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Niedz RP, Bowman KD. Improving citrus bud grafting efficiency. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17807. [PMID: 37853071 PMCID: PMC10584891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial citrus trees are composed of a scion grafted onto a rootstock. Because grafting is one of the most expensive methods of plant propagation, grafting efficiency is of large practical importance. The purpose of this study was to improve citrus bud-grafting efficiency. The effects of six factors that included BA, Tween-20, DMSO, type of solvent (water or EtOH), cardinal orientation of grafted bud, and type of supplemental light (LED, metal halide, none) on forty-four bud-grafting measures were determined using a multifactor design of experiment approach. Four measures useful for identifying treatments of practical value included the number of rootstock axial buds that formed shoots, the percentage of grafted buds that formed shoots, the length of the longest shoot formed from the grafted buds, and the total leaf area of the grafted bud shoots. The factors that most affected these responses were no supplemental light to minimize the number of shoots from rootstock axial buds, a south orientation and 5 mM BA to maximize the percentage of grafted buds that formed shoots, a north orientation and 5 mM BA to maximize the length of the longest grafted bud shoot, and 5 mM BA to maximize the leaf area of the grafted bud shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall P Niedz
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL, USA.
| | - Kim D Bowman
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
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2
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Fichman Y, Xiong H, Sengupta S, Morrow J, Loog H, Azad RK, Hibberd JM, Liscum E, Mittler R. Phytochrome B regulates reactive oxygen signaling during abiotic and biotic stress in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1711-1727. [PMID: 36401805 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the photoreceptor protein phytochrome B (phyB) play a key role in plant acclimation to stress. However, how phyB that primarily functions in the nuclei impacts ROS signaling mediated by respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH) proteins that reside on the plasma membrane, during stress, is unknown. Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa mutants, RNA-Seq, bioinformatics, biochemistry, molecular biology, and whole-plant ROS imaging were used to address this question. Here, we reveal that phyB and RBOHs function as part of a key regulatory module that controls apoplastic ROS production, stress-response transcript expression, and plant acclimation in response to excess light stress. We further show that phyB can regulate ROS production during stress even if it is restricted to the cytosol and that phyB, respiratory burst oxidase protein D (RBOHD), and respiratory burst oxidase protein F (RBOHF) coregulate thousands of transcripts in response to light stress. Surprisingly, we found that phyB is also required for ROS accumulation in response to heat, wounding, cold, and bacterial infection. Our findings reveal that phyB plays a canonical role in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, regulating apoplastic ROS production, possibly while at the cytosol, and that phyB and RBOHD/RBOHF function in the same regulatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Fichman
- Division of Plant Sciences & Technology, College of Agricultural, Food and Natural Resources, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Haiyan Xiong
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Soham Sengupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Johanna Morrow
- Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7400, USA
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Westminster College, 501 Westminster Ave, Fulton, MO, 65251, USA
| | - Hailey Loog
- Division of Plant Sciences & Technology, College of Agricultural, Food and Natural Resources, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Rajeev K Azad
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Emmanuel Liscum
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7400, USA
| | - Ron Mittler
- Division of Plant Sciences & Technology, College of Agricultural, Food and Natural Resources, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Department of Surgery, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
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3
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Fichman Y, Xiong H, Sengupta S, Morrow J, Loog H, Azad RK, Hibberd JM, Liscum E, Mittler R. Phytochrome B regulates reactive oxygen signaling during abiotic and biotic stress in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 36401805 DOI: 10.1101/2021.11.29.470478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the photoreceptor protein phytochrome B (phyB) play a key role in plant acclimation to stress. However, how phyB that primarily functions in the nuclei impacts ROS signaling mediated by respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH) proteins that reside on the plasma membrane, during stress, is unknown. Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa mutants, RNA-Seq, bioinformatics, biochemistry, molecular biology, and whole-plant ROS imaging were used to address this question. Here, we reveal that phyB and RBOHs function as part of a key regulatory module that controls apoplastic ROS production, stress-response transcript expression, and plant acclimation in response to excess light stress. We further show that phyB can regulate ROS production during stress even if it is restricted to the cytosol and that phyB, respiratory burst oxidase protein D (RBOHD), and respiratory burst oxidase protein F (RBOHF) coregulate thousands of transcripts in response to light stress. Surprisingly, we found that phyB is also required for ROS accumulation in response to heat, wounding, cold, and bacterial infection. Our findings reveal that phyB plays a canonical role in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, regulating apoplastic ROS production, possibly while at the cytosol, and that phyB and RBOHD/RBOHF function in the same regulatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Fichman
- Division of Plant Sciences & Technology, College of Agricultural, Food and Natural Resources, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Haiyan Xiong
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Soham Sengupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Johanna Morrow
- Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7400, USA
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Westminster College, 501 Westminster Ave, Fulton, MO, 65251, USA
| | - Hailey Loog
- Division of Plant Sciences & Technology, College of Agricultural, Food and Natural Resources, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
| | - Rajeev K Azad
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Emmanuel Liscum
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7400, USA
| | - Ron Mittler
- Division of Plant Sciences & Technology, College of Agricultural, Food and Natural Resources, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
- Department of Surgery, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
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Chelliah A, Arumugam C, Suthanthiram B, Raman T, Subbaraya U. Genome-wide identification, characterization, and evolutionary analysis of NBS genes and their association with disease resistance in Musa spp. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 23:7. [PMID: 36538175 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00925-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Banana is an important food crop that is susceptible to a wide range of pests and diseases that can reduce yield and quality. The primary objective of banana breeding programs is to increase disease resistance, which requires the identification of resistance (R) genes. Despite the fact that resistant sources have been identified in bananas, the genes, particularly the nucleotide-binding site (NBS) family, which play an important role in protecting plants against pathogens, have received little attention. As a result, this study included a thorough examination of the NBS disease resistance gene family's classification, phylogenetic analysis, genome organization, evolution, cis-elements, differential expression, regulation by microRNAs, and protein-protein interaction. A total of 116 and 43 putative NBS genes from M. acuminata and M. balbisiana, respectively, were identified and characterized, and were classified into seven sub-families. Structural analysis of NBS genes revealed the presence of signal peptides, their sub-cellular localization, molecular weight and pI. Eight commonly conserved motifs were found, and NBS genes were unevenly distributed across multiple chromosomes, with the majority of NBS genes being located in chr3 and chr1 of the A and B genomes, respectively. Tandem duplication occurrences have helped bananas' NBS genes spread throughout evolution. Transcriptome analysis of NBS genes revealed significant differences in expression between resistant and susceptible cultivars of fusarium wilt, eumusae leaf spot, root lesion nematode, and drought, implying that they can be used as candidate resistant genes. Ninety miRNAs were discovered to have targets in 104 NBS genes from the A genome, providing important insights into NBS gene expression regulation. Overall, this study offers a valuable genomic resource and understanding of the function and evolution of NBS genes in relation to rapidly evolving pathogens, as well as providing breeders with selection targets for fast-tracking breeding of banana varieties with more durable resistance to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Chelliah
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchirappalli - 620 102, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Chandrasekar Arumugam
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchirappalli - 620 102, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Backiyarani Suthanthiram
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchirappalli - 620 102, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thangavelu Raman
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchirappalli - 620 102, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uma Subbaraya
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur Post, Tiruchirappalli - 620 102, Tamil Nadu, India
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5
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Allelic variation in the Arabidopsis TNL CHS3/CSA1 immune receptor pair reveals two functional cell-death regulatory modes. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1701-1716.e5. [PMID: 36257318 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Some plant NLR immune receptors are encoded in head-to-head "sensor-executor" pairs that function together. Alleles of the NLR pair CHS3/CSA1 form three clades. The clade 1 sensor CHS3 contains an integrated domain (ID) with homology to regulatory domains, which is lacking in clades 2 and 3. In this study, we defined two cell-death regulatory modes for CHS3/CSA1 pairs. One is mediated by ID domain on clade 1 CHS3, and the other relies on CHS3/CSA1 pairs from all clades detecting perturbation of an associated pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) co-receptor. Our data support the hypothesis that an ancestral Arabidopsis CHS3/CSA1 pair gained a second recognition specificity and regulatory mechanism through ID acquisition while retaining its original specificity as a "guard" against PRR co-receptor perturbation. This likely comes with a cost, since both ID and non-ID alleles of the pair persist in diverse Arabidopsis populations through balancing selection.
