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Asadyar L, de Felippes FF, Bally J, Blackman CJ, An J, Sussmilch FC, Moghaddam L, Williams B, Blanksby SJ, Brodribb TJ, Waterhouse PM. Evidence for within-species transition between drought response strategies in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38863314 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Nicotiana benthamiana is predominantly distributed in arid habitats across northern Australia. However, none of six geographically isolated accessions shows obvious xerophytic morphological features. To investigate how these tender-looking plants withstand drought, we examined their responses to water deprivation, assessed phenotypic, physiological, and cellular responses, and analysed cuticular wax composition and wax biosynthesis gene expression profiles. Results showed that the Central Australia (CA) accession, globally known as a research tool, has evolved a drought escape strategy with early vigour, short life cycle, and weak, water loss-limiting responses. By contrast, a northern Queensland (NQ) accession responded to drought by slowing growth, inhibiting flowering, increasing leaf cuticle thickness, and altering cuticular wax composition. Under water stress, NQ increased the heat stability and water impermeability of its cuticle by extending the carbon backbone of cuticular long-chain alkanes from c. 25 to 33. This correlated with rapid upregulation of at least five wax biosynthesis genes. In CA, the alkane chain lengths (c. 25) and gene expression profiles remained largely unaltered. This study highlights complex genetic and environmental control over cuticle composition and provides evidence for divergence into at least two fundamentally different drought response strategies within the N. benthamiana species in < 1 million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Asadyar
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, 4000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Felipe Fenselau de Felippes
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, 4000, Australia
| | - Julia Bally
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, 4000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Chris J Blackman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania (UTAS), Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tas., 7005, Australia
| | - Jiyuan An
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, 4000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Frances C Sussmilch
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania (UTAS), Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tas., 7005, Australia
| | - Lalehvash Moghaddam
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, 4000, Australia
| | - Brett Williams
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, 4000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, 4000, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania (UTAS), Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tas., 7005, Australia
| | - Peter M Waterhouse
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, 4000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
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2
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Hao Y, Luo H, Wang Z, Lu C, Ye X, Wang H, Miao L. Research progress on the mechanisms of fruit glossiness in cucumber. Gene 2024; 927:148626. [PMID: 38830516 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important horticultural crop in China. Consumer requirements for aesthetically pleasing appearances of horticultural crops are gradually increasing, and cucumbers having a good visual appearance, as well as flavor, are important for breeding and industry development. The gloss of cucumber fruit epidermis is an important component of its appeal, and the wax layer on the fruit surface plays important roles in plant growth and forms a powerful barrier against external biotic and abiotic stresses. The wax of the cucumber epidermis is mainly composed of alkanes, and the luster of cucumber fruit is mainly determined by the alkane and silicon contents of the epidermis. Several genes, transcription factors, and transporters affect the synthesis of ultra-long-chain fatty acids and change the silicon content, further altering the gloss of the epidermis. However, the specific regulatory mechanisms are not clear. Here, progress in research on the luster of cucumber fruit epidermis from physiological, biochemical, and molecular regulatory perspectives are reviewed. Additionally, future research avenues in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Hao
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haiyan Luo
- Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Control of Subtropical Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanlong Lu
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaolong Ye
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huasen Wang
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Li Miao
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
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Huang H, Wang Y, Yang P, Zhao H, Jenks MA, Lü S, Yang X. The Arabidopsis cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP96A4 is involved in the wound-induced biosynthesis of cuticular wax and cutin monomers. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1619-1634. [PMID: 38456566 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is composed of cuticular wax and cutin polymers and plays an essential role in plant tolerance to diverse abiotic and biotic stresses. Several stresses, including water deficit and salinity, regulate the synthesis of cuticular wax and cutin monomers. However, the effect of wounding on wax and cutin monomer production and the associated molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we determined that the accumulation of wax and cutin monomers in Arabidopsis leaves is positively regulated by wounding primarily through the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway. Moreover, we observed that a wound- and JA-responsive gene (CYP96A4) encoding an ER-localized cytochrome P450 enzyme was highly expressed in leaves. Further analyses indicated that wound-induced wax and cutin monomer production was severely inhibited in the cyp96a4 mutant. Furthermore, CYP96A4 interacted with CER1 and CER3, the core enzymes in the alkane-forming pathway associated with wax biosynthesis, and modulated CER3 activity to influence aldehyde production in wax synthesis. In addition, transcripts of MYC2 and JAZ1, key genes in JA signaling pathway, were significantly reduced in cyp96a4 mutant. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that CYP96A4 functions as a cofactor of the alkane synthesis complex or participates in JA signaling pathway that contributes to cuticular wax biosynthesis and cutin monomer formation in response to wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yang Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Pingfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Huayan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Matthew A Jenks
- School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xianpeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
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4
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Tang X, Song G, Zou J, Ren J, Feng H. BrBCAT1 mutation resulted in deficiency of epicuticular wax crystal in Chinese cabbage. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:123. [PMID: 38722407 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-024-04632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE BrBCAT1 encoding a branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase was responsible for the glossy trait, which was verified by allelic mutants in Chinese cabbage. The glossy characteristic, thanks to the epicuticular wax crystal deficiency, is an excellent commodity character for leafy vegetables. Herein, two allelic glossy green mutants, wdm11 and wdm12, were isolated from an ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized population of Chinese cabbage, and the mutant phenotype was recessive inherited. Cryo-SEM detected that epicuticular wax crystal in the mutant leaves was virtually absent. MutMap and Kompetitive allele-specific PCR analyses demonstrated that BraA06g006950.3C (BrBCAT1), homologous to AtBCAT1, encoding a branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase was the candidate gene. A SNP (G to A) on the fourth exon of BrBCAT1 in wdm11 caused the 233rd amino acid to change from glycine (G) to aspartic acid (D). A SNP (G to A) on the second exon of BrBCAT1 in wdm12 led to the 112th amino acid change from glycine (G) to arginine (R). Both of the allelic mutants had genetic structural variation in the candidate gene, which indicated that the mutant phenotype was triggered by the BrBCAT1 mutation. The expression levels of BrBCAT1 and genes related to fatty acid chain extension were decreased significantly in the mutant compared to the wild-type, which might result in epicuticular wax crystal deficiency in the mutants. Our findings proved that the mutation of BrBCAT1 induced the glossy phenotype and provided a valuable gene resource for commodity character improvement in Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Tang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Gengxing Song
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Zou
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ren
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Feng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Li R, Du K, Zhang C, Shen X, Yun L, Wang S, Li Z, Sun Z, Wei J, Li Y, Guo B, Sun C. Single-cell transcriptome profiling reveals the spatiotemporal distribution of triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis and transposable element activity in Gynostemma pentaphyllum shoot apexes and leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1394587. [PMID: 38779067 PMCID: PMC11109411 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1394587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino is an important producer of dammarene-type triterpenoid saponins. These saponins (gypenosides) exhibit diverse pharmacological benefits such as anticancer, antidiabetic, and immunomodulatory effects, and have major potential in the pharmaceutical and health care industries. Here, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to profile the transcriptomes of more than 50,000 cells derived from G. pentaphyllum shoot apexes and leaves. Following cell clustering and annotation, we identified five major cell types in shoot apexes and four in leaves. Each cell type displayed substantial transcriptomic heterogeneity both within and between tissues. Examining gene expression patterns across various cell types revealed that gypenoside biosynthesis predominantly occurred in mesophyll cells, with heightened activity observed in shoot apexes compared to leaves. Furthermore, we explored the impact of transposable elements (TEs) on G. pentaphyllum transcriptomic landscapes. Our findings the highlighted the unbalanced expression of certain TE families across different cell types in shoot apexes and leaves, marking the first investigation of TE expression at the single-cell level in plants. Additionally, we observed dynamic expression of genes involved in gypenoside biosynthesis and specific TE families during epidermal and vascular cell development. The involvement of TE expression in regulating cell differentiation and gypenoside biosynthesis warrant further exploration. Overall, this study not only provides new insights into the spatiotemporal organization of gypenoside biosynthesis and TE activity in G. pentaphyllum shoot apexes and leaves but also offers valuable cellular and genetic resources for a deeper understanding of developmental and physiological processes at single-cell resolution in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Du
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chuyi Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Yun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiying Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Baolin Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Xue M, Sofer L, Simon V, Arvy N, Diop M, Lion R, Beucher G, Bordat A, Tilsner J, Gallois J, German‐Retana S. AtHVA22a, a plant-specific homologue of Reep/DP1/Yop1 family proteins is involved in turnip mosaic virus propagation. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13466. [PMID: 38767756 PMCID: PMC11104427 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The movement of potyviruses, the largest genus of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses responsible for serious diseases in crops, is very complex. As potyviruses developed strategies to hijack the host secretory pathway and plasmodesmata (PD) for their transport, the goal of this study was to identify membrane and/or PD-proteins that interact with the 6K2 protein, a potyviral protein involved in replication and cell-to-cell movement of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Using split-ubiquitin membrane yeast two-hybrid assays, we screened an Arabidopsis cDNA library for interactors of TuMV6K2. We isolated AtHVA22a (Hordeum vulgare abscisic acid responsive gene 22), which belongs to a multigenic family of transmembrane proteins, homologous to Receptor expression-enhancing protein (Reep)/Deleted in polyposis (DP1)/Yop1 family proteins in animal and yeast. HVA22/DP1/Yop1 family genes are widely distributed in eukaryotes, but the role of HVA22 proteins in plants is still not well known, although proteomics analysis of PD fractions purified from Arabidopsis suspension cells showed that AtHVA22a is highly enriched in a PD proteome. We confirmed the interaction between TuMV6K2 and AtHVA22a in yeast, as well as in planta by using bimolecular fluorescence complementation and showed that TuMV6K2/AtHVA22a interaction occurs at the level of the viral replication compartment during TuMV infection. Finally, we showed that the propagation of TuMV is increased when AtHVA22a is overexpressed in planta but slowed down upon mutagenesis of AtHVA22a by CRISPR-Cas9. Altogether, our results indicate that AtHVA22a plays an agonistic effect on TuMV propagation and that the C-terminal tail of the protein is important in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshuo Xue
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Luc Sofer
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Vincent Simon
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Nathalie Arvy
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Mamoudou Diop
- UR 1052, INRAe, GAFL Domaine St MauriceMontfavet CedexFrance
| | - Roxane Lion
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Guillaume Beucher
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Amandine Bordat
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Jens Tilsner
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
- Biomedical Sciences Research ComplexUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | | | - Sylvie German‐Retana
