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Kato S, Tamura K, Masuda Y, Konishi M, Yamanaka K, Oikawa T. A novel type IIb L-asparaginase from Latilactobacillus sakei LK-145: characterization and application. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:266. [PMID: 38761213 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
We succeeded in homogeneously expressing and purifying L-asparaginase from Latilactobacillus sakei LK-145 (Ls-Asn1) and its mutated enzymes C196S, C264S, C290S, C196S/C264S, C196S/C290S, C264S/C290S, and C196S/C264S/C290S-Ls-Asn1. Enzymological studies using purified enzymes revealed that all cysteine residues of Ls-Asn1 were found to affect the catalytic activity of Ls-Asn1 to varying degrees. The mutation of Cys196 did not affect the specific activity, but the mutation of Cys264, even a single mutation, significantly decreased the specific activity. Furthermore, C264S/C290S- and C196S/C264S/C290S-Ls-Asn1 almost completely lost their activity, suggesting that C290 cooperates with C264 to influence the catalytic activity of Ls-Asn1. The detailed enzymatic properties of three single-mutated enzymes (C196S, C264S, and C290S-Ls-Asn1) were investigated for comparison with Ls-Asn1. We found that only C196S-Ls-Asn1 has almost the same enzymatic properties as that of Ls-Asn1 except for its increased stability for thermal, pH, and the metals NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and FeCl2. We measured the growth inhibitory effect of Ls-Asn1 and C196S-Ls-Asn1 on Jurkat cells, a human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line, using L-asparaginase from Escherichia coli K-12 as a reference. Only C196S-Ls-Asn1 effectively and selectively inhibited the growth of Jurkat T-cell leukemia, which suggested that it exhibited antileukemic activity. Furthermore, based on alignment, phylogenetic tree analysis, and structural modeling, we also proposed that Ls-Asn1 is a so-called "Type IIb" novel type of asparaginase that is distinct from previously reported type I or type II asparaginases. Based on the above results, Ls-Asn1 is expected to be useful as a new leukemia therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Kato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Kazuya Tamura
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka-fu, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yuki Masuda
- Department of Microbiological Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-9-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyougo, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Morichika Konishi
- Department of Microbiological Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-9-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyougo, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamanaka
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka-fu, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Tadao Oikawa
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka-fu, 564-8680, Japan.
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Ściuk A, Wątor K, Staroń I, Worsztynowicz P, Pokrywka K, Sliwiak J, Kilichowska M, Pietruszewska K, Mazurek Z, Skalniak A, Lewandowski K, Jaskolski M, Loch JI, Surmiak M. Substrate Affinity Is Not Crucial for Therapeutic L-Asparaginases: Antileukemic Activity of Novel Bacterial Enzymes. Molecules 2024; 29:2272. [PMID: 38792133 PMCID: PMC11124013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginases are used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The aim of this work was to compare the antiproliferative potential and proapoptotic properties of novel L-asparaginases from different structural classes, viz. EcAIII and KpAIII (class 2), as well as ReAIV and ReAV (class 3). The EcAII (class 1) enzyme served as a reference. The proapoptotic and antiproliferative effects were tested using four human leukemia cell models: MOLT-4, RAJI, THP-1, and HL-60. The antiproliferative assay with the MOLT-4 cell line indicated the inhibitory properties of all tested L-asparaginases. The results from the THP-1 cell models showed a similar antiproliferative effect in the presence of EcAII, EcAIII, and KpAIII. In the case of HL-60 cells, the inhibition of proliferation was observed in the presence of EcAII and KpAIII, whereas the proliferation of RAJI cells was inhibited only by EcAII. The results of the proapoptotic assays showed individual effects of the enzymes toward specific cell lines, suggesting a selective (time-dependent and dose-dependent) action of the tested L-asparaginases. We have, thus, demonstrated that novel L-asparaginases, with a lower substrate affinity than EcAII, also exhibit significant antileukemic properties in vitro, which makes them interesting new drug candidates for the treatment of hematological malignancies. For all enzymes, the kinetic parameters (Km and kcat) and thermal stability (Tm) were determined. Structural and catalytic properties of L-asparaginases from different classes are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ściuk
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.K.)
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
- II Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Wątor
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.K.)
- II Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066 Krakow, Poland
| | - Izabela Staroń
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.K.)
- II Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Worsztynowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (P.W.); (K.P.); (J.S.); (M.J.)
| | - Kinga Pokrywka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (P.W.); (K.P.); (J.S.); (M.J.)
| | - Joanna Sliwiak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (P.W.); (K.P.); (J.S.); (M.J.)
| | - Marta Kilichowska
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.K.)
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamila Pietruszewska
- Center for the Development of Therapies for Civilization and Age-Related Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.); (Z.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Zofia Mazurek
- Center for the Development of Therapies for Civilization and Age-Related Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.); (Z.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Skalniak
- Center for the Development of Therapies for Civilization and Age-Related Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.); (Z.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 84, 60-569 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (P.W.); (K.P.); (J.S.); (M.J.)
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna I. Loch
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.K.)
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- II Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066 Krakow, Poland
- Center for the Development of Therapies for Civilization and Age-Related Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.); (Z.M.); (A.S.)
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Tang X, Zhang L, Huang M, Wang F, Xie G, Huo R, Gao R. Selective enhanced cytotoxicity of amino acid deprivation for cancer therapy using thermozyme functionalized nanocatalyst. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:53. [PMID: 38326899 PMCID: PMC10848425 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzyme therapy based on differential metabolism of cancer cells has demonstrated promising potential as a treatment strategy. Nevertheless, the therapeutic benefit of reported enzyme drugs is compromised by their uncontrollable activity and weak stability. Additionally, thermozymes with high thermal-stability suffer from low catalytic activity at body temperature, preventing them from functioning independently. RESULTS Herein, we have developed a novel thermo-enzymatic regulation strategy for near-infrared (NIR)-triggered precise-catalyzed photothermal treatment of breast cancer. Our strategy enables efficient loading and delivery of thermozymes (newly screened therapeutic enzymes from thermophilic bacteria) via hyaluronic acid (HA)-coupled gold nanorods (GNRs). These nanocatalysts exhibit enhanced cellular endocytosis and rapid enzyme activity enhancement, while also providing biosafety with minimized toxic effects on untargeted sites due to temperature-isolated thermozyme activity. Locally-focused NIR lasers ensure effective activation of thermozymes to promote on-demand amino acid deprivation and photothermal therapy (PTT) of superficial tumors, triggering apoptosis, G1 phase cell cycle arrest, inhibiting migration and invasion, and potentiating photothermal sensitivity of malignancies. CONCLUSIONS This work establishes a precise, remotely controlled, non-invasive, efficient, and biosafe nanoplatform for accurate enzyme therapy, providing a rationale for promising personalized therapeutic strategies and offering new prospects for high-precision development of enzyme drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhui Tang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Mingwang Huang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Guiqiu Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Rui Huo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Renjun Gao
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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Zhou Y, Shen J, Chi H, Zhu X, Lu Z, Lu F, Zhu P. Rational engineering and insight for a L-glutaminase activity reduced type II L-asparaginase from Bacillus licheniformis and its antileukemic activity in vitro. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128690. [PMID: 38092107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Type II L-asparaginase (ASNase) has been approved by the FDA for treating acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), but its therapeutic effect is limited by low catalytic efficiency and L-glutaminase (L-Gln) activity. This study utilized free energy based molecular dynamics calculations to identify residues associated with substrate binding in Bacillus licheniformis L-asparaginase II (BLASNase) with high catalytical activity. After saturation and combination mutagenesis, the mutant LGT (74 L/75G/111 T) with intensively reduced l-glutamine catalytic activity was generated. The l-glutamine/L-asparagine activity (L-Gln/L-Asn) of LGT was only 6.6 % of parent BLASNase, whereas the L-asparagine (L-Asn) activity was preserved >90 %. Furthermore, structural comparison and molecular dynamics calculations indicated that the mutant LGT had reduced binding ability and affinity towards l-glutamine. To evaluate its effect on acute leukemic cells, LGT was supplied in treating MOLT-4 cells. The experimental results demonstrated that LGT was more cytotoxic and promoted apoptosis compared with commercial Escherichia coli ASNase. Overall, our findings firstly provide insights into reducing l-glutamine activity without impacting L-asparagine activity for BLASNase to possess remarkable potential for anti-leukemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Shen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huibing Chi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fengxia Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ping Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Tripathy RK, Anakha J, Pande AH. Towards development of biobetter: L-asparaginase a case study. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2024; 1868:130499. [PMID: 37914146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-asparaginase (ASNase) has played a key role in the management of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). As an amidohydrolase, it catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-asparagine, a crucial step in the treatment of ALL. Various ASNase variants have evolved from diverse sources since it was first used in paediatric patients in the 1960s. This review describes the available ASNase and approaches being used to develop ASNase as a biobetter candidate. SCOPE OF REVIEW The review discusses the Glycosylation and PEGylation techniques, which are frequently used to develop biobetter versions of the majority of the therapeutic proteins. Further, it explores current ASNase biobetters in therapeutic use and discusses the protein engineering and chemical modification approaches that were employed to reduce immunogenicity, extend protein half-life, and enhance protease stability of ASNase. Emerging strategies like immobilization and encapsulation are also highlighted as potential pathways for improving ASNase properties. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The purpose of the development of ASNase biobetter is to achieve a novel therapeutic candidate that could improve catalytic efficiency, in vivo stability with minimum glutaminase (GLNase) activity and toxicity. Modification of ASNase by immobilization and encapsulation or by fusion technologies like Albumin fusion, Fc fusion, ELP fusion, XTEN fusion, etc. can be exploited to develop a novel biobetter candidate suitable for therapeutic approaches. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review emphasizes the importance of biobetter development for therapeutic proteins like ASNase. Improved ASNase molecules have the potential to significantly advance the treatment of ALL and have broader implications in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan K Tripathy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - J Anakha
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Abhay H Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India.
