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Kant K, Rigó G, Faragó D, Benyó D, Tengölics R, Szabados L, Zsigmond L. Mutation in Arabidopsis mitochondrial Pentatricopeptide repeat 40 gene affects tolerance to water deficit. PLANTA 2024; 259:78. [PMID: 38427069 PMCID: PMC10907415 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The Arabidopsis Pentatricopeptide repeat 40 (PPR40) insertion mutants have increased tolerance to water deficit compared to wild-type plants. Tolerance is likely the consequence of ABA hypersensitivity of the mutants. Plant growth and development depend on multiple environmental factors whose alterations can disrupt plant homeostasis and trigger complex molecular and physiological responses. Water deficit is one of the factors which can seriously restrict plant growth and viability. Mitochondria play an important role in cellular metabolism, energy production, and redox homeostasis. During drought and salinity stress, mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to ROS overproduction and oxidative stress, affecting plant growth and survival. Alternative oxidases (AOXs) and stabilization of mitochondrial electron transport chain help mitigate ROS damage. The mitochondrial Pentatricopeptide repeat 40 (PPR40) protein was implicated in stress regulation as ppr40 mutants were found to be hypersensitive to ABA and high salinity during germination. This study investigated the tolerance of the knockout ppr40-1 and knockdown ppr40-2 mutants to water deprivation. Our results show that these mutants display an enhanced tolerance to water deficit. The mutants had higher relative water content, reduced level of oxidative damage, and better photosynthetic parameters in water-limited conditions compared to wild-type plants. ppr40 mutants had considerable differences in metabolic profiles and expression of a number of stress-related genes, suggesting important metabolic reprogramming. Tolerance to water deficit was also manifested in higher survival rates and alleviated growth reduction when watering was suspended. Enhanced sensitivity to ABA and fast stomata closure was suggested to lead to improved capacity for water conservation in such environment. Overall, this study highlights the importance of mitochondrial functions and in particular PPR40 in plant responses to abiotic stress, particularly drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Kant
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Rigó
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dóra Faragó
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dániel Benyó
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Roland Tengölics
- Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Szabados
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Laura Zsigmond
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt. 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
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Li R, Zhao R, Yang M, Zhang X, Lin J. Membrane microdomains: Structural and signaling platforms for establishing membrane polarity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2260-2277. [PMID: 37549378 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity results from the asymmetric distribution of cellular structures, molecules, and functions. Polarity is a fundamental cellular trait that can determine the orientation of cell division, the formation of particular cell shapes, and ultimately the development of a multicellular body. To maintain the distinct asymmetric distribution of proteins and lipids in cellular membranes, plant cells have developed complex trafficking and regulatory mechanisms. Major advances have been made in our understanding of how membrane microdomains influence the asymmetric distribution of proteins and lipids. In this review, we first give an overview of cell polarity. Next, we discuss current knowledge concerning membrane microdomains and their roles as structural and signaling platforms to establish and maintain membrane polarity, with a special focus on the asymmetric distribution of proteins and lipids, and advanced microscopy techniques to observe and characterize membrane microdomains. Finally, we review recent advances regarding membrane trafficking in cell polarity establishment and how the balance between exocytosis and endocytosis affects membrane polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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3
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Zhang WJ, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Su YH, Xu T. Protein phosphorylation: A molecular switch in plant signaling. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112729. [PMID: 37405922 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation modification is crucial for signaling transduction in plant development and environmental adaptation. By precisely phosphorylating crucial components in signaling cascades, plants can switch on and off the specific signaling pathways needed for growth or defense. Here, we have summarized recent findings of key phosphorylation events in typical hormone signaling and stress responses. More interestingly, distinct phosphorylation patterns on proteins result in diverse biological functions of these proteins. Thus, we have also highlighted latest findings that show how the different phosphosites of a protein, also named phosphocodes, determine the specificity of downstream signaling in both plant development and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jie Zhang
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yewei Zhou
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ying Hua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
| | - Tongda Xu
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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4
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Monroy-González Z, Uc-Chuc MA, Quintana-Escobar AO, Duarte-Aké F, Loyola-Vargas VM. Characterization of the PIN Auxin Efflux Carrier Gene Family and Its Expression during Zygotic Embryogenesis in Persea americana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2280. [PMID: 37375905 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Auxins are responsible for a large part of the plant development process. To exert their action, they must move throughout the plant and from cell to cell, which is why plants have developed complex transport systems for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). These transporters involve proteins that transport IAA into cells, transporters that move IAA to or from different organelles, mainly the endoplasmic reticulum, and transporters that move IAA out of the cell. This research determined that Persea americana has 12 PIN transporters in its genome. The twelve transporters are expressed during different stages of development in P. americana zygotic embryos. Using different bioinformatics tools, we determined the type of transporter of each of the P. americana PIN proteins and their structure and possible location in the cell. We also predict the potential phosphorylation sites for each of the twelve-PIN proteins. The data show the presence of highly conserved sites for phosphorylation and those sites involved in the interaction with the IAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurisadai Monroy-González
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Merida CP 97205, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Uc-Chuc
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Avenida Itzáes, No. 490 x Calle 59, Col. Centro, Merida CP 97000, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Ana O Quintana-Escobar
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Merida CP 97205, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Fátima Duarte-Aké
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Merida CP 97205, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Víctor M Loyola-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Merida CP 97205, Yucatan, Mexico
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5
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Xu K, Jourquin J, Xu X, De Smet I, Fernandez AI, Beeckman T. Dynamic GOLVEN-ROOT GROWTH FACTOR 1 INSENSITIVE signaling in the root cap mediates root gravitropism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:256-273. [PMID: 36747317 PMCID: PMC10152645 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the exploration of the soil, roots interact with their environment and adapt to different conditions. Directional root growth is guided by asymmetric molecular patterns but how these become established or are dynamically regulated is poorly understood. Asymmetric gradients of the phytohormone auxin are established during root gravitropism, mainly through directional transport mediated by polarized auxin transporters. Upon gravistimulation, PIN-FORMED2 (PIN2) is differentially distributed and accumulates at the lower root side to facilitate asymmetric auxin transport up to the elongation zone where it inhibits cell elongation. GOLVEN (GLV) peptides function in gravitropism by affecting PIN2 abundance in epidermal cells. In addition, GLV signaling through ROOT GROWTH FACTOR 1 INSENSITIVE (RGI) receptors regulates root apical meristem maintenance. Here, we show that GLV-RGI signaling in these 2 processes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) can be mapped to different cells in the root tip and that, in the case of gravitropism, it operates mainly in the lateral root cap (LRC) to maintain PIN2 levels at the plasma membrane (PM). Furthermore, we found that GLV signaling upregulates the phosphorylation level of PIN2 in an RGI-dependent manner. In addition, we demonstrated that the RGI5 receptor is asymmetrically distributed in the LRC and accumulates in the lower side of the LRC after gravistimulation. Asymmetric GLV-RGI signaling in the root cap likely accounts for differential PIN2 abundance at the PM to temporarily support auxin transport up to the elongation zone, thereby representing an additional level of control on the asymmetrical auxin flux to mediate differential growth of the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Jourquin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiangyu Xu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ana I Fernandez
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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6
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Silamparasan D, Chang IF, Jinn TL. Calcium-dependent protein kinase CDPK16 phosphorylates serine-856 of glutamate receptor-like GLR3.6 protein leading to salt-responsive root growth in Arabidopsis . FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1093472. [PMID: 36818849 PMCID: PMC9935832 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1093472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-permeable channels in the plasma membrane play vital roles in plant growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli. Arabidopsis possesses 20 glutamate receptor-like proteins that share similarities with animal ionotropic glutamate receptors and mediate Ca2+ influx in plants. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) phosphorylate serine (Ser)-860 of glutamate receptor-like (GLR)3.7 protein, which interacts with 14-3-3ω and plays an essential role in salt and abscisic acid response in Arabidopsis by modulating Ca2+ signaling. However, the significance of CDPK- mediated phosphorylation status of Ser residues of GLR3.6 with regard to the functioning of GLR3.6 remains to be elucidated. In this study, we performed an in vitro kinase assay using CDPK16 and peptides containing the 14-3-3ω interacting domain of GLR3.6. We showed that Ser861/862 of GLR3.6 are required for the interaction with 14-3-3ω and that Ser856 of GLR3.6 is specifically phosphorylated by CDPK16 but not by CDPK3 and CDPK34. In addition, the expression of GLR3.6 was quickly downregulated by salt stress, and plants of glr3.6 mutants and GLR3.6-overexpression lines presented shorter and longer root lengths, respectively, under normal growth conditions than Col. Overexpression of the GLR3.6-Ser856 to Ala mutation resulted in a less sensitive phenotype in response to salt stress similar to glr3.6. Our results indicated that the Ser861/862 residues of GLR3.6 are required for interaction with 14-3-3ω. Additionally, the phosphorylation status of Ser856 residue of GLR3.6, which is mediated specifically by CDPK16, regulates root growth in normal and salt stress and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ing-Feng Chang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Luo Jinn
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Sarwar R, Li L, Yu J, Zhang Y, Geng R, Meng Q, Zhu K, Tan XL. Functional Characterization of the Cystine-Rich-Receptor-like Kinases ( CRKs) and Their Expression Response to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Abiotic Stresses in Brassica napus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010511. [PMID: 36613954 PMCID: PMC9820174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) are transmembrane proteins that bind to the calcium ion to regulate stress-signaling and plant development-related pathways, as indicated by several pieces of evidence. However, the CRK gene family hasn’t been inadequately examined in Brassica napus. In our study, 27 members of the CRK gene family were identified in Brassica napus, which are categorized into three phylogenetic groups and display synteny relationship to the Arabidopsis thaliana orthologs. All the CRK genes contain highly conserved N-terminal PKINASE domain; however, the distribution of motifs and gene structure were variable conserved. The functional divergence analysis between BnaCRK groups indicates a shift in evolutionary rate after duplication events, demonstrating that BnaCRKs might direct a specific function. RNA-Seq datasets and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) exhibit the complex expression profile of the BnaCRKs in plant tissues under multiple stresses. Nevertheless, BnaA06CRK6-1 and BnaA08CRK8 from group B were perceived to play a predominant role in the Brassica napus stress signaling pathway in response to drought, salinity, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection. Insights gained from this study improve our knowledge about the Brassica napus CRK gene family and provide a basis for enhancing the quality of rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehman Sarwar