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
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7
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Kojima H, Yamamoto K, Suzuki T, Hayakawa Y, Niwa T, Tokuhiro K, Katahira S, Higashiyama T, Ishiguro S. Broad Chain-Length Specificity of the Alkane-Forming Enzymes NoCER1A and NoCER3A/B in Nymphaea odorata. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:428-446. [PMID: 38174441 PMCID: PMC11020225 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Many terrestrial plants produce large quantities of alkanes for use in epicuticular wax and the pollen coat. However, their carbon chains must be long to be useful as fuel or as a petrochemical feedstock. Here, we focus on Nymphaea odorata, which produces relatively short alkanes in its anthers. We identified orthologs of the Arabidopsis alkane biosynthesis genes AtCER1 and AtCER3 in N. odorata and designated them NoCER1A, NoCER3A and NoCER3B. Expression analysis of NoCER1A and NoCER3A/B in Arabidopsis cer mutants revealed that the N. odorata enzymes cooperated with the Arabidopsis enzymes and that the NoCER1A produced shorter alkanes than AtCER1, regardless of which CER3 protein it interacted with. These results indicate that AtCER1 frequently uses a C30 substrate, whereas NoCER1A, NoCER3A/B and AtCER3 react with a broad range of substrate chain lengths. The incorporation of shorter alkanes disturbed the formation of wax crystals required for water-repellent activity in stems, suggesting that chain-length specificity is important for surface cleaning. Moreover, cultured tobacco cells expressing NoCER1A and NoCER3A/B effectively produced C19-C23 alkanes, indicating that the introduction of the two enzymes is sufficient to produce alkanes. Taken together, our findings suggest that these N. odorata enzymes may be useful for the biological production of alkanes of specific lengths. 3D modeling revealed that CER1s and CER3s share a similar structure that consists of N- and C-terminal domains, in which their predicted active sites are respectively located. We predicted the complex structure of both enzymes and found a cavity that connects their active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisae Kojima
- Technical Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Kanta Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501 Japan
| | - Yuri Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Tomoko Niwa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Kenro Tokuhiro
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., Nagakute, 480-1192 Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Sumie Ishiguro
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
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8
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Holden AC, Cohen H, Berry HM, Rickett DV, Aharoni A, Fraser PD. Carotenoid retention during post-harvest storage of Capsicum annuum: the role of the fruit surface structure. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1997-2012. [PMID: 38064717 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum) panel for post-harvest carotenoid retention was studied to elucidate underlying mechanisms associated with this commercial trait of interest. Following drying and storage, some lines within the panel had an increase in carotenoids approaching 50% compared with the initial content at the fresh fruit stage. Other lines displayed a 25% loss of carotenoids. The quantitative determination of carotenoid pigments with concurrent cellular analysis indicated that in most cases, pepper fruit with thicker (up to 4-fold) lipid exocarp layers and smooth surfaces exhibit improved carotenoid retention properties. Total cutin monomer content increased in medium/high carotenoid retention fruits and subepidermal cutin deposits were responsible for the difference in exocarp thickness. Cutin biosynthesis and cuticle precursor transport genes were differentially expressed between medium/high and low carotenoid retention genotypes, and this supports the hypothesis that the fruit cuticle can contribute to carotenoid retention. Enzymatic degradation of the cuticle and cell wall suggests that in Capsicum the carotenoids (capsanthin and its esters) are embedded in the lipidic exocarp layer. This was not the case in tomato. Collectively, the data suggest that the fruit cuticle could provide an exploitable resource for the enhancement of fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Holden
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Nella and Leon Benoziyo Building for Biological Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Harriet M Berry
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Daniel V Rickett
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Nella and Leon Benoziyo Building for Biological Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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9
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Liu GS, Huang H, Grierson D, Gao Y, Ji X, Peng ZZ, Li HL, Niu XL, Jia W, He JL, Xiang LT, Gao HY, Qu GQ, Zhu HL, Zhu BZ, Luo YB, Fu DQ. NAC transcription factor SlNOR-like1 plays a dual regulatory role in tomato fruit cuticle formation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1903-1918. [PMID: 37856192 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is an important protective barrier on the plant surface, constructed mainly by polymerized cutin matrix and a complex wax mixture. Although the pathway of plant cuticle biosynthesis has been clarified, knowledge of the transcriptional regulation network underlying fruit cuticle formation remains limited. In the present work, we discovered that tomato fruits of the NAC transcription factor SlNOR-like1 knockout mutants (nor-like1) produced by CRISPR/Cas9 [clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9] displayed reduced cutin deposition and cuticle thickness, with a microcracking phenotype, while wax accumulation was promoted. Further research revealed that SlNOR-like1 promotes cutin deposition by binding to the promoters of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase6 (SlGPAT6; a key gene for cutin monomer formation) and CUTIN DEFICIENT2 (SlCD2; a positive regulator of cutin production) to activate their expression. Meanwhile, SlNOR-like1 inhibits wax accumulation, acting as a transcriptional repressor by targeting wax biosynthesis, and transport-related genes 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase1 (SlKCS1), ECERIFERUM 1-2 (SlCER1-2), SlWAX2, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored lipid transfer protein 1-like (SlLTPG1-like). In conclusion, SlNOR-like1 executes a dual regulatory effect on tomato fruit cuticle development. Our results provide a new model for the transcriptional regulation of fruit cuticle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Shuai Liu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Plant Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ying Gao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Peng
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong-Li Li
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Niu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wen Jia
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jian-Lin He
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lan-Ting Xiang
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hai-Yan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Gui-Qin Qu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ben-Zhong Zhu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yun-Bo Luo
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Da-Qi Fu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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10
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Keyl A, Herrfurth C, Pandey G, Kim RJ, Helwig L, Haslam TM, de Vries S, de Vries J, Gutsche N, Zachgo S, Suh MC, Kunst L, Feussner I. Divergent evolution of the alcohol-forming pathway of wax biosynthesis among bryophytes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38501480 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is a hydrophobic barrier, which seals the epidermal surface of most aboveground organs. While the cuticle biosynthesis of angiosperms has been intensively studied, knowledge about its existence and composition in nonvascular plants is scarce. Here, we identified and characterized homologs of Arabidopsis thaliana fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) ECERIFERUM 4 (AtCER4) and bifunctional wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (AtWSD1) in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha (MpFAR2 and MpWSD1) and the moss Physcomitrium patens (PpFAR2A, PpFAR2B, and PpWSD1). Although bryophyte harbor similar compound classes as described for angiosperm cuticles, their biosynthesis may not be fully conserved between the bryophytes M. polymorpha and P. patens or between these bryophytes and angiosperms. While PpFAR2A and PpFAR2B contribute to the production of primary alcohols in P. patens, loss of MpFAR2 function does not affect the wax profile of M. polymorpha. By contrast, MpWSD1 acts as the major wax ester-producing enzyme in M. polymorpha, whereas mutations of PpWSD1 do not affect the wax ester levels of P. patens. Our results suggest that the biosynthetic enzymes involved in primary alcohol and wax ester formation in land plants have either evolved multiple times independently or undergone pronounced radiation followed by the formation of lineage-specific toolkits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Keyl
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Garima Pandey
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Ryeo Jin Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Lina Helwig
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Tegan M Haslam
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Sophie de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
- Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
- Department of Applied Informatics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Nora Gutsche
- Division of Botany, Osnabrueck University, Osnabrueck, 49076, Germany
| | - Sabine Zachgo
- Division of Botany, Osnabrueck University, Osnabrueck, 49076, Germany
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Korea
| | - Ljerka Kunst
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
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11
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Zhai X, Wu D, Chen C, Yang X, Cheng S, Sha L, Deng S, Cheng Y, Fan X, Kang H, Wang Y, Liu D, Zhou Y, Zhang H. A chromosome level genome assembly of Pseudoroegneria Libanotica reveals a key Kcs gene involves in the cuticular wax elongation for drought resistance. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:253. [PMID: 38448864 PMCID: PMC10916072 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Pseudoroegneria (Nevski) Löve (Triticeae, Poaceae), whose genome symbol was designed as "St", accounts for more than 60% of perennial Triticeae species. The diploid species Psudoroegneria libanotica (2n = 14) contains the most ancient St genome, exhibited strong drought resistance, and was morphologically covered by cuticular wax on the aerial part. Therefore, the St-genome sequencing data could provide fundamental information for studies of genome evolution and reveal its mechanisms of cuticular wax and drought resistance. RESULTS In this study, we reported the chromosome-level genome assembly for the St genome of Pse. libanotica, with a total size of 2.99 Gb. 46,369 protein-coding genes annotated and 71.62% was repeat sequences. Comparative analyses revealed that the genus Pseudoroegneria diverged during the middle and late Miocene. During this period, unique genes, gene family expansion, and contraction in Pse. libanotica were enriched in biotic and abiotic stresses, such as fatty acid biosynthesis which may greatly contribute to its drought adaption. Furthermore, we investigated genes associated with the cuticular wax formation and water deficit and found a new Kcs gene evm.TU.CTG175.54. It plays a critical role in the very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) elongation from C18 to C26 in Pse. libanotica. The function needs more evidence to be verified. CONCLUSIONS We sequenced and assembled the St genome in Triticeae and discovered a new KCS gene that plays a role in wax extension to cope with drought. Our study lays a foundation for the genome diversification of Triticeae species and deciphers cuticular wax formation genes involved in drought resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Dandan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xunzhe Yang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Shaobo Cheng
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Lina Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Shuhan Deng
- Glbizzia Biosciences Co., Ltd, Liandong U Valley, Huatuo Road 50, Daxing, Beijing, 102600, China
| | - Yiran Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Houyang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Dengcai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Haiqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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12
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Zhang X, Gao H, Liu Y, Zhao H, Lü S. Function identification of Arabidopsis GPAT4 and GPAT8 in the biosynthesis of suberin and cuticular wax. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 339:111933. [PMID: 38036221 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Surface lipids in plants include cutin, cuticular wax and suberin. sn-Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs) facilitate the acylation of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) utilizing a fatty acyl group from acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) or acyl-acyl carrier protein (acyl-ACP) as substrates for the biosynthesis of plant extracellular lipids such as suberin and cutin. Here we found that Arabidopsis GPAT4 and GPAT8 are specifically expressed in endodermis cells of roots where suberin was accumulated. GPAT4 mutation significantly decreased the amounts of the C16 and C18 ω-oxidized suberin monomers, whereas the mutation of GPAT8 had little effect on the suberin production, and the functions of both were not redundant. Root suberin phenotype analysis of gpat4-1 and gpat6-1 single or double mutant revealed that GPAT4 and GPAT6 play redundant functions. Interestingly, the gpat4-1 gpat8-1 double mutant displayed a glossy stem phenotype since fewer wax crystals were accumulated. This phenotype was not shown in either parent. Further study showed that the amounts of most wax components were significantly decreased. Taken together, our findings revealed that GPAT4 has an additive effect with GPAT6 in the root suberin biosynthesis, and plays a redundant role in wax production with GPAT8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Huani Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Huayan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China.