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Schulze S, Yu L, Hua C, Zhang L, Kolb D, Weber H, Ehinger A, Saile SC, Stahl M, Franz-Wachtel M, Li L, El Kasmi F, Nürnberger T, Cevik V, Kemmerling B. The Arabidopsis TIR-NBS-LRR protein CSA1 guards BAK1-BIR3 homeostasis and mediates convergence of pattern- and effector-induced immune responses. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1717-1731.e6. [PMID: 36446350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis BAK1/SERK3, a co-receptor of leucine-rich repeat pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), mediates pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Genetic inactivation of BAK1 or BAK1-interacting receptor-like kinases (BIRs) causes cell death, but the direct mechanisms leading to such deregulation remains unclear. Here, we found that the TIR-NBS-LRR protein CONSTITUTIVE SHADE AVOIDANCE 1 (CSA1) physically interacts with BIR3, but not with BAK1. CSA1 mediates cell death in bak1-4 and bak1-4 bir3-2 mutants via components of effector-triggered immunity-(ETI) pathways. Effector HopB1-mediated perturbation of BAK1 also results in CSA1-dependent cell death. Likewise, microbial pattern pg23-induced cell death, but not PTI responses, requires CSA1. Thus, we show that CSA1 guards BIR3 BAK1 homeostasis and integrates pattern- and effector-mediated cell death pathways downstream of BAK1. De-repression of CSA1 in the absence of intact BAK1 and BIR3 triggers ETI cell death. This suggests that PTI and ETI pathways are activated downstream of BAK1 for efficient plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Schulze
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Liping Yu
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chenlei Hua
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisha Zhang
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hannah Weber
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ehinger
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Svenja C Saile
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mark Stahl
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mirita Franz-Wachtel
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Quantitative Proteomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa
| | - Volkan Cevik
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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7
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Resistance Management through Brassica Crop–TuMV–Aphid Interactions: Retrospect and Prospects. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8030247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is an important threat to the yield and quality of brassica crops in China, and has brought serious losses to brassica crops in the Far East, including China and the north. Aphids (Hemiptera, Aphidoidea) are the main mediators of TuMV transmission in field production, and not only have strong virus transmission ability (small individuals, strong concealment, and strong fecundity), but are also influenced by the environment, making them difficult to control. Till now, there have been few studies on the resistance to aphids in brassica crops, which depended mainly on pesticide control in agriculture production. However, the control effect was temporarily effective, which also brought environmental pollution, pesticide residues in food products, and destroyed the ecological balance. This study reviews the relationship among brassica crop–TuMV, TuMV–aphid, and brassica crop–aphid interactions, and reveals the influence factors (light, temperature, and CO2 concentration) on brassica crop–TuMV–aphid interactions, summarizing the current research status and main scientific problems about brassica crop–TuMV–aphid interactions. It may provide theoretical guidance for opening up new ways of aphid and TuMV management in brassica crops.
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Liu J, Zhang S, Xie P, Wang L, Xue JY, Zhang Y, Lu R, Hang Y, Wang Y, Sun X. Fitness benefits play a vital role in the retention of the Pi-ta susceptible alleles. Genetics 2022; 220:6526399. [PMID: 35143673 PMCID: PMC8982021 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, large numbers of R genes, which segregate as loci with alternative alleles conferring different levels of disease resistance to pathogens, have been maintained over a long period of evolution. The reason why hosts harbor susceptible alleles in view of their null contribution to resistance is unclear. In rice, a single copy gene, Pi-ta, segregates for 2 expressed clades of alleles, 1 resistant and the other susceptible. We simulated loss-of-function of the Pi-ta susceptible allele using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to detect subsequent fitness changes and obtained insights into fitness effects related to the retention of the Pi-ta susceptible allele. Our creation of an artificial knockout of the Pi-ta susceptible allele suffered fitness-related trait declines of up to 49% in terms of filled grain yield upon the loss of Pi-ta function. The Pi-ta susceptible alleles might serve as an off-switch to downstream immune signaling, thus contributing to the fine-tuning of plant defense responses. The results demonstrated that the susceptible Pi-ta alleles should have evolved pleiotropic functions, facilitating their retention in populations. As Pi-ta is a single copy gene with no paralogs in the genome, its function cannot be compensated by an alternative gene; whereas most other R genes form gene clusters by tandem duplications, and the function could be compensated by paralogs with high sequence similarity. This attempt to evaluate the fitness effects of the R gene in crops indicates that not all disease resistance genes incur fitness costs, which also provides a plausible explanation for how host genomes can tolerate the possible genetic load associated with a vast repertoire of R genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Suobing Zhang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Pengfei Xie
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia-Yu Xue
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China,College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ruisen Lu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yueyu Hang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China,Corresponding author: Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China. ; Corresponding author: Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Sun
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China,Corresponding author: Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China. ; Corresponding author: Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
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Comparative transcriptomics provides a strategy for phylogenetic analysis and SSR marker development in Chaenomeles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16441. [PMID: 34385515 PMCID: PMC8361139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95776-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Chaenomeles has long been considered an important ornamental, herbal and cash crop and is widely cultivated in East Asia. Traditional studies of Chaenomeles mainly focus on evolutionary relationships at the phenotypic level. In this study, we conducted RNA-seq on 10 Chaenomeles germplasms supplemented with one outgroup species, Docynia delavayi (D. delavayi), on the Illumina HiSeq2500 platform. After de novo assemblies, we generated from 40,084 to 49,571 unigenes for each germplasm. After pairwise comparison of the orthologous sequences, 9,659 orthologues within the 11 germplasms were obtained, with 6,154 orthologous genes identified as single-copy genes. The phylogenetic tree was visualized to reveal evolutionary relationships for these 11 germplasms. GO and KEGG analyses were performed for these common single-copy genes to compare their functional similarities and differences. Selective pressure analysis based on 6,154 common single-copy genes revealed that 45 genes were under positive selection. Most of these genes are involved in building the plant disease defence system. A total of 292 genes containing simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were used to develop SSR markers and compare their functions in secondary metabolism pathways. Finally, 10 primers were chosen as SSR marker candidates for Chaenomeles germplasms by comprehensive standards. Our research provides a new methodology and reference for future related research in Chaenomeles and is also useful for improvement, breeding and selection projects in other related species.
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10
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Hernando CE, Murcia MG, Pereyra ME, Sellaro R, Casal JJ. Phytochrome B links the environment to transcription. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4068-4084. [PMID: 33704448 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytochrome B (phyB) senses the difference between darkness and light, the level of irradiance, the red/far-red ratio, and temperature. Thanks to these sensory capacities, phyB perceives whether plant organs are buried in the soil, exposed to full sunlight, in the presence of nearby vegetation, and/or under risk of heat stress. In some species, phyB perceives seasonal daylength cues. phyB affects the activity of several transcriptional regulators either by direct physical interaction or indirectly by physical interaction with proteins involved in the turnover of transcriptional regulators. Typically, interaction of a protein with phyB has either negative or positive effects on the interaction of the latter with a third party, this being another protein or DNA. Thus, phyB mediates the context-dependent modulation of the transcriptome underlying changes in plant morphology, physiology, and susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stress. phyB operates as a dynamic switch that improves carbon balance, prioritizing light interception and photosynthetic capacity in open places and the projection of the shoot towards light in the soil, under shade and in warm conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Esteban Hernando
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Mauro Germán Murcia
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Matías Ezequiel Pereyra
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Romina Sellaro
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Jorge José Casal
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
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11
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Fernández-Milmanda GL, Ballaré CL. Shade Avoidance: Expanding the Color and Hormone Palette. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:509-523. [PMID: 33461868 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Major strides have been made over the past decade in elucidating the mechanisms that mediate shade-avoidance responses. The canonical PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF)-auxin pathway that begins with inactivation of phytochrome B (phyB) by a low red:far-red (R:FR) ratio, and that leads to increased elongation, has been thoroughly characterized in arabidopsis (Arabidopsisthaliana) seedlings. Nevertheless, studies in other life stages and plant species have demonstrated the role of other wavelengths, photoreceptors, and hormones in the orchestration of shade-avoidance responses. We highlight recent developments that illustrate how canopy light cues regulate signaling through auxin, gibberellins (GAs), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), and strigolactones (SLs) to modulate key aspects of plant growth, metabolism, and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe L Fernández-Milmanda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos L Ballaré
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Avenida San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas (IIBIO), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, B1650HMP Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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12
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13
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Barbacci A, Navaud O, Mbengue M, Barascud M, Godiard L, Khafif M, Lacaze A, Raffaele S. Rapid identification of an Arabidopsis NLR gene as a candidate conferring susceptibility to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum using time-resolved automated phenotyping. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:903-917. [PMID: 32170798 PMCID: PMC7497225 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The broad host range necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating pathogen of many oil and vegetable crops. Plant genes conferring complete resistance against S. sclerotiorum have not been reported. Instead, plant populations challenged by S. sclerotiorum exhibit a continuum of partial resistance designated as quantitative disease resistance (QDR). Because of their complex interplay and their small phenotypic effect, the functional characterization of QDR genes remains limited. How broad host range necrotrophic fungi manipulate plant programmed cell death is for instance largely unknown. Here, we designed a time-resolved automated disease phenotyping pipeline enabling high-throughput disease lesion measurement with high resolution, low footprint at low cost. We could accurately recover contrasted disease responses in several pathosystems using this system. We used our phenotyping pipeline to assess the kinetics of disease symptoms caused by seven S. sclerotiorum isolates on six A. thaliana natural accessions with unprecedented resolution. Large effect polymorphisms common to the most resistant A. thaliana accessions identified highly divergent alleles of the nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat gene LAZ5 in the resistant accessions Rubezhnoe and Lip-0. We show that impaired LAZ5 expression in laz5.1 mutant lines and in A. thaliana Rub natural accession correlate with enhanced QDR to S. sclerotiorum. These findings illustrate the value of time-resolved image-based phenotyping for unravelling the genetic bases of complex traits such as QDR. Our results suggest that S. sclerotiorum manipulates plant sphingolipid pathways guarded by LAZ5 to trigger programmed cell death and cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelin Barbacci
