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Carrero I, Martínez de Ibarreta C, Valor C, Merino A. Does loving-kindness meditation elicit empathic emotions? The moderating role of self-discrepancy and self-esteem on guilt. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2023; 15:919-937. [PMID: 36358020 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the emotions elicited by loving-kindness meditation (LKM) at early stages of practice is limited, despite the influence that these emotions may have on later engagement. Past work suggests that LKM may elicit emotional ambivalence at early stages of the practice, but it is still unclear whether the content of LKM activates this ambivalence and who is more likely to experience it. Given the specific content of LKM, we defend that this meditation is likely to elicit empathetic emotions, both positive (compassion and gratitude) and negative (guilt), to a greater extent than an active control. Guilt is likely to be elicited by memories of incidents where naïve meditators were not able to experience compassion and/or by the difficulties in sending compassionate love to disliked others during the meditation. Furthermore, individuals with greater self-discrepancy and lower self-esteem are more likely to experience guilt. These hypotheses were tested in two experimental studies with community and student samples (n = 55 and n = 33, respectively) and using a brief intervention. The results support the hypotheses. These findings have implications for instructors of LKM, especially when organizing meditation practices with naïve meditators who should be aware of the potential negative emotions elicited by this meditation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Carrero
- School of Business Administration, Universidad Pontificia Comillas-ICADE, Alberto Aguilera, 23, Madrid, 28015, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez de Ibarreta
- School of Business Administration, Universidad Pontificia Comillas-ICADE, Alberto Aguilera, 23, Madrid, 28015, Spain
| | - Carmen Valor
- IIT-School of Business Administration, Universidad Pontificia Comillas-ICADE, Alberto Aguilera, 23, Madrid, 28015, Spain
| | - Amparo Merino
- School of Business Administration, Universidad Pontificia Comillas-ICADE, Alberto Aguilera, 23, Madrid, 28015, Spain
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2
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Stuppy A, Smith RW. Self-esteem influences the willingness to engage in COVID-19 prevention behavior and persuasion efficacy. Soc Sci Med 2023; 320:115715. [PMID: 36716697 PMCID: PMC9862665 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Behaviors such as hand-washing and vaccination save human lives during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Yet, people differ widely in their willingness to engage in them. This investigation examines whether people's willingness to protect themselves physically from contracting coronavirus depends on their self-esteem. Based on self-verification theory, we propose that people who hold negative self-views are less motivated to protect their health which reduces their willingness to engage in recommended preventive measures such as mask-wearing and social-distancing. OBJECTIVE We set out to test (i) whether self-esteem predicts people's willingness to engage in COVID-19 prevention behaviors, (ii) whether this relationship is due to variance in motivation to protect one's health (as well as alternative mechanisms), and (iii) whether health messages can more successfully persuade low self-esteem people to follow preventive measures by framing those behaviors around protecting the health of others (vs. oneself). METHODS Four studies were conducted with U.S. and German residents. In Study 1, we examine the association between self-esteem, willingness to engage in self-protection behavior, health motivation, and several alternative accounts. In Study 2, we manipulate state self-esteem, and in Studies 3 and 4, we vary the target of COVID-19 prevention behaviors (self vs. other). RESULTS People with chronic or temporarily induced low self-esteem report a lower willingness to engage in COVID-19 prevention behaviors because they lack motivation to protect their health. Varying the protection target of preventive behaviors (self vs. others) interacts with self-esteem: Low self-esteem people are more willing to follow preventive measures (e.g., vaccination) when they are framed as protecting others (vs. oneself). CONCLUSIONS Self-esteem impacts people's behavior during a global pandemic and needs to be considered when designing health communications. Public health messages can increase compliance among individuals with lower self-esteem by framing prevention behaviors as a way to protect the health of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Stuppy
- Department of Marketing, Tilburg School of Economics and Management, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
| | - Robert W Smith
- Department of Marketing, Tilburg School of Economics and Management, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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Józefacka NM, Podstawski R, Potoczny W, Pomianowski A, Kołek MF, Wrona S, Guzowski K. The Importance of Resilience and Level of Anxiety in the Process of Making a Decision about SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:999. [PMID: 36673755 PMCID: PMC9859589 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20020999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