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13
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Murugan S, Iqbal T, Das D. Functional production and biochemical investigation of an integral membrane enzyme for olefin biosynthesis. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4893. [PMID: 38160318 PMCID: PMC10804661 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Integral membrane enzymes play essential roles in a plethora of biochemical processes. The fatty acid desaturases (FADS)-like superfamily is an important group of integral membrane enzymes that catalyze a wide array of reactions, including hydroxylation, desaturation, and cyclization; however, due to the membrane-bound nature, the majority of these enzymes have remained poorly understood. UndB is a member of the FADS-like superfamily, which catalyzes fatty acid decarboxylation, a chemically challenging reaction at the membrane interface. UndB reaction produces terminal olefins that are prominent biofuel candidates and building blocks of polymers with widespread industrial applications. Despite the great importance of UndB for several biotechnological applications, the enzyme has eluded comprehensive investigation. Here, we report details of the expression, solubilization, and purification of several constructs of UndB to achieve the optimally functional enzyme. We gained important insights into the biochemical, biophysical, and catalytic properties of UndB, including the thermal stability and factors influencing the enzyme activity. Additionally, we established the ability and kinetics of UndB to produce dienes by performing di-decarboxylation of diacids. We found that the reaction proceeds by forming a mono-carboxylic acid intermediate. Our findings shed light on the unexplored biochemical properties of the UndB and extend opportunities for its rigorous mechanistic and structural characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashini Murugan
- Department of Inorganic and Physical ChemistryIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Tabish Iqbal
- Department of Inorganic and Physical ChemistryIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Debasis Das
- Department of Inorganic and Physical ChemistryIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
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14
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Chang LF, Fei J, Wang YS, Ma XY, Zhao Y, Cheng H. Comparative Analysis of Cd Uptake and Tolerance in Two Mangrove Species ( Avicennia marina and Rhizophora stylosa) with Distinct Apoplast Barriers. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3786. [PMID: 38005683 PMCID: PMC10674663 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Mangrove plants demonstrate an impressive ability to tolerate environmental pollutants, but excessive levels of cadmium (Cd) can impede their growth. Few studies have focused on the effects of apoplast barriers on heavy metal tolerance in mangrove plants. To investigate the uptake and tolerance of Cd in mangrove plants, two distinct mangrove species, Avicennia marina and Rhizophora stylosa, are characterized by unique apoplast barriers. The results showed that both mangrove plants exhibited the highest concentration of Cd2+ in roots, followed by stems and leaves. The Cd2+ concentrations in all organs of R. stylosa consistently exhibited lower levels than those of A. marina. In addition, R. stylosa displayed a reduced concentration of apparent PTS and a smaller percentage of bypass flow when compared to A. marina. The root anatomical characteristics indicated that Cd treatment significantly enhanced endodermal suberization in both A. marina and R. stylosa roots, and R. stylosa exhibited a higher degree of suberization. The transcriptomic analysis of R. stylosa and A. marina roots under Cd stress revealed 23 candidate genes involved in suberin biosynthesis and 8 candidate genes associated with suberin regulation. This study has confirmed that suberized apoplastic barriers play a crucial role in preventing Cd from entering mangrove roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fang Chang
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (L.-F.C.); (J.F.); (Y.-S.W.); (X.-Y.M.)
- College of Life Science and Agroforestry, Qiqihaer University, Qiqihaer 161006, China
| | - Jiao Fei
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (L.-F.C.); (J.F.); (Y.-S.W.); (X.-Y.M.)
| | - You-Shao Wang
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (L.-F.C.); (J.F.); (Y.-S.W.); (X.-Y.M.)
| | - Xiao-Yu Ma
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (L.-F.C.); (J.F.); (Y.-S.W.); (X.-Y.M.)
- College of Life Science and Agroforestry, Qiqihaer University, Qiqihaer 161006, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (L.-F.C.); (J.F.); (Y.-S.W.); (X.-Y.M.)
- College of Life Science and Agroforestry, Qiqihaer University, Qiqihaer 161006, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; (L.-F.C.); (J.F.); (Y.-S.W.); (X.-Y.M.)
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15
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Tomecki R, Drazkowska K, Kobylecki K, Tudek A. SKI complex: A multifaceted cytoplasmic RNA exosome cofactor in mRNA metabolism with links to disease, developmental processes, and antiviral responses. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 14:e1795. [PMID: 37384835 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
RNA stability and quality control are integral parts of gene expression regulation. A key factor shaping eukaryotic transcriptomes, mainly via 3'-5' exoribonucleolytic trimming or degradation of diverse transcripts in nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments, is the RNA exosome. Precise exosome targeting to various RNA molecules requires strict collaboration with specialized auxiliary factors, which facilitate interactions with its substrates. The predominant class of cytoplasmic RNA targeted by the exosome are protein-coding transcripts, which are carefully scrutinized for errors during translation. Normal, functional mRNAs are turned over following protein synthesis by the exosome or by Xrn1 5'-3'-exonuclease, acting in concert with Dcp1/2 decapping complex. In turn, aberrant transcripts are eliminated by dedicated surveillance pathways, triggered whenever ribosome translocation is impaired. Cytoplasmic 3'-5' mRNA decay and surveillance are dependent on the tight cooperation between the exosome and its evolutionary conserved co-factor-the SKI (superkiller) complex (SKIc). Here, we summarize recent findings from structural, biochemical, and functional studies of SKIc roles in controlling cytoplasmic RNA metabolism, including links to various cellular processes. Mechanism of SKIc action is illuminated by presentation of its spatial structure and details of its interactions with exosome and ribosome. Furthermore, contribution of SKIc and exosome to various mRNA decay pathways, usually converging on recycling of ribosomal subunits, is delineated. A crucial physiological role of SKIc is emphasized by describing association between its dysfunction and devastating human disease-a trichohepatoenteric syndrome (THES). Eventually, we discuss SKIc functions in the regulation of antiviral defense systems, cell signaling and developmental transitions, emerging from interdisciplinary investigations. This article is categorized under: RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Tomecki
- Laboratory of RNA Processing and Decay, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Drazkowska
- Laboratory of Epitranscriptomics, Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Kobylecki
- Laboratory of RNA Processing and Decay, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Tudek
- Laboratory of RNA Processing and Decay, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Pramanik D, Becker A, Roessner C, Rupp O, Bogarín D, Pérez-Escobar OA, Dirks-Mulder A, Droppert K, Kocyan A, Smets E, Gravendeel B. Evolution and development of fruits of Erycina pusilla and other orchid species. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286846. [PMID: 37815982 PMCID: PMC10564159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruits play a crucial role in seed dispersal. They open along dehiscence zones. Fruit dehiscence zone formation has been intensively studied in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, little is known about the mechanisms and genes involved in the formation of fruit dehiscence zones in species outside the Brassicaceae. The dehiscence zone of A. thaliana contains a lignified layer, while dehiscence zone tissues of the emerging orchid model Erycina pusilla include a lipid layer. Here we present an analysis of evolution and development of fruit dehiscence zones in orchids. We performed ancestral state reconstructions across the five orchid subfamilies to study the evolution of selected fruit traits and explored dehiscence zone developmental genes using RNA-seq and qPCR. We found that erect dehiscent fruits with non-lignified dehiscence zones and a short ripening period are ancestral characters in orchids. Lignified dehiscence zones in orchid fruits evolved multiple times from non-lignified zones. Furthermore, we carried out gene expression analysis of tissues from different developmental stages of E. pusilla fruits. We found that fruit dehiscence genes from the MADS-box gene family and other important regulators in E. pusilla differed in their expression pattern from their homologs in A. thaliana. This suggests that the current A. thaliana fruit dehiscence model requires adjustment for orchids. Additionally, we discovered that homologs of A. thaliana genes involved in the development of carpel, gynoecium and ovules, and genes involved in lipid biosynthesis were expressed in the fruit valves of E. pusilla, implying that these genes may play a novel role in formation of dehiscence zone tissues in orchids. Future functional analysis of developmental regulators, lipid identification and quantification can shed more light on lipid-layer based dehiscence of orchid fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Pramanik
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia (BRIN), Central Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Annette Becker
- Development Biology of Plants, Institute for Botany, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Clemens Roessner
- Development Biology of Plants, Institute for Botany, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Oliver Rupp
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Diego Bogarín
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Jardín Botánico Lankester, Universidad de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | | | - Anita Dirks-Mulder
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Droppert
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kocyan
- Botanical Museum, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erik Smets
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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17
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Song G, Dong S, Liu C, Zou J, Ren J, Feng H. BrKCS6 mutation conferred a bright glossy phenotype to Chinese cabbage. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:216. [PMID: 37776330 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE BrKCS6 encoding 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases was cloned through MutMap and KASP analysis, and its function was verified via allelic mutants in Chinese cabbage. Bright and glossy green appearance is an attractive commodity character for leafy vegetables and is mainly caused by the absence of epicuticular wax crystals. In this study, two allelic epicuticular wax crystal deficiency mutants, wdm9 and wdm10, were obtained from an EMS mutagenesis population of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). Genetic analysis revealed that the mutant phenotype was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene. BrKCS6 encoding 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases was identified as the candidate gene by MutMap and KASP analysis. A SNP (G to A) on BrKCS6 in wdm9 led to the amino acid substitution from serine (S) to phenylalanine (F), and another SNP (G to A) in wdm10 resulted in the amino acid substitution from serine (S) to leucine (L). Both SNPs are located in the ACP_syn_III_C conserved domain, corresponding to two highly conserved sites among BrKCS6 and its homologs. These two amino acid substitutions changed the secondary structure and the three-dimensional structure of BrKCS6 protein. qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression of BrKCS6 significantly decreased in the flower, stem, and leaves in mutant, and the relative expressions of the downstream key genes of BrKCS6 were down-regulated in mutant. We were the first to clone the precious glossy bright gene BrKCS6 which has a great potential for commodity quality breeding in Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengxing Song
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyao Dong
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhong Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Zou
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ren
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Feng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China.
