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Huq E, Lin C, Quail PH. Light signaling in plants-a selective history. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:213-231. [PMID: 38431282 PMCID: PMC11060691 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
In addition to providing the radiant energy that drives photosynthesis, sunlight carries signals that enable plants to grow, develop and adapt optimally to the prevailing environment. Here we trace the path of research that has led to our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the plant's capacity to perceive and transduce these signals into appropriate growth and developmental responses. Because a fully comprehensive review was not possible, we have restricted our coverage to the phytochrome and cryptochrome classes of photosensory receptors, while recognizing that the phototropin and UV classes also contribute importantly to the full scope of light-signal monitoring by the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enamul Huq
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and The Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chentao Lin
- Basic Forestry and Plant Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Peter H Quail
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Plant Gene Expression Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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2
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Kumar V, Sugumaran K, Al-Roumi A, Shajan A. De-novo transcriptome assembly and analysis of lettuce plants grown under red, blue or white light. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22477. [PMID: 36577773 PMCID: PMC9797559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is grown in various parts of the world for use as a leafy vegetable. Although the use of light-emitting diode (LED) in controlled plant production systems has been successfully used to enhance nutritional quality and plant growth efficiently, the molecular basis of lettuce's response to varying light spectra is not studied. Using next-generation sequencing, we have analyzed the transcriptomes of leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. 'New Red Fire') grown hydroponically in a modular agricultural production system under three different types of LED lighting: red, blue, and white light. Illumina HiSeq sequencing platform was used to generate paired-end sequence reads (58 Gb raw and 54 Gb clean data) of the transcriptome of lettuce leaves exposed to varying light spectra. The de novo assembled final transcriptome contained 74,096 transcripts. Around 53% and 39% of the assembled transcripts matched to the UniProt and RefSeq RNA sequences, respectively. The validation of the differentially expressed transcripts using RT-qPCR showed complete agreement with RNA-Seq data for 27 transcripts. A comparison of the blue versus red light treatments showed the highest number of significantly differentially expressed transcripts. Among the transcripts significantly up-regulated in blue-light-exposed leaves compared to white-light-exposed leaves, ~ 26% were involved in the 'response to stress'. Among the transcripts significantly upregulated under red light compared to white light, ~ 6% were associated with 'nucleosome assembly' and other processes, such as 'oxidation-reduction process' and 'response to water deprivation' were significantly enriched. Thus, the result from the current study provides deeper insights into differential gene expression patterns and associated functional aspects under varying light qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Biotechnology Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait.
| | - Krishnakumar Sugumaran
- Desert Agriculture and Ecosystems Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Amwaj Al-Roumi
- Desert Agriculture and Ecosystems Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Anisha Shajan
- Biotechnology Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait
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3
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De Nobrega AK, Luz KV, Lyons LC. Resetting the Aging Clock: Implications for Managing Age-Related Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1260:193-265. [PMID: 32304036 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42667-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, individuals are living longer due to medical and scientific advances, increased availability of medical care and changes in public health policies. Consequently, increasing attention has been focused on managing chronic conditions and age-related diseases to ensure healthy aging. The endogenous circadian system regulates molecular, physiological and behavioral rhythms orchestrating functional coordination and processes across tissues and organs. Circadian disruption or desynchronization of circadian oscillators increases disease risk and appears to accelerate aging. Reciprocally, aging weakens circadian function aggravating age-related diseases and pathologies. In this review, we summarize the molecular composition and structural organization of the circadian system in mammals and humans, and evaluate the technological and societal factors contributing to the increasing incidence of circadian disorders. Furthermore, we discuss the adverse effects of circadian dysfunction on aging and longevity and the bidirectional interactions through which aging affects circadian function using examples from mammalian research models and humans. Additionally, we review promising methods for managing healthy aging through behavioral and pharmacological reinforcement of the circadian system. Understanding age-related changes in the circadian clock and minimizing circadian dysfunction may be crucial components to promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza K De Nobrega
