discovery. Recent characterization of hormonal and environmental signal transduction components active in tomato fruit ripening (particularly ethylene and light) show conservation of signaling components yet novel gene family size and expression motifs that might facilitate complete and timely manifestation of ripening phenotypes. Emerging genomics tools and approaches are rapidly providing new clues and candidate genes that are expanding the known regulatory circuitry of ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Adams-Phillips
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Cornell Campus, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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29
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Adams-Phillips L, Barry C, Kannan P, Leclercq J, Bouzayen M, Giovannoni J. Evidence that CTR1-mediated ethylene signal transduction in tomato is encoded by a multigene family whose members display distinct regulatory features. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 54:387-404. [PMID: 15284494 DOI: 10.1023/b:plan.0000036371.30528.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene governs a range of developmental and response processes in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the Raf-like kinase CTR1 acts as a key negative regulator of ethylene responses. While only one gene with CTR1 function apparently exists in Arabidopsis, we have isolated a family of CTR1- like genes in tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ). Based on amino acid alignments and phylogenetic analysis, these tomato CTR1- like genes are more similar to Arabidopsis CTR1 than any other sequences in the Arabidopsis genome. Structural analysis reveals considerable conservation in the size and position of the exons between Arabidopsis and tomato CTR1 genomic sequences. Complementation of the Arabidopsis ctr1-8 mutant with each of the tomato CTR genes indicates that they are all capable of functioning as negative regulators of the ethylene pathway. We previously reported that LeCTR1 expression is up-regulated in response to ethylene. Here, quantitative real-time PCR was carried out to detail expression for LeCTR1 and the additional CTR1 -like genes of tomato. Our results indicate that the tomato CTR1 gene family is differentially regulated at the mRNA level by ethylene and during stages of development marked by increased ethylene biosynthesis, including fruit ripening. The possibility of a multi-gene family of CTR1 -like genes in other species besides tomato was examined through mining of EST and genomic sequence databases.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Plant/chemistry
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Ethylenes/pharmacology
- Exons
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Genetic Complementation Test
- Introns
- Solanum lycopersicum/drug effects
- Solanum lycopersicum/genetics
- Solanum lycopersicum/physiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family/genetics
- Mutation
- Phenotype
- Phylogeny
- Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Protein Kinases/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Adams-Phillips
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Díaz J, ten Have A, van Kan JAL. The role of ethylene and wound signaling in resistance of tomato to Botrytis cinerea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 129:1341-51. [PMID: 12114587 PMCID: PMC166527 DOI: 10.1104/pp.001453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene, jasmonate, and salicylate play important roles in plant defense responses to pathogens. To investigate the contributions of these compounds in resistance of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, three types of experiments were conducted: (a) quantitative disease assays with plants pretreated with ethylene, inhibitors of ethylene perception, or salicylate; (b) quantitative disease assays with mutants or transgenes affected in the production of or the response to either ethylene or jasmonate; and (c) expression analysis of defense-related genes before and after inoculation of plants with B. cinerea. Plants pretreated with ethylene showed a decreased susceptibility toward B. cinerea, whereas pretreatment with 1-methylcyclopropene, an inhibitor of ethylene perception, resulted in increased susceptibility. Ethylene pretreatment induced expression of several pathogenesis-related protein genes before B. cinerea infection. Proteinase inhibitor I expression was repressed by ethylene and induced by 1-methylcyclopropene. Ethylene also induced resistance in the mutant Never ripe. RNA analysis showed that Never ripe retained some ethylene sensitivity. The mutant Epinastic, constitutively activated in a subset of ethylene responses, and a transgenic line producing negligible ethylene were also tested. The results confirmed that ethylene responses are important for resistance of tomato to B. cinerea. The mutant Defenseless, impaired in jasmonate biosynthesis, showed increased susceptibility to B. cinerea. A transgenic line with reduced prosystemin expression showed similar susceptibility as Defenseless, whereas a prosystemin-overexpressing transgene was highly resistant. Ethylene and wound signaling acted independently on resistance. Salicylate and ethylene acted synergistically on defense gene expression, but antagonistically on resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Díaz
- Wageningen University Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Binnenhaven 5, P.O. Box 8025, 6700 EE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Wang KLC, Li H, Ecker JR. Ethylene biosynthesis and signaling networks. THE PLANT CELL 2002; 14 Suppl:S131-51. [PMID: 12045274 PMCID: PMC151252 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.001768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 956] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2002] [Accepted: 03/18/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph R. Ecker
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail ; fax 858-558-6379
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