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Wu D, Lu Y, Ma L, Cheng J, Wang X. Preparation and Molecular Structural Characterization of Fulvic Acid Extracted from Different Types of Peat. Molecules 2023; 28:6780. [PMID: 37836622 PMCID: PMC10574745 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Humic acid is a type of polymeric, organic weak acid mixture with a core aromatic structure and main-component oxygen-containing functional group. Fulvic acid is a type of humic substance that can be dissolved in acid, alkali, or water. This study discusses the influence of different peptides on the molecular structure of fulvic acid, which was extracted from herbaceous, woody, and mossy peats using alkaline dissolution and acid precipitation methods. Analyses using infrared, UV-Vis, 13C-NMR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD), were conducted to compare the effects of different peat types on the content and molecular structure of fulvic acid. The woody peat fulvic acid content was the highest among all peat fulvic acids (0.38%). However, the yield of fulvic acid from herbaceous peat was the highest (2.53%). Herbaceous peat fulvic acid contains significant quantities of carbonyl, amino, methylene, carboxyl, and phenolic hydroxyl groups and ether bonds. Woody peat fulvic acid contains carbonyl and methoxy groups, benzenes, aromatic carbons, aromatic ethers, and phenols. The degree of aromatization of woody peat fulvic acid was the highest. Mossy peat fulvic acid contains high levels of hydroxy, methyl, methylene, and phenol groups and aromatic ethers. The structural differences in fulvic acids in the different types of peat were primarily manifested in the content of functional groups, with little influence from the types of functional groups. XRD analysis of the different peats revealed that their structures all comprised benzene rings. However, mossy peat contained more C=O and -COOH groups, whereas herbaceous peat contained more C-O groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China; (D.W.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Yanan Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China; (D.W.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Litong Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China; (D.W.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (X.W.)
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization of Bio-Coal Chemical Industry, Baotou 014010, China
- Laboratory of Low Rank Coal Carbon Neutralization, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China
| | - Jianguo Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China; (D.W.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (X.W.)
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization of Bio-Coal Chemical Industry, Baotou 014010, China
- Laboratory of Low Rank Coal Carbon Neutralization, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China; (D.W.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (X.W.)
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization of Bio-Coal Chemical Industry, Baotou 014010, China
- Laboratory of Low Rank Coal Carbon Neutralization, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China
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Bhuiyan R, Mäkiranta P, Straková P, Fritze H, Minkkinen K, Penttilä T, Rajala T, Tuittila ES, Laiho R. Fine-root biomass production and its contribution to organic matter accumulation in sedge fens under changing climate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159683. [PMID: 36336060 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate change may affect the carbon sink function of peatlands through warming and drying. Fine-root biomass production (FRBP) of sedge fens, a widespread peatland habitat, is important in this context, since most of the biomass is below ground in these ecosystems. We examined the response of fine-root biomass production, depth distribution (10 cm intervals down to 60 cm), chemical characteristics, and decomposition along with other main litter types (sedge leaves, Sphagnum moss shoots) to an average May-to-October warming of 1.7 °C above ambient daily mean temperature and drying of 2-8 cm below ambient soil water-table level (WL) in two sedge fens situated in Northern and Southern Boreal zones. Warming was induced with open top chambers and drying with shallow ditching. Finally, we simulated short-term organic matter (OM) accumulation using net primary production and mass loss data. Total FRBP, and FRBP in deeper layers, was clearly higher in southern than northern fen. Drying significantly increased, and warming marginally increased, total FRBP, while warming significantly increased, and drying marginally increased, the proportional share of FRBP in deeper layers. Drying, especially, modified root chemistry as the relative proportions of fats, wax, lipids, lignin and other aromatics increased while the proportion of polysaccharides decreased. Warming did not affect the decomposition of any litter types, while drying reduced the decomposition of sedge leaf litter. Although drying increased OM accumulation from root litter at both fens, total OM accumulation decreased at the southern fen, while the northern fen with overall lower values showed no such pattern. Our results suggest that in warmer and/or modestly drier conditions, sedge fen FRBP will increase and/or be allocated to deeper soil layers. These changes along with the altered litter inputs may sustain the soil carbon sink function through OM accumulation, unless the WL falls below a tipping point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabbil Bhuiyan
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Box 2 (Latokartanonkaari 9), FI-00791 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 7), FI-00014 Helsinki University, Finland.
| | - Päivi Mäkiranta
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Box 2 (Latokartanonkaari 9), FI-00791 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Petra Straková
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Box 2 (Latokartanonkaari 9), FI-00791 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 7), FI-00014 Helsinki University, Finland.
| | - Hannu Fritze
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Box 2 (Latokartanonkaari 9), FI-00791 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kari Minkkinen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 7), FI-00014 Helsinki University, Finland.
| | - Timo Penttilä
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Box 2 (Latokartanonkaari 9), FI-00791 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tuomas Rajala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Box 2 (Latokartanonkaari 9), FI-00791 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Eeva-Stiina Tuittila
- Peatland and Soil Ecology Group, School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Box 111 (Yliopistokatu 7), FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Raija Laiho
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Box 2 (Latokartanonkaari 9), FI-00791 Helsinki, Finland.