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de Lima JY, de Castro Andreassa E, Venturi Biembengut Í, de Arruda Campos Brasil de Souza T. Dissecting dual specificity: Identifying key residues in L-asparaginase for enhanced acute lymphoid leukemia therapy and reduced adverse effects. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127998. [PMID: 37949271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase from Escherichia coli (EcA) has been used for the treatment of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) since the 1970s. Nevertheless, the enzyme has a second specificity that results in glutaminase breakdown, resulting in depletion from the patient's body, causing severe adverse effects. Despite the huge interest in the use of this enzyme, the exact process of glutamine depletion is still unknown and there is no consensus regarding L-asparagine hydrolysis. Here, we investigate the role of T12, Y25, and T89 in asparaginase and glutaminase activities. We obtained individual clones containing mutations in the T12, Y25 or T89 residues. After the recombinant production of wild-type and mutated EcA, The purified samples were subjected to structural analysis using Nano Differential Scanning Fluorimetry, which revealed that all samples contained thermostable molecules in their active structural conformation, the homotetramer conformation. The quaternary conformation was confirmed by DLS and SEC. The activity enzymatic assay combined with molecular dynamics simulation identified the contribution of T12, Y25, and T89 residues in EcA glutaminase and asparaginase activities. Our results mapped the enzymatic behavior paving the way for the designing of improved EcA enzymes, which is important in the treatment of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhenifer Yonara de Lima
- Structural and Computational Proteomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, PR 80320-290, Brazil.
| | - Emanuella de Castro Andreassa
- Structural and Computational Proteomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, PR 80320-290, Brazil
| | - Ísis Venturi Biembengut
- Structural and Computational Proteomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, PR 80320-290, Brazil
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Mahboobi M, Salmanian AH, Sedighian H, Bambai B. Molecular Modeling and Optimization of Type II E.coli l-Asparginase Activity by in silico Design and in vitro Site-directed Mutagenesis. Protein J 2023; 42:664-674. [PMID: 37634213 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-023-10149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION L-asparaginase (also known as L-ASNase) is a crucial therapeutic enzyme that is widely used in treatment of ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukemia) as a chemotherapeutic drug. Besides, this enzyme is used in the food industry as a food processing reagent to reduce the content of acrylamide in addition to the clinical industry. The improvement of activity and kinetic parameters of the L-ASNase enzyme may lead to higher efficiency resulting in practical achievement. In order to achieve this goal, we chosen glycine residue in position 88 as a potential mutation with advantageous outcomes. METHOD In this study, firstly to find the appropriate mutation on glycine 88, various in silico analyses, such as MD simulation and molecular docking, were carried out. Then, the rational design was adopted as the best strategy for molecular modifications of the enzyme to improve its enzymatic properties. RESULT Our in silico findings show that the four mutations G88Q, G88L, G88K, and G88A may be able to increase L-ASNase's asparaginase activity. The catalytic efficiency of each enzyme (kcat/Km) is the most important feature for comparing the catalytic activity of the mutants with the wild type form. The laboratory experiments showed that the kcat/Km for the G88Q mutant is 36.32% higher than the Escherichia coli K12 ASNase II (wild type), which suggests that L-ASNase activity is improved at lower concentration of L-ASN. Kinetic characterization of the mutants L-ASNase activity confirmed the high turnover rate (kcat) with ASN as substrate relative to the wild type enzyme. CONCLUSION In silico analyses and laboratory experiments demonstrated that the G88Q mutation rather than other mutation (G88L, G88K, and G88A) could improve the kinetics of L-ASNase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Mahboobi
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Shahrake- Pajoohesh Blvd., 15th Km, Tehran-Karaj Highway, P.O. Box 14965-161, Tehran, Iran
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali-Hatef Salmanian
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Shahrake- Pajoohesh Blvd., 15th Km, Tehran-Karaj Highway, P.O. Box 14965-161, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Sedighian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bijan Bambai
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Shahrake- Pajoohesh Blvd., 15th Km, Tehran-Karaj Highway, P.O. Box 14965-161, Tehran, Iran.
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Dastmalchi M, Alizadeh M, Jamshidi-Kandjan O, Rezazadeh H, Hamzeh-Mivehroud M, Farajollahi MM, Dastmalchi S. Expression and Biological Evaluation of an Engineered Recombinant L-asparaginase Designed by In Silico Method Based on Sequence of the Enzyme from Escherichia coli. Adv Pharm Bull 2023; 13:827-836. [PMID: 38022803 PMCID: PMC10676546 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2023.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Medical usage of L-asparaginase (ASNase), the first-line of acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment, is linked to allergic responses and toxicities, which necessitates the development of new bio-better ASNases. The aim of the current study was in silico design of a novel ASNase with predicted improved enzymatic properties using strategies encompassing sequence-function analysis of known ASNase mutants. Additionally, current study aimed to show that the new enzyme is active. Methods Based on 21 experimentally reported mutations for ASNase, a virtual library of mutated enzymes with all 7546 possible combinations of up to 4 mutations was generated. Three-dimensional models of proposed mutant enzymes were built and their in silico stabilities were calculated. The most promising mutant was selected for preparing a genetic construct suitable for expression of the designed ASNase in bacterial cells. Results Computational study predicted that Y176F/S241C double mutation of Escherichia coli ASNase may increase its folding stability. The designed ASNase was expressed in two different E. coli strains (Origami B(DE3) and BL21(DE3)pLysS) and then the soluble fractions prepared from the cell lysates of the host cells were used in enzyme activity assay. Results showed that enzyme activity of soluble fraction from Origami (95.4 ± 7.5 IU/0.1 mL) was four times higher than that of soluble fraction from pLysS (25.8 ± 2.5 IU/0.1 mL). Conclusion A novel functional double mutant ASNase with predicted improved enzymatic properties was designed and produced in E. coli. The results of the current study suggest a great commercial potential for the identified enzyme in pharmaceutical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahrokh Dastmalchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Alizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Jamshidi-Kandjan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Rezazadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hamzeh-Mivehroud
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad M Farajollahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, POBOX:99138, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
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Miranda J, Lefin N, Beltran JF, Belén LH, Tsipa A, Farias JG, Zamorano M. Enzyme Engineering Strategies for the Bioenhancement of L-Asparaginase Used as a Biopharmaceutical. BioDrugs 2023; 37:793-811. [PMID: 37698749 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, there has been a surge in the industrial production of recombinant enzymes from microorganisms due to their catalytic characteristics being highly efficient, selective, and biocompatible. L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) is an enzyme belonging to the class of amidohydrolases that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-asparagine into L-aspartic acid and ammonia. It has been widely investigated as a biologic agent for its antineoplastic properties in treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The demand for L-ASNase is mainly met by the production of recombinant type II L-ASNase from Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi. However, the presence of immunogenic proteins in L-ASNase sourced from prokaryotes has been known to result in adverse reactions in patients undergoing treatment. As a result, efforts are being made to explore strategies that can help mitigate the immunogenicity of the drug. This review gives an overview of recent biotechnological breakthroughs in enzyme engineering techniques and technologies used to improve anti-leukemic L-ASNase, taking into account the pharmacological importance of L-ASNase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javiera Miranda
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de la Frontera, Francisco Salazar 1145, 4811230, Temuco, Región de la Araucanía, Chile
| | - Nicolás Lefin
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de la Frontera, Francisco Salazar 1145, 4811230, Temuco, Región de la Araucanía, Chile
| | - Jorge F Beltran
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de la Frontera, Francisco Salazar 1145, 4811230, Temuco, Región de la Araucanía, Chile
| | - Lisandra Herrera Belén
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Argyro Tsipa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jorge G Farias
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de la Frontera, Francisco Salazar 1145, 4811230, Temuco, Región de la Araucanía, Chile
| | - Mauricio Zamorano
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de la Frontera, Francisco Salazar 1145, 4811230, Temuco, Región de la Araucanía, Chile.
