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Palukaitis P, Yoon JY. Defense signaling pathways in resistance to plant viruses: Crosstalk and finger pointing. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:77-212. [PMID: 38461031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to infection by plant viruses involves proteins encoded by plant resistance (R) genes, viz., nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), immune receptors. These sensor NLRs are activated either directly or indirectly by viral protein effectors, in effector-triggered immunity, leading to induction of defense signaling pathways, resulting in the synthesis of numerous downstream plant effector molecules that inhibit different stages of the infection cycle, as well as the induction of cell death responses mediated by helper NLRs. Early events in this process involve recognition of the activation of the R gene response by various chaperones and the transport of these complexes to the sites of subsequent events. These events include activation of several kinase cascade pathways, and the syntheses of two master transcriptional regulators, EDS1 and NPR1, as well as the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. The phytohormones, which transit from a primed, resting states to active states, regulate the remainder of the defense signaling pathways, both directly and by crosstalk with each other. This regulation results in the turnover of various suppressors of downstream events and the synthesis of various transcription factors that cooperate and/or compete to induce or suppress transcription of either other regulatory proteins, or plant effector molecules. This network of interactions results in the production of defense effectors acting alone or together with cell death in the infected region, with or without the further activation of non-specific, long-distance resistance. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding these processes and the components of the local responses, their interactions, regulation, and crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Alqazlan N, Diao H, Jevnikar AM, Ma S. Production of functional human interleukin 37 using plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:391-401. [PMID: 30659328 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE We demonstrate for the first time that a fully bioactive human IL-37, a newly discovered cytokine acting as a fundamental inhibitor of innate immunity, can be recombinantly produced in plant cells. Interleukin 37 (IL-37), a newly discovered member of the interleukin (IL)-1 family of cytokines, plays a pivotal role in limiting innate inflammation and suppressing acquired immune responses, thus holding high potential for treating a wide array of human inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. In this study, we have developed transgenic plants as a novel expression platform for production of human IL-37 (IL-37). Plant transformation vectors synthesizing various forms of the b isoform of IL-37, including an unprocessed full-length precursor form (proIL-37b), a mature form (matIL-37b) and an IL-37 fusion protein in which IL-37b was fused to soybean agglutinin (SBA-IL-37b), have been constructed and introduced into tobacco plants. The expression of all forms of IL-37b was driven by a strong constitutive 35S promoter. Transgenic tobacco plants were generated with each of these constructs. Depending on the form of IL-37b being produced, the expression level of proIL-37b reached approximately 1% of TSP, while matIL-37b expression was substantially lower (0.01% TSP). Fusion to SBA substantially increased the expression of matIL-37b, with the expression level of fusion protein accounting for 1% of TSP. Functional analysis using a cell-based in vitro assay showed that plant-made matIL-37b and proIL-37b are both biologically active, but plant-made matIL-37b exhibited significantly greater biological activity than proIL-37b. These results demonstrate that plants have great potential of being a green bioreactor for low-cost, large-scale production of biologically active IL-37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiyah Alqazlan
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Hong Diao
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplant Studies, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada
| | - Anthony M Jevnikar
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplant Studies, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada
| | - Shengwu Ma
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplant Studies, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada.
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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3
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Mou S, Liu Z, Gao F, Yang S, Su M, Shen L, Wu Y, He S. CaHDZ27, a Homeodomain-Leucine Zipper I Protein, Positively Regulates the Resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum Infection in Pepper. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:960-973. [PMID: 28840788 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-17-0130-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Homeodomain-leucine zipper class I (HD-Zip I) transcription factors have been functionally characterized in plant responses to abiotic stresses, but their roles in plant immunity are poorly understood. Here, a HD-Zip I gene, CaHZ27, was isolated from pepper (Capsicum annum) and characterized for its role in pepper immunity. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that CaHDZ27 was transcriptionally induced by Ralstonia solanacearum inoculation and exogenous application of methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, or ethephon. The CaHDZ27-green fluorescent protein fused protein was targeted exclusively to the nucleus. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that CaHDZ27 bound to the 9-bp pseudopalindromic element (CAATAATTG) and triggered β-glucuronidase expression in a CAATAATTG-dependent manner. Virus-induced gene silencing of CaHDZ27 significantly attenuated the resistance of pepper plants against R. solanacearum and downregulated defense-related marker genes, including CaHIR1, CaACO1, CaPR1, CaPR4, CaPO2, and CaBPR1. By contrast, transient overexpression of CaHDZ27 triggered strong cell death mediated by the hypersensitive response and upregulated the tested immunity-associated marker genes. Ectopic CaHDZ27 expression in tobacco enhances its resistance against R. solanacearum. These results collectively suggest that CaHDZ27 functions as a positive regulator in pepper resistance against R. solanacearum. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation assays indicate that CaHDZ27 monomers bind with each other, and this binding is enhanced significantly by R. solanacearum inoculation. We speculate that homodimerization of CaHZ27 might play a role in pepper response to R. solanacearum, further direct evidence is required to confirm it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoliang Mou
- 1 National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- 2 College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- 1 National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- 3 College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; and
| | - Feng Gao
- 1 National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- 2 College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Sheng Yang