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Słowiński M, Obremska M, Avirmed D, Woszczyk M, Adiya S, Łuców D, Mroczkowska A, Halaś A, Szczuciński W, Kruk A, Lamentowicz M, Stańczak J, Rudaya N. Fires, vegetation, and human-The history of critical transitions during the last 1000 years in Northeastern Mongolia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155660. [PMID: 35526637 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fires are natural phenomena that impact human behaviors, vegetation, and landscape functions. However, the long-term history of fire, especially in the permafrost marginal zone of Central Asia (Mongolia), is poorly understood. This paper presents the results of radiocarbon and short-lived radionuclides (210Pb and 137Cs) dating, pollen, geochemical, charcoal, and statistical analyses (Kohonen's artificial neural network) of sediment core obtained from Northern Mongolia (the Khentii Mountains region). Therefore, we present the first high-resolution fire history from Northern Mongolia covering the last 1000 years, based on a multiproxy analysis of peat archive data. The results revealed that most of the fires in the region were likely initiated by natural factors, which were probably related to heatwaves causing prolonged droughts. We have demonstrated the link between enhanced fires and "dzud", a local climatic phenomenon. The number of livestock, which has been increasing for several decades, and the observed climatic changes are superimposed to cause "dzud", a deadly combination of droughts and snowy winter, which affects fire intensity. We observed that the study area has a sensitive ecosystem that reacts quickly to climate change. In terms of changes in the vegetation, the reconstruction reflected climate variations during the last millennium, the degradation of permafrost and occurrence of fires. However, more sites with good chronologies are needed to thoroughly understand the spatial relationships between changing climate, permafrost degradation, and vegetation change, which ultimately affect the nomadic societies in the region of Central and Northern Mongolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Słowiński
- Past Landscape Dynamics Laboratory, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organisation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Milena Obremska
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dashtseren Avirmed
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Michał Woszczyk
- Biogeochemistry Research Unit, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Saruulzaya Adiya
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Dominika Łuców
- Past Landscape Dynamics Laboratory, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organisation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mroczkowska
- Past Landscape Dynamics Laboratory, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organisation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Geology and Geomorphology, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Halaś
- Past Landscape Dynamics Laboratory, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organisation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Witold Szczuciński
- Geohazards Research Unit, Institute of Geology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kruk
- Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Mariusz Lamentowicz
- Climate Change Ecology Research Unit, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Stańczak
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Rudaya
- PaleoData Lab, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Hinzke T, Tanneberger F, Aggenbach C, Dahlke S, Knorr KH, Kotowski W, Kozub Ł, Lange J, Li G, Pronin E, Seeber E, Wichtmann W, Kreyling J. Can nutrient uptake by Carex counteract eutrophication in fen peatlands? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147276. [PMID: 33957594 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ground- and surface-water-fed peatlands (i.e., fens) of temperate Europe face high anthropogenic nutrient loads from atmospheric deposition, agricultural catchment areas, and from peat decomposition, if drained. As a result, nitrogen loads may exceed a fen's natural nutrient removal capacity, leading to increased eutrophication of adjacent water bodies. Therefore, it is important to address possible means to decrease a fen's nutrient load, including nutrient uptake by fen plants. To assess how much fen plants can contribute to nutrient removal by uptake, nutrient stocks of above- and below-ground biomass need to be quantified. Therefore, we investigated nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium uptake capacities of sedges (Carex species), which are common dominants in fen plant communities. We grew specimens of five Carex species with varying preferences in nutrient availability under controlled, different nutrient levels. We show that Carex above-ground biomass harvest can remove up to one third of a system's total nitrogen even at high loads of about 40 g nitrogen m-2. Species-specific differences in biomass production, rather than preferences in nutrient availability under natural conditions, were drivers of standing nutrient stocks: Highly productive species, i.e., C. acutiformis and C. rostrata, had highest nutrient standing stocks across all nutrient levels. Amounts of nutrients stored in shoots increased almost linearly with increasing nutrient levels, whereas below-ground nutrient stocks species-specifically increased, saturated, or decreased, with increasing nutrient levels. As a rough estimate, depending on the species, 6-16 cycles of annual above-ground harvest would suffice to decrease nitrogen concentrations from the highest to the lowest level used in this study. Overall, our results indicate that Carex biomass harvest can be an efficient means to counteract anthropogenic nitrogen eutrophication in fens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjorven Hinzke
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Germany.
| | - Franziska Tanneberger
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Germany
| | - Camiel Aggenbach
- Ecosystem Management Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Belgium; KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Dahlke
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Germany
| | - Klaus-Holger Knorr
- Ecohydrology & Biogeochemistry Group, Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Wiktor Kotowski
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kozub
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jelena Lange
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Germany; Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Guixiang Li
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eugeniusz Pronin
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland; Department of Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elke Seeber
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Germany
| | - Wendelin Wichtmann
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Germany
| | - Juergen Kreyling
- Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Germany.
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Hinzke T, Li G, Tanneberger F, Seeber E, Aggenbach C, Lange J, Kozub Ł, Knorr K, Kreyling J, Kotowski W. Potentially peat‐forming biomass of fen sedges increases with increasing nutrient levels. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tjorven Hinzke
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University of GreifswaldPartner in the Greifswald Mire Centre Greifswald Germany
| | - Guixiang Li
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation Institute of Environmental Biology Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - Franziska Tanneberger
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University of GreifswaldPartner in the Greifswald Mire Centre Greifswald Germany
| | - Elke Seeber
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University of GreifswaldPartner in the Greifswald Mire Centre Greifswald Germany
| | - Camiel Aggenbach
- Ecosystem Management Research Group Department of Biology University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
- KWR Water Research Institute Nieuwegein The Netherlands
| | - Jelena Lange
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University of GreifswaldPartner in the Greifswald Mire Centre Greifswald Germany
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Łukasz Kozub
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation Institute of Environmental Biology Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - Klaus‐Holger Knorr
- Ecohydrology & Biogeochemistry Group Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Juergen Kreyling
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University of GreifswaldPartner in the Greifswald Mire Centre Greifswald Germany
| | - Wiktor Kotowski
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation Institute of Environmental Biology Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
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