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Wang Y, Cao R, Yang L, Duan X, Zhang C, Yu X, Ye X. Transcriptome Analyses Revealed the Wax and Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis Pathways Related to Disease Resistance in Rootstock-Grafted Cucumber. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2963. [PMID: 37631174 PMCID: PMC10458401 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) are a global popular vegetable and are widely planted worldwide. However, cucumbers are susceptible to various infectious diseases such as Fusarium and Verticillium wilt, downy and powdery mildew, and bacterial soft rot, which results in substantial economic losses. Grafting is an effective approach widely used to control these diseases. The present study investigated the role of wax and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway in black-seed pumpkin rootstock-grafted cucumbers. Our results showed that grafted cucumbers had a significantly higher cuticular wax contents on the fruit surface than that of self-rooted cucumbers at all stages observed. A total of 1132 differently expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in grafted cucumbers compared with self-rooted cucumbers. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, plant circadian rhythm, zeatin biosynthesis, and diterpenoid biosynthesis were significantly enriched. In this study, 1 and 13 genes involved in wax biosynthesis and the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, respectively, were up-regulated in grafted cucumbers. Our data indicated that the up-regulated genes in the wax and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways may contribute to disease resistance in rootstock-grafted cucumbers, which provides promising targets for enhancing disease resistance in cucumbers by genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xueling Ye
- Collage of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road Shenhe District, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.W.); (R.C.); (L.Y.); (X.D.); (C.Z.); (X.Y.)
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19
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Castorina G, Bigelow M, Hattery T, Zilio M, Sangiorgio S, Caporali E, Venturini G, Iriti M, Yandeau-Nelson MD, Consonni G. Roles of the MYB94/FUSED LEAVES1 (ZmFDL1) and GLOSSY2 (ZmGL2) genes in cuticle biosynthesis and potential impacts on Fusarium verticillioides growth on maize silks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1228394. [PMID: 37546274 PMCID: PMC10399752 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1228394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Maize silks, the stigmatic portions of the female flowers, have an important role in reproductive development. Silks also provide entry points for pathogens into host tissues since fungal hyphae move along the surface of the silks to reach the site of infection, i.e., the developing kernel. The outer extracellular surface of the silk is covered by a protective hydrophobic cuticle, comprised of a complex array of long-chain hydrocarbons and small amounts of very long chain fatty acids and fatty alcohols. This work illustrates that two previously characterized cuticle-related genes separately exert roles on maize silk cuticle deposition and function. ZmMYB94/FUSED LEAVES 1 (ZmFDL1) MYB transcription factor is a key regulator of cuticle deposition in maize seedlings. The ZmGLOSSY2 (ZmGL2) gene, a putative member of the BAHD superfamily of acyltransferases with close sequence similarity to the Arabidopsis AtCER2 gene, is involved in the elongation of the fatty acid chains that serve as precursors of the waxes on young leaves. In silks, lack of ZmFDL1 action generates a decrease in the accumulation of a wide number of compounds, including alkanes and alkenes of 20 carbons or greater and affects the expression of cuticle-related genes. These results suggest that ZmFDL1 retains a regulatory role in silks, which might be exerted across the entire wax biosynthesis pathway. Separately, a comparison between gl2-ref and wild-type silks reveals differences in the abundance of specific cuticular wax constituents, particularly those of longer unsaturated carbon chain lengths. The inferred role of ZmGL2 is to control the chain lengths of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The treatment of maize silks with Fusarium verticillioides conidia suspension results in altered transcript levels of ZmFDL1 and ZmGL2 genes. In addition, an increase in fungal growth was observed on gl2-ref mutant silks 72 hours after Fusarium infection. These findings suggest that the silk cuticle plays an active role in the response to F. verticillioides infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Castorina
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Madison Bigelow
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Travis Hattery
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Massimo Zilio
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Sangiorgio
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Venturini
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marna D. Yandeau-Nelson
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Gabriella Consonni
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali (DiSAA), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
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20
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Liu L, Li H, Wang X, Chang C. Transcription Factor TaMYB30 Activates Wheat Wax Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10235. [PMID: 37373378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The waxy cuticle covers a plant's aerial surface and contributes to environmental adaptation in land plants. Although past decades have seen great advances in understanding wax biosynthesis in model plants, the mechanisms underlying wax biosynthesis in crop plants such as bread wheat remain to be elucidated. In this study, wheat MYB transcription factor TaMYB30 was identified as a transcriptional activator positively regulating wheat wax biosynthesis. The knockdown of TaMYB30 expression using virus-induced gene silencing led to attenuated wax accumulation, increased water loss rates, and enhanced chlorophyll leaching. Furthermore, TaKCS1 and TaECR were isolated as essential components of wax biosynthetic machinery in bread wheat. In addition, silencing TaKCS1 and TaECR resulted in compromised wax biosynthesis and potentiated cuticle permeability. Importantly, we showed that TaMYB30 could directly bind to the promoter regions of TaKCS1 and TaECR genes by recognizing the MBS and Motif 1 cis-elements, and activate their expressions. These results collectively demonstrated that TaMYB30 positively regulates wheat wax biosynthesis presumably via the transcriptional activation of TaKCS1 and TaECR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Haoyu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Cheng Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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21
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Composition, metabolism and postharvest function and regulation of fruit cuticle: A review. Food Chem 2023; 411:135449. [PMID: 36669336 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle of plants, a hydrophobic membrane that covers their aerial organs, is crucial to their ability to withstand biotic and abiotic stressors. Fruit is the reproductive organ of plants, and an important dietary source that can offer a variety of nutrients for the human body, and fruit cuticle performs a crucial protective role in fruit development and postharvest quality. This review discusses the universality and diversity of the fruit cuticle composition, and systematically summarizes the metabolic process of fruit cuticle, including the biosynthesis, transport and regulatory factors (including transcription factors, phytohormones and environmental elements) of fruit cuticle. Additionally, we emphasize the postharvest functions and postharvest regulatory technologies of fruit cuticle, and propose future research directions for fruit cuticle.
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22
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Song G, Liu C, Fang B, Ren J, Feng H. Identification of an epicuticular wax crystal deficiency gene Brwdm1 in Chinese cabbage ( Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1161181. [PMID: 37324687 PMCID: PMC10267742 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1161181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The cuticle wax covering the plant surface is a whitish hydrophobic protective barrier in Chinese cabbage, and the epicuticular wax crystal deficiency normally has higher commodity value for a tender texture and glossy appearance. Herein, two allelic epicuticular wax crystal deficiency mutants, wdm1 and wdm7, were obtained from the EMS mutagenesis population of a Chinese cabbage DH line 'FT'. Methods The cuticle wax morphology was observed by Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM) and the composition of wax was determined by GC-MS. The candidate mutant gene was found by MutMap and validated by KASP. The function of candidate gene was verified by allelic variation. Results The mutants had fewer wax crystals and lower leaf primary alcohol and ester content. Genetic analysis revealed that the epicuticular wax crystal deficiency phenotype was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene, named Brwdm1. MutMap and KASP analyses indicated that BraA01g004350.3C, encoding an alcohol-forming fatty acyl-CoA reductase, was the candidate gene for Brwdm1. A SNP 2,113,772 (C to T) variation in the 6th exon of Brwdm1 in wdm1 led to the 262nd amino acid substitution from threonine (T) to isoleucine (I), which existed in a rather conserved site among the amino acid sequences from Brwdm1 and its homologs. Meanwhile, the substitution changed the three-dimensional structure of Brwdm1. The SNP 2,114,994 (G to A) in the 10th exon of Brwdm1 in wdm7 resulted in the change of the 434th amino acid from valine (V) to isoleucine (I), which occurred in the STERILE domain. KASP genotyping showed that SNP 2,114,994 was co-segregated with glossy phenotype. Compared with the wild type, the relative expression of Brwdm1 was significantly decreased in the leaves, flowers, buds and siliques of wdm1. Discussion These results indicated that Brwdm1 was indispensable for the wax crystals formation and its mutation resulted in glossy appearance in Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jie Ren
- *Correspondence: Jie Ren, ; Hui Feng,
| | - Hui Feng
- *Correspondence: Jie Ren, ; Hui Feng,
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23
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Huang H, Yang X, Zheng M, Chen Z, Yang Z, Wu P, Jenks MA, Wang G, Feng T, Liu L, Yang P, Lü S, Zhao H. An ancestral role for 3-KETOACYL-COA SYNTHASE3 as a negative regulator of plant cuticular wax synthesis. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:2251-2270. [PMID: 36807983 PMCID: PMC10226574 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle, a structure primarily composed of wax and cutin, forms a continuous coating over most aerial plant surfaces. The cuticle plays important roles in plant tolerance to environmental stress, including stress imposed by drought. Some members of the 3-KETOACYL-COA SYNTHASE (KCS) family are known to act as metabolic enzymes involved in cuticular wax production. Here we report that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) KCS3, which was previously shown to lack canonical catalytic activity, instead functions as a negative regulator of wax metabolism by reducing the enzymatic activity of KCS6, a key KCS involved in wax production. We demonstrate that the role of KCS3 in regulating KCS6 activity involves physical interactions between specific subunits of the fatty acid elongation complex and is essential for maintaining wax homeostasis. We also show that the role of the KCS3-KCS6 module in regulating wax synthesis is highly conserved across diverse plant taxa from Arabidopsis to the moss Physcomitrium patens, pointing to a critical ancient and basal function of this module in finely regulating wax synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianpeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Minglü Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zexi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Pan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Matthew A Jenks
- School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Guangchao Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Pingfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huayan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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24
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Fan W, Liu S, Feng Y, Xu Y, Liu C, Zhu P, Zhang S, Xia Z, Zhao A. Stigma type and transcriptome analyses of mulberry revealed the key factors associated with Ciboria shiraiana resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 200:107743. [PMID: 37186979 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ciboria shiraiana is a fungal pathogen and the causal agent of hypertrophy sorosis scleroteniosis (HSS) in mulberry, leading to substantial economic losses in the mulberry fruit-related industry. To obtain HSS resistant resources and investigate the resistance mechanism, the resistances of 14 mulberry varieties were assessed. Morus laevigata Wall. (MLW) varieties showed strong resistance to C. shiraiana, and the pathogen's infection was associated with mulberry fluorescence. Stigmas were identified as the infection site through cutting experiments. Susceptible varieties (S-varieties) displayed secretory droplets on their stigma papillar cell surfaces, while MLWs lacked these secretions. Correlation analysis between the secretion rate and the diseased fruit rate indicated that the differences between resistant varieties (R-varieties) and S-varieties were related to the stigma type. Furthermore, comparative transcriptome analysis was performed on stigma and ovary samples from R- and S-varieties. Compared with the stigma of R-varieties, the key differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with significantly higher expression in S-variety stigmas mainly participated in the fatty acid biosynthetic process. In R-variety stigmas and ovaries, the transcript levels of DEGs involved in defense response, including resistance (R) genes, were significantly higher than that of S-varieties. Overexpression of MlwRPM1-2 and MlwRGA3 enhances resistance to C. shiraiana and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, but not Botrytis cinerea in tobacco. These findings help us explain the different resistance mechanisms of mulberry to C. shiraiana, and the critical defense genes in R-varieties can be applied to breeding antifungal plant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shuman Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yazhen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Changying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Panpan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhongqiang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Aichun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Sericulture and Systems Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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25