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM)Université de ToulouseINRAECNRS24 chemin de Borde Rouge - Auzeville CS 52627 F31326Castanet TolosanCedexFrance
| | - Olivier Navaud
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM)Université de ToulouseINRAECNRS24 chemin de Borde Rouge - Auzeville CS 52627 F31326Castanet TolosanCedexFrance
| | - Malick Mbengue
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM)Université de ToulouseINRAECNRS24 chemin de Borde Rouge - Auzeville CS 52627 F31326Castanet TolosanCedexFrance
| | - Marielle Barascud
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM)Université de ToulouseINRAECNRS24 chemin de Borde Rouge - Auzeville CS 52627 F31326Castanet TolosanCedexFrance
| | - Laurence Godiard
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM)Université de ToulouseINRAECNRS24 chemin de Borde Rouge - Auzeville CS 52627 F31326Castanet TolosanCedexFrance
| | - Mehdi Khafif
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM)Université de ToulouseINRAECNRS24 chemin de Borde Rouge - Auzeville CS 52627 F31326Castanet TolosanCedexFrance
| | - Aline Lacaze
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM)Université de ToulouseINRAECNRS24 chemin de Borde Rouge - Auzeville CS 52627 F31326Castanet TolosanCedexFrance
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM)Université de ToulouseINRAECNRS24 chemin de Borde Rouge - Auzeville CS 52627 F31326Castanet TolosanCedexFrance
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14
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Tang J, Wang Y, Yin W, Dong G, Sun K, Teng Z, Wu X, Wang S, Qian Y, Pan X, Qian Q, Chu C. Mutation of a Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-Rich Repeat Immune Receptor-Type Protein Disrupts Immunity to Bacterial Blight. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:1295-1313. [PMID: 31431512 PMCID: PMC6836841 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Most characterized plant resistance proteins belong to the nucleotide-binding domain and Leu-rich repeat-containing (NLR) family. NLRs are present in an auto-inhibited state in the absence of specific pathogens, while gain-of-function mutations in NLRs usually cause autoimmunity. Here, we show that a gain-of-function mutation, weaker defense (wed), which caused a Phe-to-Leu substitution in the nucleotide-binding domain of a typical NLR in rice (Oryza sativa), led to enhanced susceptibility to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae The unexpected accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), along with downregulation of NONEXPRESSOR OF PR1 (NPR1), in wed indicates the potential presence of a feedback regulation loop of SA biosynthesis in rice. Epistasis analyses illustrated that SA accumulation and the NLR-associated components RAR1, OsRac1, and PhyB are dispensable for the wed phenotypes. Intriguingly, besides pattern-triggered immunity, effector-triggered immunity conferred by different resistance proteins, including Xa3/Xa26, Xa4, and Xa21, was also disturbed by wed to a certain extent, indicating the existence of shared regulatory mechanisms for various defense systems. The identification of wed therefore provides a unique system for genetic dissection of shared immune signaling pathways activated by different types of immune receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyou Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, and the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yiqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, and the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenchao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, and the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Kai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, and the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhenfeng Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, and the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xujiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shimei Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yangwen Qian
- Biogle Genome Editing Center, Changzhou 213125, China
| | - Xuebiao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, and the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Deng Y, Chen H, Zhang C, Cai T, Zhang B, Zhou S, Fountain JC, Pan RL, Guo B, Zhuang WJ. Evolution and characterisation of the AhRAF4 NB-ARC gene family induced by Aspergillus flavus inoculation and abiotic stresses in peanut. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:737-750. [PMID: 29603544 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination in peanut is a serious food safety issue to human health around the world. Finding disease resistance genes is a key strategy for genetic improvement in breeding to deal with this issue. We identified an Aspergillus flavus-induced NBS-LRR gene, AhRAF4, using a microarray-based approach. By comparison of 23 sequences from three species using phytogenetics, protein secondary structure and three-dimensional structural analyses, AhRAF4 was revealed to be derived from Arachis duranensis by recombination, and has newly evolved into a family of several members, characterised by duplications and point mutations. However, the members of the family descended from A. ipaensis were lost following tetraploidisation. AhRAF4 was slightly up-regulated by low temperature, drought, salicylic acid and ethylene, but down-regulated by methyl jasmonate. The distinct responses upon As. flavus inoculation and the differential reactions between resistant and susceptible varieties indicate that AhRAF4 might play a role in defence responses. Temporal and spatial expression and the phenotype of transformed protoplasts suggest that AhRAF4 may also be associated with pericarp development. Because tetraploid cultivated peanuts are vulnerable to many pathogens, an exploration of R-genes may provide an effective method for genetic improvement of peanut cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Deng
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - H Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - C Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - T Cai
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - B Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - S Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - J C Fountain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - R-L Pan
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan, China
| | - B Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
- Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - W-J Zhuang
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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16
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Zhao L, Chen Y, Yang W, Zhang Y, Chen W, Feng C, Wang Q, Wu Y. Polysaccharide Peptide-Induced Virus Resistance Depends on Ca 2+ Influx by Increasing the Salicylic Acid Content and Upregulating the Leucine-Rich Repeat Gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:516-524. [PMID: 29199889 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-17-0242-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant viral diseases cause severe economic losses in agricultural production. The development of biosource-derived antiviral agents provides an alternative strategy to efficiently control plant viral diseases. We previously reported that the exogenous application of polysaccharide peptide (PSP) exerts significant inhibitive effects on Tobacco mosaic virus infection in Nicotiana tabacum. In this study, we studied in additional detail the mechanism by which PSP can induce virus resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that PSP significantly induced Ca2+ influx and increased the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and salicylic acid (SA) in the A. thaliana cells. A gene with a toll interleukin 1 receptor-nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat domain (LRR) was obtained by RNA sequencing in combination with the screening of the gene-deletion mutants of A. thaliana. The LRR gene was deleted, and the inductive response of A. thaliana to PSP was significantly attenuated after mutation. After the heterologous overexpression of the LRR gene in N. benthamiana, the SA content and PR1 gene expression in N. benthamiana were significantly increased. Through analyses of the LRR gene expression and the ability of A. thaliana to resist Cucumber mosaic virus following the treatments of PSP and PSP + ethyleneglycol-bis (beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid, it was shown that PSP enhanced the virus resistance of A. thaliana by inducing Ca2+ influx and subsequently improving expression of the LRR gene, which further increased the SA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas
- 2 Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, and
- 3 Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; and
| | - Yujia Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas
- 2 Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, and
- 3 Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; and
| | - Wen Yang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas
- 2 Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, and
- 3 Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; and
| | - Yuanle Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas
- 2 Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, and
- 3 Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; and
| | - Wenbao Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas
- 2 Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, and
- 3 Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; and
| | - Chaohong Feng
- 4 Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 116 Huayuan Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450002, China
| | - Qaochun Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas
- 2 Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, and
- 3 Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; and
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17
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Anthoney N, Foldi I, Hidalgo A. Toll and Toll-like receptor signalling in development. Development 2018; 145:145/9/dev156018. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.156018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The membrane receptor Toll and the related Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are best known for their universal function in innate immunity. However, Toll/TLRs were initially discovered in a developmental context, and recent studies have revealed that Toll/TLRs carry out previously unanticipated functions in development, regulating cell fate, cell number, neural circuit connectivity and synaptogenesis. Furthermore, knowledge of their molecular mechanisms of action is expanding and has highlighted that Toll/TLRs function beyond the canonical NF-κB pathway to regulate cell-to-cell communication and signalling at the synapse. Here, we provide an overview of Toll/TLR signalling and discuss how this signalling pathway regulates various aspects of development across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Anthoney
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Istvan Foldi
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alicia Hidalgo
- NeuroDevelopment Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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18