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Kristine V Luz
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Lisa C Lyons
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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4
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Cloning and Functional Characterization of Dihydroflavonol 4-Reductase Gene Involved in Anthocyanidin Biosynthesis of Grape Hyacinth. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194743. [PMID: 31554290 PMCID: PMC6801978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape hyacinth (Muscari spp.) is a popular ornamental plant with bulbous flowers noted for their rich blue color. Muscari species have been thought to accumulate delphinidin and cyanidin rather than pelargonidin-type anthocyanins because their dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) does not efficiently reduce dihydrokaempferol. In our study, we clone a novel DFR gene from blue flowers of Muscari. aucheri. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and anthocyanin analysis showed that the expression pattern of MaDFR had strong correlations with the accumulation of delphinidin, relatively weak correlations with cyanidin, and no correations with pelargonidin. However, in vitro enzymatic analysis revealed that the MaDFR enzyme can reduce all the three types of dihydroflavonols (dihydrokaempferol, dihydroquercetin, and dihydromyricetin), although it most preferred dihydromyricetin as a substrate to produce leucodelphinidin, the precursor of blue-hued delphinidin. This indicated that there may be other functional genes responsible for the loss of red pelargonidin-based pigments in Muscari. To further verify the substrate-specific selection domains of MaDFR, an assay of amino acid substitutions was conducted. The activity of MaDFR was not affected whenever the N135 or E146 site was mutated. However, when both of them were mutated, the catalytic activity of MaDFR was lost completely. The results suggest that both the N135 and E146 sites are essential for the activity of MaDFR. Additionally, the heterologous expression of MaDFR in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) resulted in increasing anthocyanin accumulation, leading to a darker flower color, which suggested that MaDFR was involved in color development in flowers. In summary, MaDFR has a high preference for dihydromyricetin, and it could be a powerful candidate gene for genetic engineering for blue flower colour modification. Our results also make a valuable contribution to understanding the basis of color variation in the genus Muscari.
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5
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Verma SK, Gantait S, Jeong BR, Hwang SJ. Enhanced growth and cardenolides production in Digitalis purpurea under the influence of different LED exposures in the plant factory. Sci Rep 2018; 8:18009. [PMID: 30573772 PMCID: PMC6302110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report, we have investigated the influence of different light qualities on Digitalis purpurea under a controlled environment. For this purpose, red (R), blue (B), fluorescent lamp (FL, control), along with combined red and blue (R:B) LEDs were used. Interestingly, the plant growth parameters such as number of leaf, longest root, width of leaf, width of stomata, width of trichome, leaf area, leaf or root fresh weight (FW), weight (DW) as well as length of trichome were maximum under R:B (8:2), and significantly larger than control plants. The stomatal conductance or anthocyanin was maximum under B LED than those under FL, however the photosynthesis rate was greater under FL. RuBisCO activity was maximum under R:B (1:1) LEDs while the quantity of the UV absorbing substances was highest under R LED than under FL. The maximum amount of cardenolides were obtained from leaf tissue under R:B (2:8) LED than those under FL. The R:B LEDs light was suitable for Digitalis plant growth, development, micro- and macro-elements, as well as cardenolides accumulation in the plant factory system. The adaptation of the growth strategy developed in this study would be useful for the production of optimized secondary metabolites in Digitalis spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Verma
- Department of Agricultural Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea. .,Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea. .,Biotechnology Laboratory (TUBITAK Fellow), Department of Biology, Bolu Abant Izeet Baysal University, 14030, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Saikat Gantait
- Crop Research Unit, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741252, India.,Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741252, India
| | - Byoung Ryong Jeong
- Department of Agricultural Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.,Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.,Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.,Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Seung Jae Hwang
- Department of Agricultural Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea. .,Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea. .,Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea. .,Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.