- 1 National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- 3 College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; and
| | - Meixia Su
- 2 College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Lei Shen
- 1 National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- 3 College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; and
| | - Yang Wu
- 4 College of Life Science, Jinggang Shan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343000, PR China
| | - Shuilin He
- 1 National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- 3 College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; and
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4
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Seid CA, Curti E, Jones RM, Hudspeth E, Rezende W, Pollet J, Center L, Versteeg L, Pritchard S, Musiychuk K, Yusibov V, Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME. Expression, purification, and characterization of the Necator americanus aspartic protease-1 (Na-APR-1 (M74)) antigen, a component of the bivalent human hookworm vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:1474-88. [PMID: 25905574 PMCID: PMC4514214 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1036207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 400 million people living in the world's poorest developing nations are infected with hookworms, mostly of the genus Necator americanus. A bivalent human hookworm vaccine composed of the Necator americanus Glutathione S-Transferase-1 (Na-GST-1) and the Necator americanus Aspartic Protease-1 (Na-APR-1 (M74)) is currently under development by the Sabin Vaccine Institute Product Development Partnership (Sabin PDP). Both monovalent vaccines are currently in Phase 1 trials. Both Na-GST-1 and Na-APR-1 antigens are expressed as recombinant proteins. While Na-GST-1 was found to express with high yields in Pichia pastoris, the level of expression of Na-APR-1 in this host was too low to be suitable for a manufacturing process. When the tobacco plant Nicotiana benthamiana was evaluated as an expression system, acceptable levels of solubility, yield, and stability were attained. Observed expression levels of Na-APR-1 (M74) using this system are ∼300 mg/kg. Here we describe the achievements and obstacles encountered during process development as well as characterization and stability of the purified Na-APR-1 (M74) protein and formulated vaccine. The expression, purification and analysis of purified Na-APR-1 (M74) protein obtained from representative 5 kg reproducibility runs performed to qualify the Na-APR-1 (M74) production process is also presented. This process has been successfully transferred to a pilot plant and a 50 kg scale manufacturing campaign under current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) has been performed. The 50 kg run has provided a sufficient amount of protein to support the ongoing hookworm vaccine development program of the Sabin PDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Seid
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology; National School of Tropical Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elena Curti
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology; National School of Tropical Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development; Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Mark Jones
- Fraunhofer Center for Molecular Biotechnology; Newark, DE, USA
| | - Elissa Hudspeth
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology; National School of Tropical Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wanderson Rezende
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology; National School of Tropical Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeroen Pollet
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology; National School of Tropical Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lori Center
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology; National School of Tropical Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Leroy Versteeg
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology; National School of Tropical Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sonya Pritchard
- Fraunhofer Center for Molecular Biotechnology; Newark, DE, USA
| | | | - Vidadi Yusibov
- Fraunhofer Center for Molecular Biotechnology; Newark, DE, USA
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology; National School of Tropical Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development; Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biology; Baylor University; Waco, TX, USA
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology; National School of Tropical Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX, USA
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development; Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biology; Baylor University; Waco, TX, USA
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5
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Jones RM, Chichester JA, Manceva S, Gibbs SK, Musiychuk K, Shamloul M, Norikane J, Streatfield SJ, van de Vegte-Bolmer M, Roeffen W, Sauerwein RW, Yusibov V. A novel plant-produced Pfs25 fusion subunit vaccine induces long-lasting transmission blocking antibody responses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 11:124-32. [PMID: 25483525 PMCID: PMC4514342 DOI: 10.4161/hv.34366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria transmission blocking vaccines (TBV) directed against proteins expressed on sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum in the mosquito midgut are considered an effective means to reduce malaria transmission. Antibodies induced by TBV block sporogonic development in the mosquito, and thus transmission to the next human host. The Pfs25 protein, expressed on the surface of gametes, zygotes and ookinetes, is one of the primary targets for TBV development. Using a plant virus-based transient expression system, we have successfully produced Pfs25 fused to a modified lichenase (LicKM) carrier in Nicotiana benthamiana, purified and characterized the protein (Pfs25-FhCMB), and evaluated this vaccine candidate in animal models for the induction of transmission blocking antibodies. Soluble Pfs25-FhCMB was expressed in plants at a high level, and induced transmission blocking antibodies that persisted for up to 6 months post immunization in mice and rabbits. These data demonstrate the potential of the new malaria vaccine candidate and also support feasibility of expressing Plasmodium antigens in a plant-based system.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Vectors
- Glycoside Hydrolases/genetics
- Glycoside Hydrolases/metabolism
- Malaria/prevention & control
- Malaria Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Malaria Vaccines/genetics
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Plasmodium falciparum/genetics
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Potyvirus/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Rabbits
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Time Factors
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/metabolism
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mark Jones
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology; Newark, DE USA
| | | | | | - Sandra K Gibbs
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology; Newark, DE USA
| | | | - Moneim Shamloul
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology; Newark, DE USA
| | - Joey Norikane
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology; Newark, DE USA