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Horvath DP, Bruggeman S, Moriles‐Miller J, Anderson JV, Dogramaci M, Scheffler BE, Hernandez AG, Foley ME, Clay S. Weed presence altered biotic stress and light signaling in maize even when weeds were removed early in the critical weed-free period. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00057. [PMID: 31245722 PMCID: PMC6508562 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Weed presence early in the life cycle of maize (typically, from emergence through the 8 to 12 leaf growth stage) can reduce crop growth and yield and is known as the critical weed-free period (CWFP). Even if weeds are removed during or just after the CWFP, crop growth and yield often are not recoverable. We compared transcriptome responses of field-grown hybrid maize at V8 in two consecutive years among plants grown under weed-free and two weed-stressed conditions (weeds removed at V4 or present through V8) using RNAseq analysis techniques. Compared with weed-free plant responses, physiological differences at V8 were identified in all weed-stressed plants and were most often associated with altered photosynthetic processes, hormone signaling, nitrogen use and transport, and biotic stress responses. Even when weeds were removed at V4 and tissues sampled at V8, carbon: nitrogen supply imbalance, salicylic acid signals, and growth responses differed between the weed-stressed and weed-free plants. These underlying processes and a small number of developmentally important genes are potential targets for decreasing the maize response to weed pressure. Expression differences of several novel, long noncoding RNAs resulting from exposure of maize to weeds during the CWFP were also observed and could open new avenues for investigation into the function of these transcription units.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Horvath
- Sunflower and Plant Biology Research UnitUSDA/ARS/RRVARCFargoNorth Dakota
| | | | | | - James V. Anderson
- Sunflower and Plant Biology Research UnitUSDA/ARS/RRVARCFargoNorth Dakota
| | - Munevver Dogramaci
- University of South DakotaSanford School of MedicineInternal Medicine DepartmentSioux FallsSouth Dakota
| | | | | | - Michael E. Foley
- Sunflower and Plant Biology Research UnitUSDA/ARS/RRVARCFargoNorth Dakota
| | - Sharon Clay
- Plant Science DepartmentSouth Dakota State UniversityBrookingsSouth Dakota
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19
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Gallemí M, Molina-Contreras MJ, Paulišić S, Salla-Martret M, Sorin C, Godoy M, Franco-Zorrilla JM, Solano R, Martínez-García JF. A non-DNA-binding activity for the ATHB4 transcription factor in the control of vegetation proximity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:798-813. [PMID: 28805249 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In plants, perception of vegetation proximity by phytochrome photoreceptors activates a transcriptional network that implements a set of responses to adapt to plant competition, including elongation of stems or hypocotyls. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factor ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA HOMEOBOX 4 (ATHB4) regulates this and other responses, such as leaf polarity. To better understand the shade regulatory transcriptional network, we have carried out structure-function analyses of ATHB4 by overexpressing a series of truncated and mutated forms and analyzing three different responses: hypocotyl response to shade, transcriptional activity and leaf polarity. Our results indicated that ATHB4 has two physically separated molecular activities: that performed by HD-Zip, which is involved in binding to DNA-regulatory elements, and that performed by the ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING FACTOR-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR)-containing N-terminal region, which is involved in protein-protein interaction. Whereas both activities are required to regulate leaf polarity, DNA-binding activity is not required for the regulation of the seedling responses to plant proximity, which indicates that ATHB4 works as a transcriptional cofactor in the regulation of this response. These findings suggest that transcription factors might employ alternative mechanisms of action to regulate different developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Gallemí
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Molina-Contreras
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Sandi Paulišić
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Mercè Salla-Martret
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Céline Sorin
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Marta Godoy
- National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB), CSIC, Campus University Autónoma, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | | | - Roberto Solano
- National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB), CSIC, Campus University Autónoma, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Jaime F Martínez-García
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010, Spain
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20
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Li X, Zhang Y, Yin L, Lu J. Overexpression of pathogen-induced grapevine TIR-NB-LRR gene VaRGA1 enhances disease resistance and drought and salt tolerance in Nicotiana benthamiana. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:957-969. [PMID: 27468994 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The NBS-LRR proteins encoded by the majority of R genes represent important intracellular receptors that directly or indirectly recognize pathogen effector proteins, which subsequently activate plant defense responses. In this study, a novel Plasmopara viticola-induced TIR-NBS-LRR gene, named VaRGA1, was cloned from leaf tissues of a highly downy mildew-resistant Vitis amurensis "Shuanghong" grapevine. The fluorescence signal of the VaRGA1-GFP fusion protein was clearly partitioned to the cytoplasm and nucleus. The expression of the VaRGA1 gene was strongly induced during early stages of infection by P. viticola, and was also significantly upregulated after drought and salt treatments. Accordingly, grapevine leaves transiently expressing the VaRGA1 gene manifested increased resistance to P. viticola, and the overexpression of the VaRGA1 gene in Nicotiana benthamiana conferred enhanced resistance to Phytophthora parasitica through the activation of salicylic acid (SA) signaling and phenylpropanoid pathways and could also increase tolerance to drought and salt stresses at the germination and vegetable growth stages. These findings indicate that the grapevine VaRGA1 gene may function as the immune and non-immune receptors against biotic and abiotic stresses and that there may be signaling overlap between biotic and abiotic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Yin
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Jiang Lu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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21
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Yoon MY, Kim MY, Shim S, Kim KD, Ha J, Shin JH, Kang S, Lee SH. Transcriptomic Profiling of Soybean in Response to High-Intensity UV-B Irradiation Reveals Stress Defense Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1917. [PMID: 28066473 PMCID: PMC5165247 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The depletion of the ozone layer in the stratosphere has led to a dramatic spike in ultraviolet B (UV-B) intensity and increased UV-B light levels. The direct absorption of high-intensity UV-B induces complex abiotic stresses in plants, including excessive light exposure, heat, and dehydration. However, UV-B stress signaling mechanisms in plants including soybean (Glycine max [L.]) remain poorly understood. Here, we surveyed the overall transcriptional responses of two soybean genotypes, UV-B-sensitive Cheongja 3 and UV-B-resistant Buseok, to continuous UV-B irradiation for 0 (control), 0.5, and 6 h using RNA-seq analysis. Homology analysis using UV-B-related genes from Arabidopsis thaliana revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) likely involved in UV-B stress responses. Functional classification of the DEGs showed that the categories of immune response, stress defense signaling, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism were over-represented. UV-B-resistant Buseok utilized phosphatidic acid-dependent signaling pathways (based on subsequent reactions of phospholipase C and diacylglycerol kinase) rather than phospholipase D in response to UV-B exposure at high fluence rates, and genes involved in its downstream pathways, such as ABA signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, and ROS overproduction, were upregulated in this genotype. In addition, the DEGs for TIR-NBS-LRR and heat shock proteins are positively activated. These results suggest that defense mechanisms against UV-B stress at high fluence rates are separate from the photomorphogenic responses utilized by plants to adapt to low-level UV light. Our study provides valuable information for deep understanding of UV-B stress defense mechanisms and for the development of resistant soybean genotypes that survive under high-intensity UV-B stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Young Yoon
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Moon Young Kim
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Sangrae Shim
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Do Kim
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA
| | - Jungmin Ha
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Hee Shin
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA
| | - Sungtaeg Kang
- Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Dankook UniversityCheonan, South Korea
| | - Suk-Ha Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
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Jiao Y, Xu W, Duan D, Wang Y, Nick P. A stilbene synthase allele from a Chinese wild grapevine confers resistance to powdery mildew by recruiting salicylic acid signalling for efficient defence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5841-5856. [PMID: 27702992 PMCID: PMC5066501 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Stilbenes are central phytoalexins in Vitis, and induction of the key enzyme stilbene synthase (STS) is pivotal for disease resistance. Here, we address the potential for breeding resistance using an STS allele isolated from Chinese wild grapevine Vitis pseudoreticulata (VpSTS) by comparison with its homologue from Vitis vinifera cv. 'Carigane' (VvSTS). Although the coding regions of both alleles are very similar (>99% identity on the amino acid level), the promoter regions are significantly different. By expression in Arabidopsis as a heterologous system, we show that the allele from the wild Chinese grapevine can confer accumulation of stilbenes and resistance against the powdery mildew Golovinomyces cichoracearum, whereas the allele from the vinifera cultivar cannot. To dissect the upstream signalling driving the activation of this promoter, we used a dual-luciferase reporter system in a grapevine cell culture. We show elevated responsiveness of the promoter from the wild grape to salicylic acid (SA) and to the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flg22, equal induction of both alleles by jasmonic acid (JA), and a lack of response to the cell death-inducing elicitor Harpin. This elevated SA response of the VpSTS promoter depends on calcium influx, oxidative burst by RboH, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling, and JA synthesis. We integrate the data in the context of a model where the resistance of V. pseudoreticulata is linked to a more efficient recruitment of SA signalling for phytoalexin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntong Jiao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Weirong Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Duan
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute 1, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 2, D-78133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yuejin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute 1, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 2, D-78133 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Günther T, Lampei C, Barilar I, Schmid KJ. Genomic and phenotypic differentiation of Arabidopsis thaliana along altitudinal gradients in the North Italian Alps. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3574-92. [PMID: 27220345 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Altitudinal gradients in mountain regions are short-range clines of different environmental parameters such as temperature or radiation. We investigated genomic and phenotypic signatures of adaptation to such gradients in five Arabidopsis thaliana populations from the North Italian Alps that originated from 580 to 2350 m altitude by resequencing pools of 19-29 individuals from each population. The sample includes two pairs of low- and high-altitude populations from two different valleys. High-altitude populations showed a lower nucleotide diversity and negative Tajima's D values and were more closely related to each other than to low-altitude populations from the same valley. Despite their close geographic proximity, demographic analysis revealed that low- and high-altitude populations split between 260 000 and 15 000 years before present. Single nucleotide polymorphisms whose allele frequencies were highly differentiated between low- and high-altitude populations identified genomic regions of up to 50 kb length where patterns of genetic diversity are consistent with signatures of local selective sweeps. These regions harbour multiple genes involved in stress response. Variation among populations in two putative adaptive phenotypic traits, frost tolerance and response to light/UV stress was not correlated with altitude. Taken together, the spatial distribution of genetic diversity reflects a potentially adaptive differentiation between low- and high-altitude populations, whereas the phenotypic differentiation in the two traits investigated does not. It may resemble an interaction between adaptation to the local microhabitat and demographic history influenced by historical glaciation cycles, recent seed dispersal and genetic drift in local populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Günther