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Gozdzik J, Busta L, Jetter R. Leaf cuticular waxes of wild-type Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) and a wax-deficient mutant: Compounds with terminal and mid-chain functionalities. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 198:107679. [PMID: 37121165 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant cuticles cover aerial organs to limit non-stomatal water loss and protect against insects and pathogens. Cuticles contain complex mixtures of fatty acid-derived waxes, with various chain lengths and diverse functional groups. To further our understanding of the chemical diversity and biosynthesis of these compounds, this study investigated leaf cuticular waxes of Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) wild type and a wax-deficient mutant. Leaf waxes were extracted with chloroform, separated using thin layer chromatography (TLC), and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extracts contained typical wax compound classes found in nearly all plant lineages but also two uncommon compound classes. Analyses of characteristic MS fragmentation patterns followed by comparisons with synthetic standards identified the latter as very-long-chain ketones and primary ketols. The ketols were minor compounds, with chain lengths ranging from C28 to C32 and carbonyls mainly on C-18 and C-20 in wild type wax, and a C28 chain with C-16 carbonyl in the mutant. The ketones made up 70% of total wax in the wild type, consisting mainly of C31 isomers with carbonyl group on C-14 or C-16. In contrast, the mutant wax comprised only 4% ketones, with chain lengths C27 and C29 and carbonyls predominantly on C-12 and C-14, respectively. A two-carbon homolog shift between wild type and mutant was also observed in the primary alcohols (a major wax compound class), whilst alkanes exhibited a four-carbon shift. Overall, the compositional data shed light on possible biosynthetic pathways to wax ketones that can be tested in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedrzej Gozdzik
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada; Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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26
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Erndwein L, Kawash J, Knowles S, Vorsa N, Polashock J. Cranberry fruit epicuticular wax benefits and identification of a wax-associated molecular marker. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:181. [PMID: 37020185 PMCID: PMC10074888 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the global climate changes, periods of abiotic stress throughout the North American cranberry growing regions will become more common. One consequence of high temperature extremes and drought conditions is sunscald. Scalding damages the developing berry and reduces yields through fruit tissue damage and/or secondary pathogen infection. Irrigation runs to cool the fruit is the primary approach to controlling sunscald. However, it is water intensive and can increase fungal-incited fruit rot. Epicuticular wax functions as a barrier to various environmental stresses in other fruit crops and may be a promising feature to mitigate sunscald in cranberry. In this study we assessed the function of epicuticular wax in cranberries to attenuate stresses associated with sunscald by subjecting high and low epicuticular wax cranberries to controlled desiccation and light/heat exposure. A cranberry population that segregates for epicuticular wax was phenotyped for epicuticular fruit wax levels and genotyped using GBS. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses of these data identified a locus associated with epicuticular wax phenotype. A SNP marker was developed in the QTL region to be used for marker assisted selection. RESULTS Cranberries with high epicuticular wax lost less mass percent and maintained a lower surface temperature following heat/light and desiccation experiments as compared to fruit with low wax. QTL analysis identified a marker on chromosome 1 at position 38,782,094 bp associated with the epicuticular wax phenotype. Genotyping assays revealed that cranberry selections homozygous for a selected SNP have consistently high epicuticular wax scores. A candidate gene (GL1-9), associated with epicuticular wax synthesis, was also identified near this QTL region. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that high cranberry epicuticular wax load may help reduce the effects of heat/light and water stress: two primary contributors to sunscald. Further, the molecular marker identified in this study can be used in marker assisted selection to screen cranberry seedlings for the potential to have high fruit epicuticular wax. This work serves to advance the genetic improvement of cranberry crops in the face of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Erndwein
- ORISE Postdoctoral Research Associate, Chatsworth, NJ, 08019, USA
| | - Joseph Kawash
- Genetic Improvement of Fruit and Vegetables Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA-ARS, Chatsworth, NJ, 08019, USA
| | - Sara Knowles
- P.E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension, Rutgers University, Chatsworth, NJ, 08019, USA
| | - Nicholi Vorsa
- P.E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension, Rutgers University, Chatsworth, NJ, 08019, USA
| | - James Polashock
- Genetic Improvement of Fruit and Vegetables Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA-ARS, Chatsworth, NJ, 08019, USA.
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27
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Yang J, Busta L, Jetter R, Sun Y, Wang T, Zhang W, Ni Y, Guo Y. Diversified chemical profiles of cuticular wax on alpine meadow plants of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. PLANTA 2023; 257:74. [PMID: 36879182 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The alpine meadow plants showed great intra- and inter-genera variations of chemical profiles of cuticular waxes. Developing an understanding of wax structure-function relationships that will help us tackle global climate change requires a detailed understanding of plant wax chemistry. The goal in this study was to provide a catalog of wax structures, abundances, and compositions on alpine meadow plants. Here, leaf waxes from 33 plant species belonging to 11 families were sampled from alpine meadows of the east side of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Across these species, total wax coverage varied from 2.30 μg cm-2 to 40.70 μg cm-2, showing variation both within as well as between genera and suggesting that wax variation is subject to both environmental and genetic effects. Across all wax samples, more than 140 wax compounds belonging to 13 wax compound classes were identified, including both ubiquitous wax compounds and lineage-specific compounds. Among the ubiquitous compounds (primary alcohols, alkyl esters, aldehydes, alkanes, and fatty acids), chain length profiles across a wide range of species point to key differences in the chain length specificity of alcohol and alkane formation machinery. The lineage-specific wax compound classes (diols, secondary alcohols, lactones, iso-alkanes, alkyl resorcinols, phenylethyl esters, cinnamate esters, alkyl benzoates, and triterpenoids) nearly all consisted of isomers with varying chain lengths or functional group positions, making the diversity of specialized wax compounds immense. The comparison of species relationships between chemical data and genetic data highlighted the importance of inferring phylogenetic relationships from data sets that contain a large number of variables that do not respond to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Yang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yingpeng Sun
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wenlan Zhang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yu Ni
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yanjun Guo
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Brassica napus BnaC9.DEWAX1 Negatively Regulates Wax Biosynthesis via Transcriptional Suppression of BnCER1-2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054287. [PMID: 36901718 PMCID: PMC10002155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Very-long-chain alkane plays an important role as an aliphatic barrier. We previously reported that BnCER1-2 was responsible for alkane biosynthesis in Brassica napus and improved plant tolerance to drought. However, how the expression of BnCER1-2 is regulated is still unknown. Through yeast one-hybrid screening, we identified a transcriptional regulator of BnCER1-2, BnaC9.DEWAX1, which encodes AP2\ERF transcription factor. BnaC9.DEWAX1 targets the nucleus and displays transcriptional repression activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift and transient transcriptional assays suggested that BnaC9.DEWAX1 repressed the transcription of BnCER1-2 by directly interacting with its promoter. BnaC9.DEWAX1 was expressed predominantly in leaves and siliques, which was similar to the expression pattern of BnCER1-2. Hormone and major abiotic stresses such as drought and high salinity affected the expression of BnaC9.DEWAX1. Ectopic expression of BnaC9.DEWAX1 in Arabidopsis plants down-regulated CER1 transcription levels and resulted in a reduction in alkanes and total wax loads in leaves and stems when compared with the wild type, whereas the wax depositions in the dewax mutant returned to the wild type level after complementation of BnaC9.DEWAX1 in the mutant. Moreover, both altered cuticular wax composition and structure contribute to increased epidermal permeability in BnaC9.DEWAX1 overexpression lines. Collectively, these results support the notion that BnaC9.DEWAX1 negatively regulates wax biosynthesis by binding directly to the BnCER1-2 promoter, which provides insights into the regulatory mechanism of wax biosynthesis in B. napus.
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Perkins J, Hayashi T, Peakall R, Flematti GR, Bohman B. The volatile chemistry of orchid pollination. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:819-839. [PMID: 36691832 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00060a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to September 2022Orchids are renowned not only for their diversity of floral forms, but also for their many and often highly specialised pollination strategies. Volatile semiochemicals play a crucial role in the attraction of a wide variety of insect pollinators of orchids. The compounds produced by orchid flowers are as diverse as the pollinators they attract, and here we summarise some of the chemical diversity found across orchid taxa and pollination strategies. We focus on compounds that have been experimentally demonstrated to underpin pollinator attraction. We also highlight the structural elucidation and synthesis of a select subset of important orchid pollinator attractants, and discuss the ecological significance of the discoveries, the gaps in our current knowledge of orchid pollination chemistry, and some opportunities for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Perkins
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Australia
| | - Tobias Hayashi
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Australia.,School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gavin R Flematti
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Björn Bohman
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Australia.,School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden.
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30
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Zhao X, Zhao Y, Gou M, Liu CJ. Tissue-preferential recruitment of electron transfer chains for cytochrome P450-catalyzed phenolic biosynthesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade4389. [PMID: 36630494 PMCID: PMC9833660 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade4389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 system consists of P450 monooxygenase and redox pattern(s). While the importance of monooxygenases in plant metabolism is well documented, the metabolic roles of the related redox components have been largely overlooked. Here, we show that distinct electron transfer chains are recruited in phenylpropanoid-monolignol P450 systems to support the synthesis and distribution of different classes of phenolics in different plant tissues. While Arabidopsis cinnamate 4-hydroxylase adopts conventional NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR) electron transfer chain for its para-hydroxylation reaction, ferulate 5-hydroxylase uses both NADPH-CPR-cytochrome b5 (CB5) and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase-CB5 chains to support benzene ring 5-hydroxylation, in which the former route is primarily recruited in the stem for syringyl lignin synthesis, while the latter dominates in the syntheses of 5-hydroxylated phenolics in seeds and seed coat suberin. Our study unveils an additional layer of complexity and versatility of P450 system that the plants evolved for diversifying phenolic repertoires.
