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Zhang B, Yuan X, Lv H, Che J, Wang S, Shang P. Biophysical mechanisms underlying the effects of static magnetic fields on biological systems. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 177:14-23. [PMID: 36240898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
With the widespread use of static magnetic fields (SMFs) in medicine, it is imperative to explore the biological effects of SMFs and the mechanisms underlying their effects on biological systems. The presence of magnetic materials within cells and organisms could affect various biological metabolism and processes, including stress responses, proliferation, and structural alignment. SMFs were generally found to be safe at the organ and organism levels. However. human subjects exposed to strong SMFs have reported side effects. In this review, we combined the magnetic properties of biological samples to illustrate the mechanism of action of SMFs on biological systems from a biophysical point of view. We suggest that the mechanisms of action of SMFs on biological systems mainly include the induction of electric fields and currents, generation of magnetic effects, and influence of electron spins. An electrolyte flowing in a static magnetic field generates an induced current and an electric field. Magnetomechanical effects include orientation effects upon subjecting biological samples to SMFs and movement of biological samples in strong field gradients. SMFs are thought to affect biochemical reaction rates and yields by influencing electron spin. This paper helps people how can harness the favorable biological effects of SMFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China; School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China; Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xichen Yuan
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China; School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China; Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China; Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Taicang, 215400, China
| | - Huanhuan Lv
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China; School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China; Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jingmin Che
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China; School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China; Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Shenghang Wang
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China; Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Peng Shang
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China; Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
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Yang J, Feng Y, Li Q, Zeng Y. Evidence of the static magnetic field effects on bone-related diseases and bone cells. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 177:168-180. [PMID: 36462638 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Static magnetic fields (SMFs), magnetic fields with constant intensity and orientation, have been extensively studied in the field of bone biology both fundamentally and clinically as a non-invasive physical factor. A large number of animal experiments and clinical studies have shown that SMFs have effective therapeutic effects on bone-related diseases such as non-healing fractures, bone non-union of bone implants, osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. The maintenance of bone health in adults depends on the basic functions of bone cells, such as bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. Numerous studies have revealed that SMFs can regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and function of bone tissue cells, including bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), osteoblasts, bone marrow monocytes (BMMs), osteoclasts, and osteocytes. In this paper, the effects of SMFs on bone-related diseases and bone tissue cells are reviewed from both in vivo studies and in vitro studies, and the possible mechanisms are analyzed. In addition, some challenges that need to be further addressed in the research of SMF and bone are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Yang
- Department of Osteoporosis, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Osteoporosis, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingmei Li
- Department of Osteoporosis, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuhong Zeng
- Department of Osteoporosis, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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Effect of High Static Magnetic Fields on Biological Activities and Iron Metabolism in MLO-Y4 Osteocyte-like Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123519. [PMID: 34944025 PMCID: PMC8700585 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There are numerous studies that investigate the effects of static magnetic fields (SMFs) on osteoblasts and osteoclasts. However, although osteocytes are the most abundant cell type in bone tissue, there are few studies on the biological effects of osteocytes under magnetic fields. Iron is a necessary microelement that is involved in numerous life activities in cells. Studies have shown that high static magnetic fields (HiSMF) can regulate cellular iron metabolism. To illustrate the effect of HiSMF on activities of osteocytes, and whether iron is involved in this process, HiSMF of 16 tesla (T) was used, and the changes in cellular morphology, cytoskeleton, function-related protein expression, secretion of various cytokines, and iron metabolism in osteocytes under HiSMF were studied. In addition, the biological effects of HiSMF combined with iron preparation and iron chelator on osteocytes were also investigated. The results showed that HiSMF promoted cellular viability, decreased apoptosis, increased the fractal dimension of the cytoskeleton, altered the secretion of cytokines, and increased iron levels in osteocytes. Moreover, it was found that the biological effects of osteocytes under HiSMF are attenuated or enhanced by treatment with a certain concentration of iron. These data suggest that HiSMF-regulated cellular iron metabolism may be involved in altering the biological effects of osteocytes under HiSMF exposure.