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10
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Shishparenok AN, Gladilina YA, Zhdanov DD. Engineering and Expression Strategies for Optimization of L-Asparaginase Development and Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15220. [PMID: 37894901 PMCID: PMC10607044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering for heterologous expression has advanced in recent years. Model systems such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Pichia pastoris are often used as host microorganisms for the enzymatic production of L-asparaginase, an enzyme widely used in the clinic for the treatment of leukemia and in bakeries for the reduction of acrylamide. Newly developed recombinant L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) may have a low affinity for asparagine, reduced catalytic activity, low stability, and increased glutaminase activity or immunogenicity. Some successful commercial preparations of L-ASNase are now available. Therefore, obtaining novel L-ASNases with improved properties suitable for food or clinical applications remains a challenge. The combination of rational design and/or directed evolution and heterologous expression has been used to create enzymes with desired characteristics. Computer design, combined with other methods, could make it possible to generate mutant libraries of novel L-ASNases without costly and time-consuming efforts. In this review, we summarize the strategies and approaches for obtaining and developing L-ASNase with improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya N. Shishparenok
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.S.); (Y.A.G.)
| | - Yulia A. Gladilina
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.S.); (Y.A.G.)
| | - Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya St. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.S.); (Y.A.G.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University), Miklukho—Maklaya St. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Anticancer Asparaginases: Perspectives in Using Filamentous Fungi as Cell Factories. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolase) catalyzes the breakdown of L-asparagine into aspartate and ammonia, which leads to an anti-neoplastic activity stemming from its capacity to deplete L-asparagine concentrations in the bloodstream, and it is therefore used in cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) to inhibit malignant cell growth. Nowadays, this anti-cancer enzyme, largely produced by Escherichia coli, is well established on the market. However, E. coli L-asparaginase therapy has side effects such as anaphylaxis, coagulation abnormality, low plasma half-life, hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, protease action, hyperglycemia, and cerebral dysfunction. This review provides a perspective on the use of filamentous fungi as alternative cell factories for L-asparaginase production. Filamentous fungi, such as various Aspergillus species, have superior protein secretion capacity compared to yeast and bacteria and studies show their potential for the future production of proteins with humanized N-linked glycans. This article explores the past and present applications of this important enzyme and discusses the prospects for using filamentous fungi to produce safe eukaryotic asparaginases with high production yields.
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12
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Comparative structural and kinetic study for development of a novel candidate L-asparaginase based pharmaceutical. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2023.108806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Sharma A, Kaushik V, Goel M. Insights into the Distribution and Functional Properties of l-Asparaginase in the Archaeal Domain and Characterization of Picrophilus torridus Asparaginase Belonging to the Novel Family Asp2like1. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40750-40765. [PMID: 36406543 PMCID: PMC9670692 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
l-Asparaginase catalyzes the hydrolysis of l-asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia and is used in the medical and food industries. In this investigation, from the proteomes of 176 archaeal organisms (with completely sequenced genomes), 116 homologs of l-asparaginase were obtained from 86 archaeal organisms segregated into Asp1, Asp2, IaaA, Asp2like1, and Asp2like2 families based on the conserved domain. The similarities and differences in the structure of selected representatives from each family are discussed. From the two novel archaeal l-asparaginase families Asp2like1 and Asp2like2, a representative of Asp2like1 family Picrophilus torridus asparaginase (PtAsp2like1) was characterized in detail to find its suitability in therapeutics. PtAsp2like1 was a glutaminase-free asparaginase that showed the optimum activity at 80 °C and pH 10.0. The Km of PtAsp2like1 toward substrate l-asparagine was 11.69 mM. This study demonstrates the improved mapping of asparaginases in the archaeal domain, facilitating future focused research on archaeal asparaginases for therapeutic applications.
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14
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Chi H, Xia B, Shen J, Zhu X, Lu Z, Lu F, Zhu P. Characterization of a novel and glutaminase-free type II L-asparaginase from Corynebacterium glutamicum and its acrylamide alleviation efficiency in potato chips. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:1384-1393. [PMID: 36130640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Type II L-asparaginase as a pivotal enzyme agent has been applied to treating for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and efficient mitigation of acrylamide formed in fried and baked foods. However, low activity, narrow range of pH stability, as well as undesirable glutaminase activity hinder the applications of this enzyme. In our work, A novel type II L-asparaginase (CgASNase) from Corynebacterium glutamicum with molecular mass of about 35 kDa was chosen to express in E. coli. CgASNase shared only 27 % structural identity with the reported L-asparaginase from Helicobacter pylori. The purified CgASNase showed the highest specific activity of 1979.08 IU mg-1 to L-asparagine, compared with reported type II ASNases in the literature. CgASNase displayed superior stability at a wide pH range from 5.0 to 11.0, and retained about 76 % of its activity at 30 °C for 30 min. The kinetic parameters Km (Michaelis constant), kcat (turnover number), and kcat/Km (catalytic efficiency) values of 4.66 mM, 79,697.40 min-1, and 17,102.45 mM-1 min-1, respectively. More importantly, CgASNase exhibited strict substrate specificity towards L-asparagine, no detectable activity to l-glutamine. To explore its ability to catalyze L-asparagine, CgASNase was supplied in frying potato chips, which produced the fries with 84 % less acrylamide content compared with no supply. These findings suggest that CgASNase presents excellent properties for chemotherapy against diseases and great potential in the food processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibing Chi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bingjie Xia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Shen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fengxia Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ping Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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15
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Chakravarty N, Sharma M, Kumar P, Singh RP. Biochemical and molecular insights on the bioactivity and binding interactions of Bacillus australimaris NJB19 L-asparaginase. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:1-11. [PMID: 35718140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
L-asparaginase, an antileukemic enzyme, is indispensable to the treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). However, the intrinsic glutaminase activity entails various side effects to the patients; thus, an improved version of the enzyme lacking glutaminase activity would be a requisite for effective treatment management of ALL. The present study highlights the biochemical and molecular characteristics of the recombinant glutaminase-free L-asparaginase from Bacillus australimaris NJB19 (BaAsp). Investigation of the active site architecture of the protein unraveled the binding interactions of BaAsp with its substrate. Comparative analysis of the L-asparaginase sequences revealed few substitutions of key amino acids in the BaAsp that could construe its substrate selectivity and specificity. The purified heterologously expressed protein (42 kDa) displayed maximum L-asparaginase activity at 35-40 °C and pH 8.5-9, with no observed L-glutaminase activity. The kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax, were determined as 45.6 μM and 0.16 μmoles min-1, respectively. Furthermore, in silico analysis revealed a conserved zinc-binding site in the protein, which is generally implicated in inhibiting the L-asparaginase activity. However, BaAsp was not inhibited by zinc at 1 mM concentration. Therefore, the findings provide insights on the biochemical and molecular details of BaAsp, which could be valuable in formulating it for alternate antileukemic drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Chakravarty
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - R P Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India.
