1
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Steward RA, Pruisscher P, Roberts KT, Wheat CW. Genetic constraints in genes exhibiting splicing plasticity in facultative diapause. Heredity (Edinb) 2024; 132:142-155. [PMID: 38291272 PMCID: PMC10923799 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-024-00669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is produced and maintained by processes regulating the transcriptome. While differential gene expression is among the most important of these processes, relatively little is known about other sources of transcriptional variation. Previous work suggests that alternative splicing plays an extensive and functionally unique role in transcriptional plasticity, though plastically spliced genes may be more constrained than the remainder of expressed genes. In this study, we explore the relationship between expression and splicing plasticity, along with the genetic diversity in those genes, in an ecologically consequential polyphenism: facultative diapause. Using 96 samples spread over two tissues and 10 timepoints, we compare the extent of differential splicing and expression between diapausing and direct developing pupae of the butterfly Pieris napi. Splicing differs strongly between diapausing and direct developing trajectories but alters a smaller and functionally unique set of genes compared to differential expression. We further test the hypothesis that among these expressed loci, plastically spliced genes are likely to experience the strongest purifying selection to maintain seasonally plastic phenotypes. Genes with unique transcriptional changes through diapause consistently had the lowest nucleotide diversity, and this effect was consistently stronger among genes that were differentially spliced compared to those with just differential expression through diapause. Further, the strength of negative selection was higher in the population expressing diapause every generation. Our results suggest that maintenance of the molecular mechanisms involved in diapause progression, including post-transcriptional modifications, are highly conserved and likely to experience genetic constraints, especially in northern populations of P. napi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Steward
- Zoology Department, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Biology Department, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Peter Pruisscher
- Zoology Department, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Nielsen ME, Nylin S, Wiklund C, Gotthard K. Evolution of butterfly seasonal plasticity driven by climate change varies across life stages. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:1548-1558. [PMID: 37366181 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiod is a common cue for seasonal plasticity and phenology, but climate change can create cue-environment mismatches for organisms that rely on it. Evolution could potentially correct these mismatches, but phenology often depends on multiple plastic decisions made during different life stages and seasons that may evolve separately. For example, Pararge aegeria (Speckled wood butterfly) has photoperiod-cued seasonal life history plasticity in two different life stages: larval development time and pupal diapause. We tested for climate change-associated evolution of this plasticity by replicating common garden experiments conducted on two Swedish populations 30 years ago. We found evidence for evolutionary change in the contemporary larval reaction norm-although these changes differed between populations-but no evidence for evolution of the pupal reaction norm. This variation in evolution across life stages demonstrates the need to consider how climate change affects the whole life cycle to understand its impacts on phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sören Nylin
- Zoology Department, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Zoology Department, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Fu S, Huang L, He H, Tang J, Wu S, Xue F. Differentiation of Developmental Pathways Results in Different Life-History Patterns between the High and Low Latitudinal Populations in the Asian Corn Borer. INSECTS 2022; 13:1026. [PMID: 36354850 PMCID: PMC9696888 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Individual insects often exhibit two alternative pathways of non-diapausing and diapausing developments. Yet, most studies have focused on the latitudinal variation in life-history traits for non-diapausing individuals. No study has examined the differences in life history traits between non-diapausing and diapausing individuals along a latitudinal gradient. We used six different geographical populations of Ostrinia furnacalis to examine the latitudinal variation in life-history traits between non-diapausing and diapausing individuals in terms of their sex ratio, larval and pupal developmental times, pupal weight, growth rate, adult weight and weight loss, and sexual size dimorphism. The results showed that latitudinal variation in life-history traits for both non-diapausing and diapausing individuals exhibited a sawtooth pattern, but the life-history pattern of the two alternative developmental pathways was significantly different between the high and low latitudes. For the non-diapausing pathway, the high-latitudinal populations showed a significantly shorter larval developmental time, higher growth rate and greater body weight than the low-latitudinal populations, suggesting countergradient variation. Conversely, in the diapausing pathway, the high-latitudinal populations had longer larval developmental times, lower growth rates and relatively smaller body weights than the low-latitudinal populations, suggesting cogradient variation. We also found that in the high-latitudinal populations, larvae in the non-diapausing pathway had shorter developmental time and higher body weight, whereas larval developmental time of the low-latitudinal populations was longer and the body weight was smaller. The relationship between larval developmental time and pupal weight was also different between the two developmental pathways. These results provide new insights into the evolution of life-history traits in this moth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Fu
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Ecology and Environment, Yuzhang Normal University, Nanchang 330103, China
| | - Haimin He
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jianjun Tang
- College of Computer and Information Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shaohui Wu
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA
| | - Fangsen Xue
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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4