- School of Food Science and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jiang Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yijie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Rui Geng
- School of Food Science and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Qingfeng Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Keming Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiao-Li Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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8
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Yang Y, Liu F, Liu L, Zhu M, Yuan J, Mai YX, Zou JJ, Le J, Wang Y, Palme K, Li X, Wang Y, Wang L. The unconventional prefoldin RPB5 interactor mediates the gravitropic response by modulating cytoskeleton organization and auxin transport in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1916-1934. [PMID: 35943836 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gravity-induced root curvature involves the asymmetric distribution of the phytohormone auxin. This response depends on the concerted activities of the auxin transporters such as PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins for auxin efflux and AUXIN RESISTANT 1 (AUX1) for auxin influx. However, how the auxin gradient is established remains elusive. Here we identified a new mutant with a short root, strong auxin distribution in the lateral root cap and an impaired gravitropic response. The causal gene encoded an Arabidopsis homolog of the human unconventional prefoldin RPB5 interactor (URI). AtURI interacted with prefoldin 2 (PFD2) and PFD6, two β-type PFD members that modulate actin and tubulin patterning in roots. The auxin reporter DR5rev :GFP showed that asymmetric auxin redistribution after gravistimulation is disordered in aturi-1 root tips. Treatment with the endomembrane protein trafficking inhibitor brefeldin A indicated that recycling of the auxin transporter PIN2 is disrupted in aturi-1 roots as well as in pfd mutants. We propose that AtURI cooperates with PFDs to recycle PIN2 and modulate auxin distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Center on Agricultural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, Freiburg, D-79104, Germany
| | - Le Liu
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, Freiburg, D-79104, Germany
| | - Mingyue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Center on Agricultural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jinfeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Center on Agricultural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yan-Xia Mai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun-Jie Zou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Le
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Klaus Palme
- Sino-German Joint Research Center on Agricultural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, Freiburg, D-79104, Germany
| | - Xugang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Center on Agricultural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Long Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200032, China
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9
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Baba AI, Mir MY, Riyazuddin R, Cséplő Á, Rigó G, Fehér A. Plants in Microgravity: Molecular and Technological Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810548. [PMID: 36142459 PMCID: PMC9505700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are vital components of our ecosystem for a balanced life here on Earth, as a source of both food and oxygen for survival. Recent space exploration has extended the field of plant biology, allowing for future studies on life support farming on distant planets. This exploration will utilize life support technologies for long-term human space flights and settlements. Such longer space missions will depend on the supply of clean air, food, and proper waste management. The ubiquitous force of gravity is known to impact plant growth and development. Despite this, we still have limited knowledge about how plants can sense and adapt to microgravity in space. Thus, the ability of plants to survive in microgravity in space settings becomes an intriguing topic to be investigated in detail. The new knowledge could be applied to provide food for astronaut missions to space and could also teach us more about how plants can adapt to unique environments. Here, we briefly review and discuss the current knowledge about plant gravity-sensing mechanisms and the experimental possibilities to research microgravity-effects on plants either on the Earth or in orbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Imran Baba
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence: or
| | - Mohd Yaqub Mir
- Doctoral School of Neuroscience, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
- Theoretical Neuroscience and Complex Systems Group, Department of Computational Sciences, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Riyazuddin Riyazuddin
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Cséplő
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Rigó
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Fehér
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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10
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Cheng S, Wang Y. Subcellular trafficking and post-translational modification regulate PIN polarity in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:923293. [PMID: 35968084 PMCID: PMC9363823 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.923293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Auxin regulates plant growth and tropism responses. As a phytohormone, auxin is transported between its synthesis sites and action sites. Most natural auxin moves between cells via a polar transport system that is mediated by PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin exporters. The asymmetrically localized PINs usually determine the directionality of intercellular auxin flow. Different internal cues and external stimuli modulate PIN polar distribution and activity at multiple levels, including transcription, protein stability, subcellular trafficking, and post-translational modification, and thereby regulate auxin-distribution-dependent development. Thus, the different regulation levels of PIN polarity constitute a complex network. For example, the post-translational modification of PINs can affect the subcellular trafficking of PINs. In this review, we focus on subcellular trafficking and post-translational modification of PINs to summarize recent progress in understanding PIN polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Cheng
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Zhang L, Zeng Q, Zhu Q, Tan Y, Guo X. Essential Roles of Cupredoxin Family Proteins in Soybean Cyst Nematode Resistance. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1545-1558. [PMID: 35050680 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-21-0391-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines), one of the most devastating soybean pathogens, causes a significant yield loss in soybean production. One of the most effective ways to manage SCN is to grow resistant cultivars. Therefore, comparative study using resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars provides a powerful tool to identify new genes involved in soybean SCN resistance. In the present study, a transcriptome analysis was carried out using both the resistant (PI88788) and susceptible (Williams 82) soybean cultivars to characterize the responses to nematode infection. Various defense-related genes and different pathways involved in nematode resistance were recognized as being highly expressed in resistant cultivar. Promoter-GUS analysis was conducted to monitor the spatial expression pattern of the genes highly induced by nematode infection. Two nematode-inducible promoters for Glyma.05g147000 (encoding caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase) and Glyma.06g036700 (encoding cupredoxin superfamily protein) were characterized, and the promoters could efficiently drive the expression of known nematode resistance genes (α-SNAPRhg1HC or GmSHMT) to affect soybean SCN resistance. Interestingly, expression of the cupredoxin family genes was upregulated not only by SCN, but also by jasmonic acid treatment. DNA sequence analysis identified that a conserved motif (GGTGCATG) with high similarity to SCNbox1 and GC-rich element is enriched in their promoter regions, suggesting its potential to serve as a nematode-responsive regulatory element. Overexpression of Glyma.06g036700 significantly enhanced soybean resistance to cyst nematode. Overall, our findings not only highlight the essential role of cupredoxin family genes in SCN resistance, but also offer potential functional tools to develop nematode resistance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qian Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yuanhua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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12
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Chen P, Ge Y, Chen L, Yan F, Cai L, Zhao H, Lei D, Jiang J, Wang M, Tao Y. SAV4 is required for ethylene-induced root hair growth through stabilizing PIN2 auxin transporter in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1735-1752. [PMID: 35274300 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root hair development is regulated by hormonal and environmental cues, such as ethylene and low phosphate. Auxin efflux carrier PIN2 (PIN-FORMED 2) plays an important role in establishing a proper auxin gradient in root tips, which is required for root hair development. Ethylene promotes root hair development through increasing PIN2 abundance in root tips, which subsequently leads to enhanced expression of auxin reporter genes. However, how PIN2 is regulated remains obscure. Here, we report that Arabidopsis thaliana sav4 (shade avoidance 4) mutant exhibits defects in ethylene-induced root hair development and in establishing a proper auxin gradient in root tips. Ethylene treatment increased SAV4 abundance in root tips. SAV4 and PIN2 co-localize to the shootward plasma membrane (PM) of root tip epidermal cells. SAV4 directly interacts with the PIN2 hydrophilic region (PIN2HL) and regulates PIN2 abundance on the PM. Vacuolar degradation of PIN2 is suppressed by ethylene, which was weakened in sav4 mutant. Furthermore, SAV4 affects the formation of PIN2 clusters and its lateral diffusion on the PM. In summary, we identified SAV4 as a novel regulator of PIN2 that enhances PIN2 membrane clustering and stability through direct protein-protein interactions. Our study revealed a new layer of regulation on PIN2 dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peirui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Yanhua Ge
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Liying Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Fenglian Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Lingling Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Hongli Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Deshun Lei
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Jinxi Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Yi Tao
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
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13
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Liang C, Wei C, Wang L, Guan Z, Shi T, Huang J, Li B, Lu Y, Liu H, Wang Y. Characterization of a Novel Creeping Tartary Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum) Mutant lazy1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:815131. [PMID: 35574111 PMCID: PMC9094088 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.815131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gravity is known as an important environmental factor involved in the regulation of plant architecture. To identify genes related to the gravitropism of Tartary buckwheat, a creeping line was obtained and designated as lazy1 from the mutant bank by 60Co-γ ray radiation. Genetic analysis indicated that the creeping phenotype of lazy1 was attributed to a single recessive locus. As revealed by the horizontal and inverted suspension tests, lazy1 was completely lacking in shoot negative gravitropism. The creeping growth of lazy1 occurred at the early seedling stage, which could not be recovered by exogenous heteroauxin, hormodin, α-rhodofix, or gibberellin. Different from the well-organized and equivalent cell elongation of wild type (WT), lazy1 exhibited dilated, distorted, and abnormally arranged cells in the bending stem. However, no statistical difference of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels was found between the far- and near-ground bending sides in lazy1, which suggests that the asymmetric cell elongation of lazy1 was not induced by auxin gradient. Whereas, lazy1 showed up-expressed gibberellin-regulated genes by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) as well as significantly higher levels of gibberellin, suggesting that gibberellin might be partly involved in the regulation of creeping growth in lazy1. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) identified a number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to gravitropism at stages I (before bending), II (bending), and III (after bending) between WT and lazy1. Venn diagram indicated that only Pectate lyase 5 was down-expressed at stages I [Log2 fold change (Log2FC): -3.20], II (Log2FC: -4.97), and III (Log2FC: -1.23) in lazy1, compared with WT. Gene sequencing revealed that a fragment deletion occurred in the coding region of Pectate lyase 5, which induced the destruction of a pbH domain in Pectate lyase 5 of lazy1. qRT-PCR indicated that Pectate lyase 5 was extremely down-expressed in lazy1 at stage II (0.02-fold of WT). Meanwhile, lazy1 showed the affected expression of lignin- and cellulose-related genes and cumulatively abnormal levels of pectin, lignin, and cellulose. These results demonstrate the possibility that Pectate lyase 5 functions as the key gene that could mediate primary cell wall metabolism and get involved in the asymmetric cell elongation regulation of lazy1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Liang