| | | | - Marga van de Vegte-Bolmer
- Departments of Medical Microbiology; Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Will Roeffen
- Departments of Medical Microbiology; Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert W Sauerwein
- Departments of Medical Microbiology; Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vidadi Yusibov
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology; Newark, DE USA
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6
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Musiychuk K, Sivalenka R, Jaje J, Bi H, Flores R, Shaw B, Jones RM, Golovina T, Schnipper J, Khandker L, Sun R, Li C, Kang L, Voskinarian-Berse V, Zhang X, Streatfield S, Hambor J, Abbot S, Yusibov V. Plant-produced human recombinant erythropoietic growth factors support erythroid differentiation in vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2326-40. [PMID: 23517237 PMCID: PMC3730378 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinically available red blood cells (RBCs) for transfusions are at high demand, but in vitro generation of RBCs from hematopoietic stem cells requires significant quantities of growth factors. Here, we describe the production of four human growth factors: erythropoietin (EPO), stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin 3 (IL-3), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), either as non-fused proteins or as fusions with a carrier molecule (lichenase), in plants, using a Tobacco mosaic virus vector-based transient expression system. All growth factors were purified and their identity was confirmed by western blotting and peptide mapping. The potency of these plant-produced cytokines was assessed using TF1 cell (responsive to EPO, IL-3 and SCF) or MCF-7 cell (responsive to IGF-1) proliferation assays. The biological activity estimated here for the cytokines produced in plants was slightly lower or within the range cited in commercial sources and published literature. By comparing EC50 values of plant-produced cytokines with standards, we have demonstrated that all four plant-produced growth factors stimulated the expansion of umbilical cord blood-derived CD34+ cells and their differentiation toward erythropoietic precursors with the same potency as commercially available growth factors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the generation of all key bioactive cytokines required for the erythroid development in a cost-effective manner using a plant-based expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer Jaje
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
| | - Hong Bi
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
| | - Rosemary Flores
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
| | - Brenden Shaw
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
| | - R. Mark Jones
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
| | - Tatiana Golovina
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
| | | | | | - Ruiqiang Sun
- Celgene Cellular Therapeutics, Warren, New Jersey
| | - Chang Li
- Celgene Cellular Therapeutics, Warren, New Jersey
| | - Lin Kang
- Celgene Cellular Therapeutics, Warren, New Jersey
| | | | | | | | - John Hambor
- Celgene Cellular Therapeutics, Warren, New Jersey
| | | | - Vidadi Yusibov
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, Delaware
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7
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A plant-produced Pfs230 vaccine candidate blocks transmission of Plasmodium falciparum. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1351-7. [PMID: 21715576 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05105-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is transmitted to a new host after completing its sexual cycle within a mosquito. Developing vaccines against the parasite sexual stages is a critical component in the fight against malaria. We are targeting multiple proteins of P. falciparum which are found only on the surfaces of the sexual forms of the parasite and where antibodies against these proteins have been shown to block the progression of the parasite's life cycle in the mosquito and thus block transmission to the next human host. We have successfully produced a region of the Pfs230 antigen in our plant-based transient-expression system and evaluated this vaccine candidate in an animal model. This plant-produced protein, 230CMB, is expressed at approximately 800 mg/kg in fresh whole leaf tissue and is 100% soluble. Administration of 230CMB with >90% purity induces strong immune responses in rabbits with high titers of transmission-blocking antibodies, resulting in a greater than 99% reduction in oocyst counts in the presence of complement, as determined by a standard membrane feeding assay. Our data provide a clear perspective on the clinical development of a Pfs230-based transmission-blocking malaria vaccine.
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8
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Corrado G, Arciello S, Fanti P, Fiandra L, Garonna A, Digilio MC, Lorito M, Giordana B, Pennacchio F, Rao R. The Chitinase A from the baculovirus AcMNPV enhances resistance to both fungi and herbivorous pests in tobacco. Transgenic Res 2008; 17:557-71. [PMID: 17851776 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-007-9129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Biotechnology has allowed the development of novel strategies to obtain plants that are more resistant to pests, fungal pathogens and other agents of biotic stress. The obvious advantages of having genotypes with multiple beneficial traits have recently fostered the development of gene pyramiding strategies, but less attention has been given to the study of genes that can increase resistance to different types of harmful organisms. Here we report that a recombinant Chitinase A protein of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) has both antifungal and insecticide properties in vitro. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing an active ChiA protein showed reduced damages caused by fungal pathogens and lepidopteran larvae, while did not have an effect on aphid populations. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the characterisation and expression in plants of a single gene that increases resistance against herbivorous pests and fungal pathogens and not affecting non-target insects. The implications and the potential of the ChiA gene for plant molecular breeding and biotechnology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giandomenico Corrado
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta, dell'Ambiente e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, Naples, Italy
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9