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, EBC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Lampei
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ivan Barilar
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Karl J Schmid
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Li W, Katin-Grazzini L, Krishnan S, Thammina C, El-Tanbouly R, Yer H, Merewitz E, Guillard K, Inguagiato J, McAvoy RJ, Liu Z, Li Y. A Novel Two-Step Method for Screening Shade Tolerant Mutant Plants via Dwarfism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1495. [PMID: 27752260 PMCID: PMC5046010 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
When subjected to shade, plants undergo rapid shoot elongation, which often makes them more prone to disease and mechanical damage. Shade-tolerant plants can be difficult to breed; however, they offer a substantial benefit over other varieties in low-light areas. Although perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a popular species of turf grasses because of their good appearance and fast establishment, the plant normally does not perform well under shade conditions. It has been reported that, in turfgrass, induced dwarfism can enhance shade tolerance. Here we describe a two-step procedure for isolating shade tolerant mutants of perennial ryegrass by first screening for dominant dwarf mutants, and then screening dwarf plants for shade tolerance. The two-step screening process to isolate shade tolerant mutants can be done efficiently with limited space at early seedling stages, which enables quick and efficient isolation of shade tolerant mutants, and thus facilitates development of shade tolerant new cultivars of turfgrasses. Using the method, we isolated 136 dwarf mutants from 300,000 mutagenized seeds, with 65 being shade tolerant (0.022%). When screened directly for shade tolerance, we recovered only four mutants from a population of 150,000 (0.003%) mutagenized seeds. One shade tolerant mutant, shadow-1, was characterized in detail. In addition to dwarfism, shadow-1 and its sexual progeny displayed high degrees of tolerance to both natural and artificial shade. We showed that endogenous gibberellin (GA) content in shadow-1 was higher than wild-type controls, and shadow-1 was also partially GA insensitive. Our novel, simple and effective two-step screening method should be applicable to breeding shade tolerant cultivars of turfgrasses, ground covers, and other economically important crop plants that can be used under canopies of existing vegetation to increase productivity per unit area of land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CTUSA
| | - Lorenzo Katin-Grazzini
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CTUSA
| | | | - Chandra Thammina
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CTUSA
| | - Rania El-Tanbouly
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CTUSA
- Department of Floriculture, Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, AlexandriaEgypt
| | - Huseyin Yer
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CTUSA
| | - Emily Merewitz
- Department of Crop Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MIUSA
| | - Karl Guillard
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CTUSA
| | - John Inguagiato
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CTUSA
| | - Richard J. McAvoy
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CTUSA
| | - Zongrang Liu
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WVUSA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CTUSA
- *Correspondence: Yi Li,
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Sarazin V, Duclercq J, Mendou B, Aubanelle L, Nicolas V, Aono M, Pilard S, Guerineau F, Sangwan-Norreel B, Sangwan RS. Arabidopsis BNT1, an atypical TIR-NBS-LRR gene, acting as a regulator of the hormonal response to stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 239:216-229. [PMID: 26398806 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
During their life cycle, plants have to cope with fluctuating environmental conditions. The perception of the stressful environmental conditions induces a specific stress hormone signature specifying a proper response with an efficient fitness. By reverse genetics, we isolated and characterized a novel mutation in Arabidopsis, associated with environmental stress responses, that affects the At5g11250/BURNOUT1 (BNT1) gene which encode a Toll/Interleukin1 receptor-nucleotide binding site leucine-rich repeat (TIR-NBS-LRR) protein. The knock-out bnt1 mutants displayed, in the absence of stress conditions, a multitude of growth and development defects, suchas severe dwarfism, early senescence and flower sterility, similar to those observed in vitro in wild type plants upon different biotic and/or abiotic stresses. The disruption of BNT1 causes also a drastic increase of the jasmonic, salicylic and abscisic acids as well as ethylene levels. Which was consistent with the expression pattern observed in bnt1 showing an over representation of genes involved in the hormonal response to stress? Therefore, a defect in BNT1 forced the plant to engage in an exhausting general stress response, which produced frail, weakened and poorly adapted plants expressing "burnout" syndromes. Furthermore, by in vitro phenocopying experiments, physiological, chemical and molecular analyses, we propose that BNT1 could represent a molecular link between stress perception and specific hormonal signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Sarazin
- CNRS FRE 3498 EDYSAN (Unité Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), UPJV, Amiens, France; Laboulet Semences, Airaines, France
| | - Jérome Duclercq
- CNRS FRE 3498 EDYSAN (Unité Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), UPJV, Amiens, France
| | - Benjamin Mendou
- CNRS FRE 3498 EDYSAN (Unité Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), UPJV, Amiens, France
| | - Laurent Aubanelle
- CNRS FRE 3498 EDYSAN (Unité Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), UPJV, Amiens, France
| | - Veyres Nicolas
- CNRS FRE 3498 EDYSAN (Unité Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), UPJV, Amiens, France
| | - Mitsuko Aono
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Environmental Biology Division, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | | | - Brigitte Sangwan-Norreel
- CNRS FRE 3498 EDYSAN (Unité Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), UPJV, Amiens, France
| | - Rajbir S Sangwan
- CNRS FRE 3498 EDYSAN (Unité Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), UPJV, Amiens, France.
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26
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Nagendran R, Lee YH. Green and Red Light Reduces the Disease Severity by Pseudomonas cichorii JBC1 in Tomato Plants via Upregulation of Defense-Related Gene Expression. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:412-8. [PMID: 25536016 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-14-0108-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Light influences many physiological processes in most organisms. To investigate the influence of light on plant and pathogen interaction, we challenged tomato seedlings with Pseudomonas cichorii JBC1 by flood inoculation and incubated the seedlings under different light conditions. Tomato seedlings exposed to green or red light showed a significant reduction in disease incidence compared with those grown under white light or dark conditions. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we investigated the effects of each light wavelength on P. cichorii JBC1 and tomato plants. Treatment with various light wavelengths at 120 µmol m(-2) s(-1) revealed no significant difference in growth, swarming motility, or biofilm formation of the pathogen. In addition, when we vacuum-infiltrated P. cichorii JBC1 into tomato plants, green and red light also suppressed disease incidence which indicated that the reduced disease severity was not from direct influence of light on the pathogen. Significant upregulation of the defense-related genes, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and pathogenesis-related protein 1a (PR-1a) was observed in P. cichorii JBC1-infected tomato seedlings grown under green or red light compared with seedlings grown under white light or dark conditions. The results of this study indicate that light conditions can influence plant defense mechanisms. In particular, green and red light increase the resistance of tomato plants to infection by P. cichorii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalingam Nagendran
- First author: Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, 194-5 Ma-Dong, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-752, Republic of Korea; and second author: Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, and Plant Medical Research Center, Chonbuk National University 194-5 Ma-Dong, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-752, Republic of Korea
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27
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Lovell JT, Mullen JL, Lowry DB, Awole K, Richards JH, Sen S, Verslues PE, Juenger TE, McKay JK. Exploiting Differential Gene Expression and Epistasis to Discover Candidate Genes for Drought-Associated QTLs in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:969-83. [PMID: 25873386 PMCID: PMC4558705 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Soil water availability represents one of the most important selective agents for plants in nature and the single greatest abiotic determinant of agricultural productivity, yet the genetic bases of drought acclimation responses remain poorly understood. Here, we developed a systems-genetic approach to characterize quantitative trait loci (QTLs), physiological traits and genes that affect responses to soil moisture deficit in the TSUxKAS mapping population of Arabidopsis thaliana. To determine the effects of candidate genes underlying QTLs, we analyzed gene expression as a covariate within the QTL model in an effort to mechanistically link markers, RNA expression, and the phenotype. This strategy produced ranked lists of candidate genes for several drought-associated traits, including water use efficiency, growth, abscisic acid concentration (ABA), and proline concentration. As a proof of concept, we recovered known causal loci for several QTLs. For other traits, including ABA, we identified novel loci not previously associated with drought. Furthermore, we documented natural variation at two key steps in proline metabolism and demonstrated that the mitochondrial genome differentially affects genomic QTLs to influence proline accumulation. These findings demonstrate that linking genome, transcriptome, and phenotype data holds great promise to extend the utility of genetic mapping, even when QTL effects are modest or complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Lovell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712 Department of BioAgricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Jack L Mullen
- Department of BioAgricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - David B Lowry
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Kedija Awole
- Department of BioAgricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - James H Richards
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Saunak Sen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Paul E Verslues
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Thomas E Juenger
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712 Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - John K McKay
- Department of BioAgricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
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28
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Two linked pairs of Arabidopsis TNL resistance genes independently confer recognition of bacterial effector AvrRps4. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6338. [PMID: 25744164 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant immunity requires recognition of pathogen effectors by intracellular NB-LRR immune receptors encoded by Resistance (R) genes. Most R proteins recognize a specific effector, but some function in pairs that recognize multiple effectors. Arabidopsis thaliana TIR-NB-LRR proteins RRS1-R and RPS4 together recognize two bacterial effectors, AvrRps4 from Pseudomonas syringae and PopP2 from Ralstonia solanacearum. However, AvrRps4, but not PopP2, is recognized in rrs1/rps4 mutants. We reveal an R gene pair that resembles and is linked to RRS1/RPS4, designated as RRS1B/RPS4B, which confers recognition of AvrRps4 but not PopP2. Like RRS1/RPS4, RRS1B/RPS4B proteins associate and activate defence genes upon AvrRps4 recognition. Inappropriate combinations (RRS1/RPS4B or RRS1B/RPS4) are non-functional and this specificity is not TIR domain dependent. Distinct putative orthologues of both pairs are maintained in the genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana relatives and are likely derived from a common ancestor pair. Our results provide novel insights into paired R gene function and evolution.