People's opinions on immunization are diverse. Despite the constant improvement of vaccine formulas, the number of people reluctant to immunize is not decreasing. The purpose of our study is to assess the psychological determinants of immunization reluctance in depth. We measured levels of anxiety (death-related and general), fear of COVID-19, self-esteem and resilience among 342 adults. We found that the level of COVID-19 related fear is higher among the vaccinated population, despite general anxiety levels being lower. Surprisingly we didn't find significant differences in resilience and self-esteem levels. Findings are concurrent with previous research-COVID-19 related fear level is higher among vaccinated people. Resilience and self-esteem are defined as stable, trait-like constructs, and thus may not manifest higher levels in very specific pandemic situations, although they may lower the levels of general anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Maja Józefacka
- Institute of Psychology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland
| | - Robert Podstawski
- Department of Tourism, Recreation and Ecology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Wiktor Potoczny
- Institute of Psychology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pomianowski
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Sylwia Wrona
- Faculty of Arts and Educational Science, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Bankowa 12, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Konrad Guzowski
- Students Scientific Club ControlUP, Institute of Psychology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland
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Self-Enhancement and the Medial Prefrontal Cortex: The Convergence of Clinical and Experimental Findings. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081103. [PMID: 36009167 PMCID: PMC9405933 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-enhancement (SE) is often overlooked as a fundamental cognitive ability mediated via the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC). Here, we present research that establishes the relationship between the PFC, SE, and the potential evolved beneficial mechanisms. Specifically, we believe there is now enough evidence to speculate that SE exists to provide significant benefits and should be considered a normal aspect of the self. Whatever the metabolic or social cost, the upside of SE is great enough that it is a core and fundamental psychological construct. Furthermore, though entirely theoretical, we suggest that a critical reason the PFC has evolved so significantly in Homo sapiens is to, in part, sustain SE. We, therefore, elaborate on its proximate and ultimate mechanisms.
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5
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Edmonds KA, Rose JP. Exploring the impact of dimensional comparisons in health contexts. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason P. Rose
- Department of Psychology University of Toledo Toledo OH USA
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6
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Ssewanyana D, Abubakar A, Mabrouk A, Kagonya VA, Nasambu C, Dzombo JT, Angwenyi V, Kabue M, Scerif G, Newton CR. The Occurrence of Sexual Risk Behaviors and Its Association With Psychological Well-Being Among Kenyan Adolescents. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2021; 3:659665. [PMID: 36303989 PMCID: PMC9580808 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2021.659665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Sexual risk behavior during adolescence is an important public health problem. Self-esteem and hopefulness are potentially important psychological factors that may play a role in the behavioral regulation mechanisms of adolescents. These factors are inadequately explored in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed at exploring patterns and associated factors for sexual risk behavior (SRB), self-esteem, and hopefulness among adolescents from a resource-poor setting in Kenya. Method: A cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 among 296 adolescents (12–17 years old) from rural Kilifi (n = 133) and urban informal settings of Nairobi (n = 163) in Kenya. Participants completed the Kilifi Health Risk Behavior Questionnaire, Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire, and Hope scale administered via computerized tablets. A binary outcome variable based on the experience of adolescents of at least one of the five forms of SRB: transactional sex, sexual violence, intergenerational sex, early sexual debut, and condom non-use was generated. Bi-variate analysis was conducted to summarize various social-demographic and psychosocial factors. A multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to investigate factors associated with the occurrence of SRB, self-esteem, and hopefulness among adolescents. Results: About 13% of the participants had experienced a form of SRB, and among these, 36% reported co-occurrence of multiple forms of SRB. Adolescent SRB was largely characterized by having experienced sexual violence, as well as intergenerational and transactional sex. Higher scores of hopefulness were reported among adolescents who never experienced SRB (P = 0.03) at bivariate analysis level. However, both self-esteem and hopefulness were not significantly associated with the occurrence of SRB in the adjusted logistic regression analysis. Having depressive symptoms (Adj. OR = 3.8, 95% CI: 1.39–10.4), feeling unsafe in the neighborhood (Adj. OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.6–7.2), and being in higher compared with lower primary education level (Adj. OR = 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1–0.8) were statistically significantly associated with the occurrence of SRB. Conclusion: Targeted reproductive health interventions, designed with the cognizance of structural and social drivers of adolescent SRB, are needed to concurrently tackle multiple forms of SRB. It is important to integrate mental health promotion within these interventions. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms and implications of self-esteem and hopefulness for adolescent sexual and reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Ssewanyana