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chunyu Wei
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Li Wang
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhixiu Guan
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Taoxiong Shi
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bin Li
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Guizhou Biotechnology Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guiyang, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Guizhou Biotechnology Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
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14
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Lanassa Bassukas AE, Xiao Y, Schwechheimer C. Phosphorylation control of PIN auxin transporters. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 65:102146. [PMID: 34974229 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The directional transport of the phytohormone auxin is required for proper plant development and tropic growth. Auxin cell-to-cell transport gains directionality through the polar distribution of 'canonical' long PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux carriers. In recent years, AGC kinases, MAP kinases, Ca2+/CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE-RELATED KINASEs and receptor kinases have been implicated in the control of PIN activity, polarity and trafficking. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge in understanding the posttranslational regulation of PINs by these different protein kinase families. The proposed regulation of PINs by AGC kinases after salt stress and by the stress-activated MAP kinases suggest that abiotic and biotic stress factors may modulate auxin transport and thereby plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkistis E Lanassa Bassukas
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 8, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Yao Xiao
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 8, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Claus Schwechheimer
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 8, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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15
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Abstract
From embryogenesis to fruit formation, almost every aspect of plant development and differentiation is controlled by the cellular accumulation or depletion of auxin from cells and tissues. The respective auxin maxima and minima are generated by cell-to-cell auxin transport via transporter proteins. Differential auxin accumulation as a result of such transport processes dynamically regulates auxin distribution during differentiation. In this review, we introduce all auxin transporter (families) identified to date and discuss the knowledge on prominent family members, namely, the PIN-FORMED exporters, ATP-binding cassette B (ABCB)-type transporters, and AUX1/LAX importers. We then concentrate on the biochemical features of these transporters and their regulation by posttranslational modifications and interactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Z Hammes
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Angus S Murphy
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture
- Agriculture Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Claus Schwechheimer
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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16
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Adaptive divergence in shoot gravitropism creates hybrid sterility in an Australian wildflower. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2004901118. [PMID: 34789571 PMCID: PMC8617494 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004901118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
New species originate as populations become reproductively isolated from one another. Despite recent progress in uncovering the genetic basis of reproductive isolation, it remains unclear whether intrinsic reproductive barriers, such as hybrid sterility, can evolve as a by-product of local adaptation to contrasting environments. Here, we show that differences in a plant’s response to the pull of gravity have repeatedly evolved amongst coastal populations of an Australian wildflower, thus implicating a role of natural selection in their evolution. We found a strong genetic association between variation in this adaptive trait and hybrid sterility, suggesting that intrinsic reproductive barriers contribute to the origin of new species as populations adapt to heterogeneous environments. Natural selection is responsible for much of the diversity we see in nature. Just as it drives the evolution of new traits, it can also lead to new species. However, it is unclear whether natural selection conferring adaptation to local environments can drive speciation through the evolution of hybrid sterility between populations. Here, we show that adaptive divergence in shoot gravitropism, the ability of a plant’s shoot to bend upwards in response to the downward pull of gravity, contributes to the evolution of hybrid sterility in an Australian wildflower, Senecio lautus. We find that shoot gravitropism has evolved multiple times in association with plant height between adjacent populations inhabiting contrasting environments, suggesting that these traits have evolved by natural selection. We directly tested this prediction using a hybrid population subjected to eight rounds of recombination and three rounds of selection in the field. Our experiments revealed that shoot gravitropism responds to natural selection in the expected direction of the locally adapted population. Using the advanced hybrid population, we discovered that individuals with extreme differences in gravitropism had more sterile crosses than individuals with similar gravitropic responses, which were largely fertile, indicating that this adaptive trait is genetically correlated with hybrid sterility. Our results suggest that natural selection can drive the evolution of locally adaptive traits that also create hybrid sterility, thus revealing an evolutionary connection between local adaptation and the origin of new species.
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17
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Tong T, Li Q, Jiang W, Chen G, Xue D, Deng F, Zeng F, Chen ZH. Molecular Evolution of Calcium Signaling and Transport in Plant Adaptation to Abiotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12308. [PMID: 34830190 PMCID: PMC8618852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to unfavorable abiotic stresses is one of the key processes in the evolution of plants. Calcium (Ca2+) signaling is characterized by the spatiotemporal pattern of Ca2+ distribution and the activities of multi-domain proteins in integrating environmental stimuli and cellular responses, which are crucial early events in abiotic stress responses in plants. However, a comprehensive summary and explanation for evolutionary and functional synergies in Ca2+ signaling remains elusive in green plants. We review mechanisms of Ca2+ membrane transporters and intracellular Ca2+ sensors with evolutionary imprinting and structural clues. These may provide molecular and bioinformatics insights for the functional analysis of some non-model species in the evolutionarily important green plant lineages. We summarize the chronological order, spatial location, and characteristics of Ca2+ functional proteins. Furthermore, we highlight the integral functions of calcium-signaling components in various nodes of the Ca2+ signaling pathway through conserved or variant evolutionary processes. These ultimately bridge the Ca2+ cascade reactions into regulatory networks, particularly in the hormonal signaling pathways. In summary, this review provides new perspectives towards a better understanding of the evolution, interaction and integration of Ca2+ signaling components in green plants, which is likely to benefit future research in agriculture, evolutionary biology, ecology and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tong
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434022, China; (T.T.); (W.J.); (F.D.)
| | - Qi Li
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310030, China; (Q.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Wei Jiang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434022, China; (T.T.); (W.J.); (F.D.)
| | - Guang Chen
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310030, China; (Q.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Dawei Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China;
| | - Fenglin Deng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434022, China; (T.T.); (W.J.); (F.D.)
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434022, China; (T.T.); (W.J.); (F.D.)
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith 2751, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith 2751, Australia
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18
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Lee H, Ganguly A, Baik S, Cho HT. Calcium-dependent protein kinase 29 modulates PIN-FORMED polarity and Arabidopsis development via its own phosphorylation code. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3513-3531. [PMID: 34402905 PMCID: PMC8566293 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
PIN-FORMED (PIN)-mediated polar auxin transport (PAT) is involved in key developmental processes in plants. Various internal and external cues influence plant development via the modulation of intracellular PIN polarity and, thus, the direction of PAT, but the mechanisms underlying these processes remain largely unknown. PIN proteins harbor a hydrophilic loop (HL) that has important regulatory functions; here, we used the HL as bait in protein pulldown screening for modulators of intracellular PIN trafficking in Arabidopsis thaliana. Calcium-dependent protein kinase 29 (CPK29), a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase, was identified and shown to phosphorylate specific target residues on the PIN-HL that were not phosphorylated by other kinases. Furthermore, loss of CPK29 or mutations of the phospho-target residues in PIN-HLs significantly compromised intracellular PIN trafficking and polarity, causing defects in PIN-mediated auxin redistribution and biological processes such as lateral root formation, root twisting, hypocotyl gravitropism, phyllotaxis, and reproductive development. These findings indicate that CPK29 directly interprets Ca2+ signals from internal and external triggers, resulting in the modulation of PIN trafficking and auxin responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyodong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Anindya Ganguly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Song Baik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyung-Taeg Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Author for correspondence:
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19
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Han H, Adamowski M, Qi L, Alotaibi SS, Friml J. PIN-mediated polar auxin transport regulations in plant tropic responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:510-522. [PMID: 34254313 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tropisms, growth responses to environmental stimuli such as light or gravity, are spectacular examples of adaptive plant development. The plant hormone auxin serves as a major coordinative signal. The PIN auxin exporters, through their dynamic polar subcellular localizations, redirect auxin fluxes in response to environmental stimuli and the resulting auxin gradients across organs underlie differential cell elongation and bending. In this review, we discuss recent advances concerning regulations of PIN polarity during tropisms, focusing on PIN phosphorylation and trafficking. We also cover how environmental cues regulate PIN actions during tropisms, as well as the crucial role of auxin feedback on PIN polarity during bending termination. Finally, the interactions between different tropisms are reviewed to understand plant adaptive growth in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Han
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
- Research Center for Plant Functional Genes and Tissue Culture Technology, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Maciek Adamowski
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Linlin Qi
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Saqer S Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, Taif University, PO Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
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20
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Freytag C, Máthé C, Rigó G, Nodzyński T, Kónya Z, Erdődi F, Cséplő Á, Pózer E, Szabados L, Kelemen A, Vasas G, Garda T. Microcystin-LR, a cyanobacterial toxin affects root development by changing levels of PIN proteins and auxin response in Arabidopsis roots. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130183. [PMID: 34088085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCY-LR) is a heptapeptide toxin produced mainly by freshwater cyanobacteria. It strongly inhibits protein phosphatases PP2A and PP1. Functioning of the PIN family of auxin efflux carriers is crucial for plant ontogenesis and their functions depend on their reversible phosphorylation. We aimed to reveal the adverse effects of MCY-LR on PIN and auxin distribution in Arabidopsis roots and its consequences for root development. Relatively short-term (24 h) MCY-LR treatments decreased the levels of PIN1, PIN2 and PIN7, but not of PIN3 in tips of primary roots. In contrast, levels of PIN1 and PIN2 increased in emergent lateral roots and their levels depended on the type of PIN in lateral root primordia. DR5:GFP reporter activity showed that the cyanotoxin-induced decrease of auxin levels/responses in tips of main roots in parallel to PIN levels. Those alterations did not affect gravitropic response of roots. However, MCY-LR complemented the altered gravitropic response of crk5-1 mutants, defective in a protein kinase with essential role in the correct membrane localization of PIN2. For MCY-LR treated Col-0 plants, the number of lateral root primordia but not of emergent laterals increased and lateral root primordia showed early development. In conclusion, inhibition of protein phosphatase activities changed PIN and auxin levels, thus altered root development. Previous data on aquatic plants naturally co-occurring with the cyanotoxin showed similar alterations of root development. Thus, our results on the model plant Arabidopsis give a mechanistic explanation of MCY-LR phytotoxicity in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csongor Freytag