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16
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Pokrovskaya MV, Pokrovsky VS, Aleksandrova SS, Sokolov NN, Zhdanov DD. Molecular Analysis of L-Asparaginases for Clarification of the Mechanism of Action and Optimization of Pharmacological Functions. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030599. [PMID: 35335974 PMCID: PMC8948990 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginases (EC 3.5.1.1) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia. These proteins with different biochemical, physicochemical and pharmacological properties are found in many organisms, including bacteria, fungi, algae, plants and mammals. To date, asparaginases from E. coli and Dickeya dadantii (formerly known as Erwinia chrysanthemi) are widely used in hematology for the treatment of lymphoblastic leukemias. However, their medical use is limited by side effects associated with the ability of these enzymes to hydrolyze L-glutamine, as well as the development of immune reactions. To solve these issues, gene-editing methods to introduce amino-acid substitutions of the enzyme are implemented. In this review, we focused on molecular analysis of the mechanism of enzyme action and to optimize the antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V. Pokrovskaya
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Vadim S. Pokrovsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Combined Treatment, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Kashirskoe Shosse 24, 115478 Moscow, Russia
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, Olimpiisky Prospect 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Svetlana S. Aleksandrova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Nikolay N. Sokolov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (N.N.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence:
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17
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Sindhu R, Manonmani HK. L-asparaginase mediated therapy in L-asparagine auxotrophic cancers: A review. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2022; 22:2393-2410. [PMID: 34994334 DOI: 10.2174/1871520622666220106103336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial L-asparaginase is the most effective first-line therapeutic used in the treatment protocols of paediatric and adult leukemia. Leukemic cell's auxotrophy for L-asparagine is exploited as a therapeutic strategy to mediate cell death through metabolic blockade of L-asparagine using L-asparaginase. Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi serve as the major enzyme deriving sources accepted in clinical practise and the enzyme has bestowed improvements in patient outcomes over the last 40 years. However, an array of side effects generated by the native enzymes due to glutamine co-catalysis and short serum stays augmenting frequent dosages, intended a therapeutic switch towards the development of biobetter alternatives for the enzyme including the formulations resulting in sustained local depletion of L-asparagine. In addition, the treatment with L-asparaginase in few cancer types has proven to elicit drug-induced cytoprotective autophagy mechanisms and therefore warrants concern. Although the off-target glutamine hydrolysis has been viewed in contributing the drug-induced secondary responses in cells deficient with asparagine synthetase machinery, the beneficial role of glutaminase-asparaginase in proliferative regulation of asparagine prototrophic cells has been looked forward. The current review provides an overview on the enzyme's clinical applications in leukemia and possible therapeutic implications in other solid tumours, recent advancements in drug formulations, and discusses the aspects of two-sided roles of glutaminase-asparaginases and drug-induced cytoprotective autophagy mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu R
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS-AHER, Mysuru-570015, Karnataka, India
| | - H K Manonmani
- Food Protectants and Infestation Control Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru-570020, Karnataka, India
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18
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Tundisi LL, Coêlho DDF, Faria AVDS, Pessoa Junior A, Tambourgi EB, Nascimento LDO, Silveira E, Mazzola PG. Two-Step Purification of L-Asparaginase from Acrylaway® L. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e191042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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19
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Dumina M, Zhgun A, Pokrovskaya M, Aleksandrova S, Zhdanov D, Sokolov N, El’darov M. Highly Active Thermophilic L-Asparaginase from Melioribacter roseus Represents a Novel Large Group of Type II Bacterial L-Asparaginases from Chlorobi-Ignavibacteriae-Bacteroidetes Clade. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13632. [PMID: 34948436 PMCID: PMC8709496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) is a biotechnologically relevant enzyme for the pharmaceutical, biosensor and food industries. Efforts to discover new promising L-ASNases for different fields of biotechnology have turned this group of enzymes into a growing family with amazing diversity. Here, we report that thermophile Melioribacter roseus from Ignavibacteriae of the Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi group possesses two L-ASNases-bacterial type II (MrAII) and plant-type (MrAIII). The current study is focused on a novel L-ASNase MrAII that was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and characterized. The enzyme is optimally active at 70 °C and pH 9.3, with a high L-asparaginase activity of 1530 U/mg and L-glutaminase activity ~19% of the activity compared with L-asparagine. The kinetic parameters KM and Vmax for the enzyme were 1.4 mM and 5573 µM/min, respectively. The change in MrAII activity was not significant in the presence of 10 mM Ni2+, Mg2+ or EDTA, but increased with the addition of Cu2+ and Ca2+ by 56% and 77%, respectively, and was completely inhibited by Zn2+, Fe3+ or urea solutions 2-8 M. MrAII displays differential cytotoxic activity: cancer cell lines K562, Jurkat, LnCap, and SCOV-3 were more sensitive to MrAII treatment, compared with normal cells. MrAII represents the first described enzyme of a large group of uncharacterized counterparts from the Chlorobi-Ignavibacteriae-Bacteroidetes clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dumina
- Group of Fungal Genetic Engineering, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander Zhgun
- Group of Fungal Genetic Engineering, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Marina Pokrovskaya
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (S.A.); (D.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Svetlana Aleksandrova
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (S.A.); (D.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Dmitry Zhdanov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (S.A.); (D.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Nikolay Sokolov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.P.); (S.A.); (D.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Michael El’darov
- Group of Fungal Genetic Engineering, Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia;
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20
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Loch JI, Imiolczyk B, Sliwiak J, Wantuch A, Bejger M, Gilski M, Jaskolski M. Crystal structures of the elusive Rhizobium etli L-asparaginase reveal a peculiar active site. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6717. [PMID: 34795296 PMCID: PMC8602277 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobium etli, a nitrogen-fixing bacterial symbiont of legume plants, encodes an essential L-asparaginase (ReAV) with no sequence homology to known enzymes with this activity. High-resolution crystal structures of ReAV show indeed a structurally distinct, dimeric enzyme, with some resemblance to glutaminases and β-lactamases. However, ReAV has no glutaminase or lactamase activity, and at pH 9 its allosteric asparaginase activity is relatively high, with Km for L-Asn at 4.2 mM and kcat of 438 s-1. The active site of ReAV, deduced from structural comparisons and confirmed by mutagenesis experiments, contains a highly specific Zn2+ binding site without a catalytic role. The extensive active site includes residues with unusual chemical properties. There are two Ser-Lys tandems, all connected through a network of H-bonds to the Zn center, and three tightly bound water molecules near Ser48, which clearly indicate the catalytic nucleophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna I Loch
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Imiolczyk
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Sliwiak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Wantuch
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bejger
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Gilski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
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21
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Baral A, Gorkhali R, Basnet A, Koirala S, Bhattarai HK. Selection of the Optimal L-asparaginase II Against Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: An In Silico Approach. JMIRX MED 2021; 2:e29844. [PMID: 37725538 PMCID: PMC10414282 DOI: 10.2196/29844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-asparaginase II (asnB), a periplasmic protein commercially extracted from E coli and Erwinia, is often used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia. L-asparaginase is an enzyme that converts L-asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia. Cancer cells are dependent on asparagine from other sources for growth, and when these cells are deprived of asparagine by the action of the enzyme, the cancer cells selectively die. OBJECTIVE Questions remain as to whether asnB from E coli and Erwinia is the best asparaginase as they have many side effects. asnBs with the lowest Michaelis constant (Km; most potent) and lowest immunogenicity are considered the most optimal enzymes. In this paper, we have attempted the development of a method to screen for optimal enzymes that are better than commercially available enzymes. METHODS In this paper, the asnB sequence of E coli was used to search for homologous proteins in different bacterial and archaeal phyla, and a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed. The sequences that are most distant from E coli and Erwinia were considered the best candidates in terms of immunogenicity and were chosen for further processing. The structures of these proteins were built by homology modeling, and asparagine was docked with these proteins to calculate the binding energy. RESULTS asnBs from Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces venezuelae, and Streptomyces collinus were found to have the highest binding energy (-5.3 kcal/mol, -5.2 kcal/mol, and -5.3 kcal/mol, respectively; higher than the E coli and Erwinia asnBs) and were predicted to have the lowest Kms, as we found that there is an inverse relationship between binding energy and Km. Besides predicting the most optimal asparaginase, this technique can also be used to predict the most optimal enzymes where the substrate is known and the structure of one of the homologs is solved. CONCLUSIONS We have devised an in silico method to predict the enzyme kinetics from a sequence of an enzyme along with being able to screen for optimal alternative asnBs against acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adesh Baral