- Neuroassement Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
- Alliance for Human Development, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Derrick Ssewanyana
| | - Amina Abubakar
- Neuroassement Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
- *Correspondence: Amina Abubakar
| | - Adam Mabrouk
- Neuroassement Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vincent A. Kagonya
- Neuroassement Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Carophine Nasambu
- Neuroassement Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Judith Tumaini Dzombo
- Neuroassement Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Vibian Angwenyi
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Margaret Kabue
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gaia Scerif
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R. Newton
- Neuroassement Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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7
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Yan F, Costello M, Allen J. Self-Perception and Relative Increases in Substance Use Problems in Early Adulthood. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2021; 50:538-549. [PMID: 33746248 DOI: 10.1177/0022042620941812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed self-perception as a long-term predictor of relative changes in problems related to alcohol and marijuana use in early adulthood. Self-report questionnaires were completed by a community sample of 124 individuals in the Southeastern United States who were followed longitudinally from age 19 to age 27. More problems due to substance use at age 27 were predicted by participants' negative perceptions of their social acceptance, romantic appeal, and self-worth. Predictions remained after accounting for potential confounds including gender, income, and baseline substance use problems at age 19. Social avoidance and distress in new situations at age 19 mediated the relationship between self-perception and relative changes in substance use problems, such that increases in substance use problems from age 19 to 27 were potentially explainable by the linkage of negative self-perceptions to social avoidance and distress in new situations.
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8
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Franzese AT, Blalock DV, Blalock KM, Wilson SM, Medenblik A, Costanzo PR, Strauman TJ. Regulatory Focus and Substance Use in Adolescents: Protective Effects of Prevention Orientation. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:33-38. [PMID: 33078977 PMCID: PMC8320403 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1833926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Substance use is a major risk factor for negative health and functioning outcomes among middle schoolers. The purpose of this study was to assess whether individual differences in the adolescents' goal orientation are associated with elevated or attenuated risk for substance use. Regulatory focus theory stipulates that individuals vary in their strength of orientation toward promotion goals ("making good things happen") and prevention goals ("keeping bad things from happening"). Objectives: We sought to examine the association between individual differences in regulatory focus and adolescents' reports of their own and their friends' substance use. Methods: Participants were 241 seventh grade students who completed measures of regulatory focus (promotion and prevention orientation), self-reported substance use, perceived substance use habits of peers, and demographics. Logistic regression models were used to examine adjusted odds of lifetime tobacco use, alcohol use, and marijuana use for both participants' own use and their reports of friends' use. Results: Prevention orientation was associated with lower odds of all self-reported lifetime substance use outcomes (tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana). Prevention orientation was also associated with lower odds of reporting all types of substance use among friends. Promotion orientation was not associated with any self-reported substance use outcome, and was only associated with higher odds of reporting lifetime alcohol use among friends. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of regulatory focus as it relates to adolescent substance use. Future research may seek to incorporate regulatory focus within interventions intended to prevent or delay initiation of substance use in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan V Blalock
- Center to Advance Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Kyla M Blalock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Sarah M Wilson
- Center to Advance Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Alyssa Medenblik
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Philip R Costanzo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC
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9
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Timmermans CPM, Alhajyaseen WKM, Ross V, Nakamura H. Introducing a multi-variate classification method: Risky driving acceptance among different heterogeneous driver sub-cultures. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2020; 73:81-91. [PMID: 32563411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heterogeneous driving populations with many different origins are likely to have various sub-cultures that comprise of drivers with shared driver characteristics, most likely with dissimilar traffic safety cultures. An innovative methodology in traffic safety research is introduced which is beneficial for large datasets with multiple variables, making it useful for the multi-variate classification of drivers, driving attitudes and/or (risky) driving behaviours. METHOD With the application of multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS), this study explores traffic safety culture in the State of Qatar using a questionnaire and investigates the similarity patterns between the questionnaire items, aiming to classify attitudes towards risky driving behaviours into themes. MDS is subsequently applied to classify drivers within a heterogeneous driving sample into sub-cultures with shared driver characteristics and different risky driving attitudes. RESULTS Results show that acceptance of speeding is highest among the young Arabic students and acceptance of distraction and drivers' negligence such as phone use and not wearing a seatbelt is highest among male Arab drivers. Acceptance of extreme risk-taking like intoxicated driving and red-light running is highest among South-Asian business drivers. CONCLUSION It is important and practical to understand risky behavioural habits among sub-cultures and thereby focussing on groups of drivers instead of individuals, because groups are easier to approach and drivers within sub-cultures are found to influence each other. By indicating which groups of drivers are most likely to perform specific risky driving themes, it is possible to target these groups and effectively emphasise certain subsets of risky driving behaviours during training or traffic safety education. Practical Applications: This study provides guidance for the improvement of driver education and targeted traffic safety awareness campaigns, intending to make changes to attitudes and habits within specific driver sub-cultures with the aim to improve traffic safety on the longer term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal P M Timmermans
- Qatar University - Qatar Transportation and Traffic Safety Center, College of Engineering, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Wael K M Alhajyaseen
- Qatar University - Qatar Transportation and Traffic Safety Center, College of Engineering, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Veerle Ross
- UHasselt, School of Transportation Sciences, Transportation Research Institute (IMOB), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Hideki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
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10
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Bergquist M. Most People Think They Are More Pro-Environmental than Others: A Demonstration of the Better-than-Average Effect in Perceived Pro-Environmental Behavioral Engagement. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2019.1689364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Szinay D, Tombor I, Garnett C, Boyt N, West R. Associations between self-esteem and smoking and excessive alcohol consumption in the UK: A cross-sectional study using the BBC UK Lab database. Addict Behav Rep 2019; 10:100229. [PMID: 31720364 PMCID: PMC6838740 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is mixed evidence regarding the associations between self-esteem and smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. This study aimed to investigate whether self-esteem is associated with smoking status and alcohol consumption in a large sample of adults in the United Kingdom after adjusting for age, sex, socio-economic status and depressed mood. Methods Design: Cross-sectional correlational study conducted under the aegis of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) between 2009 and 2013.Participants: 187,398 respondents (67.9% female) with a mean age of 32.82 years (SD = 12.41) providing complete data.Setting: UK. Measures Online self-report questionnaire. The outcomes were smoking status (current smoker, ever smoker) and alcohol consumption (current drinker, excessive drinker); the input variable was self-esteem measured using a Single Item Self-Esteem Scale; covariates were age, sex, SES, and depressed mood measured using a single item question. Results The odds of being an ever smoker and a current smoker were greater in people with lower self-esteem (AdjOR 0.97; 95% CI 0.95-0.99, Cohen's d = -0.02; and AdjOR 0.96; 95% CI 0.94-0.99, Cohen's d = -0.02 respectively). The odds of being a current drinker were lower in people with lower self-esteem (AdjOR 1.20, 95% CI 1.17-1.24, Cohen's d = 0.10) while being an excessive drinker was associated with lower self-esteem (β = -0.13, p < 0.001, F(5, 187392) = 997.14, p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.3). Conclusions Lower self-esteem appears to be positively associated with ever- and current smoking and excessive alcohol consumption and negatively associated with current alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Szinay
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, ECB Building, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ildiko Tombor
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Garnett
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Boyt
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Robert West
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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12
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Giger J, Gaspar R. A look into future risks: A psychosocial theoretical framework for investigating the intention to practice body hacking. HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hbe2.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Christophe Giger
- Portugal and Centre for Research in Psychology – CIP‐UALUniversity of Algarve Lisbon Portugal
| | - Rui Gaspar
- Research Centre for Psychological, Family and Social Wellbeing (CRC‐W)Universidade Católica Portuguesa Lisbon Portugal
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13