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Máthé
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Rigó
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári Krt 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tomasz Nodzyński
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Chemistry, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdődi
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Chemistry, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Cséplő
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári Krt 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erik Pózer
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Szabados
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári Krt 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Kelemen
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Vasas
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Garda
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
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21
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Duan X, Wang X, Jin K, Wang W, Liu H, Liu L, Zhang Y, Hammond JP, White PJ, Ding G, Xu F, Shi L. Genetic Dissection of Root Angle of Brassica napus in Response to Low Phosphorus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:697872. [PMID: 34394150 PMCID: PMC8358456 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.697872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant root angle determines the vertical and horizontal distribution of roots in the soil layer, which further influences the acquisition of phosphorus (P) in topsoil. Large genetic variability for the lateral root angle (root angle) was observed in a linkage mapping population (BnaTNDH population) and an association panel of Brassica napus whether at a low P (LP) or at an optimal P (OP). At LP, the average root angle of both populations became smaller. Nine quantitative trait loci (QTLs) at LP and three QTLs at OP for the root angle and five QTLs for the relative root angle (RRA) were identified by the linkage mapping analysis in the BnaTNDH population. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) revealed 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with the root angle at LP (LPRA). The interval of a QTL for LPRA on A06 (qLPRA-A06c) overlapped with the confidence region of the leading SNP (Bn-A06-p14439400) significantly associated with LPRA. In addition, a QTL cluster on chromosome C01 associated with the root angle and the primary root length (PRL) in the "pouch and wick" high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) system, the root P concentration in the agar system, and the seed yield in the field was identified in the BnaTNDH population at LP. A total of 87 genes on A06 and 192 genes on C01 were identified within the confidence interval, and 14 genes related to auxin asymmetric redistribution and root developmental process were predicted to be candidate genes. The identification and functional analyses of these genes affecting LPRA are of benefit to the cultivar selection with optimal root system architecture (RSA) under P deficiency in Brassica napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjie Duan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Microelement Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Kemo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Microelement Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haijiang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Microelement Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Microelement Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - John P. Hammond
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip J. White
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Guangda Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Microelement Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangsen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Microelement Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Microelement Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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22
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Cséplő Á, Zsigmond L, Andrási N, Baba AI, Labhane NM, Pető A, Kolbert Z, Kovács HE, Steinbach G, Szabados L, Fehér A, Rigó G. The AtCRK5 Protein Kinase Is Required to Maintain the ROS NO Balance Affecting the PIN2-Mediated Root Gravitropic Response in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5979. [PMID: 34205973 PMCID: PMC8197844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis AtCRK5 protein kinase is involved in the establishment of the proper auxin gradient in many developmental processes. Among others, the Atcrk5-1 mutant was reported to exhibit a delayed gravitropic response via compromised PIN2-mediated auxin transport at the root tip. Here, we report that this phenotype correlates with lower superoxide anion (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels but a higher nitric oxide (NO) content in the mutant root tips in comparison to the wild type (AtCol-0). The oxidative stress inducer paraquat (PQ) triggering formation of O2•- (and consequently, H2O2) was able to rescue the gravitropic response of Atcrk5-1 roots. The direct application of H2O2 had the same effect. Under gravistimulation, correct auxin distribution was restored (at least partially) by PQ or H2O2 treatment in the mutant root tips. In agreement, the redistribution of the PIN2 auxin efflux carrier was similar in the gravistimulated PQ-treated mutant and untreated wild type roots. It was also found that PQ-treatment decreased the endogenous NO level at the root tip to normal levels. Furthermore, the mutant phenotype could be reverted by direct manipulation of the endogenous NO level using an NO scavenger (cPTIO). The potential involvement of AtCRK5 protein kinase in the control of auxin-ROS-NO-PIN2-auxin regulatory loop is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Cséplő
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Laura Zsigmond
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Norbert Andrási
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Abu Imran Baba
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nitin M. Labhane
- Department of Botany, Bhavan’s College Andheri West, Mumbai 400058, India;
| | - Andrea Pető
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Középfasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.P.); (Z.K.)
- Food Chain Safety Center Nonprofit Ltd., H-1024 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Kolbert
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Középfasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.P.); (Z.K.)
| | - Hajnalka E. Kovács
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
- Budapest, Kossuth Lajos Sugárút, 72/D, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Steinbach
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
- Cellular Imaging Laboratory, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Szabados
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Attila Fehér
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Középfasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.P.); (Z.K.)
| | - Gábor Rigó
- Biological Research Centre (BRC), Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.C.); (L.Z.); (N.A.); (A.I.B.); (H.E.K.); (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.F.)
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Villacampa A, Sora L, Herranz R, Medina FJ, Ciska M. Analysis of Graviresponse and Biological Effects of Vertical and Horizontal Clinorotation in Arabidopsis thaliana Root Tip. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10040734. [PMID: 33918741 PMCID: PMC8070489 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Clinorotation was the first method designed to simulate microgravity on ground and it remains the most common and accessible simulation procedure. However, different experimental settings, namely angular velocity, sample orientation, and distance to the rotation center produce different responses in seedlings. Here, we compare A. thaliana root responses to the two most commonly used velocities, as examples of slow and fast clinorotation, and to vertical and horizontal clinorotation. We investigate their impact on the three stages of gravitropism: statolith sedimentation, asymmetrical auxin distribution, and differential elongation. We also investigate the statocyte ultrastructure by electron microscopy. Horizontal slow clinorotation induces changes in the statocyte ultrastructure related to a stress response and internalization of the PIN-FORMED 2 (PIN2) auxin transporter in the lower endodermis, probably due to enhanced mechano-stimulation. Additionally, fast clinorotation, as predicted, is only suitable within a very limited radius from the clinorotation center and triggers directional root growth according to the direction of the centrifugal force. Our study provides a full morphological picture of the stages of graviresponse in the root tip, and it is a valuable contribution to the field of microgravity simulation by clarifying the limitations of 2D-clinostats and proposing a proper use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Villacampa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.); (L.S.); (R.H.); (F.-J.M.)
| | - Ludovico Sora
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.); (L.S.); (R.H.); (F.-J.M.)
- Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, Via La Masa 34, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Raúl Herranz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.); (L.S.); (R.H.); (F.-J.M.)
| | - Francisco-Javier Medina
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.); (L.S.); (R.H.); (F.-J.M.)
| | - Malgorzata Ciska
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.); (L.S.); (R.H.); (F.-J.M.)
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24
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Konstantinova N, Korbei B, Luschnig C. Auxin and Root Gravitropism: Addressing Basic Cellular Processes by Exploiting a Defined Growth Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052749. [PMID: 33803128 PMCID: PMC7963156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Root architecture and growth are decisive for crop performance and yield, and thus a highly topical research field in plant sciences. The root system of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is the ideal system to obtain insights into fundamental key parameters and molecular players involved in underlying regulatory circuits of root growth, particularly in responses to environmental stimuli. Root gravitropism, directional growth along the gravity, in particular represents a highly sensitive readout, suitable to study adjustments in polar auxin transport and to identify molecular determinants involved. This review strives to summarize and give an overview into the function of PIN-FORMED auxin transport proteins, emphasizing on their sorting and polarity control. As there already is an abundance of information, the focus lies in integrating this wealth of information on mechanisms and pathways. This overview of a highly dynamic and complex field highlights recent developments in understanding the role of auxin in higher plants. Specifically, it exemplifies, how analysis of a single, defined growth response contributes to our understanding of basic cellular processes in general.
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25
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Zhao P, Liu Y, Kong W, Ji J, Cai T, Guo Z. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase ( CDPK) and CDPK-Related Kinase ( CRK) Gene Families in Medicago truncatula. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1044. [PMID: 33494310 PMCID: PMC7864493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK or CPK) and CDPK-related kinase (CRK) play an important role in plant growth, development, and adaptation to environmental stresses. However, their gene families had been yet inadequately investigated in Medicago truncatula. In this study, six MtCRK genes were computationally identified, they were classified into five groups with MtCDPKs based on phylogenetic relationships. Six pairs of segmental duplications were observed in MtCDPK and MtCRK genes and the Ka/Ks ratio, an indicator of selection pressure, was below 0.310, indicating that these gene pairs underwent strong purifying selection. Cis-acting elements of morphogenesis, multiple hormone responses, and abiotic stresses were predicted in the promoter region. The spatial expression of MtCDPKs and MtCRKs displays diversity. The expression of MtCDPKs and MtCRKs could be regulated by various stresses. MtCDPK4, 14, 16, 22, and MtCRK6 harbor both N-myristoylation site and palmitoylation site and were anchored on plasma membrane, while MtCDPK7, 9, and 15 contain no or only one N-acylation site and were distributed in cytosol and nucleus, suggesting that the N-terminal acylation sites play a key role in subcellular localization of MtCDPKs and MtCRKs. In summary, comprehensive characterization of MtCDPKs and MtCRKs provide a subset of candidate genes for further functional analysis and genetic improvement against drought, cold, salt and biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhenfei Guo
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (P.Z.); (Y.L.); (W.K.); (J.J.); (T.C.)