- Department of Biotechnology, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Ritesh Gorkhali
- Department of Biotechnology, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Amit Basnet
- Department of Biotechnology, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Shubham Koirala
- Department of Biotechnology, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
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22
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Wang Y, Xu W, Wu H, Zhang W, Guang C, Mu W. Microbial production, molecular modification, and practical application of l-Asparaginase: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:975-983. [PMID: 34293360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
L-Asparaginase (L-ASNase, EC 3.5.1.1), an antitumor drug for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy, is widely used in the clinical field. Similarly, L-ASNase is also a powerful and significant biological tool in the food industry to inhibit acrylamide (AA) formation. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest achievements and improvements in the production, modification, and application of microbial L-ASNase. To date, the expression levels and optimization of expression hosts such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Pichia pastoris, have made significant progress. In addition, examples of successful modification of L-ASNase such as decreasing glutaminase activity, increasing the in vivo stability, and enhancing thermostability have been presented. Impressively, the application of L-ASNase as a food addition aid, as well as its commercialization in the pharmaceutical field, and cutting-edge biosensor application developments have been summarized. The presented results and proposed ideas could be a good guide for other L-ASNase researchers in both scientific and practical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Loch JI, Jaskolski M. Structural and biophysical aspects of l-asparaginases: a growing family with amazing diversity. IUCRJ 2021; 8:514-531. [PMID: 34258001 PMCID: PMC8256714 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252521006011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
l-Asparaginases have remained an intriguing research topic since their discovery ∼120 years ago, especially after their introduction in the 1960s as very efficient antileukemic drugs. In addition to bacterial asparaginases, which are still used to treat childhood leukemia, enzymes of plant and mammalian origin are now also known. They have all been structurally characterized by crystallography, in some cases at outstanding resolution. The structural data have also shed light on the mechanistic details of these deceptively simple enzymes. Yet, despite all this progress, no better therapeutic agents have been found to beat bacterial asparaginases. However, a new option might arise with the discovery of yet another type of asparaginase, those from symbiotic nitrogen-fixing Rhizobia, and with progress in the protein engineering of enzymes with desired properties. This review surveys the field of structural biology of l-asparaginases, focusing on the mechanistic aspects of the well established types and speculating about the potential of the new members of this amazingly diversified family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna I. Loch
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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24
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Lubkowski J, Wlodawer A. Structural and biochemical properties of L-asparaginase. FEBS J 2021; 288:4183-4209. [PMID: 34060231 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
l-Asparaginase (a hydrolase converting l-asparagine to l-aspartic acid) was the first enzyme to be used in clinical practice as an anticancer agent after its approval in 1978 as a component of a treatment protocol for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Structural and biochemical properties of l-asparaginases have been extensively investigated during the last half-century, providing an accurate structural description of the enzyme isolated from a variety of sources, as well as clarifying the mechanism of its activity. This review provides a critical assessment of the current state of knowledge of primarily structural, but also selected biochemical properties of 'bacterial-type' l-asparaginases from different organisms. The most extensively studied members of this enzyme family are l-asparaginases highly homologous to one of the two enzymes from Escherichia coli (usually referred to as EcAI and EcAII). Members of this enzyme family, although often called bacterial-type l-asparaginases, have been also identified in such divergent organisms as archaea or eukarya. Over 100 structural models of l-asparaginases have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank during the last 30 years. One of the prime achievements of structure-centered approaches was the elucidation of the details of the mechanism of enzymatic action of this unique hydrolase that utilizes a side chain of threonine as the primary nucleophile. The molecular basis of other important properties of these enzymes, such as their substrate specificity, is still being evaluated. Results of structural and mechanistic studies of l-asparaginases are being utilized in efforts to improve the clinical properties of this important anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Lubkowski
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
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25
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Castro D, Marques ASC, Almeida MR, de Paiva GB, Bento HBS, Pedrolli DB, Freire MG, Tavares APM, Santos-Ebinuma VC. L-asparaginase production review: bioprocess design and biochemical characteristics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4515-4534. [PMID: 34059941 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, the production of biopharmaceuticals has gained high interest due to its great sensitivity, specificity, and lower risk of negative effects to patients. Biopharmaceuticals are mostly therapeutic recombinant proteins produced through biotechnological processes. In this context, L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolase, L-ASNase (E.C. 3.5.1.1)) is a therapeutic enzyme that has been abundantly studied by researchers due to its antineoplastic properties. As a biopharmaceutical, L-ASNase has been used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), and other lymphoid malignancies, in combination with other drugs. Besides its application as a biopharmaceutical, this enzyme is widely used in food processing industries as an acrylamide mitigation agent and as a biosensor for the detection of L-asparagine in physiological fluids at nano-levels. The great demand for L-ASNase is supplied by recombinant enzymes from Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi. However, production processes are associated to low yields and proteins associated to immunogenicity problems, which leads to the search for a better enzyme source. Considering the L-ASNase pharmacological and food importance, this review provides an overview of the current biotechnological developments in L-ASNase production and biochemical characterization aiming to improve the knowledge about its production. KEY POINTS: • Microbial enzyme applications as biopharmaceutical and in food industry • Biosynthesis process: from the microorganism to bioreactor technology • Enzyme activity and kinetic properties: crucial for the final application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castro
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia C Marques
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mafalda R Almeida
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gabriela B de Paiva
- Department of Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Heitor B S Bento
- Department of Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Danielle B Pedrolli
- Department of Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Mara G Freire
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana P M Tavares
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Valéria C Santos-Ebinuma
- Department of Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil.
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27
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Isolation and Characterization of Probiotic Bacillus subtilis MKHJ 1-1 Possessing L-Asparaginase Activity. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11104466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to isolate functional Bacillus strains from Korean fermented soybeans and to evaluate their potential as probiotics. The L-asparaginase activity of MKHJ 1-1 was the highest among 162 Bacillus strains. This strain showed nonhemolysis and did not produce β-glucuronidase. Among the nine target bacteria, MKHJ 1-1 inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis resulted in MKHJ 1-1 identified as Bacillus subtilis subsp. stercoris D7XPN1. As a result of measuring the survival rate in 0.1% pepsin solution (pH 2.5) and 0.3% bile salt solution for 3 h, MKHJ 1-1 exhibited high acid resistance and was able to grow in the presence of bile salt. MKHJ 1-1 showed outstanding autoaggregation ability after 24 h. In addition, its coaggregation with pathogens was strong. Therefore, MKHJ 1-1 is a potential probiotic with L-asparaginase activity and without L-glutaminase activity, suggesting that it could be a new resource for use in the food and pharmaceutical industry.
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Circumventing the side effects of L-asparaginase. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111616. [PMID: 33932739 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase is an enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of asparagine and successfully used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. L-asparaginase toxicity is either related to hypersensitivity to the foreign protein or to a secondary L-glutaminase activity that causes inhibition of protein synthesis. PEGylated versions have been incorporated into the treatment protocols to reduce immunogenicity and an alternative L-asparaginase derived from Dickeya chrysanthemi is used in patients with anaphylactic reactions to the E. coli L-asparaginase. Alternative approaches commonly explore new sources of the enzyme as well as the use of protein engineering techniques to create less immunogenic, more stable variants with lower L-glutaminase activity. This article reviews the main strategies used to overcome L-asparaginase shortcomings and introduces recent tools that can be used to create therapeutic enzymes with improved features.