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29
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Xu F, Zhu C, Cevik V, Johnson K, Liu Y, Sohn K, Jones JD, Holub EB, Li X. Autoimmunity conferred by chs3-2D relies on CSA1, its adjacent TNL-encoding neighbour. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8792. [PMID: 25740259 PMCID: PMC4350097 DOI: 10.1038/srep08792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant innate immunity depends on the function of a large number of intracellular immune receptor proteins, the majority of which are structurally similar to mammalian nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) proteins. CHILLING SENSITIVE 3 (CHS3) encodes an atypical Toll/Interleukin 1 Receptor (TIR)-type NLR protein with an additional Lin-11, Isl-1 and Mec-3 (LIM) domain at its C-terminus. The gain-of-function mutant allele chs3-2D exhibits severe dwarfism and constitutively activated defense responses, including enhanced resistance to virulent pathogens, high defence marker gene expression, and salicylic acid accumulation. To search for novel regulators involved in CHS3-mediated immune signaling, we conducted suppressor screens in the chs3-2D and chs3-2D pad4-1 genetic backgrounds. Alleles of sag101 and eds1-90 were isolated as complete suppressors of chs3-2D, and alleles of sgt1b were isolated as partial suppressors of chs3-2D pad4-1. These mutants suggest that SAG101, EDS1-90, and SGT1b are all positive regulators of CHS3-mediated defense signaling. Additionally, the TIR-type NLR-encoding CSA1 locus located genomically adjacent to CHS3 was found to be fully required for chs3-2D-mediated autoimmunity. CSA1 is located 3.9 kb upstream of CHS3 and is transcribed in the opposite direction. Altogether, these data illustrate the distinct genetic requirements for CHS3-mediated defense signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xu
- 1] Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada [2] Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Chipan Zhu
- 1] Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada [2] Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Volkan Cevik
- 1] University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences, Warwick Crop Centre, Wellesbourne, CV35 9EF, United Kingdom [2] Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Kaeli Johnson
- 1] Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada [2] Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kee Sohn
- 1] Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom [2] Bio-protection Research Centre, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North. 4442, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan D Jones
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Eric B Holub
- University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences, Warwick Crop Centre, Wellesbourne, CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
| | - Xin Li
- 1] Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada [2] Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Tan CM, Li MY, Yang PY, Chang SH, Ho YP, Lin H, Deng WL, Yang JY. Arabidopsis HFR1 is a potential nuclear substrate regulated by the Xanthomonas type III effector XopD(Xcc8004). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117067. [PMID: 25647296 PMCID: PMC4315394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
XopDXcc8004, a type III effector of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) 8004, is considered a shorter version of the XopD, which lacks the N-terminal domain. To understand the functions of XopDXcc8004, in planta, a transgenic approach combined with inducible promoter to analyze the effects of XopDXcc8004 in Arabidopsis was done. Here, the expression of XopDXcc8004, in Arabidopsis elicited the accumulation of host defense-response genes. These molecular changes were dependent on salicylic acid and correlated with lesion-mimic phenotypes observed in XVE::XopDXcc8004 transgenic plants. Moreover, XopDXcc8004 was able to desumoylate HFR1, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor involved in photomorphogenesis, through SUMO protease activity. Interestingly, the hfr1-201 mutant increased the expression of host defense-response genes and displayed a resistance phenotype to Xcc8004. These data suggest that HFR1 is involved in plant innate immunity and is potentially regulated by XopDXcc8004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Meng Tan
- Institute of Biochemistry, National ChungHsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National ChungHsing University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ying Li
- Institute of Biochemistry, National ChungHsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yun Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry, National ChungHsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu Heng Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry, National ChungHsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Ho
- Institute of Biochemistry, National ChungHsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hong Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry, National ChungHsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ling Deng
- Department of Plant Pathology, National ChungHsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yi Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry, National ChungHsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National ChungHsing University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National ChungHsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Center, National ChungHsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National ChungHsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Peele HM, Guan N, Fogelqvist J, Dixelius C. Loss and retention of resistance genes in five species of the Brassicaceae family. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:298. [PMID: 25365911 PMCID: PMC4232680 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants have evolved disease resistance (R) genes encoding for nucleotide-binding site (NB) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins with N-terminals represented by either Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) or coiled-coil (CC) domains. Here, a genome-wide study of presence and diversification of CC-NB-LRR and TIR-NB-LRR encoding genes, and shorter domain combinations in 19 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions and Arabidopsis lyrata, Capsella rubella, Brassica rapa and Eutrema salsugineum are presented. RESULTS Out of 528 R genes analyzed, 12 CC-NB-LRR and 17 TIR-NB-LRR genes were conserved among the 19 A. thaliana genotypes, while only two CC-NB-LRRs, including ZAR1, and three TIR-NB-LRRs were conserved when comparing the five species. The RESISTANCE TO LEPTOSPHAERIA MACULANS 1 (RLM1) locus confers resistance to the Brassica pathogen L. maculans the causal agent of blackleg disease and has undergone conservation and diversification events particularly in B. rapa. On the contrary, the RLM3 locus important in the immune response towards Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria spp. has recently evolved in the Arabidopsis genus. CONCLUSION Our genome-wide analysis of the R gene repertoire revealed a large sequence variation in the 23 cruciferous genomes. The data provides further insights into evolutionary processes impacting this important gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke M Peele
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7080, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Na Guan
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7080, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Fogelqvist
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7080, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christina Dixelius
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7080, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Pierik R, Ballaré CL, Dicke M. Ecology of plant volatiles: taking a plant community perspective. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1845-53. [PMID: 24689452 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although plants are sessile organisms, they can modulate their phenotype so as to cope with environmental stresses such as herbivore attack and competition with neighbouring plants. Plant-produced volatile compounds mediate various aspects of plant defence. The emission of volatiles has costs and benefits. Research on the role of plant volatiles in defence has focused primarily on the responses of individual plants. However, in nature, plants rarely occur as isolated individuals but are members of plant communities where they compete for resources and exchange information with other plants. In this review, we address the effects of neighbouring plants on plant volatile-mediated defences. We will outline the various roles of volatile compounds in the interactions between plants and other organisms, address the mechanisms of plant neighbour perception in plant communities, and discuss how neighbour detection and volatile signalling are interconnected. Finally, we will outline the most urgent questions to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Phytochrome regulation of plant immunity in vegetation canopies. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:848-57. [PMID: 25063023 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunity against pathogens and herbivores is a central determinant of plant fitness in nature and crop yield in agroecosystems. Plant immune responses are orchestrated by two key hormones: jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). Recent work has demonstrated that for plants of shade-intolerant species, which include the majority of those grown as grain crops, light is a major modulator of defense responses. Light signals that indicate proximity of competitors, such as a low red to far-red (R:FR) ratio, down-regulate the expression of JA- and SA-induced immune responses against pests and pathogens. This down-regulation of defense under low R:FR ratios, which is caused by the photoconversion of the photoreceptor phytochrome B (phyB) to an inactive state, is likely to help the plant to efficiently redirect resources to rapid growth when the competition threat posed by neighboring plants is high. This review is focused on the molecular mechanisms that link phyB with defense signaling. In particular, we discuss novel signaling players that are likely to play a role in the repression of defense responses under low R:FR ratios. A better understanding of the molecular connections between photoreceptors and the hormonal regulation of plant immunity will provide a functional framework to understand the mechanisms used by plants to deal with fundamental resource allocation trade-offs under dynamic conditions of biotic stress.
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Abstract
Plant immunity against pathogens and herbivores is a central determinant of plant fitness in nature and crop yield in agroecosystems. Plant immune responses are orchestrated by two key hormones: jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). Recent work has demonstrated that for plants of shade-intolerant species, which include the majority of those grown as grain crops, light is a major modulator of defense responses. Light signals that indicate proximity of competitors, such as a low red to far-red (R:FR) ratio, down-regulate the expression of JA- and SA-induced immune responses against pests and pathogens. This down-regulation of defense under low R:FR ratios, which is caused by the photoconversion of the photoreceptor phytochrome B (phyB) to an inactive state, is likely to help the plant to efficiently redirect resources to rapid growth when the competition threat posed by neighboring plants is high. This review is focused on the molecular mechanisms that link phyB with defense signaling. In particular, we discuss novel signaling players that are likely to play a role in the repression of defense responses under low R:FR ratios. A better understanding of the molecular connections between photoreceptors and the hormonal regulation of plant immunity will provide a functional framework to understand the mechanisms used by plants to deal with fundamental resource allocation trade-offs under dynamic conditions of biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier E Moreno
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CC 242 Ciudad Universitaria, Santa Fe, Argentina,
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Bou-Torrent J, Galstyan A, Gallemí M, Cifuentes-Esquivel N, Molina-Contreras MJ, Salla-Martret M, Jikumaru Y, Yamaguchi S, Kamiya Y, Martínez-García JF. Plant proximity perception dynamically modulates hormone levels and sensitivity in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2937-47. [PMID: 24609653 PMCID: PMC4056540 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) refers to a set of plant responses initiated after perception by the phytochromes of light enriched in far-red colour reflected from or filtered by neighbouring plants. These varied responses are aimed at anticipating eventual shading from potential competitor vegetation. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the most obvious SAS response at the seedling stage is the increase in hypocotyl elongation. Here, we describe how plant proximity perception rapidly and temporally alters the levels of not only auxins but also active brassinosteroids and gibberellins. At the same time, shade alters the seedling sensitivity to hormones. Plant proximity perception also involves dramatic changes in gene expression that rapidly result in a new balance between positive and negative factors in a network of interacting basic helix-loop-helix proteins, such as HFR1, PAR1, and BIM and BEE factors. Here, it was shown that several of these factors act as auxin- and BR-responsiveness modulators, which ultimately control the intensity or degree of hypocotyl elongation. It was deduced that, as a consequence of the plant proximity-dependent new, dynamic, and local balance between hormone synthesis and sensitivity (mechanistically resulting from a restructured network of SAS regulators), SAS responses are unleashed and hypocotyls elongate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Bou-Torrent