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26
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Máthé C, M-Hamvas M, Freytag C, Garda T. The Protein Phosphatase PP2A Plays Multiple Roles in Plant Development by Regulation of Vesicle Traffic-Facts and Questions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:975. [PMID: 33478110 PMCID: PMC7835740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein phosphatase PP2A is essential for the control of integrated eukaryotic cell functioning. Several cellular and developmental events, e.g., plant growth regulator (PGR) mediated signaling pathways are regulated by reversible phosphorylation of vesicle traffic proteins. Reviewing present knowledge on the relevant role of PP2A is timely. We discuss three aspects: (1) PP2A regulates microtubule-mediated vesicle delivery during cell plate assembly. PP2A dephosphorylates members of the microtubule associated protein family MAP65, promoting their binding to microtubules. Regulation of phosphatase activity leads to changes in microtubule organization, which affects vesicle traffic towards cell plate and vesicle fusion to build the new cell wall between dividing cells. (2) PP2A-mediated inhibition of target of rapamycin complex (TORC) dependent signaling pathways contributes to autophagy and this has possible connections to the brassinosteroid signaling pathway. (3) Transcytosis of vesicles transporting PIN auxin efflux carriers. PP2A regulates vesicle localization and recycling of PINs related to GNOM (a GTP-GDP exchange factor) mediated pathways. The proper intracellular traffic of PINs is essential for auxin distribution in the plant body, thus in whole plant development. Overall, PP2A has essential roles in membrane interactions of plant cell and it is crucial for plant development and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Máthé
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.M.-H.); (C.F.); (T.G.)
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27
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Tan S, Luschnig C, Friml J. Pho-view of Auxin: Reversible Protein Phosphorylation in Auxin Biosynthesis, Transport and Signaling. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:151-165. [PMID: 33186755 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin plays a central role in shaping plant growth and development. With decades of genetic and biochemical studies, numerous core molecular components and their networks, underlying auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling, have been identified. Notably, protein phosphorylation, catalyzed by kinases and oppositely hydrolyzed by phosphatases, has been emerging to be a crucial type of post-translational modification, regulating physiological and developmental auxin output at all levels. In this review, we comprehensively discuss earlier and recent advances in our understanding of genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology of the kinases and phosphatases participating in auxin action. We provide insights into the mechanisms by which reversible protein phosphorylation defines developmental auxin responses, discuss current challenges, and provide our perspectives on future directions involving the integration of the control of protein phosphorylation into the molecular auxin network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Christian Luschnig
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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28
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Yadav A, Garg T, Singh H, Yadav SR. Tissue-specific expression pattern of calcium-dependent protein kinases-related kinases (CRKs) in rice. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1809846. [PMID: 32835584 PMCID: PMC7588190 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1809846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases-related kinases (CDPK-related kinases; CRKs) are Ser/Thr kinases that bind with Ca2+/Calmodulin and play crucial roles in signal transduction pathways during plant growth, development, and responses to multiple stresses. In this study, we have studied detailed organ and tissue-specific expression patterns of rice CRK genes. Our organ-specific RT-PCR analyzes show the differential expression pattern of these genes in various organs of rice. Moreover, our RNA-RNA in situ hybridization study in rice stem base containing developing crown root primordia demonstrates that the expression of CRK genes is spatially restricted to the developing crown root primordia, suggesting their putative role in protein phosphorylation-dependent cellular signaling during rice crown root development. Furthermore, organ-specific differentially expression pattern of CRK genes during floral organogenesis further support for the organ-specific cell signaling during organogenesis. Thus, our study provides a developmentally regulated expression pattern of rice CRK genes, though they are broadly expressed and a basic foundation for functional characterizations of CRK gene members to unravel their specific functions during plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Tushar Garg
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Harshita Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Shri Ram Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
- CONTACT : Shri Ram Yadav Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee247667, India
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29
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Huang X, Bai X, Guo T, Xie Z, Laimer M, Du D, Gbokie T, Zhang Z, He C, Lu Y, Wu W, Yi K. Genome-Wide Analysis of the PIN Auxin Efflux Carrier Gene Family in Coffee. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091061. [PMID: 32825074 PMCID: PMC7570243 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Coffee is one of the most popular beverages around the world, which is mainly produced from the allopolyploid Coffea arabica. The genomes of C. arabica and its two ancestors C. canephora and C. eugenioides have been released due to the development of next generation sequencing. However, few studies on C. arabica are related to the PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporter despite its importance in auxin-mediated plant growth and development. In the present study, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of the PIN gene family in the three coffee species. Totals of 17, 9 and 10 of the PIN members were characterized in C. Arabica, C. canephora and C. eugenioides, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed gene loss of PIN1 and PIN2 homologs in C. arabica, as well as gene duplication of PIN5 homologs during the fractionation process after tetraploidy. Furthermore, we conducted expression analysis of PIN genes in C. arabica by in silico and qRT-PCR. The results revealed the existence of gene expression dominance in allopolyploid coffee and illustrated several PIN candidates in regulating auxin transport and homeostasis under leaf rust fungus inoculation and the tissue-specific expression pattern of C. arabica. Together, this study provides the basis and guideline for future functional characterization of the PIN gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (X.H.); (C.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xuehui Bai
- Dehong Tropical Agriculture Research Institute of Yunnan, Ruili 678600, China; (X.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Tieying Guo
- Dehong Tropical Agriculture Research Institute of Yunnan, Ruili 678600, China; (X.B.); (T.G.)
| | - Zhouli Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Margit Laimer
- Plant Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Dengxiang Du
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Thomas Gbokie
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Zhirun Zhang
- Coffee Engineering Research Center of China, Mangshi 678400, China;
| | - Chunping He
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (X.H.); (C.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (X.H.); (C.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Weihuai Wu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (X.H.); (C.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 571101, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Kexian Yi
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (X.H.); (C.H.); (Y.L.); (K.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 571101, China
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30
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Semeradova H, Montesinos JC, Benkova E. All Roads Lead to Auxin: Post-translational Regulation of Auxin Transport by Multiple Hormonal Pathways. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100048. [PMID: 33367243 PMCID: PMC7747973 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a key hormonal regulator, that governs plant growth and development in concert with other hormonal pathways. The unique feature of auxin is its polar, cell-to-cell transport that leads to the formation of local auxin maxima and gradients, which coordinate initiation and patterning of plant organs. The molecular machinery mediating polar auxin transport is one of the important points of interaction with other hormones. Multiple hormonal pathways converge at the regulation of auxin transport and form a regulatory network that integrates various developmental and environmental inputs to steer plant development. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanisms that underlie regulation of polar auxin transport by multiple hormonal pathways. Specifically, we focus on the post-translational mechanisms that contribute to fine-tuning of the abundance and polarity of auxin transporters at the plasma membrane and thereby enable rapid modification of the auxin flow to coordinate plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Semeradova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Eva Benkova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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31
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Tan S, Zhang X, Kong W, Yang XL, Molnár G, Vondráková Z, Filepová R, Petrášek J, Friml J, Xue HW. The lipid code-dependent phosphoswitch PDK1-D6PK activates PIN-mediated auxin efflux in Arabidopsis. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:556-569. [PMID: 32393881 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Directional intercellular transport of the phytohormone auxin mediated by PIN-FORMED (PIN) efflux carriers has essential roles in both coordinating patterning processes and integrating multiple external cues by rapidly redirecting auxin fluxes. PIN activity is therefore regulated by multiple internal and external cues, for which the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that 3'-PHOSPHOINOSITIDE-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE1 (PDK1), which is conserved in plants and mammals, functions as a molecular hub that perceives upstream lipid signalling and modulates downstream substrate activity through phosphorylation. Using genetic analysis, we show that the loss-of-function Arabidopsis pdk1.1 pdk1.2 mutant exhibits a plethora of abnormalities in organogenesis and growth due to defective polar auxin transport. Further cellular and biochemical analyses reveal that PDK1 phosphorylates D6 protein kinase, a well-known upstream activator of PIN proteins. We uncover a lipid-dependent phosphorylation cascade that connects membrane-composition-based cellular signalling with plant growth and patterning by regulating morphogenetic auxin fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Wei Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Li Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gergely Molnár
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Zuzana Vondráková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roberta Filepová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Hong-Wei Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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32
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Saito S, Uozumi N. Calcium-Regulated Phosphorylation Systems Controlling Uptake and Balance of Plant Nutrients. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:44. [PMID: 32117382 PMCID: PMC7026023 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Essential elements taken up from the soil and distributed throughout the whole plant play diverse roles in different tissues. Cations and anions contribute to maintenance of intracellular osmolarity and the formation of membrane potential, while nitrate, ammonium, and sulfate are incorporated into amino acids and other organic compounds. In contrast to these ion species, calcium concentrations are usually kept low in the cytosol and calcium displays unique behavior as a cytosolic signaling molecule. Various environmental stresses stimulate increases in the cytosolic calcium concentration, leading to activation of calcium-regulated protein kinases and downstream signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize the stress responsive regulation of nutrient uptake and balancing by two types of calcium-regulated phosphorylation systems: CPK and CBL-CIPK. CPK is a family of protein kinases activated by calcium. CBL is a group of calcium sensor proteins that interact with CIPK kinases, which phosphorylate their downstream targets. In Arabidopsis, quite a few ion transport systems are regulated by CPKs or CBL-CIPK complexes, including channels/transporters that mediate transport of potassium (KAT1, KAT2, GORK, AKT1, AKT2, HAK5, SPIK), sodium (SOS1), ammonium (AMT1;1, AMT1;2), nitrate and chloride (SLAC1, SLAH2, SLAH3, NRT1.1, NRT2.4, NRT2.5), and proton (AHA2, V-ATPase). CPKs and CBL-CIPKs also play a role in C/N nutrient response and in acquisition of magnesium and iron. This functional regulation by calcium-dependent phosphorylation systems ensures the growth of plants and enables them to acquire tolerance against various environmental stresses. Calcium serves as the key factor for the regulation of membrane transport systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Saito
- *Correspondence: Shunya Saito, ; Nobuyuki Uozumi,
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CRK5 Protein Kinase Contributes to the Progression of Embryogenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246120. [PMID: 31817249 PMCID: PMC6941128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The fine tuning of hormone (e.g., auxin and gibberellin) levels and hormone signaling is required for maintaining normal embryogenesis. Embryo polarity, for example, is ensured by the directional movement of auxin that is controlled by various types of auxin transporters. Here, we present pieces of evidence for the auxin-gibberellic acid (GA) hormonal crosstalk during embryo development and the regulatory role of the Arabidopsis thaliana Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase-Related Kinase 5 (AtCRK5) in this regard. It is pointed out that the embryogenesis of the Atcrk5-1 mutant is delayed in comparison to the wild type. This delay is accompanied with a decrease in the levels of GA and auxin, as well as the abundance of the polar auxin transport (PAT) proteins PIN1, PIN4, and PIN7 in the mutant embryos. We have previously showed that AtCRK5 can regulate the PIN2 and PIN3 proteins either directly by phosphorylation or indirectly affecting the GA level during the root gravitropic and hypocotyl hook bending responses. In this manuscript, we provide evidence that the AtCRK5 protein kinase can in vitro phosphorylate the hydrophilic loops of additional PIN proteins that are important for embryogenesis. We propose that AtCRK5 can govern embryo development in Arabidopsis through the fine tuning of auxin-GA level and the accumulation of certain polar auxin transport proteins.