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Lindestad O, Nylin S, Wheat CW, Gotthard K. Local adaptation of life cycles in a butterfly is associated with variation in several circadian clock genes. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:1461-1475. [PMID: 34931388 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many insects exhibit geographical variation in voltinism, the number of generations produced per year. This includes high-latitude species in previously glaciated areas, meaning that divergent selection on life cycle traits has taken place during or shortly after recent colonization. Here, we use a population genomics approach to compare a set of nine Scandinavian populations of the butterfly Pararge aegeria that differ in life cycle traits (diapause thresholds and voltinism) along both north-south and east-west clines. Using a de novo-assembled genome, we reconstruct colonization histories and demographic relationships. Based on the inferred population structure, we then scan the genome for candidate loci showing signs of divergent selection potentially associated with population differences in life cycle traits. The identified candidate genes include a number of components of the insect circadian clock (timeless, timeless2, period, cryptochrome and clockwork orange). Most notably, the gene timeless, which has previously been experimentally linked to life cycle regulation in P. aegeria, is here found to contain a novel 97-amino acid deletion unique to, and fixed in, a single population. These results add to a growing body of research framing circadian gene variation as a potential mechanism for generating local adaptation of life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindestad
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Hill GM, Kawahara AY, Daniels JC, Bateman CC, Scheffers BR. Climate change effects on animal ecology: butterflies and moths as a case study. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2113-2126. [PMID: 34056827 PMCID: PMC8518917 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are one of the most studied, diverse, and widespread animal groups, making them an ideal model for climate change research. They are a particularly informative model for studying the effects of climate change on species ecology because they are ectotherms that thermoregulate with a suite of physiological, behavioural, and phenotypic traits. While some species have been negatively impacted by climatic disturbances, others have prospered, largely in accordance with their diversity in life-history traits. Here we take advantage of a large repertoire of studies on butterflies and moths to provide a review of the many ways in which climate change is impacting insects, animals, and ecosystems. By studying these climate-based impacts on ecological processes of Lepidoptera, we propose appropriate strategies for species conservation and habitat management broadly across animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geena M. Hill
- Florida Natural Areas InventoryFlorida State University1018 Thomasville Rd., #200‐CTallahasseeFL323303U.S.A.
| | - Akito Y. Kawahara
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of Florida3215 Hull RdGainesvilleFL32611U.S.A.
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Florida876 Newell Dr.GainesvilleFL32611U.S.A.
| | - Jaret C. Daniels
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of Florida3215 Hull RdGainesvilleFL32611U.S.A.
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of Florida1881 Natural Area Dr.GainesvilleFL32608U.S.A.
| | - Craig C. Bateman
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of Florida3215 Hull RdGainesvilleFL32611U.S.A.
| | - Brett R. Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and ConservationUniversity of Florida110 Newins‐Ziegler Hall, P.O. Box 110430GainesvilleFL32611U.S.A.
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6
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Lindestad O, Aalberg Haugen IM, Gotthard K. Watching the days go by: Asymmetric regulation of caterpillar development by changes in photoperiod. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5402-5412. [PMID: 34026016 PMCID: PMC8131801 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many insects possess the plastic ability to either develop directly to adulthood, or enter diapause and postpone reproduction until the next year, depending on environmental cues (primarily photoperiod) that signal the amount of time remaining until the end of the growth season. These two alternative pathways often differ in co-adapted life-history traits, for example, with slower development and larger size in individuals headed for diapause. The developmental timing of these differences may be of adaptive importance: If traits diverge early, the potential for phenotypic differences between the pathways is greater, whereas if traits diverge late, the risk may be lower of expressing a maladaptive phenotype if the selective environment changes during development. Here, we explore the effects of changes in photoperiodic information during life on pupal diapause and associated life-history traits in the butterfly Pararge aegeria. We find that both pupal diapause and larval development rate are asymmetrically regulated: While exposure to long days late in life (regardless of earlier experiences) was sufficient to produce nondiapause development and accelerate larval development accordingly, more prolonged exposure to short days was required to induce diapause and slow down prediapause larval development. While the two developmental pathways diverged early in development, development rates could be partially reversed by altered environmental cues. Meanwhile, pathway differences in body size were more inflexible, despite emerging late in development. These results show how several traits may be shaped by the same environmental cue (photoperiod), but along subtly different ontogenies, into an integrated phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindestad
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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7
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Pruisscher P, Nylin S, Wheat CW, Gotthard K. A region of the sex chromosome associated with population differences in diapause induction contains highly divergent alleles at clock genes. Evolution 2020; 75:490-500. [PMID: 33340097 PMCID: PMC7986627 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity describes the capacity of individuals with the same genotype to induce permanent change in a phenotype depending on a specific external input. One well‐studied example of adaptive developmental plasticity is the induction of facultative diapause in insects. Studies investigating the inheritance of diapause induction have suggested diverse genetic origins. However, only few studies have performed genome‐wide scans to identify genes affecting the induction decision. Here we compare two populations of the butterfly Pieris napi that differ in the propensity to enter diapause, and despite showing a low genome‐wide divergence, we identify a few genomic regions that show high divergence between populations. We then identified a single genomic region associated with diapause induction by genotyping diapausing and directly developing siblings from backcrosses of these populations. This region is located on the Z chromosome and contained three circadian clock genes, cycle, clock, and period. Additionally, period harbored the largest number of SNPs showing complete fixation between populations. We conclude that the heritable basis of between‐population variation in the plasticity that determines diapause induction resides on the Z chromosome, with the period gene being the prime candidate for the genetic basis of adaptive plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Pruisscher
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18b, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18b, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
| | - Christopher West Wheat
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18b, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18b, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
