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Sorrentino GP, Guimaraes R, Cornelio A, Zanoletti A, Valentim B, Bontempi E. Mitigating CO 2 emissions through an industrial symbiosis approach: Leveraging cork ash carbonation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32893. [PMID: 39027456 PMCID: PMC11254608 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explores for the first time the potential use of carbonation as a method for managing cork ash, a byproduct of biomass waste incineration. Additionally, the cork ash was combined with fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration to leverage the carbonation reaction's ability to stabilize heavy metals. The findings suggest that subjecting biomass ash to carbonation can lead to the formation of mineral carbonates, effectively capturing CO2 and reducing its release into the atmosphere. The combination of various alkaline wastes and the stabilization of leachable heavy metals through carbonation reactions also opens opportunities for synergies between different industrial sectors. Finally, the study proposes a route for the obtained materials valorisation via 'end of waste': the reuse of the resulting materials as substitutes for natural resources, particularly in applications like building materials and polymer composites, can further enhance carbon dioxide savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Pasquale Sorrentino
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Renato Guimaraes
- Earth Science Institute–Porto Pole, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Antonella Cornelio
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zanoletti
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
| | - Bruno Valentim
- Earth Science Institute–Porto Pole, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Plannings, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy
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Boström HLB, Emmerling S, Heck F, Koschnick C, Jones AJ, Cliffe MJ, Al Natour R, Bonneau M, Guillerm V, Shekhah O, Eddaoudi M, Lopez-Cabrelles J, Furukawa S, Romero-Angel M, Martí-Gastaldo C, Yan M, Morris AJ, Romero-Muñiz I, Xiong Y, Platero-Prats AE, Roth J, Queen WL, Mertin KS, Schier DE, Champness NR, Yeung HHM, Lotsch BV. How Reproducible is the Synthesis of Zr-Porphyrin Metal-Organic Frameworks? An Interlaboratory Study. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2304832. [PMID: 37669645 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a rapidly growing class of materials that offer great promise in various applications. However, the synthesis remains challenging: for example, a range of crystal structures can often be accessed from the same building blocks, which complicates the phase selectivity. Likewise, the high sensitivity to slight changes in synthesis conditions may cause reproducibility issues. This is crucial, as it hampers the research and commercialization of affected MOFs. Here, it presents the first-ever interlaboratory study of the synthetic reproducibility of two Zr-porphyrin MOFs, PCN-222 and PCN-224, to investigate the scope of this problem. For PCN-222, only one sample out of ten was phase pure and of the correct symmetry, while for PCN-224, three are phase pure, although none of these show the spatial linker order characteristic of PCN-224. Instead, these samples resemble dPCN-224 (disordered PCN-224), which has recently been reported. The variability in thermal behavior, defect content, and surface area of the synthesised samples are also studied. The results have important ramifications for field of metal-organic frameworks and their crystallization, by highlighting the synthetic challenges associated with a multi-variable synthesis space and flat energy landscapes characteristic of MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna L B Boström
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Present address: Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Emmerling
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fabian Heck
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Charlotte Koschnick
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrew J Jones
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Matthew J Cliffe
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Rawan Al Natour
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center (AMPM), Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development Research Group (FMD3), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mickaële Bonneau
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center (AMPM), Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development Research Group (FMD3), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Vincent Guillerm
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center (AMPM), Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development Research Group (FMD3), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Shekhah
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center (AMPM), Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development Research Group (FMD3), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Eddaoudi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center (AMPM), Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development Research Group (FMD3), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Javier Lopez-Cabrelles
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - María Romero-Angel