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Honma S. The mammalian circadian system: a hierarchical multi-oscillator structure for generating circadian rhythm. J Physiol Sci 2018; 68:207-219. [PMID: 29460036 PMCID: PMC10717972 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-0597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The circadian nature of physiology and behavior is regulated by a circadian clock that generates intrinsic rhythms with a periodicity of approximately 24 h. The mammalian circadian system is composed of a hierarchical multi-oscillator structure, with the central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus regulating the peripheral clocks found throughout the body. In the past two decades, key clock genes have been discovered in mammals and shown to be interlocked in transcriptional and translational feedback loops. At the cellular level, each cell is governed by its own independent clock; and yet, these cellular circadian clocks in the SCN form regional oscillators that are further coupled to one another to generate a single rhythm for the tissue. The oscillatory coupling within and between the regional oscillators appears to be critical for the extraordinary stability and the wide range of adaptability of the circadian clock, the mechanism of which is now being elucidated with newly advanced molecular tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sato Honma
- Research and Education Center for Brain Science, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
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7
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Kim S, Hwang G, Lee S, Zhu JY, Paik I, Nguyen TT, Kim J, Oh E. High Ambient Temperature Represses Anthocyanin Biosynthesis through Degradation of HY5. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1787. [PMID: 29104579 PMCID: PMC5655971 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are flavonoid compounds that protect plant tissues from many environmental stresses including high light irradiance, freezing temperatures, and pathogen infection. Regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis is intimately associated with environmental changes to enhance plant survival under stressful environmental conditions. Various factors, such as UV, visible light, cold, osmotic stress, and pathogen infection, can induce anthocyanin biosynthesis. In contrast, high temperatures are known to reduce anthocyanin accumulation in many plant species, even drastically in the skin of fruits such as grape berries and apples. However, the mechanisms by which high temperatures regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana remain largely unknown. Here, we show that high ambient temperatures repress anthocyanin biosynthesis through the E3 ubiquitin ligase CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1) and the positive regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5). We show that an increase in ambient temperature decreases expression of genes required in both the early and late steps of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis seedlings. As a result, seedlings grown at a high temperature (28°C) accumulate less anthocyanin pigment than those grown at a low temperature (17°C). We further show that high temperature induces the degradation of the HY5 protein in a COP1 activity-dependent manner. In agreement with this finding, anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation do not respond to ambient temperature changes in cop1 and hy5 mutant plants. The degradation of HY5 derepresses the expression of MYBL2, which partially mediates the high temperature repression of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Overall, our study demonstrates that high ambient temperatures repress anthocyanin biosynthesis through a COP1-HY5 signaling module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kim
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Geonhee Hwang
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Seulgi Lee
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jia-Ying Zhu
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Inyup Paik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Thom Thi Nguyen
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jungmook Kim
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Eunkyoo Oh
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Eunkyoo Oh, ;
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8
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Terfa MT, Solhaug KA, Gislerød HR, Olsen JE, Torre S. A high proportion of blue light increases the photosynthesis capacity and leaf formation rate of Rosa × hybrida but does not affect time to flower opening. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 148:146-59. [PMID: 23020549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in light quality affect plant morphogenesis and photosynthetic responses but the effects vary significantly between species. Roses exhibit an irradiance-dependent flowering control but knowledge on light quality responses is scarce. In this study we analyzed, the responses in morphology, photosynthesis and flowering of Rosa × hybrida to different blue (B) light proportions provided by light-emitting diodes (LED, high B 20%) and high pressure sodium (HPS, low B 5%) lamps. There was a strong morphological and growth effect of the light sources but no significant difference in total dry matter production and flowering. HPS-grown plants had significantly higher leaf area and plant height, yet a higher dry weight proportion was allocated to leaves than stems under LED. LED plants showed 20% higher photosynthetic capacity (Amax ) and higher levels of soluble carbohydrates. The increase in Amax correlated with an increase in leaf mass per unit leaf area, higher stomata conductance and CO2 exchange, total chlorophyll (Chl) content per area and Chl a/b ratio. LED-grown leaves also displayed a more sun-type leaf anatomy with more and longer palisade cells and a higher stomata frequency. Although floral initiation occurred at a higher leaf number in LED, the time to open flowers was the same under both light conditions. Thereby the study shows that a higher portion of B light is efficient in increasing photosynthesis performance per unit leaf area, enhancing growth and morphological changes in roses but does not affect the total Dry Matter (DM) production or time to open flower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meseret Tesema Terfa
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
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9
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Chao D, Lin H. The tricks plants use to reach appropriate light. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2010; 53:916-26. [PMID: 20821290 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-4047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The perception of ambient light signals that produce a relevant response to ensure exposure to appropriate levels of light energy is vital for plants. In response to this, intricate molecular mechanisms to mediate light signaling have evolved in plants. Among the responses induced by light, seedling extension is a determining event for plant survival in darkness, especially in the initial stage of plant growth. Here we review previous studies and recent progress towards an understanding of light signaling that regulates seedling elongation. We focus on the three regions of the sunlight spectrum that primarily control seedling elongation, namely red/far-red light, blue/UV-A light and UV-B light, and summarize the four signaling pathways that correspond to the three effective spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- DaiYin Chao
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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10
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Alokam S, Chinnappa CC, Reid DM. Red/far-red light mediated stem elongation and anthocyanin accumulation in Stellaria longipes: differential response of alpine and prairie ecotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1139/b01-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We compared the stem elongation response and anthocyanin accumulation between alpine and prairie plants of Stellaria longipes Goldie under different red/far-red light ratios (R/FR) of 0.7 and 1.9 while all other environmental conditions were uniform. Both ecotypes responded to light quality. The prairie ecotype, considered to be the shade avoider, showed greater stem elongation in response to low R/FR (0.7) than under high R/FR (1.9) as compared with the alpine ecotype. The levels of anthocyanin in prairie plants, as compared with alpine plants, were significantly higher under high R/FR. Under low R/FR, both showed almost the same levels of anthocyanin. Also, the two ecotypes upon etiolation showed differences in the sites of anthocyanin accumulation under different R/FR. The results of the present study show that the extent of the stem elongation response and anthocyanin accumulation in the two ecotypes of S. longipes is likely a result of their origins in two contrasting habitats.Key words: Stellaria, plasticity, anthocyanin, R/FR, stem elongation.