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Rodriguez-Furlan C, Minina EA, Hicks GR. Remove, Recycle, Degrade: Regulating Plasma Membrane Protein Accumulation. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:2833-2854. [PMID: 31628169 PMCID: PMC6925004 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between plant cells and the environment rely on modulation of protein receptors, transporters, channels, and lipids at the plasma membrane (PM) to facilitate intercellular communication, nutrient uptake, environmental sensing, and directional growth. These functions are fine-tuned by cellular pathways maintaining or reducing particular proteins at the PM. Proteins are endocytosed, and their fate is decided between recycling and degradation to modulate localization, abundance, and activity. Selective autophagy is another pathway regulating PM protein accumulation in response to specific conditions or developmental signals. The mechanisms regulating recycling, degradation, and autophagy have been studied extensively, yet we are just now addressing their regulation and coordination. Here, we (1) provide context concerning regulation of protein accumulation, recycling, or degradation by overviewing endomembrane trafficking; (2) discuss pathways regulating recycling and degradation in terms of cellular roles and cargoes; (3) review plant selective autophagy and its physiological significance; (4) focus on two decision-making mechanisms: regulation of recycling versus degradation of PM proteins and coordination between autophagy and vacuolar degradation; and (5) identify future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rodriguez-Furlan
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92506
| | - Elena A Minina
- Uppsala Bio Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Glenn R Hicks
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92506
- Uppsala Bio Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden
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35
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Yip Delormel T, Boudsocq M. Properties and functions of calcium-dependent protein kinases and their relatives in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:585-604. [PMID: 31369160 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is a ubiquitous second messenger that mediates plant responses to developmental and environmental cues. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are key actors of plant signaling that convey calcium signals into physiological responses by phosphorylating various substrates including ion channels, transcription factors and metabolic enzymes. This large diversity of targets confers pivotal roles of CDPKs in shoot and root development, pollen tube growth, stomatal movements, hormonal signaling, transcriptional reprogramming and stress tolerance. On the one hand, specificity in CDPK signaling is achieved by differential calcium sensitivities, expression patterns, subcellular localizations and substrates. On the other hand, CDPKs also target some common substrates to ensure key cellular processes indispensable for plant growth and survival in adverse environmental conditions. In addition, the CDPK-related protein kinases (CRKs) might be closer to some CDPKs than previously anticipated and could contribute to calcium signaling despite their inability to bind calcium. This review highlights the regulatory properties of Arabidopsis CDPKs and CRKs that coordinate their multifaceted functions in development, immunity and abiotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Yip Delormel
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie Boudsocq
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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36
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Baba AI, Andrási N, Valkai I, Gorcsa T, Koczka L, Darula Z, Medzihradszky KF, Szabados L, Fehér A, Rigó G, Cséplő Á. AtCRK5 Protein Kinase Exhibits a Regulatory Role in Hypocotyl Hook Development during Skotomorphogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143432. [PMID: 31336871 PMCID: PMC6678082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Seedling establishment following germination requires the fine tuning of plant hormone levels including that of auxin. Directional movement of auxin has a central role in the associated processes, among others, in hypocotyl hook development. Regulated auxin transport is ensured by several transporters (PINs, AUX1, ABCB) and their tight cooperation. Here we describe the regulatory role of the Arabidopsis thaliana CRK5 protein kinase during hypocotyl hook formation/opening influencing auxin transport and the auxin-ethylene-GA hormonal crosstalk. It was found that the Atcrk5-1 mutant exhibits an impaired hypocotyl hook establishment phenotype resulting only in limited bending in the dark. The Atcrk5-1 mutant proved to be deficient in the maintenance of local auxin accumulation at the concave side of the hypocotyl hook as demonstrated by decreased fluorescence of the auxin sensor DR5::GFP. Abundance of the polar auxin transport (PAT) proteins PIN3, PIN7, and AUX1 were also decreased in the Atcrk5-1 hypocotyl hook. The AtCRK5 protein kinase was reported to regulate PIN2 protein activity by phosphorylation during the root gravitropic response. Here it is shown that AtCRK5 can also phosphorylate in vitro the hydrophilic loops of PIN3. We propose that AtCRK5 may regulate hypocotyl hook formation in Arabidopsis thaliana through the phosphorylation of polar auxin transport (PAT) proteins, the fine tuning of auxin transport, and consequently the coordination of auxin-ethylene-GA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Imran Baba
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Norbert Andrási
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Valkai
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Teréz Gorcsa
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Szent-Györgyi Albert u. 4, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Lilla Koczka
- Developmental and Cell Biology of Plants, CEITEC Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zsuzsanna Darula
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin F Medzihradszky
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Szabados
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Fehér
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Közép fasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Rigó
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 52. Közép fasor, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Ágnes Cséplő
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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De Vriese K, Himschoot E, Dünser K, Nguyen L, Drozdzecki A, Costa A, Nowack MK, Kleine-Vehn J, Audenaert D, Beeckman T, Vanneste S. Identification of Novel Inhibitors of Auxin-Induced Ca 2+ Signaling via a Plant-Based Chemical Screen. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:480-496. [PMID: 30737267 PMCID: PMC6501068 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many signal perception mechanisms are connected to Ca2+-based second messenger signaling to modulate specific cellular responses. The well-characterized plant hormone auxin elicits a very rapid Ca2+ signal. However, the cellular targets of auxin-induced Ca2+ are largely unknown. Here, we screened a biologically annotated chemical library for inhibitors of auxin-induced Ca2+ entry in plant cell suspensions to better understand the molecular mechanism of auxin-induced Ca2+ and to explore the physiological relevance of Ca2+ in auxin signal transduction. Using this approach, we defined a set of diverse, small molecules that interfere with auxin-induced Ca2+ entry. Based on annotated biological activities of the hit molecules, we found that auxin-induced Ca2+ signaling is, among others, highly sensitive to disruption of membrane proton gradients and the mammalian Ca2+ channel inhibitor bepridil. Whereas protonophores nonselectively inhibited auxin-induced and osmotic stress-induced Ca2+ signals, bepridil specifically inhibited auxin-induced Ca2+ We found evidence that bepridil severely alters vacuolar morphology and antagonized auxin-induced vacuolar remodeling. Further exploration of this plant-tailored collection of inhibitors will lead to a better understanding of auxin-induced Ca2+ entry and its relevance for auxin responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell De Vriese
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Ellie Himschoot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kai Dünser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Long Nguyen
- Screening Core, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Centre for Bioassay Development and Screening (C-BIOS), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrzej Drozdzecki
- Screening Core, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Centre for Bioassay Development and Screening (C-BIOS), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Moritz K Nowack
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominique Audenaert
- Screening Core, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Centre for Bioassay Development and Screening (C-BIOS), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, 21985 Incheon, Republic of Korea
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38
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Zwiewka M, Bilanovičová V, Seifu YW, Nodzyński T. The Nuts and Bolts of PIN Auxin Efflux Carriers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:985. [PMID: 31417597 PMCID: PMC6685051 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific proteins named PIN-FORMED (PIN) efflux carriers facilitate the direction of auxin flow and thus play a vital role in the establishment of local auxin maxima within plant tissues that subsequently guide plant ontogenesis. They are membrane integral proteins with two hydrophobic regions consisting of alpha-helices linked with a hydrophilic loop, which is usually longer for the plasma membrane-localized PINs. The hydrophilic loop harbors molecular cues important for the subcellular localization and thus auxin efflux function of those transporters. The three-dimensional structure of PIN has not been solved yet. However, there are scattered but substantial data concerning the functional characterization of amino acid strings that constitute these carriers. These sequences include motifs vital for vesicular trafficking, residues regulating membrane diffusion, cellular polar localization, and activity of PINs. Here, we summarize those bits of information striving to provide a reference to structural motifs that have been investigated experimentally hoping to stimulate the efforts toward unraveling of PIN structure-function connections.