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán-2, Paterna, 46980, Spain
| | - Carlos Martí-Gastaldo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán-2, Paterna, 46980, Spain
| | - Minliang Yan
- Macromolecules innovation institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Amanda J Morris
- Macromolecules innovation institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ignacio Romero-Muñiz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Ying Xiong
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Ana E Platero-Prats
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Jocelyn Roth
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion, CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Wendy L Queen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion, CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Kalle S Mertin
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Danielle E Schier
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Neil R Champness
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hamish H-M Yeung
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus D, 81377, Munich, Germany
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3
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Sorrentino GP, Zanoletti A, Ducoli S, Zacco A, Iora P, Invernizzi CM, Di Marcoberardino G, Depero LE, Bontempi E. Accelerated and natural carbonation of a municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash mixture: Basic strategies for higher carbon dioxide sequestration and reliable mass quantification. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114805. [PMID: 36375507 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The carbonation of alkaline wastes is an interesting research field that may offer opportunities for CO2 reduction. However, the literature is mainly devoted to studying different waste sequestration capabilities, with lame attention to the reliability of the data about CO2 reduction, or to the possibilities to increase the amount of absorbed CO2. In this work, for the first time, the limitation of some methods used in literature to quantify the amount of sequestered CO2 is presented, and the advantages of using suitable XRD strategies to evaluate the crystalline calcium carbonate phases are demonstrated. In addition, a zero-waste approach, aiming to stabilize the waste by coupling the use of by-products and the possibility to obtain CO2 sequestration, was considered. In particular, for the first time, the paper investigates the differences in natural and accelerated carbonation (NC and AC) mechanisms, occurring when municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash is stabilized by using the bottom ash with the same origin, and other by-products. The stabilization mechanism was attributed to pozzolanic reactions with the formation of calcium silicate hydrates or calcium aluminate hydrate phases that can react with CO2 to produce calcium carbonate phases. The work shows that during the AC, crystalline calcium carbonate was quickly formed by the reaction of Ca(OH)2 and CaClOH with CO2. On the contrary, in NC, carbonation occurred due to reactions also with the amorphous Ca. The sequestration capability of this technology, involving the mixing of waste and by-products, is up to 165 gCO2/Kg MSWI FA, which is higher than the literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero P Sorrentino
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy; National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), R.U. Brescia, Florence, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Zanoletti
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy; National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), R.U. Brescia, Florence, Italy.
| | - Serena Ducoli
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy; National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), R.U. Brescia, Florence, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Zacco
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy; National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), R.U. Brescia, Florence, Italy.
| | - Paolo Iora
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy.
| | - Costante Mario Invernizzi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy.
| | - Gioele Di Marcoberardino
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy.
| | - Laura E Depero
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy; National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), R.U. Brescia, Florence, Italy.
| | - Elza Bontempi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, Brescia, 25123, Italy; National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), R.U. Brescia, Florence, Italy.
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Meduňa M, Isa F, Bressan F, von Känel H. The Radon transform as a tool for 3D reciprocal-space mapping of epitaxial microcrystals. J Appl Crystallogr 2022; 55:823-836. [PMID: 35974728 PMCID: PMC9348889 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576722004885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents a new approach suitable for mapping reciprocal space in three dimensions with standard laboratory equipment and a typical X-ray diffraction setup. The method is based on symmetric and coplanar high-resolution X-ray diffraction, ideally realized using 2D X-ray pixel detectors. The processing of experimental data exploits the Radon transform commonly used in medical and materials science. It is shown that this technique can also be used for diffraction mapping in reciprocal space even if a highly collimated beam is not available. The application of the method is demonstrated for various types of epitaxial microcrystals on Si substrates. These comprise partially fused SiGe microcrystals that are tens of micrometres high, multiple-quantum-well structures grown on SiGe microcrystals and pyramid-shaped GaAs/Ge microcrystals on top of Si micropillars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojmír Meduňa
