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You Y, Kong H, Li C, Gu Z, Ban X, Li Z. Carbohydrate binding modules: Compact yet potent accessories in the specific substrate binding and performance evolution of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 73:108365. [PMID: 38677391 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) are independent non-catalytic domains widely found in carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), and they play an essential role in the substrate binding process of CAZymes by guiding the appended catalytic modules to the target substrates. Owing to their precise recognition and selective affinity for different substrates, CBMs have received increasing research attention over the past few decades. To date, CBMs from different origins have formed a large number of families that show a variety of substrate types, structural features, and ligand recognition mechanisms. Moreover, through the modification of specific sites of CBMs and the fusion of heterologous CBMs with catalytic domains, improved enzymatic properties and catalytic patterns of numerous CAZymes have been achieved. Based on cutting-edge technologies in computational biology, gene editing, and protein engineering, CBMs as auxiliary components have become portable and efficient tools for the evolution and application of CAZymes. With the aim to provide a theoretical reference for the functional research, rational design, and targeted utilization of novel CBMs in the future, we systematically reviewed the function-related characteristics and potentials of CAZyme-derived CBMs in this review, including substrate recognition and binding mechanisms, non-catalytic contributions to enzyme performances, module modifications, and innovative applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian You
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Haocun Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Caiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China.
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Wang WJ, Cheng W, Luo M, Yan Q, Yu HM, Li Q, Cao DD, Huang S, Xu A, Mariuzza RA, Chen Y, Zhou CZ. Activity Augmentation of Amphioxus Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein BbtPGRP3 via Fusion with a Chitin Binding Domain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140953. [PMID: 26479246 PMCID: PMC4610682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), which have been identified in most animals, are pattern recognition molecules that involve antimicrobial defense. Resulting from extraordinary expansion of innate immune genes, the amphioxus encodes many PGRPs of diverse functions. For instance, three isoforms of PGRP encoded by Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense, termed BbtPGRP1~3, are fused with a chitin binding domain (CBD) at the N-terminus. Here we report the 2.7 Å crystal structure of BbtPGRP3, revealing an overall structure of an N-terminal hevein-like CBD followed by a catalytic PGRP domain. Activity assays combined with site-directed mutagenesis indicated that the individual PGRP domain exhibits amidase activity towards both DAP-type and Lys-type peptidoglycans (PGNs), the former of which is favored. The N-terminal CBD not only has the chitin-binding activity, but also enables BbtPGRP3 to gain a five-fold increase of amidase activity towards the Lys-type PGNs, leading to a significantly broadened substrate spectrum. Together, we propose that modular evolution via domain shuffling combined with gene horizontal transfer makes BbtPGRP1~3 novel PGRPs of augmented catalytic activity and broad recognition spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and the Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wang Cheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and the Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and the Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qingyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Mei Yu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and the Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and the Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dong-Dong Cao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and the Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shengfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anlong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Roy A. Mariuzza
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yuxing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and the Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (YC); (CZZ)
| | - Cong-Zhao Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and the Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (YC); (CZZ)