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Patel J, Zhu H, Menassa R, Gyenis L, Richman A, Brandle J. Elastin-like polypeptide fusions enhance the accumulation of recombinant proteins in tobacco leaves. Transgenic Res 2007; 16:239-49. [PMID: 17106768 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-006-9026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The production of recombinant proteins in plants is an active area of research and many different high-value proteins have now been produced in plants. Tobacco leaves have many advantages for recombinant protein production particularly since they allow field production without seeds, flowers or pollen and therefore provide for contained production. Despite these biosafety advantages recombinant protein accumulation in leaves still needs to be improved. Elastin-like polypeptides are repeats of the amino acids "VPGXG" that undergo a temperature dependant phase transition and have utility in the purification of recombinant proteins but can also enhance the accumulation of recombinant proteins they are fused to. We have used a 11.3 kDa elastin-like polypeptide as a fusion partner for three different target proteins, human interleukin-10, murine interleukin-4 and the native major ampullate spidroin protein 2 gene from the spider Nephila clavipes. In both transient analyses and stable transformants the concentrations of the fusion proteins were at least an order of magnitude higher for all of the fusion proteins when compared to the target protein alone. Therefore, fusions with a small ELP tag can be used to significantly enhance the accumulation of a range of different recombinant proteins in plant leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignasha Patel
- Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Center, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario, Canada, N5V 4T3
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10
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Takabatake R, Karita E, Seo S, Mitsuhara I, Kuchitsu K, Ohashi Y. Pathogen-induced calmodulin isoforms in basal resistance against bacterial and fungal pathogens in tobacco. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 48:414-23. [PMID: 17251204 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcm011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen tobacco calmodulin (CaM) genes fall into three distinct amino acid homology types. Wound-inducible type I isoforms NtCaM1 and 2 were moderately induced by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-mediated hypersensitive reaction, and the type III isoform NtCaM13 was highly induced, while the type II isoforms NtCaM3-NtCaM12 showed little response. Type I and III knockdown tobacco lines were generated using inverted repeat sequences from NtCaM1 and 13, respectively, to evaluate the contribution of pathogen-induced calmodulins (CaMs) to disease resistance. After specific reduction of type I and III CaM gene expression was confirmed in both transgenic lines, we analyzed the response to TMV infection, and found that TMV susceptibility was slightly enhanced in type III CaM knockdown lines compared with the control line. Resistance to a compatible strain of the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, and fungal pathogens Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium aphanidermatum was significantly lower in type III but not in type I CaM knockdown plants. Expression of jasmonic acid (JA)- and/or ethylene-inducible basic PR genes was not affected in these lines, suggesting that type III CaM isoforms are probably involved in basal defense against necrotrophic pathogens in a manner that is independent of JA and ethylene signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reona Takabatake
- Plant-Microbe Interaction Research, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
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11
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Qin J, Zuo K, Zhao J, Ling H, Cao Y, Qiu C, Li F, Sun X, Tang K. Overexpression of GbERF confers alteration of ethylene-responsive gene expression and enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae in transgenic tobacco. J Biosci 2006; 31:255-63. [PMID: 16809858 DOI: 10.1007/bf02703918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
GbERF belongs to the ERF (ethylene responsive factor) family of transcription factors and regulates the GCC-box containing pathogen-related (PR) genes in the ethylene signal transduction pathway. To study the function of GbERF in the process of biotic stress, transgenic tobacco plants expressing GbERF were generated. Overexpression of GbERF did not change transgenic plant's phenotype and endogenous ethylene level. However, the expression profile of some ethylene-inducible GCC-box and non-GCC-box containing genes was altered, such as PR1b, PR2, PR3, PR4, Osmotin, CHN50, ACC oxidase and ACC synthase genes. These data indicate that the cotton GbERF could act as a transcriptional activator or repressor to regulate the differential expression of ethylene-inducible genes via GCC and non-GCC cis-elements. Moreover, the constitutive expression of GbERF in transgenic tobacco enhanced the plant's resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv tabaci infection. In conclusion, GbERF mediates the expression of a wide array of PR and ethylene-responsive genes and plays an important role in the plant's response to biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qin
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology, R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shaghai, People's Republic of China
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12
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Sugimoto M, Yamaguchi Y, Nakamura K, Tatsumi Y, Sano H. A hypersensitive response-induced ATPase associated with various cellular activities (AAA) protein from tobacco plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 56:973-85. [PMID: 15821994 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-004-6459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/19/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The hypersensitive response (HR) is one of the most critical defense systems in higher plants. In order to understand its molecular basis, we have screened tobacco genes that are transcriptionally activated during the early stage of the HR by the differential display method. Among six genes initially identified, one was found encoding a 57 kDa polypeptide with 497 amino acids not showing significant similarity to any reported proteins except for the AAA domain (ATPase associated with various cellular activities) spanning over 230 amino acids. The bacterially expressed protein exhibited ATP hydrolysis activity, and a green fluorescent protein-fusion protein localized in the cytoplasm of onion epidermis cells. The protein was subsequently designated as NtAAA1 (Nicotiana tabacum AAA1). NtAAA1 transcripts were induced 6 h after HR onset not only by TMV but also by incompatible Psuedomonas syringae, indicating that NtAAA1 is under the control of the N-gene with a common role in pathogen responses. Expression of NtAAA1 was induced by jasmonic acid and ethylene, but not by salicylic acid (SA). It also occurred at a high level in SA-deficient tobacco plants upon TMV infection. When NtAAA1 was silenced by the RNAi method, accumulation of transcripts for PR-1a significantly increased during the HR. Treatments with SA induced higher expression of PR-1a and acidic PR-2 in RNAi transgenic plants than in wild-type counterparts. These results suggest that NtAAA1 mitigates the SA signaling pathway, and therefore that NtAAA1 modulates the pathogen response of the host plants by adjusting the HR to an appropriate level.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/genetics
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclopentanes/pharmacology
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- Ethylenes/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Onions/cytology
- Onions/metabolism
- Oxylipins
- Phylogeny
- Plant Diseases/genetics
- Plant Diseases/microbiology
- Plant Diseases/virology
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Pseudomonas syringae/growth & development