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8
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MacDonald ZG, Dupuis JR, Davis CS, Acorn JH, Nielsen SE, Sperling FAH. Gene flow and climate-associated genetic variation in a vagile habitat specialist. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:3889-3906. [PMID: 32810893 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previous work in landscape genetics suggests that geographic isolation is of greater importance to genetic divergence than variation in environmental conditions. This is intuitive when configurations of suitable habitat are a dominant factor limiting dispersal and gene flow, but has not been thoroughly examined for habitat specialists with strong dispersal capability. Here, we evaluate the effects of geographic and environmental isolation on genetic divergence for a vagile invertebrate with high habitat specificity and a discrete dispersal life stage: Dod's Old World swallowtail butterfly, Papilio machaon dodi. In Canada, P. m. dodi are generally restricted to eroding habitat along major river valleys where their larval host plant occurs. A series of causal and linear mixed effects models indicate that divergence of genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms is best explained by a combination of environmental isolation (variation in summer temperatures) and geographic isolation (Euclidean distance). Interestingly, least-cost path and circuit distances through a resistance surface parameterized as the inverse of habitat suitability were not supported. This suggests that, although habitat associations of many butterflies are specific due to reproductive requirements, habitat suitability and landscape permeability are not equivalent concepts due to considerable adult vagility. We infer that divergent selection related to variation in summer temperatures has produced two genetic clusters within P. m. dodi, differing in voltinism and diapause propensity. Within the next century, temperatures are predicted to rise by amounts greater than the present-day difference between regions of the genetic clusters, potentially affecting the persistence of the northern cluster under continued climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary G MacDonald
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Julian R Dupuis
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Corey S Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John H Acorn
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Scott E Nielsen
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Felix A H Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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9
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Lindestad O, Schmalensee L, Lehmann P, Gotthard K. Variation in butterfly diapause duration in relation to voltinism suggests adaptation to autumn warmth, not winter cold. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindestad
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | | | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
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10
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Faltýnek Fric Z, Rindoš M, Konvička M. Phenology responses of temperate butterflies to latitude depend on ecological traits. Ecol Lett 2019; 23:172-180. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Faltýnek Fric
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre Institute of Entomology Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branišovská1760, 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Michal Rindoš
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre Institute of Entomology Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branišovská1760, 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Martin Konvička
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre Institute of Entomology Branišovská 31 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branišovská1760, 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
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11
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Tang J, He H, Wu S, Zou C, Xue F, Xiao L. Expression of alternative developmental pathways in the cabbage butterfly, Pieris melete and their differences in life history traits. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12311-12321. [PMID: 31832162 PMCID: PMC6854102 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The seasonal life cycle of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris melete is complicated because there are three options for pupal development: summer diapause, winter diapause, and nondiapause. In the present study, we tested the influence of temperature, day length, and seasonality on the expression of alternative developmental pathways and compared the differences in life history traits between diapausing and directly developing individuals under laboratory and field conditions. The expression of developmental pathway strongly depended on temperature, day length, and seasonality. Low temperatures induced almost all individuals to enter diapause regardless of day length; relatively high temperatures combined with intermediate and longer day lengths resulted in most individuals developing without diapause in the laboratory. The field data revealed that the degree of phenotypic plasticity in relation to developmental pathway was much higher in autumn than in spring. Directly developing individuals showed shorter development times and higher growth rates than did diapausing individuals. The pupal and adult weights for both diapausing and directly developing individuals gradually decreased as rearing temperature increased, with the diapausing individuals being slightly heavier than the directly developing individuals at each temperature. Female body weight was slightly lower than male body weight. The proportional weight losses from pupa to adult were almost the same in diapausing individuals and in directly developing individuals, suggesting that diapause did not affect weight loss at metamorphosis. Our results highlight the importance of the expression of alternative developmental pathways, which not only synchronizes this butterfly's development and reproduction with the growth seasons of the host plants but also exhibits the bet-hedging tactic against unpredictable risks due to a dynamic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian‐Jun Tang
- College of Computer and Information EngineeringJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Hai‐Min He
- Institute of EntomologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Shao‐Hui Wu
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of GeorgiaTiftonGAUSA
| | - Cao Zou
- Institute of EntomologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Fang‐Sen Xue
- Institute of EntomologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Lan Xiao
- School of EducationHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Foreign Language SchoolJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
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12