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Díaz-Barriga C, Villanueva-Flores F, Quester K, Zárate-Romero A, Cadena-Nava RD, Huerta-Saquero A. Asparaginase-Phage P22 Nanoreactors: Toward a Biobetter Development for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050604. [PMID: 33922106 PMCID: PMC8170886 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparaginase (ASNase) is a biopharmaceutical for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) treatment. However, it shows undesirable side effects such as short lifetimes, susceptibility to proteases, and immunogenicity. Here, ASNase encapsidation was genetically directed in bacteriophage P22-based virus-like particles (VLPs) (ASNase-P22 nanoreactors) as a strategy to overcome these challenges. ASNase-P22 was composed of 58.4 ± 7.9% of coat protein and 41.6 ± 8.1% of tetrameric ASNase. Km and Kcat values of ASNase-P22 were 15- and 2-fold higher than those obtained for the free enzyme, respectively. Resulting Kcat/Km value was 2.19 × 105 M−1 s−1. ASNase-P22 showed an aggregation of 60% of the volume sample when incubated at 37 °C for 12 days. In comparison, commercial asparaginase was completely aggregated under the same conditions. ASNase-P22 was stable for up to 24 h at 37 °C, independent of the presence of human blood serum (HBS) or whether ASNase-P22 nanoreactors were uncoated or PEGylated. Finally, we found that ASNase-P22 caused cytotoxicity in the leukemic cell line MOLT-4 in a concentration dependent manner. To our knowledge, this is the first work where ASNase is encapsulated inside of VLPs, as a promising alternative to fight ALL.
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da Silva LS, Doonan LB, Pessoa A, de Oliveira MA, Long PF. Structural and functional diversity of asparaginases: Overview and recommendations for a revised nomenclature. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:503-513. [PMID: 33624365 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Asparaginases (ASNases) are a large and structurally diverse group of enzymes ubiquitous amongst archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes, that catalyze hydrolysis of asparagine to aspartate and ammonia. Bacterial ASNases are important biopharmaceuticals for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, although some patients experience adverse allergic side effects during treatment with these protein therapeutics. ASNases are currently divided into three families: plant-type ASNases, Rhizobium etli-type ASNases and bacterial-type ASNases. This system is outdated as both bacterial-type and plant-type families also include archaeal, bacterial and eukaryotic enzymes, each with their own distinct characteristics. Herein, phylogenetic studies allied to tertiary structural analyses are described with the aim of proposing a revised and more robust classification system that considers the biochemical diversity of ASNases. Accordingly, based on distinct peptide domains, phylogenetic data, structural analysis and functional characteristics, we recommend that ASNases now be divided into three new distinct classes containing subgroups according to structural and functional aspects. Using this new classification scheme, 25 ASNases were identified as candidates for future new lead discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Schultz da Silva
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Liam B Doonan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Departamento de Tecnologia Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paul F Long
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK.,Departamento de Tecnologia Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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31
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Sobat M, Asad S, Kabiri M, Mehrshad M. Metagenomic discovery and functional validation of L-asparaginases with anti-leukemic effect from the Caspian Sea. iScience 2021; 24:101973. [PMID: 33458619 PMCID: PMC7797908 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
By screening 27,000 publicly available prokaryotic genomes, we recovered ca. 6300 type I and ca. 5200 type II putative L-asparaginase highlighting the vast potential of prokaryotes. Caspian water with similar salt composition to the human serum was targeted for in silico L-asparaginase screening. We screened ca. three million predicted genes of its assembled metagenomes that resulted in annotation of 87 putative L-asparaginase genes. The L-asparagine hydrolysis was experimentally confirmed by synthesizing and cloning three selected genes in E. coli. Catalytic parameters of the purified enzymes were determined to be among the most desirable reported values. Two recombinant enzymes represented remarkable anti-proliferative activity (IC50 <1IU/ml) against leukemia cell line Jurkat while no cytotoxic effect on human erythrocytes or human umbilical vein endothelial cells was detected. Similar salinity and ionic concentration of the Caspian water to the human serum highlights the potential of secretory L-asparaginases recovered from these metagenomes as potential treatment agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motahareh Sobat
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Asad
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Kabiri
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Mehrshad
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Limnology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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32
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Wang Z, Xie Q, Zhou H, Zhang M, Shen J, Ju D. Amino Acid Degrading Enzymes and Autophagy in Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:582587. [PMID: 33510635 PMCID: PMC7836011 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.582587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been renewed interest in metabolic therapy for cancer, particularly in amino acid deprivation by enzymes. L-asparaginase was approved for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Arginine deiminase and recombinant human arginase have been developed into clinical trials as potential cancer therapeutic agents for the treatment of arginine-auxotrophic tumors. Moreover, other novel amino acid degrading enzymes, such as glutaminase, methionase, lysine oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, have been developed for the treatment of malignant cancers. One of the greatest obstacles faced by anticancer drugs is the development of drug resistance, which is reported to be associated with autophagy. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that is responsible for the degradation of dysfunctional proteins and organelles. There is a growing body of literature revealing that, in response to metabolism stress, autophagy could be induced by amino acid deprivation. The manipulation of autophagy in combination with amino acid degrading enzymes is actively being investigated as a potential therapeutic approach in preclinical studies. Importantly, shedding light on how autophagy fuels tumor metabolism during amino acid deprivation will enable more potential combinational therapeutic strategies. This study summarizes recent advances, discussing several potential anticancer enzymes, and highlighting the promising combined therapeutic strategy of amino acid degrading enzymes and autophagy modulators in tumors
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghong Xie
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
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33
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Aly N, El-Ahwany A, Ataya FS, Saeed H. Bacillus sonorensis L. Asparaginase: Cloning, Expression in E. coli and Characterization. Protein J 2020; 39:717-729. [PMID: 33106988 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-020-09932-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginases (L-ASNases; EC 3.5.1.1) are aminohydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of L-asparagine (L-Asn) to L-aspartic acid and ammonia, resulting in the death of acute lymphoblastic leukemic cells and other blood cancer cells. In this study, Bacillus sonorensis (accession number MK523484) uncharacterized L-ASNase gene (accession number MN562875) was isolated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloned into pET28a (+) vector, and expressed in Escherichia coli as a cytosolic protein. The recombinant enzyme was purified by affinity chromatography at 23.79-fold and 49.37% recovery. Denaturing polyacrylamide gel (10%) analysis of the purified enzyme resulted in a single protein band at 36 kDa that immunoreacted strongly with 6His-tag monoclonal antibody. The purified enzyme exhibited optimal activity at 45 °C and pH 7.0 and retained 92% and 85% of its initial activity after incubation for 60 min at 37 °C and 45 °C, respectively. The purified enzyme exhibited substrate specificity toward L-asparagine and low glutaminase activity (15.72%) toward L-glutamine at a concentration of 10 mM. The Km and Vmax values were 2.004 mM and 3723 µmol min1-, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Aly
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amani El-Ahwany
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Farid Shokry Ataya
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Bld. 5, Lab AA10, P.O. Box: 2454, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St. (former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hesham Saeed
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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34
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Strzelczyk P, Zhang D, Dyba M, Wlodawer A, Lubkowski J. Generalized enzymatic mechanism of catalysis by tetrameric L-asparaginases from mesophilic bacteria. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17516. [PMID: 33060684 PMCID: PMC7567106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of catalysis by the L-glutaminase-asparaginase from Pseudomonas 7A (PGA) was investigated using structural, mass spectrometry, and kinetic data. We had previously proposed mechanism of hydrolysis of L-Asn by the type II L-asparaginase from E. coli (EcAII), but that work was limited to just one enzyme. Based on results presented in this report, we postulate that all homotetrameric L-asparaginases from mesophilic bacteria utilize a common ping-pong mechanism of catalysis consisting of two subsequent nucleophilic substitutions. Several new structures of non-covalent complexes of PGA with different substrates, as well as structures of covalent acyl-enzyme intermediates of PGA with canonical substrates (L-Asp and L-Glu) and an opportunistic ligand, a citrate anion, were determined. The results of kinetic experiments monitored by high-resolution LC/MS, when combined with new structural data, clearly show that the reaction catalyzed by L-glutaminase-asparaginases proceeds through formation of a covalent intermediate, as observed previously for EcAII. Additionally, by showing that the same mechanism applies to L-Asn and L-Gln, we postulate that it is common for all these structurally related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Strzelczyk
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Di Zhang
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Marzena Dyba
- Basic Science Program, Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jacek Lubkowski
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
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35