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Gordts SC, Renders M, Férir G, Huskens D, Van Damme EJM, Peumans W, Balzarini J, Schols D. NICTABA and UDA, two GlcNAc-binding lectins with unique antiviral activity profiles. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1674-85. [PMID: 25700718 PMCID: PMC7537945 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the antiviral properties of a unique lectin (NICTABA) produced by the tobacco plant, Nicotiana tabacum. METHODS Cellular assays were used to investigate the antiviral activity of NICTABA and Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA). Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies were performed to study the sugar specificity and the interactions of both lectins with the envelope glycoproteins of HIV-1. RESULTS The N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc)-binding lectins exhibited broad-spectrum activity against several families of enveloped viruses including influenza A/B, Dengue virus type 2, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 and HIV-1/2. The IC50 of NICTABA for various HIV-1 strains, clinical isolates and HIV-2 assessed in PBMCs ranged from 5 to 30 nM. Furthermore, NICTABA inhibited syncytium formation between persistently HIV-1-infected T cells and uninfected CD4+ T lymphocytes and prevented DC-SIGN-mediated HIV-1 transmission to CD4+ target T lymphocytes. However, unlike many other antiviral carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) described so far, NICTABA did not block HIV-1 capture to DC-SIGN+ cells and it did not interfere with the binding of the human monoclonal antibody 2G12 to gp120. SPR studies with HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins showed that the affinity of NICTABA for gp120 and gp41 was in the low nanomolar range. The specific binding of NICTABA to gp120 could be prevented in the presence of a GlcNAc trimer, but not in the presence of mannose trimers. NICTABA displayed no antiviral activity against non-enveloped viruses. CONCLUSIONS Since CBAs possess a high genetic barrier for the development of viral resistance and NICTABA shows a broad antiviral activity profile, this CBA may qualify as a potential antiviral candidate with a pleiotropic mode of action aimed at targeting the entry of enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Gordts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marleen Renders
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geoffrey Férir
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dana Huskens
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Willy Peumans
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Thermal, chemical and pH induced unfolding of turmeric root lectin: modes of denaturation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103579. [PMID: 25140525 PMCID: PMC4139268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcuma longa rhizome lectin, of non-seed origin having antifungal, antibacterial and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, forms a homodimer with high thermal stability as well as acid tolerance. Size exclusion chromatography and dynamic light scattering show it to be a dimer at pH 7, but it converts to a monomer near pH 2. Circular dichroism spectra and fluorescence emission maxima are virtually indistinguishable from pH 7 to 2, indicating secondary and tertiary structures remain the same in dimer and monomer within experimental error. The tryptophan environment as probed by acrylamide quenching data yielded very similar data at pH 2 and pH 7, implying very similar folding for monomer and dimer. Differential scanning calorimetry shows a transition at 350.3 K for dimer and at 327.0 K for monomer. Thermal unfolding and chemical unfolding induced by guanidinium chloride for dimer are both reversible and can be described by two-state models. The temperatures and the denaturant concentrations at which one-half of the protein molecules are unfolded, are protein concentration-dependent for dimer but protein concentration-independent for monomer. The free energy of unfolding at 298 K was found to be 5.23 Kcal mol−1 and 14.90 Kcal mol−1 for the monomer and dimer respectively. The value of change in excess heat capacity upon protein denaturation (ΔCp) is 3.42 Kcal mol−1 K−1 for dimer. The small ΔCp for unfolding of CLA reflects a buried hydrophobic core in the folded dimeric protein. These unfolding experiments, temperature dependent circular dichroism and dynamic light scattering for the dimer at pH 7 indicate its higher stability than for the monomer at pH 2. This difference in stability of dimeric and monomeric forms highlights the contribution of inter-subunit interactions in the former.
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Application, chemical composition, and standardization of nettle raw material and related drugs (Review). Pharm Chem J 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-012-0690-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Kezuka Y, Kojima M, Mizuno R, Suzuki K, Watanabe T, Nonaka T. Structure of full-length class I chitinase from rice revealed by X-ray crystallography and small-angle X-ray scattering. Proteins 2010; 78:2295-305. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.22742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Composition of the lipophilic fraction of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L. and U. urens L.) homeopathic matrix tinctures. Pharm Chem J 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-009-0204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lapinskaya ES, Kopyt’ko YF, Timokhina EA, Krapivkin BA, Levandovskii GS, Dargaeva TD, Sokol’skaya TA. Amino acids and cyclic dipeptides in stinging nettle (Urtica dioica and U. urens) homeopathic matrix tinctures. Pharm Chem J 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-009-0189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lans C, Turner N, Khan T, Brauer G, Boepple W. Ethnoveterinary medicines used for ruminants in British Columbia, Canada. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2007; 3:11. [PMID: 17324258 PMCID: PMC1831764 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of medicinal plants is an option for livestock farmers who are not allowed to use allopathic drugs under certified organic programs or cannot afford to use allopathic drugs for minor health problems of livestock. METHODS In 2003 we conducted semi-structured interviews with 60 participants obtained using a purposive sample. Medicinal plants are used to treat a range of conditions. A draft manual prepared from the data was then evaluated by participants at a participatory workshop. RESULTS There are 128 plants used for ruminant health and diets, representing several plant families. The following plants are used for abscesses: Berberis aquifolium/Mahonia aquifolium Echinacea purpurea, Symphytum officinale, Bovista pila, Bovista plumbea, Achillea millefolium and Usnea longissima. Curcuma longa L., Salix scouleriana and Salix lucida are used for caprine arthritis and caprine arthritis encephalitis. Euphrasia officinalis and Matricaria chamomilla are used for eye problems. Wounds and injuries are treated with Bovista spp., Usnea longissima, Calendula officinalis, Arnica sp., Malva sp., Prunella vulgaris, Echinacea purpurea, Berberis aquifolium/Mahonia aquifolium, Achillea millefolium, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Hypericum perforatum, Lavandula officinalis, Symphytum officinale and Curcuma longa. Syzygium aromaticum and Pseudotsuga menziesii are used for coccidiosis. The following plants are used for diarrhea and scours: Plantago major, Calendula officinalis, Urtica dioica, Symphytum officinale, Pinus ponderosa, Potentilla pacifica, Althaea officinalis, Anethum graveolens, Salix alba and Ulmus fulva. Mastitis is treated with Achillea millefolium, Arctium lappa, Salix alba, Teucrium scorodonia and Galium aparine. Anethum graveolens and Rubus sp., are given for increased milk production. Taraxacum officinale, Zea mays, and Symphytum officinale are used for udder edema. Ketosis is treated with Gaultheria shallon, Vaccinium sp., and Symphytum officinale. Hedera helix and Alchemilla vulgaris are fed for retained placenta. CONCLUSION Some of the plants showing high levels of validity were Hedera helix for retained placenta and Euphrasia officinalis for eye problems. Plants with high validity for wounds and injuries included Hypericum perforatum, Malva parviflora and Prunella vulgaris. Treatments with high validity against endoparasites included those with Juniperus communis and Pinus ponderosa. Anxiety and pain are well treated with Melissa officinalis and Nepeta caesarea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Lans
- BCICS, University of Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Nancy Turner
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3P5, Canada
| | - Tonya Khan
- DVM, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gerhard Brauer
- School of Health Information Science, University of Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3P5, Canada
| | - Willi Boepple
- Canadian Liaison National Saanen Breeders. 499 Millstream Lake Rd. Victoria, B.C., Canada, V9E 1K2
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Large-molecular-weight carbohydrate-binding agents as HIV entry inhibitors targeting glycoprotein gp120. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2006; 1:355-60. [DOI: 10.1097/01.coh.0000239846.36076.2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Balzarini J. Inhibition of HIV entry by carbohydrate-binding proteins. Antiviral Res 2006; 71:237-47. [PMID: 16569440 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding proteins (CBP) can be isolated from a variety of species, including procaryotes (i.e. cyanobacteria), sea corals, algae, plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. A number of them, in particular those CBP that show specific recognition for mannose (Man) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) are endowed with a remarkable anti-HIV activity in cell culture. The smallest CBP occur as monomeric peptides with a molecular weight of approximately 8.5 kDa. Many others are functionally dimers, trimers or tetramers, and their molecular weight can sometimes largely exceed 50 kDa. CBP can contain 2 to up to 12 carbohydrate-binding sites per single molecule, depending on the nature of the lectin and its oligomerization state. CBP qualify as potential anti-HIV microbicide drugs because they not only inhibit infection of cells by cell-free virus (in some cases in the lower nano- or even subnanomolar range) but they can also efficiently prevent virus transmission from virus-infected cells to uninfected T-lymphocytes. Their most likely mechanism of antiviral action is the interruption of virus entry (i.e. fusion) into its target cell. CBP presumably act by direct binding to the glycans that are abundantly present on the HIV-1 gp120 envelope. They may cross-link several glycans during virus/cell interaction and/or freeze the conformation of gp120 consequently preventing further interaction with the coreceptor. Several CBP were shown to have a high genetic barrier since multiple (>or=5) glycan deletions in the HIV envelope are necessary to provoke a moderate level of drug resistance. CBP are the prototypes of conceptionally novel chemotherapeutics with a unique mechanism of antiviral action, drug resistance profile and an intrinsic capacity to trigger a specific immune response against HIV strains after glycan deletions on their envelope occur in an attempt to escape CBP drug pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Jiménez-Barbero J, Javier Cañada F, Asensio JL, Aboitiz N, Vidal P, Canales A, Groves P, Gabius HJ, Siebert HC. Hevein Domains: An Attractive Model to Study Carbohydrate–Protein Interactions at Atomic Resolution. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2006; 60:303-54. [PMID: 16750446 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(06)60007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Botos I, Wlodawer A. Proteins that bind high-mannose sugars of the HIV envelope. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 88:233-82. [PMID: 15572157 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A broad range of proteins bind high-mannose carbohydrates found on the surface of the envelope protein gp120 of the human immunodeficiency virus and thus interfere with the viral life cycle, providing a potential new way of controlling HIV infection. These proteins interact with the carbohydrate moieties in different ways. A group of them interacts as typical C-type lectins via a Ca2+ ion. Another group interacts with specific single, terminal sugars, without the help of a metal cation. A third group is involved in more intimate interactions, with multiple carbohydrate rings and no metal ion. Finally, there is a group of lectins for which the interaction mode has not yet been elucidated. This review summarizes, principally from a structural point of view, the current state of knowledge about these high-mannose binding proteins and their mode of sugar binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Botos
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Frederick, Building 536, Room 5, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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Tanaka Y, Tsumoto K, Nakanishi T, Yasutake Y, Sakai N, Yao M, Tanaka I, Kumagai I. Structural implications for heavy metal-induced reversible assembly and aggregation of a protein: the case ofPyrococcus horikoshiiCutA1. FEBS Lett 2003; 556:167-74. [PMID: 14706845 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CutA is a small protein that appears to be involved in the mechanism of divalent metal cation tolerance in microorganisms. Here we report the crystal structure of Pyrococcus horikoshii CutA (PhoCutA), with and without Cu(2+), and its metal-binding properties. Crystallographic analyses revealed that PhoCutA forms a stable trimeric structure with intertwined antiparallel beta-strands. The crystal structure of the Cu(2+)-PhoCutA complex shows that the Cu(2+) is located at a trimer-trimer interface and is recognized by the side chains of one Asp(48) from each trimer. In an in vitro experiment, PhoCutA bound to several heavy metals, most of which led to reversible aggregation of the protein; i.e. the aggregates could be completely solubilized by addition of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) or dialysis against metal free buffer. Substitution of Asp(48) with Ala led to a decrease in the amount of aggregates, suggesting the significant contribution of Asp(48) to the reversible aggregation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report which provides the structural evidence for heavy metal-induced multimerization of a protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 07, Aoba-ku, 980-8579, Sendai, Japan
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Hayashida M, Fujii T, Hamasu M, Ishiguro M, Hata Y. Similarity between Protein–Protein and Protein–Carbohydrate Interactions, Revealed by Two Crystal Structures of Lectins from the Roots of Pokeweed. J Mol Biol 2003; 334:551-65. [PMID: 14623194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2003.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The roots of pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) are known to contain the lectins designated PL-A, PL-B, PL-C, PL-D1, and PL-D2. Of these lectins, the crystal structures of two PLs, the ligand-free PL-C and the complex of PL-D2 with tri-N-acetylchitotriose, have been determined at 1.8A resolution. The polypeptide chains of PL-C and PL-D2 form three and two repetitive chitin-binding domains, respectively. In the crystal structure of the PL-D2 complex, one trisaccharide molecule is shared mainly between two neighboring molecules related to each other by a crystallographic 2(1)-screw axis, and infinite helical chains of complexed molecules are generated by the sharing of ligand molecules. The crystal structure of PL-C reveals that the molecule is a dimer of two identical subunits, whose polypeptide chains are located in a head-to-tail fashion by a molecular 2-fold axis. Three putative carbohydrate-binding sites in each subunit are located in the dimer interface. The dimerization of PL-C is performed through the hydrophobic interactions between the carbohydrate-binding sites of the opposite domains in the dimer, leading to a distinct dimerization mode from that of wheat-germ agglutinin. Three aromatic residues in each carbohydrate-binding site of PL-C are involved in the dimerization. These residues correspond to the residues that interact mainly with the trisaccharide in the PL-D2 complex and appear to mimic the saccharide residues in the complex. Consequently, the present structure of the PL-C dimer has no room for accommodating carbohydrate. The quaternary structure of PL-C formed through these putative carbohydrate-binding residues may lead to the lack of hemagglutinating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Hayashida
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
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