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Fabio Isa
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franco Bressan
- G-ray Switzerland SA, Rouges-Terres 61, CH-2068 Hauterive, Switzerland
| | - Hans von Känel
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- G-ray Switzerland SA, Rouges-Terres 61, CH-2068 Hauterive, Switzerland
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5
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Wang T, Brivio S, Cianci E, Wiemer C, Perego M, Spiga S, Lanza M. Improving HfO 2-Based Resistive Switching Devices by Inserting a TaO x Thin Film via Engineered In Situ Oxidation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24565-24574. [PMID: 35585656 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Resistive switching (RS) devices with binary and analogue operation are expected to play a key role in the hardware implementation of artificial neural networks. However, state of the art RS devices based on binary oxides (e.g., HfO2) still do not exhibit enough competitive performance. In particular, variability and yield still need to be improved to fit industrial requirements. In this study, we fabricate RS devices based on a TaOx/HfO2 bilayer stack, using a novel methodology that consists of the in situ oxidation of a Ta film inside the atomic layer deposition (ALD) chamber in which the HfO2 film is deposited. By means of X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), we realized that the TaOx film shows a substoichiometric structure, and that the TaOx/HfO2 bilayer stack holds a well-layered structure. An exhaustive electrical characterization of the TaOx/HfO2-based RS devices shows improved switching performance compared to the single-layer HfO2 counterparts. The main advantages are higher forming yield, self-compliant switching, lower switching variability, enhanced reliability, and better synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technology, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Stefano Brivio
- CNR - IMM, Unit of Agrate Brianza, Via C. Olivetti 2, Agrate Brianza 20864, Italy
| | - Elena Cianci
- CNR - IMM, Unit of Agrate Brianza, Via C. Olivetti 2, Agrate Brianza 20864, Italy
| | - Claudia Wiemer
- CNR - IMM, Unit of Agrate Brianza, Via C. Olivetti 2, Agrate Brianza 20864, Italy
| | - Michele Perego
- CNR - IMM, Unit of Agrate Brianza, Via C. Olivetti 2, Agrate Brianza 20864, Italy
| | - Sabina Spiga
- CNR - IMM, Unit of Agrate Brianza, Via C. Olivetti 2, Agrate Brianza 20864, Italy
| | - Mario Lanza
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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New Design of a Sample Cell for Neutron Reflectometry in Liquid–Liquid Systems and Its Application for Studying Structures at Air–Liquid and Liquid–Liquid Interfaces. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of interfacial structures in liquid–liquid systems is imperative, especially for improving two-phase biological and chemical reactions. Therefore, we developed a new sample cell for neutron reflectometry (NR), which enables us to observe the layer structure around the interface, and investigated the adsorption behavior of a typical surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), on the toluene-d8-D2O interface under the new experimental conditions. The new cell was characterized by placing the PTFE frame at the bottom to produce a smooth interface and downsized compared to the conventional cell. The obtained NR profiles were readily analyzable and we determined a slight difference in the SDS adsorption layer structure at the interface between the toluene-d8-D2O and air-D2O systems. This could be owing to the difference in the adsorption behavior of the SDS molecules depending on the interfacial conditions.
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Stabilization of Municipal Solid Waste Fly Ash, Obtained by Co-Combustion with Sewage Sludge, Mixed with Bottom Ash Derived by the Same Plant. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10176075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study presents an innovative stabilization method of fly ash derived from co-combustion of municipal solid waste and sewage sludge. Bottom ash, obtained from the same process, is used as a stabilizing agent. The stabilization method involved the use of two other components—flue gas desulfurization residues and coal fly ash. Leaching tests were performed on stabilized samples, aged in a laboratory at different times. The results reveal the reduction of the concentrations of heavy metals, particularly Zn and Pb about two orders of magnitude lower with respect to fly ash. The immobilization of heavy metals on the solid material mainly depends on three factors—the amount of used ash, the concentrations of Zn and Pb in as-received fly ash and the pH of the solution of the final materials. The inert powder, obtained after the stabilization, is a new eco-material, that is promising to be used as filler in new sustainable composite materials.