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, 08193-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anahit Galstyan
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, 08193-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marçal Gallemí
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, 08193-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolás Cifuentes-Esquivel
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, 08193-Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mercè Salla-Martret
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, 08193-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yusuke Jikumaru
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Yuji Kamiya
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jaime F Martínez-García
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, 08193-Barcelona, Spain Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010-Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Abstract
Precise allocation of limited resources between growth and defense is critical for plant survival. In shade-intolerant species, perception of competition signals by informational photoreceptors activates shade-avoidance responses and reduces the expression of defenses against pathogens and insects. The main mechanism underlying defense suppression is the simultaneous downregulation of jasmonate and salicylic acid signaling by low ratios of red:far-red radiation. Inactivation of phytochrome B by low red:far-red ratios appears to suppress jasmonate responses by altering the balance between DELLA and JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins in favor of the latter. Solar UVB radiation is a positive modulator of plant defense, signaling through jasmonate-dependent and jasmonate-independent pathways. Light, perceived by phytochrome B and presumably other photoreceptors, helps plants concentrate their defensive arsenals in photosynthetically valuable leaves. The discovery of connections between photoreceptors and defense signaling is revealing novel mechanisms that control key resource allocation decisions in plant canopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos L Ballaré
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina;
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Moriconi V, Sellaro R, Ayub N, Soto G, Rugnone M, Shah R, Pathak GP, Gärtner W, Casal JJ. LOV-domain photoreceptor, encoded in a genomic island, attenuates the virulence of Pseudomonas syringae in light-exposed Arabidopsis leaves. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 76:322-331. [PMID: 23865633 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, light signals modulate the defences against bacteria. Here we show that light perceived by the LOV domain-regulated two-component system (Pst-Lov) of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) modulates virulence against A. thaliana. Bioinformatic analysis and the existence of an episomal circular intermediate indicate that the locus encoding Pst-Lov is present in an active genomic island acquired by horizontal transfer. Strains mutated at Pst-Lov showed enhanced growth on minimal medium and in leaves of A. thaliana exposed to light, but not in leaves incubated in darkness or buried in the soil. Pst-Lov repressed the expression of principal and alternative sigma factor genes and their downstream targets linked to bacterial growth, virulence and quorum sensing, in a strictly light-dependent manner. We propose that the function of Pst-Lov is to distinguish between soil (dark) and leaf (light) environments, attenuating the damage caused to host tissues while releasing growth out of the host. Therefore, in addition to its direct actions via photosynthesis and plant sensory receptors, light may affect plants indirectly via the sensory receptors of bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Moriconi
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Avenida San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, 1417, Argentina; Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, C1405BWE, Argentina
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Bhattacharjee S, Garner CM, Gassmann W. New clues in the nucleus: transcriptional reprogramming in effector-triggered immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:364. [PMID: 24062762 PMCID: PMC3772313 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The robustness of plant effector-triggered immunity is correlated with massive alterations of the host transcriptome. Yet the molecular mechanisms that cause and underlie this reprogramming remain obscure. Here we will review recent advances in deciphering nuclear functions of plant immune receptors and of associated proteins. Important open questions remain, such as the identities of the primary transcription factors involved in control of effector-triggered immune responses, and indeed whether this can be generalized or whether particular effector-resistance protein interactions impinge on distinct sectors in the transcriptional response web. Multiple lines of evidence have implicated WRKY transcription factors at the core of responses to microbe-associated molecular patterns and in intersections with effector-triggered immunity. Recent findings from yeast two-hybrid studies suggest that members of the TCP transcription factor family are targets of several effectors from diverse pathogens. Additional transcription factor families that are directly or indirectly involved in effector-triggered immunity are likely to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Bhattacharjee
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- *Correspondence: Saikat Bhattacharjee, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, 314, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA e-mail:
| | - Christopher M. Garner
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
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39
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Cifuentes-Esquivel N, Bou-Torrent J, Galstyan A, Gallemí M, Sessa G, Salla Martret M, Roig-Villanova I, Ruberti I, Martínez-García JF. The bHLH proteins BEE and BIM positively modulate the shade avoidance syndrome in Arabidopsis seedlings. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:989-1002. [PMID: 23763263 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) refers to a set of plant responses initiated after perception by the phytochromes of light with a reduced red to far-red ratio, indicative of vegetation proximity or shade. These responses, including elongation growth, anticipate eventual shading from potential competitor vegetation by overgrowing neighboring plants or flowering to ensure production of viable seeds for the next generation. In Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, the SAS includes dramatic changes in gene expression, such as induction of PHYTOCHROME RAPIDLY REGULATED 1 (PAR1), encoding an atypical basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein that acts as a transcriptional co-factor to repress hypocotyl elongation. Indeed, PAR1 has been proposed to act fundamentally as a dominant negative antagonist of conventional bHLH transcription factors by forming heterodimers with them to prevent their binding to DNA or other transcription factors. Here we report the identification of PAR1-interacting factors, including the brassinosteroid signaling components BR-ENHANCED EXPRESSION (BEE) and BES1-INTERACTING MYC-LIKE (BIM), and characterize their role as networked positive regulators of SAS hypocotyl responses. We provide genetic evidence that these bHLH transcriptional regulators not only control plant growth and development under shade and non-shade conditions, but are also redundant in the control of plant viability. Our results suggest that SAS responses are initiated as a consequence of a new balance of transcriptional regulators within the pre-existing bHLH network triggered by plant proximity, eventually causing hypocotyls to elongate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Cifuentes-Esquivel
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA) - Universitat Autòmona de Barcelona (UAB) - Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
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40
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de Wit M, Spoel SH, Sanchez-Perez GF, Gommers CMM, Pieterse CMJ, Voesenek LACJ, Pierik R. Perception of low red:far-red ratio compromises both salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-dependent pathogen defences in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:90-103. [PMID: 23578319 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In dense stands of plants, such as agricultural monocultures, plants are exposed simultaneously to competition for light and other stresses such as pathogen infection. Here, we show that both salicylic acid (SA)-dependent and jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent disease resistance is inhibited by a simultaneously reduced red:far-red light ratio (R:FR), the early warning signal for plant competition. Conversely, SA- and JA-dependent induced defences did not affect shade-avoidance responses to low R:FR. Reduced pathogen resistance by low R:FR was accompanied by a strong reduction in the regulation of JA- and SA-responsive genes. The severe inhibition of SA-responsive transcription in low R:FR appeared to be brought about by the repression of SA-inducible kinases. Phosphorylation of the SA-responsive transcription co-activator NPR1, which is required for full induction of SA-responsive transcription, was indeed reduced and may thus play a role in the suppression of SA-mediated defences by low R:FR-mediated phytochrome inactivation. Our results indicate that foraging for light through the shade-avoidance response is prioritised over plant immune responses when plants are simultaneously challenged with competition and pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke de Wit
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven H Spoel
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Daniel Rutherford Building, Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Gabino F Sanchez-Perez
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte M M Gommers
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurentius A C J Voesenek
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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41
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Abstract
The dynamic light environment of vegetation canopies is perceived by phytochromes, cryptochromes, phototropins, and UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8). These receptors control avoidance responses to preclude exposure to limiting or excessive light and acclimation responses to cope with conditions that cannot be avoided. The low red/far-red ratios of shade light reduce phytochrome B activity, which allows PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs) to directly activate the transcription of auxin-synthesis genes, leading to shade-avoidance responses. Direct PIF interaction with DELLA proteins links gibberellin and brassinosteroid signaling to shade avoidance. Shade avoidance also requires CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS 1 (COP1), a target of cryptochromes, phytochromes, and UVR8. Multiple regulatory loops and the input of the circadian clock create a complex network able to respond even to subtle threats of competition with neighbors while still compensating for major environmental fluctuations such as the day-night cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge J Casal
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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42
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Ballaré CL, Mazza CA, Austin AT, Pierik R. Canopy light and plant health. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:145-55. [PMID: 22802612 PMCID: PMC3440192 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.200733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos L Ballaré
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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43
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The salt-responsive transcriptome of Populus simonii × Populus nigra via DGE. Gene 2012; 504:203-12. [PMID: 22634611 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the dynamic transcriptome of poplar (Populus simonii × Populus nigra) was investigated under salt stress using Solexa/illumine digital gene expression (DGE) technique. A total of 5453, 2372, and 1770 genes were shown to be differentially expressed after exposure to NaCl for 3 days, 6 days and 9 days, respectively. Differential expression patterns throughout salt stress were identified for 572 genes. Gene ontology classification analysis of these differentially expressed genes revealed that numerous genes mapped to "transporter activity" and "response to stress". The dynamic transcriptome expression profiles of poplar under salt stress obtained in this study may provide useful insights for further analysis of the mechanism of high salinity tolerance in plants. Furthermore, these differentially expressed genes under salt stress may allow identification of potential genes as suitable targets for biotechnological manipulation with the aim of improving poplar salt tolerance.