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Costa-Silva T, Costa I, Biasoto H, Lima G, Silva C, Pessoa A, Monteiro G. Critical overview of the main features and techniques used for the evaluation of the clinical applicability of L-asparaginase as a biopharmaceutical to treat blood cancer. Blood Rev 2020; 43:100651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2020.100651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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36
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Saeed H, Hemida A, El-Nikhely N, Abdel-Fattah M, Shalaby M, Hussein A, Eldoksh A, Ataya F, Aly N, Labrou N, Nematalla H. Highly efficient Pyrococcus furiosus recombinant L-asparaginase with no glutaminase activity: Expression, purification, functional characterization, and cytotoxicity on THP-1, A549 and Caco-2 cell lines. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 156:812-828. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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37
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Dumina MV, Eldarov MA, Zdanov DD, Sokolov NN. [L-asparaginases of extremophilic microorganisms in biomedicine]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2020; 66:105-123. [PMID: 32420891 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20206602105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase is extensively used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and several other lymphoproliferative diseases. In addition to its biomedical application, L-asparaginase is also of prospective use in food industry to reduce the formation of acrylamide, which is classified as probably neurotoxic and carcinogenic to human, and in biosensors for determination of L-asparagine level in medicine and food chemistry. The importance of L-asparaginases in different fields, disadvantages of commercial ferments, and the fact that they are widespread in nature stimuli the search for biobetter L-asparaginases from new producing microorganisms. In this regard, extremofile microorganisms exhibit unique physiological properties such as thermal stability, adaptability to extreme cold conditions, salt and pH tolerance and so provide one of the most valuable sources for novel L-asparaginases. The present review summarizes the recent results on studying the structural, functional, physicochemical and kinetic properties, stability of extremophilic L-asparaginases in comparison with their mesophilic homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Dumina
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Eldarov
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - D D Zdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - N N Sokolov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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38
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Lubkowski J, Vanegas J, Chan WK, Lorenzi PL, Weinstein JN, Sukharev S, Fushman D, Rempe S, Anishkin A, Wlodawer A. Mechanism of Catalysis by l-Asparaginase. Biochemistry 2020; 59:1927-1945. [PMID: 32364696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two bacterial type II l-asparaginases, from Escherichia coli and Dickeya chrysanthemi, have played a critical role for more than 40 years as therapeutic agents against juvenile leukemias and lymphomas. Despite a long history of successful pharmacological applications and the apparent simplicity of the catalytic reaction, controversies still exist regarding major steps of the mechanism. In this report, we provide a detailed description of the reaction catalyzed by E. coli type II l-asparaginase (EcAII). Our model was developed on the basis of new structural and biochemical experiments combined with previously published data. The proposed mechanism is supported by quantum chemistry calculations based on density functional theory. We provide strong evidence that EcAII catalyzes the reaction according to the double-displacement (ping-pong) mechanism, with formation of a covalent intermediate. Several steps of catalysis by EcAII are unique when compared to reactions catalyzed by other known hydrolytic enzymes. Here, the reaction is initiated by a weak nucleophile, threonine, without direct assistance of a general base, although a distant general base is identified. Furthermore, tetrahedral intermediates formed during the catalytic process are stabilized by a never previously described motif. Although the scheme of the catalytic mechanism was developed only on the basis of data obtained from EcAII and its variants, this novel mechanism of enzymatic hydrolysis could potentially apply to most (and possibly all) l-asparaginases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Lubkowski
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Juan Vanegas
- Department of Physics, The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05408, United States
| | - Wai-Kin Chan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Philip L Lorenzi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - John N Weinstein
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Sergei Sukharev
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - David Fushman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Susan Rempe
- Center for Biological and Engineering Sciences, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Andriy Anishkin
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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Karamitros CS, Morvan M, Vigne A, Lim J, Gruner P, Beneyton T, Vrignon J, Baret JC. Bacterial Expression Systems for Enzymatic Activity in Droplet-Based Microfluidics. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4908-4916. [PMID: 31909981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Functional screenings in droplet-based microfluidics require the analysis of various types of activities of individual cells. When screening for enzymatic activities, the link between the enzyme of interest and the information-baring molecule, the DNA, must be maintained to relate phenotypes to genotypes. This linkage is crucial in directed evolution experiments or for the screening of natural diversity. Micro-organisms are classically used to express enzymes from nucleic acid sequences. However, little information is available regarding the most suitable expression system for the sensitive detection of enzymatic activity at the single-cell level in droplet-based microfluidics. Here, we compare three different expression systems for l-asparaginase (l-asparagine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.1), an enzyme of therapeutic interest that catalyzes the conversion of l-asparagine to l-aspartic acid and ammonia. We developed three expression vectors to produce and localize l-asparaginase (l-ASNase) in E. coli either in the cytoplasm, on the surface of the inner membrane (display), or in the periplasm. We show that the periplasmic expression is the most optimal strategy combining both a good yield and a good accessibility for the substrate without the need for lysing the cells. We suggest that periplasmic expression may provide a very efficient platform for screening applications at the single-cell level in microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos S Karamitros
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, D37077 Goettingen, Germany.,Aeglea Biotherapeutics, 901 S MoPac Expy #250, Austin, Texas 78746, United States
| | - Mickaël Morvan
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CRPP, UMR5031, 115 Avenue Albert Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Aurélie Vigne
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CRPP, UMR5031, 115 Avenue Albert Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Jiseok Lim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Philipp Gruner
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, D37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Beneyton
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CRPP, UMR5031, 115 Avenue Albert Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Jérémy Vrignon
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CRPP, UMR5031, 115 Avenue Albert Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Baret
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CRPP, UMR5031, 115 Avenue Albert Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, 1 Rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
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Molecular docking study of L-Asparaginase I from Vibrio campbellii in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2020-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The potential use of asparaginases has gained tremendous significance in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Earlier studies suggest L-asparaginases (L-ASP) extracted from Escherichia coli and Erwinia aroideae regulates L-asparagine (L-Asn) from the circulating blood. Prolonged exposure to these enzymes may lead to hypersensitivity reactions. So, it is important to find novel asparaginases with anti-cancer properties. The three-dimensional structure of L-ASP I from Vibrio campbellii was determined by homology modeling using EasyModeller v.4.0. The structure was validated with quality indexing tools and was deposited in Protein Model DataBase. Molecular docking was performed between L-ASP I and ligand substrate L-Asn to study enzyme-substrate interactions. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of L-ASP I enzyme was found to be reliable and stable with a significant protein quality factor (LG score: 7.129). The enzyme is a dimer, belongs to α/β class of proteins. The active sites comprises of N-glycosylation site and a catalytic triad (T14-S117-D92). The binding energy of the docked complex was calculated to be -7.45 kcal/mol. The amino acid T14 identified as a primary nucleophile essential for catalytic reaction. The enzyme L-ASP I of V. campbellii provides a detailed view of structure and functional aspects with ligand substrate L-Asn. This in silico investigation has explicitly demonstrated for the first time that cytosolic L-ASP Type I of V. campbellii to have a catalytic triad which was attributed only to periplasmic L-ASP Type II. Thus, L-ASP I can serve as anti-leukemic agent in the treatment, management and control of ALL.
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Effect of chemical modification with carboxymethyl dextran on kinetic and structural properties of L-asparaginase. Anal Biochem 2019; 591:113537. [PMID: 31821805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
l-asparaginase is a chemotherapy agent in the treatment of childhood leukemia. l-asparaginase has several side effects and a short blood half-life in patients. Chemical modification of l-asparaginase can decrease its side effects and improve its pharmacokinetic properties. The aim of this project was twofold: to chemically modify l-asparaginase with carboxymethyl dextran via carbodiimide cross linker, and to evaluate and compare the biochemical and structural properties of the native and modified enzymes. Chemical modification was done at 25 °C, in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, and in the presence of N-hydroxysuccinimide and carbodiimide. Electrophoresis and free amino groups determination confirmed the chemical modification. Biochemical studies showed that the chemical modification could result in higher specific activity and stability of the modified enzyme. Structural studies further confirmed the chemical modification and revealed conformational changes in the modified enzyme. Taken together, the results showed that chemical modification with carboxymethyl dextran brings about improvement of biochemical properties through several changes in the structural attributes of l-asparaginase and might enhance its applicability in the treatment of childhood leukemia.