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11
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Kurata H, Takemura T, Furusaki S, Kado CI. Light-controlled expression of a foreign gene using the chalcone synthase promoter in tobacco BY-2 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0922-338x(98)80137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Monici M, Mulinacci N, Baglioni P, Vincieri FF. Flavone photoreactivity. UV-induced reactions in organic solvents and micellar systems. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1993; 20:167-72. [PMID: 8271117 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(93)80147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid photochemistry is a subject of interest in studies dealing with the role of phenolic compounds as screening pigments in plants. In order to contribute to the understanding of the processes involved in the interaction between flavonoids and UV radiation, we have studied UV-induced flavone photodegradation in both organic solvents and micellar systems. The results obtained show that flavone photosensitivity depends on the characteristics of the reaction environment and is influenced by the medium polarity and the charges on the micellar surface. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the photodegradation products were demonstrated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monici
- Dipartimento di Fiscia, Ist. di Elettronica Quantistica CNR, Firenze, Italy
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13
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Kubasek WL, Shirley BW, McKillop A, Goodman HM, Briggs W, Ausubel FM. Regulation of Flavonoid Biosynthetic Genes in Germinating Arabidopsis Seedlings. THE PLANT CELL 1992; 4:1229-1236. [PMID: 12297632 PMCID: PMC160210 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.4.10.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many higher plants, including Arabidopsis, transiently display purple anthocyanin pigments just after seed germination. We observed that steady state levels of mRNAs encoded by four flavonoid biosynthetic genes, PAL1 (encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 1), CHS (encoding chalcone synthase), CHI (encoding chalcone isomerase), and DFR (encoding dihydroflavonol reductase), were temporally regulated, peaking in 3-day-old seedlings grown in continuous white light. Except for the case of PAL1 mRNA, mRNA levels for these flavonoid genes were very low in seedlings grown in darkness. Light induction studies using seedlings grown in darkness showed that PAL1 mRNA began to accumulate before CHS and CHI mRNAs, which, in turn, began to accumulate before DFR mRNA. This order of induction is the same as the order of the biosynthetic steps in flavonoid biosynthesis. Our results suggest that the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway is coordinately regulated by a developmental timing mechanism during germination. Blue light and UVB light induction experiments using red light- and dark-grown seedlings showed that the flavonoid biosynthetic genes are induced most effectively by UVB light and that blue light induction is mediated by a specific blue light receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. L. Kubasek
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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14
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Kubasek WL, Shirley BW, McKillop A, Goodman HM, Briggs W, Ausubel FM. Regulation of Flavonoid Biosynthetic Genes in Germinating Arabidopsis Seedlings. THE PLANT CELL 1992. [PMID: 12297632 DOI: 10.2307/3869409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many higher plants, including Arabidopsis, transiently display purple anthocyanin pigments just after seed germination. We observed that steady state levels of mRNAs encoded by four flavonoid biosynthetic genes, PAL1 (encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 1), CHS (encoding chalcone synthase), CHI (encoding chalcone isomerase), and DFR (encoding dihydroflavonol reductase), were temporally regulated, peaking in 3-day-old seedlings grown in continuous white light. Except for the case of PAL1 mRNA, mRNA levels for these flavonoid genes were very low in seedlings grown in darkness. Light induction studies using seedlings grown in darkness showed that PAL1 mRNA began to accumulate before CHS and CHI mRNAs, which, in turn, began to accumulate before DFR mRNA. This order of induction is the same as the order of the biosynthetic steps in flavonoid biosynthesis. Our results suggest that the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway is coordinately regulated by a developmental timing mechanism during germination. Blue light and UVB light induction experiments using red light- and dark-grown seedlings showed that the flavonoid biosynthetic genes are induced most effectively by UVB light and that blue light induction is mediated by a specific blue light receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. L. Kubasek
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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15
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Abstract