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van Zanten M, Ritsema T, Polko JK, Leon-Reyes A, Voesenek LACJ, Millenaar FF, Pieterse CMJ, Peeters AJM. Modulation of ethylene- and heat-controlled hyponastic leaf movement in Arabidopsis thaliana by the plant defence hormones jasmonate and salicylate. PLANTA 2012; 235:677-685. [PMID: 22009062 PMCID: PMC3313027 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1528-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Upward leaf movement (hyponastic growth) is adopted by several plant species including Arabidopsis thaliana, as a mechanism to escape adverse growth conditions. Among the signals that trigger hyponastic growth are, the gaseous hormone ethylene, low light intensities, and supra-optimal temperatures (heat). Recent studies indicated that the defence-related phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) synthesized by the plant upon biotic infestation repress low light-induced hyponastic growth. The hyponastic growth response induced by high temperature (heat) treatment and upon application of the gaseous hormone ethylene is highly similar to the response induced by low light. To test if these environmental signals induce hyponastic growth via parallel pathways or converge downstream, we studied here the roles of Methyl-JA (MeJA) and SA on ethylene- and heat-induced hyponastic growth. For this, we used a time-lapse camera setup. Our study includes pharmacological application of MeJA and SA and biological infestation using the JA-inducing caterpillar Pieris rapae as well as mutants lacking JA or SA signalling components. The data demonstrate that MeJA is a positive, and SA, a negative regulator of ethylene-induced hyponastic growth and that both hormones repress the response to heat. Taking previous studies into account, we conclude that SA is the first among many tested components which is repressing hyponastic growth under all tested inductive environmental stimuli. However, since MeJA is a positive regulator of ethylene-induced hyponastic growth and is inhibiting low light- and heat-induced leaf movement, we conclude that defence hormones control hyponastic growth by affecting stimulus-specific signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn van Zanten
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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45
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Kangasjärvi S, Neukermans J, Li S, Aro EM, Noctor G. Photosynthesis, photorespiration, and light signalling in defence responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:1619-36. [PMID: 22282535 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Visible light is the basic energetic driver of plant biomass production through photosynthesis. The constantly fluctuating availability of light and other environmental factors means that the photosynthetic apparatus must be able to operate in a dynamic fashion appropriate to the prevailing conditions. Dynamic regulation is achieved through an array of homeostatic control mechanisms that both respond to and influence cellular energy and reductant status. In addition, light availability and quality are continuously monitored by plants through photoreceptors. Outside the laboratory growth room, it is within the context of complex changes in energy and signalling status that plants must regulate pathways to deal with biotic challenges, and this can be influenced by changes in the highly energetic photosynthetic pathways and in the turnover of the photosynthetic machinery. Because of this, defence responses are neither simple nor easily predictable, but rather conditioned by the nutritional and signalling status of the plant cell. This review discusses recent data and emerging concepts of how recognized defence pathways interact with and are influenced by light-dependent processes. Particular emphasis is placed on the potential roles of the chloroplast, photorespiration, and photoreceptor-associated pathways in regulating the outcome of interactions between plants and pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
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46
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Abstract
The presence of neighboring vegetation modifies the light environment experienced by plants, generating signals that are perceived by phytochromes and cryptochromes. These signals cause large changes in plant body form and function, including enhanced growth of the hypocotyl and petioles, a more erect position of the leaves and early flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. Collectively, these so-called shade-avoidance responses tend to reduce the degree of current or future shade by neighbors. Shade light signals increase the abundance of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) and PIF5 proteins, promote the synthesis and redirection of auxin, favor the degradation of DELLA proteins and increase the expression of auxin, gibberellins and brassinosteroid-promoted genes, among other events downstream the photoreceptors. Selectively disrupting these events by genetic or pharmacological approaches affects shade-avoidance responses with an intensity that depends on the developmental context and the environment. Shade-avoidance responses provide a model to investigate the signaling networks used by plants to take advantage of the cues provided by the environment to adjust to the challenges imposed by the environment itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge J. Casal
- IFEVA. Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Av. San Martín 4453, 1417-Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-CONICET, 1405-Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Address correspondence to
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47
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Guo YL, Fitz J, Schneeberger K, Ossowski S, Cao J, Weigel D. Genome-wide comparison of nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat-encoding genes in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:757-69. [PMID: 21810963 PMCID: PMC3192553 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.181990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants, like animals, use several lines of defense against pathogen attack. Prominent among genes that confer disease resistance are those encoding nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) proteins. Likely due to selection pressures caused by pathogens, NB-LRR genes are the most variable gene family in plants, but there appear to be species-specific limits to the number of NB-LRR genes in a genome. Allelic diversity within an individual is also increased by obligatory outcrossing, which leads to genome-wide heterozygosity. In this study, we compared the NB-LRR gene complement of the selfer Arabidopsis thaliana and its outcrossing close relative Arabidopsis lyrata. We then complemented and contrasted the interspecific patterns with studies of NB-LRR diversity within A. thaliana. Three important insights are as follows: (1) that both species have similar numbers of NB-LRR genes; (2) that loci with single NB-LRR genes are less variable than tandem arrays; and (3) that presence-absence polymorphisms within A. thaliana are not strongly correlated with the presence or absence of orthologs in A. lyrata. Although A. thaliana individuals are mostly homozygous and thus potentially less likely to suffer from aberrant interaction of NB-LRR proteins with newly introduced alleles, the number of NB-LRR genes is similar to that in A. lyrata. In intraspecific and interspecific comparisons, NB-LRR genes are also more variable than receptor-like protein genes. Finally, in contrast to Drosophila, there is a clearly positive relationship between interspecific divergence and intraspecific polymorphisms.
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Guo L, Li M, Wang W, Wang L, Hao G, Guo C, Chen L. Over-expression in the nucleotide-binding site-leucine rich repeat gene DEPG1 increases susceptibility to bacterial leaf streak disease in transgenic rice plants. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3491-504. [PMID: 21717056 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial leaf streak of rice (BLS) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) is a widely-spread disease in the main rice-producing areas of the world. Investigating the genes that play roles in rice-Xoc interactions helps us to understand the defense signaling pathway in rice. Here we report a differentially expressed protein gene (DEPG1), which regulates susceptibility to BLS. DEPG1 is a nucleotide-binding site (NBS)-leucine rich repeat (LRR) gene, and the deduced protein sequence of DEPG1 has approximately 64% identity with that of the disease resistance gene Pi37. Phylogenetic analysis of DEPG1 and the 18 characterized NBS-LRR genes revealed that DEPG1 is more closely related to Pi37. DEPG1 protein is located to the cytoplasm, which was confirmed by transient expression of DEPG1-GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion construct in onion epidermal cells. Semi-quantitative PCR assays showed that DEPG1 is widely expressed in rice, and is preferentially expressed in internodes, leaf blades, leaf sheaths and flag leaves. Observation of cross sections of leaves from the transgenic plants with a DEPG1-promoter::glucuronidase (GUS) fusion gene revealed that DEPG1 is also highly expressed in mesophyll tissues where Xoc mainly colonizes. Additionally, Xoc negatively regulates expression of DEPG1 at the early stage of the pathogen infection, and so do the three defense-signal compounds including salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid (ACC). Transgenic rice plants overexpressing DEPG1 exhibit enhanced susceptibility to Xoc compared to the wild-type controls. Moreover, enhanced susceptibility to Xoc may be mediated by inhibition of the expression of some SA biosynthesis-related genes and pathogenesis-related genes that may contribute to the disease resistance. Taken together, DEPG1 plays roles in the interactions between rice and BLS pathogen Xoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Guo
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
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Wang J, Tan S, Zhang L, Li P, Tian D. Co-variation among major classes of LRR-encoding genes in two pairs of plant species. J Mol Evol 2011; 72:498-509. [PMID: 21626302 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-011-9448-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
NBS-LRR (nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat), LRR-RLK (LRR-receptor-like kinase), and LRR-only are the three major LRR-encoding genes. Owing to the crucial role played by them in plant resistance, development, and growth, extensive studies have been performed on the NBS-LRR and LRR-RLK genes. However, few studies have focused on these genes collectively; they may co-vary as all of them contain LRR motifs. To investigate their common evolutionary patterns, all major classes of LRR-encoding genes were identified in 12 plant species, and particularly compared in two pairs of close relatives, Arabidopsis thaliana-A. lyrata (At-Al) and Zea mays-Sorghum bicolor. Our results showed that these genes co-vary significantly in terms of their numbers between species and that the genes with certain evolutionary parameters are most likely to have similar functions. The development-related genes have clear orthologous relationships between closely related species, as well as lower nucleotide divergence, and Ka/Ks ratio. In contrast, resistance-related genes have exactly opposite characteristics and favor 11-15 LRRs per gene. This association could be very useful in predicting the function of LRR-encoding genes. The presence of co-variation suggests that LRRs, combined with other domains, can work better in some common functions. In order to cooperate efficiently, there should be balanced gene numbers among the different gene classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, China
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Wang X, Roig-Villanova I, Khan S, Shanahan H, Quail PH, Martinez-Garcia JF, Devlin PF. A novel high-throughput in vivo molecular screen for shade avoidance mutants identifies a novel phyA mutation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:2973-87. [PMID: 21398429 PMCID: PMC3202935 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) allows plants to anticipate and avoid shading by neighbouring plants by initiating an elongation growth response. The phytochrome photoreceptors are able to detect a reduction in the red:far red ratio in incident light, the result of selective absorption of red and blue wavelengths by proximal vegetation. A shade-responsive luciferase reporter line (PHYB::LUC) was used to carry out a high-throughput screen to identify novel SAS mutants. The dracula 1 (dra1) mutant, that showed no avoidance of shade for the PHYB::LUC response, was the result of a mutation in the PHYA gene. Like previously characterized phyA mutants, dra1 showed a long hypocotyl in far red light and an enhanced hypocotyl elongation response to shade. However, dra1 additionally showed a long hypocotyl in red light. Since phyB levels are relatively unaffected in dra1, this gain-of-function red light phenotype strongly suggests a disruption of phyB signalling. The dra1 mutation, G773E within the phyA PAS2 domain, occurs at a residue absolutely conserved among phyA sequences. The equivalent residue in phyB is absolutely conserved as a threonine. PAS domains are structurally conserved domains involved in molecular interaction. Structural modelling of the dra1 mutation within the phyA PAS2 domain shows some similarity with the structure of the phyB PAS2 domain, suggesting that the interference with phyB signalling may be the result of non-functional mimicry. Hence, it was hypothesized that this PAS2 residue forms a key distinction between the phyA and phyB phytochrome species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Irma Roig-Villanova
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Safina Khan
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Hugh Shanahan
- Department of Computer Science, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Peter H. Quail
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Jaime F. Martinez-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Ps. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul F. Devlin
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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