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31
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Sun S, Shen X, Li Y, Li Y, Wang S, Li R, Zhang H, Shen G, Guo B, Wei J, Xu J, St-Pierre B, Chen S, Sun C. Single-cell RNA sequencing provides a high-resolution roadmap for understanding the multicellular compartmentation of specialized metabolism. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:179-190. [PMID: 36522449 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01291-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) are among the most diverse specialized metabolites in plants and are of great pharmaceutical importance. We leveraged single-cell transcriptomics to explore the spatial organization of MIA metabolism in Catharanthus roseus leaves, and the transcripts of 20 MIA genes were first localized, updating the model of MIA biosynthesis. The MIA pathway was partitioned into three cell types, consistent with the results from RNA in situ hybridization experiments. Several candidate transporters were predicted to be essential players shuttling MIA intermediates between inter- and intracellular compartments, supplying potential targets to increase the overall yields of desirable MIAs in native plants or heterologous hosts through metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. This work provides not only a universal roadmap for elucidating the spatiotemporal distribution of biological processes at single-cell resolution, but also abundant cellular and genetic resources for further investigation of the higher-order organization of MIA biosynthesis, transport and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rucan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huibo Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guoan Shen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Baolin Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Benoit St-Pierre
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Chao Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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32
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Kim RJ, Lee SB, Pandey G, Suh MC. Functional conservation of an AP2/ERF transcription factor in cuticle formation suggests an important role in the terrestrialization of early land plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7450-7466. [PMID: 36112045 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The formation of a hydrophobic cuticle layer on aerial plant parts was a critical innovation for protection from the terrestrial environment during the evolution of land plants. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying cuticle biogenesis in early terrestrial plants. Here, we report an APETALA2/Ethylene Response Factor (AP2/ERF) transcriptional activator, PpWIN1, involved in cutin and cuticular wax biosynthesis in Physcomitrium patens and Arabidopsis. The transcript levels of PpWIN1 were 2.5-fold higher in gametophores than in the protonema, and increased by approximately 3- to 4.7-fold in the protonema and gametophores under salt and osmotic stresses. PpWIN1 harbouring transcriptional activation activity is localized in the nucleus of tobacco leaf epidermal cells. Δppwin1 knockout mutants displayed a permeable cuticle, increased water loss, and cutin- and wax-deficient phenotypes. In contrast, increased total cutin and wax loads, and decreased water loss rates were observed in PpWIN1-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants. The transcript levels of genes involved in cutin or wax biosynthesis were significantly up-regulated in PpWIN1-overexpressing Arabidopsis lines, indicating that PpWIN1 acts as a transcriptional activator in cuticle biosynthesis. This study suggests that Arabidopsis WIN1/SHN1 orthologs may be functionally conserved from early to vascular land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryeo Jin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Seat Buyl Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, JeonJu 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Garima Pandey
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
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33
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Jiang L, Geng D, Zhi F, Li Z, Yang Y, Wang Y, Shen X, Liu X, Yang Y, Xu Y, Tang Y, Du R, Ma F, Guan Q, Zhang J. A genome-wide association study provides insights into fatty acid synthesis and metabolism in Malus fruits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7467-7476. [PMID: 36112134 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a precursor of aromatic compounds, fatty acids play important roles in apple fruit quality; however, the genetic and molecular basis underlying fatty acid synthesis and metabolism is largely unknown. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of seven fatty acids using genomic data of 149 Malus accessions and identified 232 significant signals (-log10P>5) associated with 99 genes from GWAS of four fatty acids across 2 years. Among these, a significant GWAS signal associated with linoleic acid was identified in the transcriptional regulator SUPERMAN-like (SUP) MD13G1209600 at chromosome 13 of M. × domestica. Transient overexpression of MdSUP increased the contents of linoleic and linolenic acids and of three aromatic components in the fruit. Our study provides genetic and molecular information for improving the flavor and nutritional value of apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Dali Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Fang Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhongxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yusen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaoxia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiuyun Liu
- Institute of Vocational Technology, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Yanqing Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yange Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yanlong Tang
- College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Innovation and Experiment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qingmei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Liu Q, Huang H, Chen Y, Yue Z, Wang Z, Qu T, Xu D, Lü S, Hu H. Two Arabidopsis MYB-SHAQKYF transcription repressors regulate leaf wax biosynthesis via transcriptional suppression on DEWAX. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:2115-2130. [PMID: 36110041 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant cuticular wax accumulation limits nonstomatal transpiration and is regulated by external environmental stresses. DEWAX (DECREASE WAX BIOSYNTHESIS) plays a vital role in diurnal wax biosynthesis. However, how DEWAX expression is controlled and the molecular mechanism of wax biosynthesis regulated by the diurnal cycle remains largely unknown. Here, we identified two Arabidopsis MYB-SHAQKYF transcription factors, MYS1 and MYS2, as new regulators in wax biosynthesis and drought tolerance. Mutations of both MYS1 and MYS2 caused significantly reduced leaf wax, whereas overexpression of MYS1 or MYS2 increased leaf wax biosynthesis and enhanced drought tolerance. Our results demonstrated that MYS1 and MYS2 act as transcription repressors and directly suppress DEWAX expression via ethylene response factor-associated amphiphilic repression motifs. Genetic interaction analysis with DEWAX, SPL9 (SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 9), and CER1 (ECERIFERUM 1) in wax biosynthesis and under drought stresses demonstrated that MYS1 and MYS2 act upstream of the DEWAX-SPL9 module, thus regulating CER1 expression. Expression analysis suggested that the diurnal expression pattern of DEWAX is partly regulated by MYS1 and MYS2. Our findings demonstrate the roles of two unidentified transcription repressors, MYS1 and MYS2, in wax biosynthesis and provide insights into the mechanism of diurnal cycle-regulated wax biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Haodong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhichuang Yue
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tingting Qu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Danyun Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Honghong Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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35
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He J, Li C, Hu N, Zhu Y, He Z, Sun Y, Wang Z, Wang Y. ECERIFERUM1-6A is required for the synthesis of cuticular wax alkanes and promotes drought tolerance in wheat. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1640-1657. [PMID: 36000923 PMCID: PMC9614490 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular waxes cover the aerial surfaces of land plants and protect them from various environmental stresses. Alkanes are major wax components and contribute to plant drought tolerance, but the biosynthesis and regulation of alkanes remain largely unknown in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Here, we identified and functionally characterized a key alkane biosynthesis gene ECERIFERUM1-6A (TaCER1-6A) from wheat. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated knockout mutation in TaCER1-6A greatly reduced the contents of C27, C29, C31, and C33 alkanes in wheat leaves, while TaCER1-6A overexpression significantly increased the contents of these alkanes in wheat leaves, suggesting that TaCER1-6A is specifically involved in the biosynthesis of C27, C29, C31, and C33 alkanes on wheat leaf surfaces. TaCER1-6A knockout lines exhibited increased cuticle permeability and reduced drought tolerance, whereas TaCER1-6A overexpression lines displayed reduced cuticle permeability and enhanced drought tolerance. TaCER1-6A was highly expressed in flag leaf blades and seedling leaf blades and could respond to abiotic stresses and abscisic acid. TaCER1-6A was located in the endoplasmic reticulum, which is the subcellular compartment responsible for wax biosynthesis. A total of three haplotypes (HapI/II/III) of TaCER1-6A were identified in 43 wheat accessions, and HapI was the dominant haplotype (95%) in these wheat varieties. Additionally, we identified two R2R3-MYB transcription factors TaMYB96-2D and TaMYB96-5D that bound directly to the conserved motif CAACCA in promoters of the cuticular wax biosynthesis genes TaCER1-6A, TaCER1-1A, and fatty acyl-CoA reductase4. Collectively, these results suggest that TaCER1-6A is required for C27, C29, C31, and C33 alkanes biosynthesis and improves drought tolerance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chongzhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ning Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuyao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhaofeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Yu J, Lei B, Zhao H, Wang B, Kakar KU, Guo Y, Zhang X, Jia M, Yang H, Zhao D. Cloning, characterization and functional analysis of NtMYB306a gene reveals its role in wax alkane biosynthesis of tobacco trichomes and stress tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1005811. [PMID: 36275561 PMCID: PMC9583951 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1005811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are specialized hair-like organs found on epidermal cells of many terrestrial plants, which protect plant from excessive transpiration and numerous abiotic and biotic stresses. However, the genetic basis and underlying mechanisms are largely unknown in Nicotiana tabacum (common tobacco), an established model system for genetic engineering and plant breeding. In present study, we identified, cloned and characterized an unknown function transcription factor NtMYB306a from tobacco cultivar K326 trichomes. Results obtained from sequence phylogenetic tree analysis showed that NtMYB306a-encoded protein belonged to S1 subgroup of the plants' R2R3-MYB transcription factors (TFs). Observation of the green fluorescent signals from NtMYB306a-GFP fusion protein construct exhibited that NtMYB306a was localized in nucleus. In yeast transactivation assays, the transformed yeast containing pGBKT7-NtMYB306a construct was able to grow on SD/-Trp-Ade+X-α-gal selection media, signifying that NtMYB306a exhibits transcriptional activation activity. Results from qRT-PCR, in-situ hybridization and GUS staining of transgenic tobacco plants revealed that NtMYB306a is primarily expressed in tobacco trichomes, especially tall glandular trichomes (TGTs) and short glandular trichomes (SGTs). RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and qRT-PCR analysis of the NtMYB306a-overexpressing transgenic tobacco line revealed that NtMYB306a activated the expression of a set of key target genes which were associated with wax alkane biosynthesis. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) exhibited that the total alkane contents and the contents of n-C28, n-C29, n-C31, and ai-C31 alkanes in leaf exudates of NtMYB306a-OE lines (OE-3, OE-13, and OE-20) were significantly greater when compared to WT. Besides, the promoter region of NtMYB306a contained numerous stress-responsive cis-acting elements, and their differential expression towards salicylic acid and cold stress treatments reflected their roles in signal transduction and cold-stress tolerance. Together, these results suggest that NtMYB306a is necessarily a positive regulator of alkane metabolism in tobacco trichomes that does not affect the number and morphology of tobacco trichomes, and that it can be used as a candidate gene for improving stress resistance and the quality of tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Bo Lei
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Huina Zhao
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Kaleem U. Kakar
- Department of Microbiology, Baluchistan University of Information Technology and Managemnet Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Yushuang Guo
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaolian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Mengao Jia
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Degang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Plant Conservation Technology Center, Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
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37
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bHLH010/089 Transcription Factors Control Pollen Wall Development via Specific Transcriptional and Metabolic Networks in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911683. [PMID: 36232985 PMCID: PMC9570398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The pollen wall is a specialized extracellular cell wall that protects male gametophytes from various environmental stresses and facilitates pollination. Here, we reported that bHLH010 and bHLH089 together are required for the development of the pollen wall by regulating their specific downstream transcriptional and metabolic networks. Both the exine and intine structures of bhlh010 bhlh089 pollen grains were severely defective. Further untargeted metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that the accumulation of pollen wall morphogenesis-related metabolites, including polysaccharides, glyceryl derivatives, and flavonols, were significantly changed, and the expression of such metabolic enzyme-encoding genes and transporter-encoding genes related to pollen wall morphogenesis was downregulated in bhlh010 bhlh089 mutants. Among these downstream target genes, CSLB03 is a novel target with no biological function being reported yet. We found that bHLH010 interacted with the two E-box sequences at the promoter of CSLB03 and directly activated the expression of CSLB03. The cslb03 mutant alleles showed bhlh010 bhlh089–like pollen developmental defects, with most of the pollen grains exhibiting defective pollen wall structures.