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Kim CS, Jeon HG, Jung Y, Choi M, O B, Kim KH. Observation of surface contamination layer by X-ray reflectometry (XRR) analyses. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Soo Kim
- Division of Industrial Metrology; Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science; Daejeon 305-340 Korea
| | - Hyeon-Gu Jeon
- Department of Physics; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 305-764 Korea
| | - Young Jung
- Department of Physics; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 305-764 Korea
| | - Minhyuk Choi
- Department of Physics; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 305-764 Korea
| | - Byungsung O
- Department of Physics; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 305-764 Korea
| | - Ki-Hong Kim
- AE Group; Platform Technology Lab, SAIT, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.; Suwon 443-803 Korea
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9
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Wernecke J, Shard AG, Krumrey M. Traceable thickness determination of organic nanolayers by X-ray reflectometry. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wernecke
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB); Abbestr. 2-12 10587 Berlin Germany
| | - Alexander G. Shard
- National Physical Laboratory; Hampton Road Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW UK
| | - Michael Krumrey
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB); Abbestr. 2-12 10587 Berlin Germany
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Wang Y, Yang L, Zhang J, Li R, Zhang M, Wang P. Altering the Self-organization of Dyes on Titania with Dyeing Solvents to Tune the Charge-transfer Dynamics of Sensitized Solar Cells. Chemphyschem 2013; 15:1037-42. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201301006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Liscio F, Albonetti C, Broch K, Shehu A, Quiroga SD, Ferlauto L, Frank C, Kowarik S, Nervo R, Gerlach A, Milita S, Schreiber F, Biscarini F. Molecular reorganization in organic field-effect transistors and its effect on two-dimensional charge transport pathways. ACS NANO 2013; 7:1257-1264. [PMID: 23350706 DOI: 10.1021/nn304733w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Charge transport in organic thin film transistors takes place in the first few molecular layers in contact with the gate dielectric. Here we demonstrate that the charge transport pathways in these devices are extremely sensitive to the orientational defects of the first monolayers, which arise from specific growth conditions. Although these defects partially heal during the growth, they cause depletion of charge carriers in the first monolayer, and drive the current to flow in the monolayers above the first one. Moreover, the residual defects induce lower crystalline order and charge mobility. These results, which are not intuitively explained by electrostatics arguments, have been obtained by combining in situ real time structural and electrical characterization together with ex situ AFM measurements, on thin films of a relevant n-type organic semiconductor, N,N'-bis(n-octyl)-dicyanoperylene-3,4:9,10-bis dicarboximide grown by sublimation in a quasi-layer-by-layer mode at different substrate temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Liscio
- CNR-Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi-IMM, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
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12
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Gozu SI, Mozume T, Kuwatsuka H, Ishikawa H. Effects of shutter transients in molecular beam epitaxy. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2012; 7:620. [PMID: 23140140 PMCID: PMC3570454 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-7-620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
: We have studied the effects of shutter transients (STs) in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Two series of samples were grown by MBE and evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements. The effects of STs were evaluated by growth rate (GR) analysis using a combination of growth time (GT) and thickness evaluated by XRD and XRR measurements. We revealed two opposite effects of STs: (1) overshoot of GR and (2) increase in GR with GT and subsequent saturation. Each effect was consistent with the previous studies; however, the previous studies showed no relationships between these two effects. By considering closing time of the shutter, the two opposite effects were well understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Gozu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Network Photonics Research Center, AIST Tsukuba Central2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Teruo Mozume
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Network Photonics Research Center, AIST Tsukuba Central2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kuwatsuka
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Network Photonics Research Center, AIST Tsukuba Central2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Network Photonics Research Center, AIST Tsukuba Central2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Tsukuba, Japan
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13
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Wernecke J, Scholze F, Krumrey M. Direct structural characterisation of line gratings with grazing incidence small-angle x-ray scattering. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:103906. [PMID: 23126781 DOI: 10.1063/1.4758283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Grazing incidence small-angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS) and x-ray reflectometry (XRR) have been used to investigate structural parameters, especially period length, line width, groove width, and line height, of grating test structures in the sub-micron range. The gratings are e-beam written structures on a quartz substrate with a fixed period length, but different line and groove widths, covered by a layer of ruthenium. A Ru layer thickness of 9.4 nm has been determined with XRR. GISAXS was performed in two orientations, with an incident beam alignment perpendicular and parallel to the grating lines. The scattering patterns in parallel orientation have been analysed without numerical simulation by Fourier transformation. The obtained results for line and groove width are in good agreement with nominal values. The analysis method has been validated by analysing simulated scattering data. A superposition of scattering intensities measured for different azimuthal rotation angles close to parallel alignment was used to determine the line height of a grating of 27.3 nm, which is also close to the nominal value. The Fourier analysis procedure opens up the possibility of traceable structure determination with GISAXS in the nanometre range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wernecke
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, D-10587 Berlin, Germany.