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Lindestad O, Wheat CW, Nylin S, Gotthard K. Local adaptation of photoperiodic plasticity maintains life cycle variation within latitudes in a butterfly. Ecology 2018; 100:e02550. [PMID: 30375642 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The seasonal cycle varies geographically and organisms are under selection to express life cycles that optimally exploit their spatiotemporal habitats. In insects, this often means producing an annual number of generations (voltinism) appropriate to the local season length. Variation in voltinism may arise from variation in environmental factors (e.g., temperature or photoperiod) acting on a single reaction norm shared across populations, but it may also result from local adaptation of reaction norms. However, such local adaptation is poorly explored at short geographic distances, especially within latitudes. Using a combination of common-garden rearing and life cycle modeling, we have investigated the causal factors behind voltinism variation in Swedish populations of the butterfly Pararge aegeria, focusing on a set of populations that lie within a single degree of latitude but nonetheless differ in season length and voltinism. Despite considerable differences in ambient temperature between populations, modeling suggested that the key determinant of local voltinism was in fact interpopulation differences in photoperiodic response. These include differences in the induction thresholds for winter diapause, as well as differences in photoperiodic regulation of larval development, a widespread but poorly studied phenomenon. Our results demonstrate previously neglected ways that photoperiodism may mediate insect phenological responses to temperature, and emphasize the importance of local adaptation in shaping phenological patterns in general, as well as for predicting the responses of populations to changes in climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindestad
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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14
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Pruisscher P, Nylin S, Gotthard K, Wheat CW. Genetic variation underlying local adaptation of diapause induction along a cline in a butterfly. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3613-3626. [PMID: 30105798 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Diapause is a life history strategy allowing individuals to arrest development until favourable conditions return, and it is commonly induced by shortened day length that is latitude specific for local populations. Although understanding the evolutionary dynamics of a threshold trait like diapause induction provides insights into the adaptive process and adaptive potential of populations, the genetic mechanism of variation in photoperiodic induction of diapause is not well understood. Here, we investigate genetic variation underlying latitudinal variation in diapause induction and the selection dynamics acting upon it. Using a genomewide scan for divergent regions between two populations of the butterfly Pararge aegeria that differ strongly in their induction thresholds, we identified and investigated the patterns of variation in those regions. We then tested the association of these regions with diapause induction using between-population crosses, finding significant SNP associations in four genes present in two chromosomal regions, one with the gene period, and the other with the genes kinesin, carnitine O-acetyltransferase and timeless. Patterns of allele frequencies in these two regions in population samples along a latitudinal cline suggest strong selection against heterozygotes at two genes within these loci (period, timeless). Evidence for additional loci modifying the diapause decision was found in patterns of allelic change in relation to induction thresholds over the cline, as well as in backcross analyses. Taken together, population-specific adaptations of diapause induction appear to be due to a combination of alleles of larger and smaller effect size, consistent with an exponential distribution of effect sizes involved in local adaption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Leal L, Talla V, Källman T, Friberg M, Wiklund C, Dincă V, Vila R, Backström N. Gene expression profiling across ontogenetic stages in the wood white (Leptidea sinapis) reveals pathways linked to butterfly diapause regulation. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:935-948. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Leal
- Department of Evolutionary Biology; Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC); Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution; Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC); Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Venkat Talla
- Department of Evolutionary Biology; Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC); Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Thomas Källman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology; Uppsala Biomedical Centre (BMC); Uppsala Sweden
| | - Magne Friberg
- Department of Biology; Biodiversity Unit; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology; Division of Ecology; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Vlad Dincă
- Department of Ecology and Genetics; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF); Barcelona Spain
| | - Niclas Backström
- Department of Evolutionary Biology; Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC); Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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16
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Nokelainen O, van Bergen E, Ripley BS, Brakefield PM. Adaptation of a tropical butterfly to a temperate climate. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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Gibbs M, Weir L. Sub-lethal viral exposure and growth on drought stressed host plants changes resource allocation patterns and life history costs in the Speckled Wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 150:106-113. [PMID: 28988030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the interactive effects of growth on drought stressed host plants and pathogen challenge with the baculovirus Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) on survival and fitness-related traits using the Speckled Wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria (L.). Exposure to AcMNPV significantly reduced survival to pupation. For surviving larvae, sub-lethal infection significantly decreased daily mass acquisition rates and pupal mass. Growth on drought stressed plants increased daily mass acquisition rates resulting in heavier pupae, and increased resource allocation to adult reproduction. The interaction between host plant drought and viral exposure resulted in different resource allocation strategies, and thus different growth trajectories, between larvae. This in turn resulted in significantly different allometric relationships between larval mass (at inoculation) and both development time and investment in flight muscles. For larvae with relatively lighter masses there was a cost of resisting infection when growth occurred on drought stressed host plants, both within the larval stage (i.e. longer larval development times) and in the adult stage (i.e. lower investment in flight muscle mass). This multi-factor study highlights several potential mechanisms by which the complex interplay between low host plant nutritional quality due to drought, and pathogen exposure, may differentially influence the performance of P. aegeria individuals across multiple life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Gibbs
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK.