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Jian L, Kang K, Choi Y, Suh MC, Paek NC. Mutation of OsMYB60 reduces rice resilience to drought stress by attenuating cuticular wax biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:339-351. [PMID: 35984735 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The cuticular wax layer on leaf surfaces limits non-stomatal water loss to the atmosphere and protects against pathogen invasion. Although many genes associated with wax biosynthesis and wax transport in plants have been identified, their regulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the MYB transcription factor OsMYB60 positively regulates cuticular wax biosynthesis and this helps rice (Oryza sativa) plants tolerate drought stress. Compared with the wild type (japonica cultivar 'Dongjin'), osmyb60 null mutants (osmyb60-1 and osmyb60-2) exhibited increased drought sensitivity, with more chlorophyll leaching and higher rates of water loss. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR showed that the loss of function of OsMYB60 led to downregulation of wax biosynthesis genes, leading to reduced amounts of total wax components on leaf surfaces under normal conditions. Yeast one-hybrid, luciferase transient transcriptional activity, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that OsMYB60 directly binds to the promoter of OsCER1 (a key gene involved in very-long-chain alkane biosynthesis) and upregulates its expression. Taken together, these results demonstrate that OsMYB60 enhances rice resilience to drought stress by promoting cuticular wax biosynthesis on leaf surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jian
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoon Kang
- Division of Life Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumin Choi
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Chon Paek
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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Liu CJ. Cytochrome b 5: A versatile electron carrier and regulator for plant metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:984174. [PMID: 36212330 PMCID: PMC9539407 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.984174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome b 5 (CB5) is a small heme-binding protein, known as an electron donor delivering reducing power to the terminal enzymes involved in oxidative reactions. In plants, the CB5 protein family is substantially expanded both in its isoform numbers and cellular functions, compared to its yeast and mammalian counterparts. As an electron carrier, plant CB5 proteins function not only in fatty acid desaturation, hydroxylation and elongation, but also in the formation of specialized metabolites such as flavonoids, phenolic esters, and heteropolymer lignin. Furthermore, plant CB5s are found to interact with different non-catalytic proteins such as ethylene signaling regulator, cell death inhibitor, and sugar transporters, implicating their versatile regulatory roles in coordinating different metabolic and cellular processes, presumably in respect to the cellular redox status and/or carbon availability. Compared to the plentiful studies on biochemistry and cellular functions of mammalian CB5 proteins, the cellular and metabolic roles of plant CB5 proteins have received far less attention. This article summarizes the fragmentary information pertaining to the discovery of plant CB5 proteins, and discusses the conventional and peculiar functions that plant CB5s might play in different metabolic and cellular processes. Gaining comprehensive insight into the biological functions of CB5 proteins could offer effective biotechnological solutions to tailor plant chemodiversity and cellular responses to environment stimuli.
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Zhang C, Yang J, Meng W, Zeng L, Sun L. Genome-wide analysis of the WSD family in sunflower and functional identification of HaWSD9 involvement in wax ester biosynthesis and osmotic stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:975853. [PMID: 36212375 PMCID: PMC9539440 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.975853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The wax esters are important cuticular wax composition that cover the outer surface of plant organs and play a critical role in protection and energy metabolism. Wax ester synthesis in plant is catalyzed by a bifunctional wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WSD). Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important oil crop in the world; however, little is known about WSD in sunflower. In this study, we identified and performed a functional analysis of twelve HaWSD genes from sunflower genome. Tissue-specific expression revealed that 12 HaWSD genes were differentially expressed in various organs and tissues of sunflower, except seeds. HaWSD genes were highly induced by salinity, drought, cold, and abscisic acid (ABA) in sunflower. To ascertain their function, HaWSD9, with highly expressed levels in stems and leaves, was cloned and expressed in a yeast mutant defective in triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis. HaWSD9 complemented the phenotype by producing wax ester but not TAG in vivo, indicating that it functions as a wax ester synthase. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that HaWSD9 was located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Heterologous introduction of HaWSD9 into Arabidopsis wsd1 mutant exhibited increased epicuticular wax crystals and cuticular wax contents on the stems. As compared with the wsd1 mutant, HaWSD9 overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis showed less cuticle permeability, chlorophyll leaching and water loss rate. Further analysis showed that the HaWSD9 transgenics enhanced tolerance to ABA, mannitol, drought and salinity, and maintained higher leaf relative water content (RWC) than the wsd1 mutant under drought stress, suggesting that HaWSD9 play an important physiological role in stress response as well as wax synthase. These results contribute to understanding the function of HaWSD genes in wax ester synthesis and stress tolerance in sunflower.
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Varshney V, Majee M. Emerging roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in enhancing crop yield by optimizing seed agronomic traits. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1805-1826. [PMID: 35678849 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has the potential to modulate crop productivity by influencing agronomic traits. Being sessile, the plant often uses the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to maintain the stability of different regulatory proteins to survive in an ever-changing environment. The ubiquitin system influences plant reproduction, growth, development, responses to the environment, and processes that control critical agronomic traits. E3 ligases are the major players in this pathway, and they are responsible for recognizing and tagging the targets/substrates. Plants have a variety of E3 ubiquitin ligases, whose functions have been studied extensively, ranging from plant growth to defense strategies. Here we summarize three agronomic traits influenced by ubiquitination: seed size and weight, seed germination, and accessory plant agronomic traits particularly panicle architecture, tillering in rice, and tassels branch number in maize. This review article highlights some recent progress on how the ubiquitin system influences the stability/modification of proteins that determine seed agronomic properties like size, weight, germination and filling, and ultimately agricultural productivity and quality. Further research into the molecular basis of the aforementioned processes might lead to the identification of genes that could be modified or selected for crop development. Likewise, we also propose advances and future perspectives in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Varshney
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manoj Majee
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Zhang A, Huang Q, Li J, Zhu W, Liu X, Wu X, Zha D. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Gene Expression Differences in Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) Fruits with Different Brightness. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162506. [PMID: 36010506 PMCID: PMC9407171 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit brightness is an important quality trait that affects the market value of eggplant. However, few studies have been conducted on eggplant brightness. In this study, we aimed to identify genes related to this trait in three varieties of eggplant with different fruit brightness between 14 and 22 days after pollination. Using RNA-Seq Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses, we found that wax- and cutin-related pathways and differentially expressed genes displayed significant differences among different development stages and varieties. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the wax layer was thinner in '30-1' and 'QPCQ' than in '22-1'. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that wax content was significantly lower in '30-1' than in '22-1', which indicated that wax may be an important factor determining fruit brightness. We further identified and analyzed the KCS gene family, which encodes the rate-limiting enzyme of FA elongation in wax synthesis. The results provide an insight into the molecular mechanisms of fruit brightness in eggplants and further eggplant breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Qianru Huang
- College of Life Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Shanghai Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Shanghai 201103, China
| | - Weimin Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xuexia Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Dingshi Zha
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
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Poloni A, Garde R, Dittiger LD, Heidrich T, Müller C, Drechsler F, Zhao Y, Mazumdar T, Schirawski J. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Contrasting Plant Responses of Sorghum bicolor upon Colonization by Two Formae Speciales of Sporisorium reilianum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168864. [PMID: 36012130 PMCID: PMC9407964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The biotrophic fungus Sporisorium reilianum exists in two host-adapted formae speciales that cause head smut in maize (S. reilianum f. sp. zeae; SRZ) and sorghum (S. reilianum f. sp. reilianum; SRS). In sorghum, the spread of SRZ is limited to the leaves. To understand the plant responses to each forma specialis, we determined the transcriptome of sorghum leaves inoculated either with SRS or SRZ. Fungal inoculation led to gene expression rather than suppression in sorghum. SRZ induced a much greater number of genes than SRS. Each forma specialis induced a distinct set of plant genes. The SRZ-induced genes were involved in plant defense mainly at the plasma membrane and were associated with the Molecular Function Gene Ontology terms chitin binding, abscisic acid binding, protein phosphatase inhibitor activity, terpene synthase activity, chitinase activity, transmembrane transporter activity and signaling receptor activity. Specifically, we found an upregulation of the genes involved in phospholipid degradation and sphingolipid biosynthesis, suggesting that the lipid content of the plant plasma membrane may contribute to preventing the systemic spread of SRZ. In contrast, the colonization of sorghum with SRS increased the expression of the genes involved in the detoxification of cellular oxidants and in the unfolded protein response at the endoplasmic reticulum, as well as of the genes modifying the cuticle wax and lipid composition through the generation of alkanes and phytosterols. These results identified plant compartments that may have a function in resistance against SRZ (plasma membrane) and susceptibility towards SRS (endoplasmic reticulum) that need more attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Poloni
- Department for Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interaction, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ravindra Garde
- Department of Genetics, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Lukas Dorian Dittiger
- Department of Genetics, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Theresa Heidrich
- Department for Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interaction, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Genetics, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Drechsler
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yulei Zhao
- Department for Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interaction, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tilottama Mazumdar
- Department of Genetics, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Schirawski
- Department for Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interaction, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Genetics, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-949555
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Lin M, Qiao P, Matschi S, Vasquez M, Ramstein GP, Bourgault R, Mohammadi M, Scanlon MJ, Molina I, Smith LG, Gore MA. Integrating GWAS and TWAS to elucidate the genetic architecture of maize leaf cuticular conductance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:2144-2158. [PMID: 35512195 PMCID: PMC9342973 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle, a hydrophobic layer of cutin and waxes synthesized by plant epidermal cells, is the major barrier to water loss when stomata are closed. Dissecting the genetic architecture of natural variation for maize (Zea mays L.) leaf cuticular conductance (gc) is important for identifying genes relevant to improving crop productivity in drought-prone environments. To this end, we performed an integrated genome- and transcriptome-wide association studies (GWAS and TWAS) to identify candidate genes putatively regulating variation in leaf gc. Of the 22 plausible candidate genes identified, 4 were predicted to be involved in cuticle precursor biosynthesis and export, 2 in cell wall modification, 9 in intracellular membrane trafficking, and 7 in the regulation of cuticle development. A gene encoding an INCREASED SALT TOLERANCE1-LIKE1 (ISTL1) protein putatively involved in intracellular protein and membrane trafficking was identified in GWAS and TWAS as the strongest candidate causal gene. A set of maize nested near-isogenic lines that harbor the ISTL1 genomic region from eight donor parents were evaluated for gc, confirming the association between gc and ISTL1 in a haplotype-based association analysis. The findings of this study provide insights into the role of regulatory variation in the development of the maize leaf cuticle and will ultimately assist breeders to develop drought-tolerant maize for target environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lin