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What makes a good new therapeutic l-asparaginase? World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:152. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Pokrovsky VS, Chepikova OE, Davydov DZ, Zamyatnin AA, Lukashev AN, Lukasheva EV. Amino Acid Degrading Enzymes and their Application in Cancer Therapy. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:446-464. [PMID: 28990519 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171006132729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amino acids are essential components in various biochemical pathways. The deprivation of certain amino acids is an antimetabolite strategy for the treatment of amino acid-dependent cancers which exploits the compromised metabolism of malignant cells. Several studies have focused on the development and preclinical and clinical evaluation of amino acid degrading enzymes, namely L-asparaginase, L-methionine γ-lyase, L-arginine deiminase, L-lysine α-oxidase. Further research into cancer cell metabolism may therefore define possible targets for controlling tumor growth. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review was to summarize recent progress in the relationship between amino acids metabolism and cancer therapy, with a particular focus on Lasparagine, L-methionine, L-arginine and L-lysine degrading enzymes and their formulations, which have been successfully used in the treatment of several types of cancer. METHODS We carried out a structured search among literature regarding to amino acid degrading enzymes. The main aspects of search were in vitro and in vivo studies, clinical trials concerning application of these enzymes in oncology. RESULTS Most published research are on the subject of L-asparaginase properties and it's use for cancer treatment. L-arginine deiminase has shown promising results in a phase II trial in advanced melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Other enzymes, in particular Lmethionine γ-lyase and L-lysine α-oxidase, were effective in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION The findings of this review revealed that therapy based on amino acid depletion may have the potential application for cancer treatment but further clinical investigations are required to provide the efficacy and safety of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim S Pokrovsky
- Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation.,People's Friendship University, Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga E Chepikova
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Belozersky Institute of Physico- Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander N Lukashev
- People's Friendship University, Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V Lukasheva
- People's Friendship University, Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation
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Feng Y, Liu S, Pang C, Gao H, Wang M, Du G. Improvement of catalytic efficiency and thermal stability of l-asparaginase from Bacillus subtilis 168 through reducing the flexibility of the highly flexible loop at N-terminus. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Meneguetti GP, Santos JHPM, Obreque KMT, Barbosa CMV, Monteiro G, Farsky SHP, Marim de Oliveira A, Angeli CB, Palmisano G, Ventura SPM, Pessoa-Junior A, de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui C. Novel site-specific PEGylated L-asparaginase. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211951. [PMID: 30753228 PMCID: PMC6372183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase (ASNase) from Escherichia coli is currently used in some countries in its PEGylated form (ONCASPAR, pegaspargase) to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). PEGylation refers to the covalent attachment of poly(ethylene) glycol to the protein drug and it not only reduces the immune system activation but also decreases degradation by plasmatic proteases. However, pegaspargase is randomly PEGylated and, consequently, with a high degree of polydispersity in its final formulation. In this work we developed a site-specific N-terminus PEGylation protocol for ASNase. The monoPEG-ASNase was purified by anionic followed by size exclusion chromatography to a final purity of 99%. The highest yield of monoPEG-ASNase of 42% was obtained by the protein reaction with methoxy polyethylene glycol-carboxymethyl N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester (10kDa) in 100 mM PBS at pH 7.5 and PEG:ASNase ratio of 25:1. The monoPEG-ASNase was found to maintain enzymatic stability for more days than ASNase, also was resistant to the plasma proteases like asparaginyl endopeptidase and cathepsin B. Additionally, monoPEG-ASNase was found to be potent against leukemic cell lines (MOLT-4 and REH) in vitro like polyPEG-ASNase. monoPEG-ASNase demonstrates its potential as a novel option for ALL treatment, being an inventive novelty that maintains the benefits of the current enzyme and solves challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Henrique Picado Madalena Santos
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- CICECO–Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | - Gisele Monteiro
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Claudia Blanes Angeli
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Adalberto Pessoa-Junior
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Brumano LP, da Silva FVS, Costa-Silva TA, Apolinário AC, Santos JHPM, Kleingesinds EK, Monteiro G, Rangel-Yagui CDO, Benyahia B, Junior AP. Development of L-Asparaginase Biobetters: Current Research Status and Review of the Desirable Quality Profiles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 6:212. [PMID: 30687702 PMCID: PMC6335324 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
L-Asparaginase (ASNase) is a vital component of the first line treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), an aggressive type of blood cancer expected to afflict over 53,000 people worldwide by 2020. More recently, ASNase has also been shown to have potential for preventing metastasis from solid tumors. The ASNase treatment is, however, characterized by a plethora of potential side effects, ranging from immune reactions to severe toxicity. Consequently, in accordance with Quality-by-Design (QbD) principles, ingenious new products tailored to minimize adverse reactions while increasing patient survival have been devised. In the following pages, the reader is invited for a brief discussion on the most recent developments in this field. Firstly, the review presents an outline of the recent improvements on the manufacturing and formulation processes, which can severely influence important aspects of the product quality profile, such as contamination, aggregation and enzymatic activity. Following, the most recent advances in protein engineering applied to the development of biobetter ASNases (i.e., with reduced glutaminase activity, proteolysis resistant and less immunogenic) using techniques such as site-directed mutagenesis, molecular dynamics, PEGylation, PASylation and bioconjugation are discussed. Afterwards, the attention is shifted toward nanomedicine including technologies such as encapsulation and immobilization, which aim at improving ASNase pharmacokinetics. Besides discussing the results of the most innovative and representative academic research, the review provides an overview of the products already available on the market or in the latest stages of development. With this, the review is intended to provide a solid background for the current product development and underpin the discussions on the target quality profile of future ASNase-based pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Pereira Brumano
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Vitor Santos da Silva
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tales Alexandre Costa-Silva
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexsandra Conceição Apolinário
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Henrique Picado Madalena Santos
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO, Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Krebs Kleingesinds
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Monteiro
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlota de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brahim Benyahia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Adalberto Pessoa Junior
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Production and Purification of Therapeutic Enzymes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1148:1-24. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7709-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Aghaeepoor M, Akbarzadeh A, Mirzaie S, Hadian A, Jamshidi Aval S, Dehnavi E. Selective reduction in glutaminase activity of l‑Asparaginase by asparagine 248 to serine mutation: A combined computational and experimental effort in blood cancer treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:2448-2457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Sindhu R, Manonmani H. Expression and characterization of recombinant l -asparaginase from Pseudomonas fluorescens. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 143:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Maggi M, Mittelman SD, Parmentier JH, Colombo G, Meli M, Whitmire JM, Merrell DS, Whitelegge J, Scotti C. A protease-resistant Escherichia coli asparaginase with outstanding stability and enhanced anti-leukaemic activity in vitro. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14479. [PMID: 29101342 PMCID: PMC5670125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Asparaginases (ASNases) have been used as first line drugs for paediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) treatment for more than 40 years. Both the Escherichia coli (EcAII) and Erwinia chrysanthemi (ErAII) type II ASNases currently used in the clinics are characterized by high in vivo instability, short half-life and the requirement of several administrations to obtain a pharmacologically active concentration. Moreover, they are sensitive to proteases (cathepsin B and asparagine endopeptidase) that are over-expressed by resistant leukaemia lymphoblasts, thereby impairing drug activity and pharmacokinetics. Herein, we present the biochemical, structural and in vitro antiproliferative characterization of a new EcAII variant, N24S. The mutant shows completely preserved asparaginase and glutaminase activities, long-term storage stability, improved thermal parameters, and outstanding resistance to proteases derived from leukaemia cells. Structural analysis demonstrates a modification in the hydrogen bond network related to residue 24, while Normal Mode-based geometric Simulation and Molecular Dynamics predict a general rigidification of the monomer as compared to wild-type. These improved features render N24S a potential alternative treatment to reduce the number of drug administrations in vivo and to successfully address one of the major current challenges of ALL treatment: spontaneous, protease-dependent and immunological inactivation of ASNase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristella Maggi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Steven D Mittelman
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean Hugues Parmentier
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Giorgio Colombo
- Biomolecular Simulations & Computational Chemistry Group, Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Meli
- Biomolecular Simulations & Computational Chemistry Group, Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Jeannette Marie Whitmire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D Scott Merrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julian Whitelegge
- Julian Whitelegge, The Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The NPI-Semel Institute & Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, USA
| | - Claudia Scotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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