Blue light significantly increased tillering in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants grown at the same photosynthetic photon flux (PPF). Plants were grown under two levels of blue light (400-500 nm) in a controlled environment with continuous irradiation. Plants received either 50 micromoles m-2 s-1 of blue light or 2 micromoles m-2 s-1 blue light from filtered metal halide lamps at a total irradiance of 200 micromoles m-2 s-1 PPF (400-700 nm). Plants tillered an average of 25% more under the higher level of blue light. Blue light also caused a small, but consistent, increase in main culm development, measured as Haun stage. Leaf length was reduced by higher levels of blue light, while plant dry-mass was not significantly affected by blue light. Applying the principle of equivalent light action, the results suggest that tillering and leaf elongation are mediated by the blue-UV light receptor(s) because phytochrome photoequilibrium for each treatment were nearly identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Barnes
- Department of Plants, Soils, and Biometeorology, Utah State University, Logan 84322-4820
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16
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Vally KJM, Sharma R. INTERACTION BETWEEN CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS and PHOTOREGULATION OF AMYLASES IN Pennisetum americanum LEAVES. Photochem Photobiol 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb02070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Mancinelli AL, Rossi F, Moroni A. Cryptochrome, phytochrome, and anthocyanin production. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 96:1079-85. [PMID: 16668301 PMCID: PMC1080896 DOI: 10.1104/pp.96.4.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin production in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings exposed to prolonged irradiations was studied under conditions that allowed discrimination, within certain limits, between the contribution of cryptochrome and phytochrome in the photoregulation of the response. The results of the study provide confirming evidence for the involvement of cryptochrome and direct evidence for a significant contribution of cryptochrome to the fluence rate dependence of the response to blue. The results provide some preliminary, direct indication for an interaction between cryptochrome and phytochrome in the photoregulation of anthocyanin production in seedlings exposed to the prolonged irradiations required for a high level of expression of the response. The type and degree of interaction between the two photoreceptors vary significantly, depending on the species and experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Mancinelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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Feinbaum RL, Storz G, Ausubel FM. High intensity and blue light regulated expression of chimeric chalcone synthase genes in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1991; 226:449-56. [PMID: 2038307 DOI: 10.1007/bf00260658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To establish a genetic system for dissection of light-mediated signal transduction in plants, we analyzed the light wavelengths and promoter sequences responsible for the light-induced expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana chalcone synthase (CHS) promoter fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) marker gene. Transgenic A. thaliana lines carrying 1975, 523, 186, and 17 bp of the CHS promoter fused to the GUS gene were generated, and the expression of these chimeric genes was monitored in response to high intensity light in mature plants and to different wavelengths of light in seedlings. Fusion constructs containing 1975 and 523 bp of CHS promoter sequence behaved identically to the endogenous CHS gene under all conditions. Expression of these constructs was induced specifically in response to high intensity white light and blue light. The response to blue light was seen in the presence of the Pfr form of phytochrome. Fusion constructs containing 186 bp of promoter sequence showed reduced basal levels of expression and only weak stimulation by blue light but were induced significantly by high intensity white light. These analyses showed that the expression of the A. thaliana CHS gene is responsive to a specific blue light receptor and that sequences between -523 and -186 bp are required for optimal basal and blue light-induced expression of this gene. The experiments lay the foundation for a simple genetic screen for light response mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Feinbaum
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Mancinelli AL. Interaction between Light Quality and Light Quantity in the Photoregulation of Anthocyanin Production. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1990; 92:1191-5. [PMID: 16667389 PMCID: PMC1062434 DOI: 10.1104/pp.92.4.