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Pengfei Qiao
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | - Miguel Vasquez
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | - Richard Bourgault
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Marc Mohammadi
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Michael J Scanlon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Isabel Molina
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste Marie, ON P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Laurie G Smith
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Yang Y, Shi J, Chen L, Xiao W, Yu J. ZmEREB46, a maize ortholog of Arabidopsis WAX INDUCER1/SHINE1, is involved in the biosynthesis of leaf epicuticular very-long-chain waxes and drought tolerance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 321:111256. [PMID: 35696901 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aerial surfaces of plants are covered by a layer of cuticular wax that is composed of long-chain hydrocarbon compounds for protection against adverse environmental conditions. The current study identified a maize (Zea mays L.) APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element-binding protein (AP2/EREBP)-type transcription factor, ZmEREB46. Ectopic expression of ZmEREB46 in Arabidopsis increased the accumulation of epicuticular wax on the leaves and enhanced the drought tolerance of plants. The amounts of C24/C32 fatty acids, C32/C34 aldehydes, C32/C34 1-alcohols and C31 alkanes in zmereb46 (ZmEREB46 knockout mutant) leaves were reduced. The amount of leaf total epicuticular wax decreased approximately 50% in zmereb46. Compared to wild-type LH244 leaves, the cuticle permeability of zmereb46 leaves was increased, which resulted from decreased epicuticular wax load and a thinner cuticle layer. ZmEREB46 had transcriptional activation activity and directly bound to promoter regions of ZmCER2, ZmCER3.2 and ZmKCS1. The zmereb46 seedlings also exhibited reduced drought tolerance. These results, and the observations in ZmEREB46-overexpressing lines, suggest that ZmEREB46 is involved in cuticular metabolism by influencing the biosynthesis of very-long-chain waxes and participates in the cutin biosynthesis pathway. These results are helpful to further analyze the regulatory network of wax accumulation in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; China Tobacco Jiangsu Industry CO., Ltd, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Limei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenhan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Chengdu Shishi High School, Sichuan 610052, China
| | - Jingjuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Zhao Z, Ju Y, Kou M, Tian M, Christensen MJ, Zhang X, Nan Z. Cuticular Wax Modification by Epichloë Endophyte in Achnatherum inebrians under Different Soil Moisture Availability. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070725. [PMID: 35887480 PMCID: PMC9325231 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cuticular wax serves as the outermost hydrophobic barrier of plants against nonstomatal water loss and various environmental stresses. An objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of the mutualistic fungal endophyte Epichloë gansuensis to leaf cuticular wax of Achnatherum inebrians under different soil moisture availability. Through a pot experiment and gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC−MS) analysis, our results indicated that the hydrocarbons were the dominant components of leaf cuticular wax, and the proportion of alcohols, aldehydes, amines, and ethers varied with the presence or absence of E. gansuensis and different soil moisture availability. Amines and ethers are unique in endophyte-free (EF) A. inebrians plants and endophyte-infected (EI) A. inebrians plants, respectively. By transcriptome analysis, we found a total of 13 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to cuticular biosynthesis, including FabG, desB, SSI2, fadD, BiP, KCS, KAR, FAR, and ABCB1. A model is proposed which provides insights for understanding cuticular wax biosynthesis in the association of A. inebrians plants with E. gansuensis. These results may help guide the functional analyses of candidate genes important for improving the protective layer of cuticular wax of endophyte-symbiotic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.J.); (M.K.); (Z.N.)
| | - Yawen Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.J.); (M.K.); (Z.N.)
- Huaiyin Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Xuhuai Region in Jiangsu, Huai’an 223001, China
| | - Mingzhu Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.J.); (M.K.); (Z.N.)
| | - Mei Tian
- Institute of Horticulture, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (X.Z.)
| | | | - Xingxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.J.); (M.K.); (Z.N.)
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhibiao Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.J.); (M.K.); (Z.N.)
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Cui F, Ye X, Li X, Yang Y, Hu Z, Overmyer K, Brosché M, Yu H, Salojärvi J. Chromosome-level genome assembly of the diploid blueberry Vaccinium darrowii provides insights into its subtropical adaptation and cuticle synthesis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100307. [PMID: 35605198 PMCID: PMC9284290 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Vaccinium darrowii is a subtropical wild blueberry species that has been used to breed economically important southern highbush cultivars. The adaptive traits of V. darrowii to subtropical climates can provide valuable information for breeding blueberry and perhaps other plants, especially against the background of global warming. Here, we assembled the V. darrowii genome into 12 pseudochromosomes using Oxford Nanopore long reads complemented with Hi-C scaffolding technologies, and we predicted 41 815 genes using RNA-sequencing evidence. Syntenic analysis across three Vaccinium species revealed a highly conserved genome structure, with the highest collinearity between V. darrowii and Vaccinium corymbosum. This conserved genome structure may explain the high fertility observed during crossbreeding of V. darrowii with other blueberry cultivars. Analysis of gene expansion and tandem duplication indicated possible roles for defense- and flowering-associated genes in the adaptation of V. darrowii to the subtropics. Putative SOC1 genes in V. darrowii were identified based on phylogeny and expression analysis. Blueberries are covered in a thick cuticle layer and contain anthocyanins, which confer their powdery blue color. Using RNA sequencing, we delineated the cuticle biosynthesis pathways of Vaccinium species in V. darrowii. This result can serve as a reference for breeding berries whose colors are appealing to customers. The V. darrowii reference genome, together with the unique traits of this species, including its diploid genome, short vegetative phase, and high compatibility in hybridization with other blueberries, make V. darrowii a potential research model for blueberry species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Cui
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zhubing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kirk Overmyer
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and the Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and the Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hong Yu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jarkko Salojärvi
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and the Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Sabharwal T, Lu Z, Slocum RD, Kang S, Wang H, Jiang HW, Veerappa R, Romanovicz D, Nam JC, Birk S, Clark G, Roux SJ. Constitutive expression of a pea apyrase, psNTP9, increases seed yield in field-grown soybean. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10870. [PMID: 35760854 PMCID: PMC9237067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the demand for food by a rapidly growing human population, agricultural scientists have carried out both plant breeding and genetic engineering research. Previously, we reported that the constitutive expression of a pea apyrase (Nucleoside triphosphate, diphosphohydrolase) gene, psNTP9, under the control of the CaMV35S promoter, resulted in soybean plants with an expanded root system architecture, enhanced drought resistance and increased seed yield when they are grown in greenhouses under controlled conditions. Here, we report that psNTP9-expressing soybean lines also show significantly enhanced seed yields when grown in multiple different field conditions at multiple field sites, including when the gene is introgressed into elite germplasm. The transgenic lines have higher leaf chlorophyll and soluble protein contents and decreased stomatal density and cuticle permeability, traits that increase water use efficiency and likely contribute to the increased seed yields of field-grown plants. These altered properties are explained, in part, by genome-wide gene expression changes induced by the transgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Sabharwal
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | | | - Robert D Slocum
- Program in Biological Sciences, Goucher College, Towson, MD, 21204, USA
| | - Seongjoon Kang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Han-Wei Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Roopadarshini Veerappa
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Dwight Romanovicz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ji Chul Nam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Simon Birk
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Greg Clark
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Stanley J Roux
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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Transcriptome and Physiological Analyses of a Navel Orange Mutant with Improved Drought Tolerance and Water Use Efficiency Caused by Increases of Cuticular Wax Accumulation and ROS Scavenging Capacity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105660. [PMID: 35628469 PMCID: PMC9145189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought is one of the main abiotic stresses limiting the quality and yield of citrus. Cuticular waxes play an important role in regulating plant drought tolerance and water use efficiency (WUE). However, the contribution of cuticular waxes to drought tolerance, WUE and the underlying molecular mechanism is still largely unknown in citrus. 'Longhuihong' (MT) is a bud mutant of 'Newhall' navel orange with curly and bright leaves. In this study, significant increases in the amounts of total waxes and aliphatic wax compounds, including n-alkanes, n-primary alcohols and n-aldehydes, were overserved in MT leaves, which led to the decrease in cuticular permeability and finally resulted in the improvements in drought tolerance and WUE. Compared to WT leaves, MT leaves possessed much lower contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), significantly higher levels of proline and soluble sugar, and enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities under drought stress, which might reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage, improve osmotic regulation and cell membrane stability, and finally, enhance MT tolerance to drought stress. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that seven structural genes were involved in wax biosynthesis and export, MAPK cascade, and ROS scavenging, and seven genes encoding transcription factors might play an important role in promoting cuticular wax accumulation, improving drought tolerance and WUE in MT plants. Our results not only confirmed the important role of cuticular waxes in regulating citrus drought resistance and WUE but also provided various candidate genes for improving citrus drought tolerance and WUE.
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Yang X, Cui L, Li S, Ma C, Kosma DK, Zhao H, Lü S. Fatty alcohol oxidase 3 (FAO3) and FAO4b connect the alcohol- and alkane-forming pathways in Arabidopsis stem wax biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3018-3029. [PMID: 35560209 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The alcohol- and alkane-forming pathways in cuticular wax biosynthesis are well characterized in Arabidopsis. However, potential interactions between the two pathways remain unclear. Here, we reveal that mutation of CER4, the key gene in the alcohol-forming pathway, also led to a deficiency in the alkane-forming pathway in distal stems. To trace the connection between the two pathways, we characterized two homologs of fatty alcohol oxidase (FAO), FAO3 and FAO4b, which were highly expressed in distal stems and localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. The amounts of waxes from the alkane-forming pathway were significantly decreased in stems of fao4b and much lower in fao3 fao4b plants, indicative of an overlapping function for the two proteins in wax synthesis. Additionally, overexpression of FAO3 and FAO4b in Arabidopsis resulted in a dramatic reduction of primary alcohols and significant increases of aldehydes and related waxes. Moreover, expressing FAO3 or FAO4b led to significantly decreased amounts of C18-C26 alcohols in yeast co-expressing CER4 and FAR1. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that FAO3 and FAO4b are functionally redundant in suppressing accumulation of primary alcohols and contributing to aldehyde production, which provides a missing and long-sought-after link between these two pathways in wax biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianpeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Shipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Changle Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Dylan K Kosma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Huayan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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