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39
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Wang Z, Ma LY, Cao J, Li YL, Ding LN, Zhu KM, Yang YH, Tan XL. Recent Advances in Mechanisms of Plant Defense to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1314. [PMID: 31681392 PMCID: PMC6813280 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is an unusual pathogen which has the broad host range, diverse infection modes, and potential double feeding lifestyles of both biotroph and necrotroph. It is capable of infecting over 400 plant species found worldwide and more than 60 names have agriculturally been used to refer to diseases caused by this pathogen. Plant defense to S. sclerotiorum is a complex biological process and exhibits a typical quantitative disease resistance (QDR) response. Recent studies using Arabidopsis thaliana and crop plants have obtained new advances in mechanisms used by plants to cope with S. sclerotiorum infection. In this review, we focused on our current understanding on plant defense mechanisms against this pathogen, and set up a model for the defense process including three stages: recognition of this pathogen, signal transduction and defense response. We also have a particular interest in defense signaling mediated by diverse signaling molecules. We highlight the current challenges and unanswered questions in both the defense process and defense signaling. Essentially, we discussed candidate resistance genes newly mapped by using high-throughput experiments in important crops, and classified these potential gene targets into different stages of the defense process, which will broaden our understanding of the genetic architecture underlying quantitative resistance to S. sclerotiorum. We proposed that more powerful mapping population(s) will be required for accurate and reliable QDR gene identification.
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40
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Dong Q, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Tao LZ, Liu H. FERONIA regulates auxin-mediated lateral root development and primary root gravitropism. FEBS Lett 2018; 593:97-106. [PMID: 30417333 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis FERONIA (FER) receptor kinase is a key hub of cell signaling networks mediating various hormone, stress, and immune responses. Previous studies have shown that FER functions correlate with auxin responses, but the underlying molecular mechanism is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the primary root of the fer-4 mutant displays increased lateral root branching and a delayed gravitropic response, which are associated with polar auxin transport (PAT). Our data suggest that aberrant PIN2 polarity is responsible for the delayed gravitropic response in fer-4. Furthermore, the diminished F-actin cytoskeleton in fer-4 implies that FER modulates F-actin-mediated PIN2 polar localization. Our findings provide new insights into the function of FER in PAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- QingKun Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - ZhiWei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - YuTing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Zhen Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - HuiLi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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41
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Zhou JJ, Luo J. The PIN-FORMED Auxin Efflux Carriers in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2759. [PMID: 30223430 PMCID: PMC6164769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin plays crucial roles in multiple developmental processes, such as embryogenesis, organogenesis, cell determination and division, as well as tropic responses. These processes are finely coordinated by the auxin, which requires the polar distribution of auxin within tissues and cells. The intercellular directionality of auxin flow is closely related to the asymmetric subcellular location of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporters. All PIN proteins have a conserved structure with a central hydrophilic loop domain, which harbors several phosphosites targeted by a set of protein kinases. The activities of PIN proteins are finely regulated by diverse endogenous and exogenous stimuli at multiple layers-including transcriptional and epigenetic levels, post-transcriptional modifications, subcellular trafficking, as well as PINs' recycling and turnover-to facilitate the developmental processes in an auxin gradient-dependent manner. Here, the recent advances in the structure, evolution, regulation and functions of PIN proteins in plants will be discussed. The information provided by this review will shed new light on the asymmetric auxin-distribution-dependent development processes mediated by PIN transporters in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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42
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Barbosa ICR, Hammes UZ, Schwechheimer C. Activation and Polarity Control of PIN-FORMED Auxin Transporters by Phosphorylation. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:523-538. [PMID: 29678589 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Auxin controls almost every aspect of plant development. Auxin is distributed within the plant by passive diffusion and active cell-to-cell transport. PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporters are polarly distributed in the plasma membranes of many cells, and knowledge about their distribution can predict auxin transport and explain auxin distribution patterns, even in complex tissues. Recent studies have revealed that phosphorylation is essential for PIN activation, suggesting that PIN phosphorylation needs to be taken into account in understanding auxin transport. These findings also ask for a re-examination of previously proposed mechanisms for phosphorylation-dependent PIN polarity control. We provide a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on PIN regulation by phosphorylation, and discuss possible mechanisms of PIN polarity control in the context of recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês C R Barbosa
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, Unil-Sorge, Université de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; These authors contributed equally to this review article and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Ulrich Z Hammes
- Plant Systems Biology, Technical University Munich, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 8, 85354 Freising, Germany; These authors contributed equally to this review article and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Claus Schwechheimer
- Plant Systems Biology, Technical University Munich, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 8, 85354 Freising, Germany; These authors contributed equally to this review article and are listed in alphabetical order.
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Comparative transcriptome analysis of the invasive weed Mikania micrantha with its native congeners provides insights into genetic basis underlying successful invasion. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:392. [PMID: 29793434 PMCID: PMC5968712 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mikania micrantha H.B.K. (Asteraceae) is one of the world’s most invasive weeds which has been rapidly expanding in tropical Asia, including China, while its close relative M. cordata, the only Mikania species native to China, shows no harm to the local ecosystems. These two species are very similar in morphology but differ remarkably in several ecological and physiological traits, representing an ideal system for comparative analysis to investigate the genetic basis underlying invasion success. In this study, we performed RNA-sequencing on the invader M. micrantha and its native congener M. cordata in China, to unravel the genetic basis underlying the strong invasiveness of M. micrantha. For a more robust comparison, another non-invasive congener M. cordifolia was also sequenced and compared. Results A total of 52,179, 55,835, and 52,983 unigenes were obtained for M. micrantha, M. cordata, and M. cordifolia, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses and divergence time dating revealed a relatively recent split between M. micrantha and M. cordata, i.e., approximately 4.81 million years ago (MYA), after their divergence with M. cordifolia (8.70 MYA). Gene ontology classifications, pathway assignments and differential expression analysis revealed higher representation or significant up-regulation of genes associated with photosynthesis, energy metabolism, protein modification and stress response in M. micrantha than in M. cordata or M. cordifolia. Analysis of accelerated evolution and positive selection also suggested the importance of these related genes and processes to the adaptability and invasiveness of M. micrantha. Particularly, most (77 out of 112, i.e. 68.75%) positively selected genes found in M. micrantha could be classified into four groups, i.e., energy acquisition and utilization (10 genes), growth and reproduction (13 genes), protection and repair (34 genes), and signal transduction and expression regulation (20 genes), which may have contributed to the high adaptability of M. micrantha to various new environments and the capability to occupy a wider niche, reflected in its high invasiveness. Conclusions We characterized the transcriptomes of the invasive species M. micrantha and its non-invasive congeners, M. cordata and M. cordifolia. A comparison of their transcriptomes provided insights into the genetic basis of the high invasiveness of M. micrantha. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4784-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Baba AI, Rigó G, Ayaydin F, Rehman AU, Andrási N, Zsigmond L, Valkai I, Urbancsok J, Vass I, Pasternak T, Palme K, Szabados L, Cséplő Á. Functional Analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana CDPK-Related Kinase Family: At CRK1 Regulates Responses to Continuous Light. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051282. [PMID: 29693594 PMCID: PMC5983578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase (CDPK)-Related Kinase family (CRKs) consists of eight members in Arabidopsis. Recently, AtCRK5 was shown to play a direct role in the regulation of root gravitropic response involving polar auxin transport (PAT). However, limited information is available about the function of the other AtCRK genes. Here, we report a comparative analysis of the Arabidopsis CRK genes, including transcription regulation, intracellular localization, and biological function. AtCRK transcripts were detectable in all organs tested and a considerable variation in transcript levels was detected among them. Most AtCRK proteins localized at the plasma membrane as revealed by microscopic analysis of 35S::cCRK-GFP (Green Fluorescence Protein) expressing plants or protoplasts. Interestingly, 35S::cCRK1-GFP and 35S::cCRK7-GFP had a dual localization pattern which was associated with plasma membrane and endomembrane structures, as well. Analysis of T-DNA insertion mutants revealed that AtCRK genes are important for root growth and control of gravitropic responses in roots and hypocotyls. While Atcrk mutants were indistinguishable from wild type plants in short days, Atcrk1-1 mutant had serious growth defects under continuous illumination. Semi-dwarf phenotype of Atcrk1-1 was accompanied with chlorophyll depletion, disturbed photosynthesis, accumulation of singlet oxygen, and enhanced cell death in photosynthetic tissues. AtCRK1 is therefore important to maintain cellular homeostasis during continuous illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Imran Baba
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Rigó
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Ferhan Ayaydin
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Ateeq Ur Rehman
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Norbert Andrási
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Laura Zsigmond
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Ildikó Valkai
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - János Urbancsok
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Imre Vass
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Taras Pasternak
- Faculty of Biologie II, Albert-Ludwigs Universität, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Palme
- Faculty of Biologie II, Albert-Ludwigs Universität, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - László Szabados
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Ágnes Cséplő