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Gaitán-Salvatella I, López-Villegas EO, González-Alva P, Susate-Olmos F, Álvarez-Pérez MA. Case Report: Formation of 3D Osteoblast Spheroid Under Magnetic Levitation for Bone Tissue Engineering. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:672518. [PMID: 34235178 PMCID: PMC8255365 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.672518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal reconstruction is necessary in cases of bone defects created by tumors, trauma, and abnormalities. Regeneration of bone defects remains a critical problem, and current approaches are based on biocompatible scaffolds. Spheroids represent a simple 3D system since no supporting material is required for cell growth. Different techniques are used to generate spheroids, such as hanging drop, low-attachment plates, and magnetic nanoparticles. The idea of using magnetic nanoparticles is to cross-link through cell membrane overnight to create complex 3D cellular spheroid by using magnets to guide the cellular response. Herein, the current study aimed to achieve 3D human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) spheroid under magnetic levitation. Formation of 3D spheroid culture under magnetic levitation was evaluated by cell viability at 3, 7, and 14 days. Morphology of the 3D hFOB spheroid was analyzed by SEM and fluorescence microscopy and the differentiation towards mineralized lineage by ALP assay, qPCR, and alizarin red staining. The cell viability indicated that the 3D hFOB spheroid still viable after 14 days of culture. ALP assay, qPCR analysis expression of Col1, ALP, and Itg-β1 molecules, and calcium deposition with alizarin red showed a high level of bioactivity of the 3D hFOB spheroid. SEM images allowed the morphological analysis of the 3D microtissue-like spheroid with the presence of matrix deposition. These results indicate that magnetic levitation culture enables 3D stable osteoblast spheroids and could be a promising strategy for engineering application in the 3D construct in surgery regeneration of mineralized tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Gaitán-Salvatella
- Tissue Bioengineering Laboratory, Postgraduate Studies and Research Division, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), México City, Mexico
| | | | - Patricia González-Alva
- Tissue Bioengineering Laboratory, Postgraduate Studies and Research Division, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), México City, Mexico
| | | | - Marco Antonio Álvarez-Pérez
- Tissue Bioengineering Laboratory, Postgraduate Studies and Research Division, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), México City, Mexico
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Tian X, Wang D, Feng S, Zhang L, Ji X, Wang Z, Lu Q, Xi C, Pi L, Zhang X. Effects of 3.5-23.0 T static magnetic fields on mice: A safety study. Neuroimage 2019; 199:273-280. [PMID: 31158482 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
People are exposed to various magnetic fields, including the high static/steady magnetic field (SMF) of MRI, which has been increased to 9.4 T in preclinical investigations. However, relevant safety studies about high SMF are deficient. Here we examined whether 3.5-23.0 T SMF exposure for 2 h has severe long-term effects on mice using 112 C57BL/6J mice. The food/water consumption, blood glucose levels, blood routine, blood biochemistry, as well as organ weight and HE stains were all examined. The food consumption and body weight were slightly decreased for 23.0 T-exposed mice (14.6%, P < 0.01, and 1.75-5.57%, P < 0.05, respectively), but not the other groups. While total bilirubin (TBIL), white blood cells, platelet and lymphocyte numbers were affected by some magnetic conditions, most of them were still within normal reference range. Although 13.5 T magnetic fields with the highest gradient (117.2 T/m) caused spleen weight increase, the blood count and biochemistry results were still within the control reference range. Moreover, the highest field 23.0 T with no gradient did not cause organ weight or blood biochemistry abnormality, which indicates that field gradient is a key parameter. Collectively, these data suggest 3.5-23.0 T static magnetic field exposure for 2 h do not have severe long-term effects on mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Tian
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Shuang Feng
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Xinmiao Ji
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Ze Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Qingyou Lu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Chuanying Xi
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Li Pi
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, PR China; Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
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Xu H, Ning D, Zhao D, Chen Y, Zhao D, Gu S, Jiang JX, Shang P. Blockage of hemichannels alters gene expression in osteocytes in a high magneto-gravitational environment. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2017; 22:783-794. [PMID: 27814646 DOI: 10.2741/4516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes, the most abundant cells in bone, are highly responsive to external environmental changes. We tested how Cx43 hemichannels which mediate the exchange of small molecules between cells and extracellular environment impact genome wide gene expression under conditions of abnormal gravity and magnetic field. To this end, we subjected osteocytic MLO-Y4 cells to a high magneto-gravitational environment and used microarray to examine global gene expression and a specific blocking antibody was used to assess the role of Cx43 hemichannels. While 3 hr exposure to abnormal gravity and magnetic field had relatively minor effects on global gene expression, blocking hemichannels significantly impacted the expression of a number of genes which are involved in cell viability, apoptosis, mineral absorption, protein absorption and digestion, and focal adhesion. Also, blocking of hemichannels enriched genes in multiple signaling pathways which are enaged by TGF-beta, Jak-STAT and VEGF. These results show the role of connexin hemichannels in bone cells in high magneto-gravitational environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Xu