- RNA Interference
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Temperature
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/microbiology
- Nicotiana/virology
- Tobacco Mosaic Virus/growth & development
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Sugimoto
- Research and Education Center for Genetic Information, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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13
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Sasaki K, Hiraga S, Ito H, Seo S, Matsui H, Ohashi Y. A wound-inducible tobacco peroxidase gene expresses preferentially in the vascular system. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 43:108-17. [PMID: 11828028 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcf013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A tobacco peroxidase gene tpoxN1 was reported to be expressed within 1 h after wounding in leaves [Hiraga et al. (2000a) Plant Cell Physiol. 41: 165]. We describe here further results on the wound-induced tpoxN1 expression. The quick tpoxN1 induction occurred preferentially in stems and petioles, but was negligible in leaf blades even 8 h after wounding. Induced GUS activity was also detected rapidly after wounding in the stem of transgenic tobacco plants carrying the tpoxN1 promoter::GUS fusion gene, localized mainly in the vascular systems where it was maintained this level for 14 d or more. Strong GUS activity was also found in the petiole and veinlet as well as the epidermal tissue in the stem. Treatment of known inducers for wound-responsive genes such as jasmonate, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, spermine, phytohormones and other stress treatments did not enhance wound-induced tpoxN1 gene expression in stems at all, but rather repressed it in some cases. Studies using metabolic inhibitors suggested that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins together with de novo protein synthesis are likely to be involved in the wound-induced tpoxN1 expression as well as some other wound-responsive genes. Thus, tpoxN1 is a unique wound-inducible and possible wound-healing gene which is rapidly expressed being maintained for a long time in veins via an unknown wound-signaling pathway(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutomo Sasaki
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
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14
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Yamakawa H, Mitsuhara I, Ito N, Seo S, Kamada H, Ohashi Y. Transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally regulated response of 13 calmodulin genes to tobacco mosaic virus-induced cell death and wounding in tobacco plant. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:3916-29. [PMID: 11453984 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We isolated 13 tobacco calmodulin (CaM) genes, NtCaM1-13, and analyzed their expression profile in response to pathogen infection and wounding using specific DNA probes for individual CaM genes and specific antibodies for CaM proteins in groups I (NtCaM1/2), II (NtCaM3/4/5/6/7/8/11/12 and 9/10) and III (NtCaM13), respectively. Synchronous cell death in tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-infected N-gene-containing tobacco leaves accompanied a predominant accumulation of NtCaM1, 2 and 13 transcripts and NtCaM13-type protein, which is a possible ortholog of soybean defense-involved CaM (SCaM-4), preceding induction of PR-1 and PR-3 defense genes. Accumulation of NtCaM1, 2, 3 and 4 transcripts was induced within 30 min after wounding and NtCaM1-type protein accumulated transiently after wounding. NtCaM13-type protein, which was found at a low level in healthy leaves, decreased instantly after wounding. The treatment with a proteasome inhibitor, lactacystin, enhanced wound-induced accumulation of NtCaM1-type protein and inhibited wound-induced decrease of NtCaM13-type protein, suggesting that proteasome activity is involved in the degradation of these CaMs. Thus, our results indicate that levels of individual CaM proteins are differentially regulated both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally in tobacco plants that are exposed to stresses such as pathogen-induced hypersensitive cell death and wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yamakawa
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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15
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Seo S, Okamoto M, Iwai T, Iwano M, Fukui K, Isogai A, Nakajima N, Ohashi Y. Reduced levels of chloroplast FtsH protein in tobacco mosaic virus-infected tobacco leaves accelerate the hypersensitive reaction. THE PLANT CELL 2000; 12:917-32. [PMID: 10852937 PMCID: PMC149093 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.12.6.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/1999] [Accepted: 04/17/2000] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In tobacco cultivars resistant to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), infection results in the death of the infected cells accompanying the formation of necrotic lesions. To identify the genes involved in this hypersensitive reaction, we isolated the cDNA of tobacco DS9, the transcript of which decreases before the appearance of necrotic lesions. The DS9 gene encodes a chloroplastic homolog of bacterial FtsH protein, which serves to maintain quality control of some cytoplasmic and membrane proteins. A large quantity of DS9 protein was found in healthy leaves, whereas the quantity of DS9 protein in infected leaves decreased before the lesions appeared. In transgenic tobacco plants containing less and more DS9 protein than wild-type plants, the necrotic lesions induced by TMV were smaller and larger, respectively, than those on wild-type plants. These results suggest that a decrease in the level of DS9 protein in TMV-infected cells, resulting in a subsequent loss of function of the chloroplasts, accelerates the hypersensitive reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Seo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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16
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Hiraga S, Ito H, Yamakawa H, Ohtsubo N, Seo S, Mitsuhara I, Matsui H, Honma M, Ohashi Y. An HR-induced tobacco peroxidase gene is responsive to spermine, but not to salicylate, methyl jasmonate, and ethephon. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2000; 13:210-6. [PMID: 10659711 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.2.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-infected tobacco plants carrying the N resistance gene, a hypersensitive reaction or response (HR) occurs to enclose the virus in the infected tissue. Although a contribution of peroxidases to the resistance has been proposed, no evidence has been presented that tobacco peroxidase genes respond to HR. Here, we describe the HR-induced expression of a tobacco peroxidase gene (tpoxC1) whose induction kinetics were slightly different from those of acidic and basic tobacco pathogenesis-related (PR) protein genes. Interestingly, tpoxC1 was insensitive to the inducers of PR genes such as salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, and ethephon. Spermine activated tpoxC1 gene expression at a low level and both acidic and basic PR gene expression at a considerably higher level. These results indicate that the induced expression of tpoxC1 is regulated differently from that of classical tobacco PR genes in the N gene-mediated self-defense system in tobacco plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hiraga