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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Wang Y, Yang L, Tang Y, Tang R, Jing Y, Zhang C, Zhang B, Li X, Cui Y, Zhang C, Shi J, Zhao F, Lan W, Luan S. Arabidopsis choline transporter-like 1 (CTL1) regulates secretory trafficking of auxin transporters to control seedling growth. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2004310. [PMID: 29283991 PMCID: PMC5746207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxin controls a myriad of plant developmental processes and plant response to environmental conditions. Precise trafficking of auxin transporters is essential for auxin homeostasis in plants. Here, we report characterization of Arabidopsis CTL1, which controls seedling growth and apical hook development by regulating intracellular trafficking of PIN-type auxin transporters. The CTL1 gene encodes a choline transporter-like protein with an expression pattern highly correlated with auxin distribution and is enriched in shoot and root apical meristems, lateral root primordia, the vascular system, and the concave side of the apical hook. The choline transporter-like 1 (CTL1) protein is localized to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), prevacuolar compartment (PVC), and plasma membrane (PM). Disruption of CTL1 gene expression alters the trafficking of 2 auxin efflux transporters—Arabidopsis PM-located auxin efflux transporter PIN-formed 1 (PIN1) and Arabidopsis PM-located auxin efflux transporter PIN-formed 3 (PIN3)—to the PM, thereby affecting auxin distribution and plant growth and development. We further found that phospholipids, sphingolipids, and other membrane lipids were significantly altered in the ctl1 mutant, linking CTL1 function to lipid homeostasis. We propose that CTL1 regulates protein sorting from the TGN to the PM through its function in lipid homeostasis. Auxin, a plant hormone, controls many aspects of plant growth and development. The precise transport and distribution of auxin hold the key to its function. A number of transport proteins are known to be involved in auxin translocation, and the PIN proteins, which are an integral part of membranes in plants, play a pivotal role in this process. Several PIN proteins are localized in the plasma membrane to mediate auxin efflux from cells, but their regulation is not well known. In this report, we analyze the role of a choline transport protein, choline transporter-like 1 (CTL1), and find that it controls the trafficking of Arabidopsis PM-located auxin efflux transporter PIN-formed 1 (PIN1) and Arabidopsis PM-located auxin efflux transporter PIN-formed 3 (PIN3) to the plasma membrane, thereby regulating auxin distribution during plant growth and development. In addition, we show that CTL1 has a role in lipid homeostasis in the membrane; thus, these findings provide a mechanistic link between choline transport, lipid homeostasis, and vesicle trafficking in plants. We conclude that CTL1 is a new factor in secretory protein sorting and that this finding contributes to the understanding of not only auxin distribution in plants but also protein trafficking in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shanxi, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yumei Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Renjie Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Yanping Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaning Cui
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jisen Shi
- Nanjing University–Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fugeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenzhi Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University-Nanjing Forestry University Joint Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (WL); (SL)
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WL); (SL)
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Xu W, Huang W. Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases in Phytohormone Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112436. [PMID: 29156607 PMCID: PMC5713403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs/CDPKs) are Ca2+-sensors that decode Ca2+ signals into specific physiological responses. Research has reported that CDPKs constitute a large multigene family in various plant species, and play diverse roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Although numerous CDPKs have been exhaustively studied, and many of them have been found to be involved in plant hormone biosynthesis and response mechanisms, a comprehensive overview of the manner in which CDPKs participate in phytohormone signaling pathways, regulating nearly all aspects of plant growth, has not yet been undertaken. In this article, we reviewed the structure of CDPKs and the mechanism of their subcellular localization. Some CDPKs were elucidated to influence the intracellular localization of their substrates. Since little work has been done on the interaction between CDPKs and cytokinin signaling pathways, or on newly defined phytohormones such as brassinosteroids, strigolactones and salicylic acid, this paper mainly focused on discussing the integral associations between CDPKs and five plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, ethylene, jasmonates, and abscisic acid. A perspective on future work is provided at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuwu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice, the Ministry of Agriculture, The Yangtze River Valley Hybrid Rice Collaboration & Innovation Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Wenchao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Heterosis in Indica Rice, the Ministry of Agriculture, The Yangtze River Valley Hybrid Rice Collaboration & Innovation Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Santin F, Bhogale S, Fantino E, Grandellis C, Banerjee AK, Ulloa RM. Solanum tuberosum StCDPK1 is regulated by miR390 at the posttranscriptional level and phosphorylates the auxin efflux carrier StPIN4 in vitro, a potential downstream target in potato development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 159:244-261. [PMID: 27716933 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Among many factors that regulate potato tuberization, calcium and calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) play an important role. CDPK activity increases at the onset of tuber formation with StCDPK1 expression being strongly induced in swollen stolons. However, not much is known about the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of StCDPK1 or its downstream targets in potato development. To elucidate further, we analyzed its expression in different tissues and stages of the life cycle. Histochemical analysis of StCDPK1::GUS (β-glucuronidase) plants demonstrated that StCDPK1 is strongly associated with the vascular system in stems, roots, during stolon to tuber transition, and in tuber sprouts. In agreement with the observed GUS profile, we found specific cis-acting elements in StCDPK1 promoter. In silico analysis predicted miR390 to be a putative posttranscriptional regulator of StCDPK1. Quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed ubiquitous expression of StCDPK1 in different tissues which correlated well with Western blot data except in leaves. On the contrary, miR390 expression exhibited an inverse pattern in leaves and tuber eyes suggesting a possible regulation of StCDPK1 by miR390. This was further confirmed by Agrobacterium co-infiltration assays. In addition, in vitro assays showed that recombinant StCDPK1-6xHis was able to phosphorylate the hydrophilic loop of the auxin efflux carrier StPIN4. Altogether, these results indicate that StCDPK1 expression is varied in a tissue-specific manner having significant expression in vasculature and in tuber eyes; is regulated by miR390 at posttranscriptional level and suggest that StPIN4 could be one of its downstream targets revealing the overall role of this kinase in potato development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Santin
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI), CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Vuelta de Obligado 2490 2do piso, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sneha Bhogale
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Elisa Fantino
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI), CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Vuelta de Obligado 2490 2do piso, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Grandellis
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI), CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Vuelta de Obligado 2490 2do piso, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anjan K Banerjee
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Rita M Ulloa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI), CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Vuelta de Obligado 2490 2do piso, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Zhu R, Dong X, Hao W, Gao W, Zhang W, Xia S, Liu T, Shang Z. Heterotrimeric G Protein-Regulated Ca 2+ Influx and PIN2 Asymmetric Distribution Are Involved in Arabidopsis thaliana Roots' Avoidance Response to Extracellular ATP. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1522. [PMID: 28919907 PMCID: PMC5585194 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP (eATP) has been reported to be involved in plant growth as a primary messenger in the apoplast. Here, roots of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings growing in jointed medium bent upon contact with ATP-containing medium to keep away from eATP, showing a marked avoidance response. Roots responded similarly to ADP and bz-ATP but did not respond to AMP and GTP. The eATP avoidance response was reduced in loss-of-function mutants of heterotrimeric G protein α subunit (Gα) (gpa1-1 and gpa1-2) and enhanced in Gα-over-expression (OE) lines (wGα and cGα). Ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo) tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and Gd3+ remarkably suppressed eATP-induced root bending. ATP-stimulated Ca2+ influx was impaired in Gα null mutants and increased in its OE lines. DR5-GFP and PIN2 were asymmetrically distributed in ATP-stimulated root tips, this effect was strongly suppressed by EGTA and diminished in Gα null mutants. In addition, some eATP-induced genes' expression was also impaired in Gα null mutants. Based on these results, we propose that heterotrimeric Gα-regulated Ca2+ influx and PIN2 distribution may be key signaling events in eATP sensing and avoidance response in Arabidopsis thaliana roots.
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Street IH, Mathews DE, Yamburkenko MV, Sorooshzadeh A, John RT, Swarup R, Bennett MJ, Kieber JJ, Schaller GE. Cytokinin acts through the auxin influx carrier AUX1 to regulate cell elongation in the root. Development 2016; 143:3982-3993. [PMID: 27697901 DOI: 10.1242/dev.132035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hormonal interactions are crucial for plant development. In Arabidopsis, cytokinins inhibit root growth through effects on cell proliferation and cell elongation. Here, we define key mechanistic elements in a regulatory network by which cytokinin inhibits root cell elongation in concert with the hormones auxin and ethylene. The auxin importer AUX1 functions as a positive regulator of cytokinin responses in the root; mutation of AUX1 specifically affects the ability of cytokinin to inhibit cell elongation but not cell proliferation. AUX1 is required for cytokinin-dependent changes of auxin activity in the lateral root cap associated with the control of cell elongation. Cytokinin regulates root cell elongation through ethylene-dependent and -independent mechanisms, both hormonal signals converging on AUX1 as a regulatory hub. An autoregulatory circuit is identified involving the control of ARR10 and AUX1 expression by cytokinin and auxin, this circuit potentially functioning as an oscillator to integrate the effects of these two hormones. Taken together, our results uncover several regulatory circuits controlling interactions of cytokinin with auxin and ethylene, and support a model in which cytokinin regulates shootward auxin transport to control cell elongation and root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H Street
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Dennis E Mathews
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Maria V Yamburkenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Ali Sorooshzadeh
- Department of Agronomy, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roshen T John
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - G Eric Schaller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Zou JJ, Zheng ZY, Xue S, Li HH, Wang YR, Le J. The role of Arabidopsis Actin-Related Protein 3 in amyloplast sedimentation and polar auxin transport in root gravitropism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5325-5337. [PMID: 27473572 PMCID: PMC5049384 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gravitropism is vital for shaping directional plant growth in response to the forces of gravity. Signals perceived in the gravity-sensing cells can be converted into biochemical signals and transmitted. Sedimentation of amyloplasts in the columella cells triggers asymmetric auxin redistribution in root tips, leading to downward root growth. The actin cytoskeleton is thought to play an important role in root gravitropism, although the molecular mechanism has not been resolved. DISTORTED1 (DIS1) encodes the ARP3 subunit of the Arabidopsis Actin-Related Protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) complex, and the ARP3/DIS1 mutant dis1-1 showed delayed root curvature after gravity stimulation. Microrheological analysis revealed that the high apparent viscosity within dis1-1 central columella cells is closely associated with abnormal movement trajectories of amyloplasts. Analysis using a sensitive auxin input reporter DII-VENUS showed that asymmetric auxin redistribution was reduced in the root tips of dis1-1, and the actin-disrupting drug Latrunculin B increased the asymmetric auxin redistribution. An uptake assay using the membrane-selective dye FM4-64 indicated that endocytosis was decelerated in dis1-1 root epidermal cells. Treatment and wash-out with Brefeldin A, which inhibits protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, showed that cycling of the auxin-transporter PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins to the plasma membrane was also suppressed in dis1-1 roots. The results reveal that ARP3/DIS1 acts in root gravitropism by affecting amyloplast sedimentation and PIN-mediated polar auxin transport through regulation of PIN protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Zou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhong-Yu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Han-Hai Li
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yu-Ren Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jie Le
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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