| | - Laura Weir
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK
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Adaptive developmental plasticity in a butterfly: mechanisms for size and time at pupation differ between diapause and direct development. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Kivelä SM, Välimäki P, Gotthard K. Evolution of alternative insect life histories in stochastic seasonal environments. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:5596-613. [PMID: 27547340 PMCID: PMC4983577 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Deterministic seasonality can explain the evolution of alternative life history phenotypes (i.e., life history polyphenism) expressed in different generations emerging within the same year. However, the influence of stochastic variation on the expression of such life history polyphenisms in seasonal environments is insufficiently understood. Here, we use insects as a model and explore (1) the effects of stochastic variation in seasonality and (2) the life cycle on the degree of life history differentiation among the alternative developmental pathways of direct development and diapause (overwintering), and (3) the evolution of phenology. With numerical simulation, we determine the values of development (growth) time, growth rate, body size, reproductive effort, adult life span, and fecundity in both the overwintering and directly developing generations that maximize geometric mean fitness. The results suggest that natural selection favors the expression of alternative life histories in the alternative developmental pathways even when there is stochastic variation in seasonality, but that trait differentiation is affected by the developmental stage that overwinters. Increasing environmental unpredictability induced a switch to a bet‐hedging type of life history strategy, which is consistent with general life history theory. Bet‐hedging appeared in our study system as reduced expression of the direct development phenotype, with associated changes in life history phenotypes, because the fitness value of direct development is highly variable in uncertain environments. Our main result is that seasonality itself is a key factor promoting the evolution of seasonally polyphenic life histories but that environmental stochasticity may modulate the expression of life history phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami M Kivelä
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden; Department of Ecology University of Oulu PO Box 3000 FI-90014 Oulu Finland
| | - Panu Välimäki
- Department of Ecology University of Oulu PO Box 3000 FI-90014 Oulu Finland
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
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Kivelä SM, Svensson B, Tiwe A, Gotthard K. Thermal plasticity of growth and development varies adaptively among alternative developmental pathways. Evolution 2015. [PMID: 26202579 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenism, the expression of discrete alternative phenotypes, is often a consequence of a developmental switch. Physiological changes induced by a developmental switch potentially affect reaction norms, but the evolution and existence of alternative reaction norms remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that, in the butterfly Pieris napi (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), thermal reaction norms of several life history traits vary adaptively among switch-induced alternative developmental pathways of diapause and direct development. The switch was affected both by photoperiod and temperature, ambient temperature during late development having the potential to override earlier photoperiodic cues. Directly developing larvae had higher development and growth rates than diapausing ones across the studied thermal gradient. Reaction norm shapes also differed between the alternative developmental pathways, indicating pathway-specific selection on thermal sensitivity. Relative mass increments decreased linearly with increasing temperature and were higher under direct development than diapause. Contrary to predictions, population phenology did not explain trait variation or thermal sensitivity, but our experimental design probably lacks power for finding subtle phenology effects. We demonstrate adaptive differentiation in thermal reaction norms among alternative phenotypes, and suggest that the consequences of an environmentally dependent developmental switch primarily drive the evolution of alternative thermal reaction norms in P. napi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami M Kivelä
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Ecology, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Beatrice Svensson
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alma Tiwe
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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