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between phytochrome photoequilibrium (phi) and photon flux in the photoregulation of anthocyanin production under prolonged irradiation was studied in seedlings of Brassica oleracea L. and Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. In cabbage, anthocyanin production increases with decreasing phi, reaching a maximum at the lowest value (phi = 0.13) used in this study; in tomato, the extent of the response is higher at intermediate values, reaching a maximum at phi = 0.46. In cabbage, the response increases with increasing photon flux at all phi values; however, the response to changes in photon flux is minimal at phi = 0.85, and, at phi = 0.13, minimal at photon fluxes higher than 5 micromolar per square meter per second. In tomato, the response increases with increasing photon flux at phi = 0.46, 0.65, and 0.85, the response to changes in photon fluxes being minimal at phi = 0.85; at phi = 0.13 and 0.29 the response first increases (significantly at phi = 0.29 and minimally at phi = 0.13) and then decreases with increasing photon fluxes, the transition occurring at about 1 micromolar per square meter per second at phi = 0.13, and at 5 micromolar per square meter per second at phi = 0.29. The patterns of light quality-quantity interaction in the photoregulation of anthocyanin production are significantly different in cabbage and tomato and are also significantly different than those observed for other photomorphogenic responses to prolonged irradiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Mancinelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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Eskins K, Westhoff P, Beremand PD. Light Quality and Irradiance Level Interaction in the Control of Expression of Light-Harvesting Complex of Photosystem II: Pigments, Pigment-Proteins, and mRNA Accumulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 91:163-9. [PMID: 16666990 PMCID: PMC1061969 DOI: 10.1104/pp.91.1.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Effects of red and blue light at irradiances from 1.6 to 28.3 micromolar per square meter per second on chloroplast pigments, light-harvesting pigment-proteins associated with photosystem II, and the corresponding mRNA were evaluated in maize (Zea mays L.) plants (OP Golden Bantum) grown for 14 days under 14 hours light/10 hours dark cycles. Accumulation of pigments, pigment-proteins, and mRNA was less in blue than in red light of equal irradiance. The difference between blue and red light, however, varied as a function of irradiance level, and the pattern of this variation suggests irradiance-controlled activation/deactivation (switching) of blue-light receptor. The maximum reduction in blue light of mRNA and proteins associated with light-harvesting complex occurs at lower irradiance levels than the maximum reduction of chlorophylls a and b.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Eskins
- Northern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, Illinois 61604
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Adamse P, Peters JL, Jaspers PAPM, Tuinen AVAN, Koornneef M, Kendrick RE. PHOTOCONTROL OF ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS IN TOMATO SEEDLINGS: A GENETIC APPROACH*. Photochem Photobiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1989.tb04135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lercari B, Sodi F, Sbrana C. Comparison of Photomorphogenic Responses to UV Light in Red and White Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 90:345-50. [PMID: 16666761 PMCID: PMC1061720 DOI: 10.1104/pp.90.1.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Photoinhibition of hypocotyl growth in white cabbage (Brassica oleracea L., cv "Bianco Brunswick") is controlled by UV absorbing receptor(s) and the phytochrome system, while in red cabbage (cv "Rosso Olandese tardivo invernale") phytochrome can act without any requirement for the action of a specific UV receptor. Similar results have been obtained for the photoregulation of anthocyanin production. Twenty-four hour preirradiations with UV light or 692 nanometers light lead to the same increase in responsiveness of the system toward Pfr in a following dark period, suggesting a phytochrome promotion of subsequent light induction for both.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lercari
- Dipartimento di Biologia delle Piante Agrarie, Universitá degli Studi di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 23, I-56100 Pisa, Italia
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The Formation of Phenolic Compounds in Plant Cell and Tissue Cultures and the Possibility of its Regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-007907-0.50014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Mancinelli AL. Phytochrome Photoconversion in Vivo: Comparison between Measured and Predicted Rates. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1988; 86:749-53. [PMID: 16665981 PMCID: PMC1054563 DOI: 10.1104/pp.86.3.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The measured rates of phytochrome photoconversion in vivo, in etiolated cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) seedlings and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cotyledons, under blue, red, and far red irradiation, are significantly different from those predicted on the basis of the spectral photon flux distributions of the light sources and optical parameters of purified phytochrome. The geometrical relationships between the light source and the irradiated sample affect the rate of phytochrome photoconversion, which is significantly faster in cabbage seedling laying flat on white, wet filter paper than in seedlings in a vertical position. Light reflected from the white filter paper on the bottom of the dish contributes significantly to phytochrome photoconversion. Substituting the white filter paper with a less reflective black one results in a significant decrease of the rate of phytochrome photoconversion in cucumber cotyledons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Mancinelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York 10027
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