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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17
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Seo S, Okamoto M, Seto H, Ishizuka K, Sano H, Ohashi Y. Tobacco MAP kinase: a possible mediator in wound signal transduction pathways. Science 1995; 270:1988-92. [PMID: 8533090 DOI: 10.1126/science.270.5244.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A complementary DNA encoding a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase homolog has been isolated from tobacco plants. Transcripts of the corresponding gene were not observed in healthy tobacco leaves but began to accumulate 1 minute after mechanical wounding. In tobacco plants transformed with the cloned complementary DNA, trans inactivation of the endogenous homologous gene occurred, and both production of wound-induced jasmonic acid and accumulation of wound-inducible gene transcripts were inhibited. In contrast, the levels of salicylic acid and transcripts for pathogen-inducible, acidic pathogenesis-related proteins were increased upon wounding. These results indicate that this MAP kinase is part of the initial response of higher plants to mechanical wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Seo
- Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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18
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Stintzi A, Heitz T, Prasad V, Wiedemann-Merdinoglu S, Kauffmann S, Geoffroy P, Legrand M, Fritig B. Plant 'pathogenesis-related' proteins and their role in defense against pathogens. Biochimie 1993; 75:687-706. [PMID: 8286442 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(93)90100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The hypersensitive reaction to a pathogen is one of the most efficient defense mechanisms in nature and leads to the induction of numerous plant genes encoding defense proteins. These proteins include: 1) structural proteins that are incorporated into the extracellular matrix and participate in the confinement of the pathogen; 2) enzymes of secondary metabolism, for instance those of the biosynthesis of plant antibiotics; 3) pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins which represent major quantitative changes in soluble protein during the defense response. The PRs have typical physicochemical properties that enable them to resist to acidic pH and proteolytic cleavage and thus survive in the harsh environments where they occur: vacuolar compartment or cell wall or intercellular spaces. Since the discovery of the first PRs in tobacco many other similar proteins have been isolated from tobacco but also from other plant species, including dicots and monocots, the widest range being characterized from hypersensitively reacting tobacco. Based first on serological properties and later on sequence data, the tobacco PRs have been classified in five major groups. Group PR-1 contains the first discovered PRs of 15-17 kDa molecular mass, whose biological activity is still unknown, but some members have been shown recently to have antifungal activity. Group PR-2 contains three structurally distinct classes of 1,3-beta-glucanases, with acidic and basic counterparts, with dramatically different specific activity towards linear 1,3-beta-glucans and with different substrate specificity. Group PR-3 consists of various chitinases-lysozymes that belong to three distinct classes, are vacuolar or extracellular, and exhibit differential chitinase and lysozyme activities. Some of them, either alone or in combination with 1,3-beta-glucanases, have been shown to be antifungal in vitro and in vivo (transgenic plants), probably by hydrolysing their substrates as structural components in the fungal cell wall. Group PR-4 is the less studied, and in tobacco contains four members of 13-14.5 kDa of unknown activity and function. Group PR-5 contains acidic-neutral and very basic members with extracellular and vacuolar localization, respectively, and all members show sequence similarity to the sweet-tasting protein thaumatin. Several members of the PR-5 group from tobacco and other plant species were shown to display significant in vitro activity of inhibiting hyphal growth or spore germination of various fungi probably by a membrane permeabilizing mechanism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stintzi
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
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19
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Kojima K, Yamamoto N, Sasaki S. Structure of the pine (Pinus thunbergii) chlorophyll a/b-binding protein gene expressed in the absence of light. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1992; 19:405-10. [PMID: 1623190 DOI: 10.1007/bf00023388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A gene for chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (cab) of pine (Pinus thumbergii) was isolated and sequenced. The gene (cab-6) contains an intron at a position equivalent to the type II cab genes of angiosperms. Transcript mapping analyses show that the amount of the mRNA in the dark is about half of that in the light. The cab-6 gene is expressed in dark-grown seedlings at a very high level, differing from angiosperm cab genes which are induced by light. The cab-6 gene typifies the coniferous plant cab genes in light-independent gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kojima
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Japan
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20
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21
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Metzler MC, Cutt JR, Klessig DF. Isolation and Characterization of a Gene Encoding a PR-1-Like Protein from Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 96:346-8. [PMID: 16668181 PMCID: PMC1080761 DOI: 10.1104/pp.96.1.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M C Metzler
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855
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22
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Beilmann A, Pfitzner AJ, Goodman HM, Pfitzner UM. Functional analysis of the pathogenesis-related 1a protein gene minimal promoter region. Comparison of reporter gene expression in transient and in stable transfections. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 196:415-21. [PMID: 2007405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are a heterogeneous group of host encoded, low-molecular-mass proteins that are induced in plants by various external stimuli, such as pathogen attack or exposure of the plants to certain chemicals. To examine the regulation of these genes, the 5'-flanking region of the tobacco PR-1a gene [Pfitzner U.M., Pfitzner, A.J.P. & Goodman, H.M. (1988) Mol. Gen. Genet. 211, 290-295] was joined by a transcriptional fusion to the Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene. Expression of the reporter gene was monitored in transient expression assays as well as in stable transformants. The PR-1a 5'-flanking sequences from -335, -149 or -71 to +28 are functional promoter elements in tobacco and carrot protoplasts, as determined by transient expression. These constructs direct correct initiation at the normal transcription-start site of the PR-1a gene. The level of gene expression was about twofold less than that obtained with the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter. Regulation of gene expression by acetylsalicylic acid, however, could not be detected in the transient assays. When the same constructs were stably integrated into the tobacco genome, neither constitutive nor induced beta-glucuronidase activity was observed. A comparison of the results from the transient and the stable transfection experiments suggests that expression of the reporter gene may be due to a constitutive transcriptional activity of the PR-1a 5'-flanking regions under the conditions of the transient assays and that the PR-1a promoter may contain at least two functional domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beilmann
- Botanisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität and Genzentrum München, Federal Republic of Germany
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23
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Azumi Y, Watanabe A. Evidence for a senescence-associated gene induced by darkness. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 95:577-83. [PMID: 16668022 PMCID: PMC1077571 DOI: 10.1104/pp.95.2.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A nearly full-length cDNA was isolated from a cDNA library prepared from incipiently senescent radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cotyledons using a previously isolated cDNA clone for dark-inducible mRNA as a probe (A Watanabe, N Kawakami, Y Azumi [1989] In Cell Separation in Plants, NATO ASI Series, Vol H35, pp 31-38. Springer-Verlag, Berlin). The clone detected transcripts of 800 bases which increased more than 100-fold after 24 hours of darkness. The transcripts also accumulated under light when plants were exposed to ethylene or heat stress, and (6)N-benzyladenine partially repressed its accumulation in the dark. These responses of the gene to physiological stimuli closely paralleled the effects of the stimuli on the progress of senescence of the cotyledons. We have named the gene din 1 (dark inducible gene 1). The cDNA encodes a polypeptide of 20 kilodaltons, and its nucleotide sequence shows a high (49%) similarity to a subfamily of pathogenesis-related proteins of tobacco. The predicted amino acid sequence of the product, however, shows only 20% homology to the pathogenesis-related protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Azumi
- Research Institute for Biochemical Regulation, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-01, Japan
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24
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Pfitzner AJ, Beilmann A, Goodman HM, Pfitzner UM. Molecular analysis of two PR-1 pseudogenes from tobacco. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1991; 16:129-39. [PMID: 1888891 DOI: 10.1007/bf00017923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Two independent PR-1 lambda genomic clones (W38/1 and W38/3) were isolated and characterized from a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38) library. Neither clone is identical to the previously described PR-1 cDNA clones, and both clones carry mutations within the highly conserved PR-1 protein coding region. For example, clone W38/1 has a GAA Glu codon instead of the translation stop codon thus harbouring an open reading frame extended by 16 additional amino acids. Furthermore, both clones display considerable variations in the genomic flanking sequences when compared to the PR-1a gene. In order to test whether the encoded genes are active, their upstream sequences were fused to the E. coli beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. While significant GUS activities as compared to the 35S RNA promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) were obtained with the W38/1 and W38/3 sequences in transient gene expression assays, no transcriptional activities could be observed upon stable transformation of the same constructs. In addition, the protein coding region of W38/1 was joined to the CaMV 35S RNA promoter and transgenic tobacco plants were generated. However, neither transcripts nor a protein could be detected deriving from the W38/1 structural gene with this chimaeric construct in the transformants. Taken together, these data indicate that the genes contained in lambda clones W38/1 and W38/3 are not active in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Pfitzner
- Botanisches Institut Ludwig-Maximilans Universität München, Germany
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25
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Kush A, Goyvaerts E, Chye ML, Chua NH. Laticifer-specific gene expression in Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:1787-90. [PMID: 11607069 PMCID: PMC53568 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.5.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber, cis-1,4-polyisoprene, is obtained from a colloidal fluid called latex, which represents the cytoplasmic content of the laticifers of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). We have developed a method of extracting translatable mRNA from freshly tapped latex. Analysis of in vitro translation products of latex mRNA showed that the encoded polypeptides are very different from those of leaf mRNA and these differences are visible in the protein profiles of latex and leaf as well. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that laticifer RNA is 20- to 100-fold enriched in transcripts encoding enzymes involved in rubber biosynthesis. Plant defense genes encoding chitinases, pathogenesis-related protein, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, and 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase show a 10- to 50-fold higher expression in laticifers than in leaves, indicating the probable response of rubber trees to tapping and ethylene treatment. Photosynthetic genes encoding ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit and chlorophyll a/b-binding protein are not expressed at a detectable level in laticifers. In contrast, genes encoding two hydrolytic enzymes, cellulase and polygalacturonase, are more highly expressed in laticifers than in leaves. Transcripts for the cytoplasmic form of glutamine synthase are preferentially expressed in laticifers, whereas those for the chloroplastic form of the same enzyme are present mainly in leaves. Control experiments demonstrated that beta-ATPase, actin, and ubiquitin are equally expressed in laticifers and leaves. Therefore, the differences in specific transcript abundance between laticifers and leaves are due to differential expression of the genes for these transcripts in the laticifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kush
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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26