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710072, China
| | - Dandan Ning
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710072, China
| | - Dezhi Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710072, China
| | - Yunhe Chen
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710072, China
| | - Dongdong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710072, China
| | - Sumin Gu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - Jean Xin Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - Peng Shang
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710072, China,
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Zhang J, Meng X, Ding C, Xie L, Yang P, Shang P. Regulation of osteoclast differentiation by static magnetic fields. Electromagn Biol Med 2016; 36:8-19. [PMID: 27355421 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2016.1141362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Static magnetic field (SMF) modulates bone metabolism, but little research is concerned with the effects of SMF on osteoclast. Our previous studies show that osteogenic differentiation is strongly correlated with magnetic strength from hypo (500 nT), weak (geomagnetic field, GMF), moderate (0.2 T) to high (16 T) SMFs. We speculated that the intensity that had positive (16 T) or negative (500 nT and 0.2 T) effects on osteoblast differentiation would inversely influence osteoclast differentiation. To answer this question, we examined the profound effects of SMFs on osteoclast differentiation from pre-osteoclast Raw264.7 cells. Here, we demonstrated that 500 nT and 0.2 T SMFs promoted osteoclast differentiation, formation and resorption, while 16 T had an inhibitory effect. Almost all the osteoclastogenic genes were highly expressed under 500 nT and 0.2 T, including RANK, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), V-ATPase, carbonic anhydrase II (Car2) and cathepsin K (CTSK), whereas they were decreased under 16 T. In addition, 16 T disrupted actin formation with remarkably decreased integrin β3 expression. Collectively, these results indicate that osteoclast differentiation could be regulated by altering the intensity of SMF, which is just contrary to that on osteoblast differentiation. Therefore, studies of SMF effects could reveal some parameters that could be used as a physical therapy for various bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- a School of Radiation Medicine and Protection , Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions , Suzhou , P. R. China.,b Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology , Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Meng
- b Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology , Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Chong Ding
- b Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology , Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Li Xie
- b Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology , Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Yang
- b Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology , Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Peng Shang
- b Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology , Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , P. R. China
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Wang Y, Chen ZH, Yin C, Ma JH, Li DJ, Zhao F, Sun YL, Hu LF, Shang P, Qian AR. GeneChip expression profiling reveals the alterations of energy metabolism related genes in osteocytes under large gradient high magnetic fields. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116359. [PMID: 25635858 PMCID: PMC4312085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The diamagnetic levitation as a novel ground-based model for simulating a reduced gravity environment has recently been applied in life science research. In this study a specially designed superconducting magnet with a large gradient high magnetic field (LG-HMF), which can provide three apparent gravity levels (μ-g, 1-g, and 2-g), was used to simulate a space-like gravity environment. Osteocyte, as the most important mechanosensor in bone, takes a pivotal position in mediating the mechano-induced bone remodeling. In this study, the effects of LG-HMF on gene expression profiling of osteocyte-like cell line MLO-Y4 were investigated by Affymetrix DNA microarray. LG-HMF affected osteocyte gene expression profiling. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and data mining were further analyzed by using bioinfomatic tools, such as DAVID, iReport. 12 energy metabolism related genes (PFKL, AK4, ALDOC, COX7A1, STC1, ADM, CA9, CA12, P4HA1, APLN, GPR35 and GPR84) were further confirmed by real-time PCR. An integrated gene interaction network of 12 DEGs was constructed. Bio-data mining showed that genes involved in glucose metabolic process and apoptosis changed notablly. Our results demostrated that LG-HMF affected the expression of energy metabolism related genes in osteocyte. The identification of sensitive genes to special environments may provide some potential targets for preventing and treating bone loss or osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Chun Yin
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Jian-Hua Ma
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Di-Jie Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Fan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yu-Long Sun