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Borgese L, Salmistraro M, Gianoncelli A, Zacco A, Lucchini R, Zimmerman N, Pisani L, Siviero G, Depero LE, Bontempi E. Airborne particulate matter (PM) filter analysis and modeling by total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) and X-ray standing wave (XSW). Talanta 2011; 89:99-104. [PMID: 22284465 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This work is presented as an improvement of a recently introduced method for airborne particulate matter (PM) filter analysis [1]. X-ray standing wave (XSW) and total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) were performed with a new dedicated laboratory instrumentation. The main advantage of performing both XSW and TXRF, is the possibility to distinguish the nature of the sample: if it is a small droplet dry residue, a thin film like or a bulk sample. Another advantage is related to the possibility to select the angle of total reflection to make TXRF measurements. Finally, the possibility to switch the X-ray source allows to measure with more accuracy lighter and heavier elements (with a change in X-ray anode, for example from Mo to Cu). The aim of the present study is to lay the theoretical foundation of the new proposed method for airborne PM filters quantitative analysis improving the accuracy and efficiency of quantification by means of an external standard. The theoretical model presented and discussed demonstrated that airborne PM filters can be considered as thin layers. A set of reference samples is prepared in laboratory and used to obtain a calibration curve. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method for quantitative analysis of air PM filters is affordable and reliable without the necessity to digest filters to obtain quantitative chemical analysis, and that the use of XSW improve the accuracy of TXRF analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Borgese
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Sartore L, Barbaglio M, Borgese L, Bontempi E. Polymer-grafted QCM chemical sensor and application to heavy metalions real time detection. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2011; 155:539-544. [PMID: 21769166 PMCID: PMC3137375 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A flow type quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) chemical sensor was developed for monitoring of heavy metal ions in aqueous solutions (that is suitable for environmental monitoring). The sensor is based upon surface chelation of the metal ions at multifunctional polymer modified gold electrodes on 9 MHz AT-cut quartz resonators, functioning as a QCM. New processes have been developed which enable to obtain surface-modified gold electrodes with high heavy metal ions complexing ability. These polymer grafted QCM sensors can selectively adsorb heavy metal ions, such as copper lead chrome and cadmium, from solution over a wide range from 0.01 to 1000 ppm concentration by complexation with functional groups in the polymers. Cations typically present in natural water did not interfere with the detection of heavy metals. X-Ray Reflectivity (XRR) and Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF) were carried out to characterise the unmodified and modified gold surfaces as well as to verify the possibility to selectively bond and remove metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Sartore
- Corresponding author: , fax: +39-030-3715783; Tel. +39-030-3715787, Postal address: Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Industriale, Via Valotti 9, 25133 Brescia, Italy
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Vanzetti L, Pucker G, Milita S, Barozzi M, Ghulinyan M, Bersani M. Structural analyses of thermal annealed SRO/SiO2
superlattices. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Knappe P, Bienert R, Weidner S, Thünemann AF. Characterization of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)s with broad size distributions. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bienert R, Emmerling F, Thünemann AF. The size distribution of 'gold standard' nanoparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:1651-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sutyrin AG, Imamov RM. Solution of the inverse problem for reconstructing the real structure of materials from the data of different X-ray methods. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774509020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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