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Kauffmann S, Legrand M, Fritig B. Isolation and characterization of six pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins of Samsun NN tobacco. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1990; 14:381-90. [PMID: 2102821 DOI: 10.1007/bf00028774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The purification to homogeneity of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins R and S from Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN leaves has been achieved by using a combination of conventional and high-performance chromatographic supports. The same procedure allowed the purification and the characterization of four other proteins which displayed some properties characteristic of tobacco PR proteins and were shown to accumulate in tobacco leaves in response to virus infection. They can be, therefore, considered as new tobacco PR proteins which we designate as PR-s1, -s2, -r1 and -r2. The relative electrophoretic mobilities (Rf) under non-denaturing conditions were estimated to 0.30 for PR-r1 and -r2, 0.25 for Pr-R, 0.20 for PR-s1 and -s2 and 0.15 for PR-S. On SDS gels PR proteins R and S possessed the same apparent molecular weight (Mr 24,000) as did PR-proteins s1 and r1 (Mr 14,500) and PR-s2 and -r2 (Mr 13,000). However, proteins s1, s2, r1 and r2 had identical electrophoretic mobilities on SDS gels when the loading sample buffer contained no reducing agent. Polyclonal antisera were raised against PR proteins R and S and used in immunoblotting experiments. Proteins R and S were shown to be serologically closely related. No cross-reaction was detected with any of the four new tobacco PR proteins r1, r2, s1 and s2 or with the previously described PR proteins, i.e. PR-1a, -1b, -1c, -2, -N, -O, -P and -Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kauffmann
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du C.N.R.S., Strasbourg, France
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27
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Ohshima M, Harada N, Matsuoka M, Ohashi Y. The nucleotide sequence of pathogenesis-related (PR) 1c protein gene of tobacco. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:182. [PMID: 2308825 PMCID: PMC330220 DOI: 10.1093/nar/18.1.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Ohshima
- National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan
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28
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Ohshima M, Harada N, Matsuoka M, Ohashi Y. The nucleotide sequence of pathogenesis-related (PR) 1b protein gene of tobacco. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:181. [PMID: 2308824 PMCID: PMC330219 DOI: 10.1093/nar/18.1.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Ohshima
- National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan
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29
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Oliver JL, Marín A, Martínez-Zapater JM. Chloroplast genes transferred to the nuclear plant genome have adjusted to nuclear base composition and codon usage. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:65-73. [PMID: 2308837 PMCID: PMC330204 DOI: 10.1093/nar/18.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During plant evolution, some plastid genes have been moved to the nuclear genome. These transferred genes are now correctly expressed in the nucleus, their products being transported into the chloroplast. We compared the base compositions, the distributions of some dinucleotides and codon usages of transferred, nuclear and chloroplast genes in two dicots and two monocots plant species. Our results indicate that transferred genes have adjusted to nuclear base composition and codon usage, being now more similar to the nuclear genes than to the chloroplast ones in every species analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Oliver
- Unidad de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Spain
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30
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Dixon RA, Harrison MJ. Activation, structure, and organization of genes involved in microbial defense in plants. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 1990; 28:165-234. [PMID: 2239449 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Cutt JR, Harpster MH, Dixon DC, Carr JP, Dunsmuir P, Klessig DF. Disease response to tobacco mosaic virus in transgenic tobacco plants that constitutively express the pathogenesis-related PR1b gene. Virology 1989; 173:89-97. [PMID: 2815592 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Correlation of the temporal and spacial pattern of induction of the pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR1a, PR1b, and PR1c with viral infections in certain tobacco cultivars has implicated PR proteins in viral disease resistance. To test whether the PR1 proteins of tobacco are involved in viral resistance, transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants were constructed which constitutively express the PR1b gene. This protein was secreted from cells of transgenic plants and accumulated in the extracellular space at levels equivalent to those found in nontransgenic plants in association with disease resistance. Transgenic plants derived from the cultivar (cv.) Xanthi (susceptible to tobacco mosaic virus [TMV] infection) exhibited no delayed onset or reduction in the severity of systemic symptoms after TMV infection. In transgenic plants derived from cv. Xanthi-nc (TMV resistant), the time of appearance, the size and general morphology, and the number of viral lesions produced were similar to the parental control plants after TMV infection. These data indicate that the PR1b protein of tobacco is not sufficient for TMV resistance, and imply that the PR1 proteins may not function as unique antiviral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Cutt
- Waksman Institute at Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08855
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Matsuoka M, Minami E. Complete structure of the gene for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from maize. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 181:593-8. [PMID: 2731539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase is a key enzyme in photosynthesis in some plants that exploit the C4 photosynthetic pathway for the fixation of CO2. We cloned the gene for this enzyme from maize genomic libraries and analyzed its complete primary structure. The sequence of the cloned gene spans 6781 bp and consists of 10 exons and 9 introns. The site of initiation of transcription is located 84 nucleotides upstream from the first nucleotide of the initiation codon (position -84), as determined by the method of primer-extension analysis. The analysis suggests that there is another initiation site located at position -81. The 5'-flanking region of the gene lacks typical TATA and CCAAT elements in the anticipated regions, but there is a TATA-similar sequence (TATTT) around the -30 regions as well as sequence homologous to the Sp-1 protein-binding site (CCGCCC). Six long, direct repeated sequences and a light-responsive element are also present in the 5'-flanking region. The results of Southern blot analysis indicated that the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene exists as a small multi-gene family, but the enzyme that is expressed at high levels in green leaves and is involved in C4 photosynthesis is encoded by a single-copy gene in the maize genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matsuoka
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Agrobiological Resources, Ibaraki, Japan
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Cutt JR, Dixon DC, Carr JP, Klessig DF. Isolation and nucleotide sequence of cDNA clones for the pathogenesis-related proteins PR1a, PR1b and PR1c of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc induced by TMV infection. Nucleic Acids Res 1988; 16:9861. [PMID: 3186451 PMCID: PMC338789 DOI: 10.1093/nar/16.20.9861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J R Cutt
- Waksman Institute, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08855
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