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Li-Fang Hu
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Peng Shang
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- * E-mail: (PS); (ARQ)
| | - Ai-Rong Qian
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- * E-mail: (PS); (ARQ)
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Sun YL, Chen ZH, Chen XH, Yin C, Li DJ, Ma XL, Zhao F, Zhang G, Shang P, Qian AR. Diamagnetic levitation promotes osteoclast differentiation from RAW264.7 cells. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2014; 62:900-8. [PMID: 25398175 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2014.2370039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The superconducting magnet with a high magnetic force field can levitate diamagnetic materials. In this study, a specially designed superconducting magnet with large gradient high magnetic field (LGHMF), which provides three apparent gravity levels (μg, 1 g, and 2 g), was used to study its influence on receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation from preosteoclast cell line RAW264.7. The effects of LGHMF on the viability, nitric oxide (NO) production, morphology in RAW264.7 cells were detected by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method, the Griess method, and the immunofluorescence staining, respectively. The changes induced by LGHMF in osteoclast formation, mRNA expression, and bone resorption were determined by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining, semiquantity PCR, and bone resorption test, respectively. The results showed that: 1) LGHMF had no lethal effect on osteoclast precursors but attenuated NO release in RAW264.7 cells. 2) Diamagnetic levitation (μg) enhanced both the formation and bone resorption capacity of osteoclast. Moreover, diamagnetic levitation up-regulated mRNA expression of RANK, Cathepsin K, MMP-9, and NFATc1, while down-regulated RunX2 in comparison with controls. Furthermore, diamagnetic levitation induced obvious morphological alterations in osteoclast, including active cytoplasmic peripheral pseudopodial expansion, formation of pedosome belt, and aggregation of actin ring. 3) Magnetic field produced by LGHMF attenuated osteoclast resorption activity. Collectively, LGHMF with combined effects has multiple effects on osteoclast, which attenuated osteoclast resorption with magnetic field, whereas promoted osteoclast differentiation with diamagnetic levitation. Therefore, these findings indicate that diamagnetic levitation could be used as a novel ground-based microgravity simulator, which facilitates bone cell research of weightlessness condition.
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Arfat Y, Xiao WZ, Iftikhar S, Zhao F, Li DJ, Sun YL, Zhang G, Shang P, Qian AR. Physiological effects of microgravity on bone cells. Calcif Tissue Int 2014; 94:569-79. [PMID: 24687524 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-014-9851-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Life on Earth developed under the influence of normal gravity (1g). With evidence from previous studies, scientists have suggested that normal physiological processes, such as the functional integrity of muscles and bone mass, can be affected by microgravity during spaceflight. During the life span, bone not only develops as a structure designed specifically for mechanical tasks but also adapts for efficiency. The lack of weight-bearing forces makes microgravity an ideal physical stimulus to evaluate bone cell responses. One of the most serious problems induced by long-term weightlessness is bone mineral loss. Results from in vitro studies that entailed the use of bone cells in spaceflights showed modification in cell attachment structures and cytoskeletal reorganization, which may be involved in bone loss. Humans exposed to microgravity conditions experience various physiological changes, including loss of bone mass, muscle deterioration, and immunodeficiency. In vitro models can be used to extract valuable information about changes in mechanical stress to ultimately identify the different pathways of mechanotransduction in bone cells. Despite many in vivo and in vitro studies under both real microgravity and simulated conditions, the mechanism of bone loss is still not well defined. The objective of this review is to summarize the recent research on bone cells under microgravity conditions based on advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Arfat
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
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Meng R, Xie L. Gap junction mediated regulation of osteocytes to osteoblastic alkaline phosphatase activity is independent of microgravity. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2013.870092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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The effects of static magnetic fields on bone. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 114:146-52. [PMID: 24556024 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
All the living beings live and evolve under geomagnetic field (25-65 μT). Besides, opportunities for human exposed to different intensities of static magnetic fields (SMF) in the workplace have increased progressively, such SMF range from weak magnetic field (<1 mT), moderate SMF (1 mT-1 T) to high SMF (>1 T). Given this, numerous scientific studies focus on the health effects and have demonstrated that certain magnetic fields have positive influence on our skeleton systems. Therefore, SMF is considered as a potential physical therapy to improve bone healing and keep bones healthy nowadays. Here, we review the mechanisms of effects of SMF on bone tissue, ranging from physical interactions, animal studies to cellular studies.
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SHANG PENG, ZHANG JIAN, QIAN AIRONG, LI JINGBAO, MENG RUI, DI SHENGMENG, HU LIFANG, GU ZHONGZE. BONE CELLS UNDER MICROGRAVITY. J MECH MED BIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s021951941340006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Weightlessness environment (also microgravity) during the exploration of space is the major condition which must be faced by astronauts. One of the most serious adverse effects on astronauts is the weightlessness-induced bone loss due to the unbalanced bone remodeling. Bone remodeling of human beings has evolved during billions of years to make bone tissue adapt to the gravitational field of Earth (1g) and maintain skeleton structure to meet mechanical loading on Earth. However, under weightlessness environment the skeleton system no longer functions against the pull of gravity, so there is no necessity to keep bone strong enough to support the body's weight. Therefore, the balance of bone remodeling is disrupted and bone loss occurs, which is extremely deleterious to an astronaut's health during long-term spaceflight. Bone remodeling is mainly orchestrated by bone mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Here, we review how these bone cells respond to microgravity environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- PENG SHANG
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, P. R. China
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioelectonics, Southeast University, 210096, P. R. China
| | - JIAN ZHANG
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - AIRONG QIAN
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - JINGBAO LI
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - RUI MENG
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - SHENGMENG DI
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - LIFANG HU
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - ZHONGZE GU
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioelectonics, Southeast University, 210096, P. R. China
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Large gradient high magnetic fields affect osteoblast ultrastructure and function by disrupting collagen I or fibronectin/αβ1 integrin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e51036. [PMID: 23382804 PMCID: PMC3558520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The superconducting magnet generates a field and field gradient product that can levitate diamagnetic materials. In this study a specially designed superconducting magnet with a large gradient high magnetic field (LG-HMF), which can provide three apparent gravity levels (μ-g, 1-g, and 2-g), was used to simulate a space-like gravity environment. The effects of LG-HMF on the ultrastructure and function of osteoblast-like cells (MG-63 and MC3T3-E1) and the underlying mechanism were investigated by transmission electromicroscopy (TEM), MTT, and cell western (ICW) assays. Under LG-HMF significant morphologic changes in osteoblast-like cells occurred, including expansion of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, an increased number of lysosomes, distorted microvilli, and aggregates of actin filaments. Compared to controls, cell viability and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) secretion were significantly increased, and collagen I (col I), fibronectin (FN), vinculin, integrin α3, αv, and β1 expression were changed under LG-HMF conditions. In conclusion, LG-HMF affects osteoblast ultrastructure, cell viability, and ALP secretion, and the changes caused by LG-HMF may be related to disrupting col I or FN/αβ1 integrin.
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Pan F, Liu S, Wang Z, Shang P, Xiao W. Digital holographic microscopy long-term and real-time monitoring of cell division and changes under simulated zero gravity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:11496-11505. [PMID: 22565769 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.011496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The long-term and real-time monitoring the cell division and changes of osteoblasts under simulated zero gravity condition were succeed by combing a digital holographic microscopy (DHM) with a superconducting magnet (SM). The SM could generate different magnetic force fields in a cylindrical cavity, where the gravitational force of biological samples could be canceled at a special gravity position by a high magnetic force. Therefore the specimens were levitated and in a simulated zero gravity environment. The DHM was modified to fit with SM by using single mode optical fibers and a vertically-configured jig designed to hold specimens and integrate optical device in the magnet's bore. The results presented the first-phase images of living cells undergoing dynamic divisions and changes under simulated zero gravity environment for a period of 10 hours. The experiments demonstrated that the SM-compatible DHM setup could provide a highly efficient and versatile method for research on the effects of microgravity on biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Precision Opto-mechatronics Technology, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
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Two-dimensional clinorotation influences cellular morphology, cytoskeleton and secretion of MLO-Y4 osteocyte-like cells. Biologia (Bratisl) 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-011-0161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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