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Tael-Öeren M, Naughton F, Sutton S. The relationship between parental attitudes and children's alcohol use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction 2019; 114:1527-1546. [PMID: 31185534 DOI: 10.1111/add.14615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The main aim of this study was to assess the relationship between parental attitudes towards children's alcohol use and their child's alcohol use. Secondary aims included assessing the relationship between attitudes reported by parents and those perceived by children, and between perceived parental attitudes and children's alcohol use. METHODS Meta-analysis of studies reporting on the associations between parental attitudes towards children's alcohol use and children's self-reported alcohol use. Published, peer-reviewed cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were identified from the following databases up to April 2018: Medline, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science. Quality assessment was performed by using guidelines developed by Hayden, Cote & Bombardier. Pooled effect sizes were calculated by using random-effects meta-analyses, if there were at least two studies that could be included per analysis. Of 7471 articles screened, 29 were included comprising data from 16 477 children and 15 229 parents. RESULTS Less restrictive parental attitudes towards children's alcohol use were related to higher rates of alcohol use initiation [odds ratio (OR) = 1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.17-1.80], alcohol use frequency (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.24-1.86) and drunkenness (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.35-1.85) among children. Less perceived restrictive parental attitudes were related to higher alcohol use frequency (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.29-2.40). Perceived parental attitudes were not clearly related to alcohol use initiation. Parent-reported attitudes and perceived parental attitudes were weakly positively correlated (r = 0.27, P = ≤ 0.001). The strength of the relationship between parental attitudes and children's alcohol use frequency attenuated with children's age. Study design, sample size, study location and levels of alcohol use frequency did not have a detectable effect on the relationship. CONCLUSIONS Less restrictive parental attitudes towards children's alcohol use are associated with increases in children's alcohol use onset, alcohol use frequency and drunkenness. Children's perception of less restrictive parental attitudes is associated with children's alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariliis Tael-Öeren
- Behavioural Science Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Health and Welfare Promotion, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Felix Naughton
- Behavioural Science Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Stephen Sutton
- Behavioural Science Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Sanscartier MD, Edgerton JD, Roberts LW. A Latent Class Analysis of Gambling Activity Patterns in a Canadian University Sample of Emerging Adults: Socio-demographic, Motivational, and Mental Health Correlates. J Gambl Stud 2018; 34:863-880. [PMID: 29197954 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-017-9734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This analysis of gambling habits of Canadian university students (ages 18-25) dovetails two recent developments in the field of gambling studies. First, the popularity of latent class analysis to identify heterogeneous classes of gambling patterns in different populations; second, the validation of the Gambling Motives Questionnaire (with financial motives) among university students-specifically to understand both how and why emerging adults gamble. Our results support a four-class model of gambling activity patterns, consisting of female-preponderant casual and chance-based gambling groups, and male-preponderant skill-based and extensive gambling groups. Each class shows a specific combination of motives, underscoring the necessity for nuanced responses to problem gambling among emerging adults. More specifically, gambling for the skill-based group appears primarily to be a source of thrill and a way to cope; for the chance-based group, gambling appears but one symptom of a set of wider issues involving depression, anxiety, substance use, and low self-esteem; while extensive gamblers seem to seek excitement, sociality, and coping, in that order. Only the chance-based group was significantly more likely than casual gamblers to be motivated by financial reasons. Situating our analysis in the literature, we suggest that interventions for the predominantly male subtypes should address gambling directly (e.g. re-focusing excitement seeking into other activities, instilling more productive coping mechanisms) while interventions for predominantly female subtypes should address low self-esteem in conjunction with depression, substance abuse, and problematic levels of gambling. We conclude future research should focus on links between self-esteem, depression, substance abuse, and financial motives for gambling among female emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason D Edgerton
- Department of Sociology, University of Manitoba, 323 Isbister Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Lance W Roberts
- Department of Sociology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Bock JO, Hajek A, König HH. Psychological determinants of influenza vaccination. BMC Geriatr 2017; 17:194. [PMID: 28851282 PMCID: PMC5576319 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-017-0597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies investigated the determinants of individuals' decision to vaccinate against influenza primarily focusing on social as well as certain proximal determinants, for example, behavioral beliefs. Thus, so far, the analysis of psychological factors as determinants of influenza vaccination was mainly limited to beliefs, attitudes or perceptions that were directly related to influenza vaccination and its perceived impact. However, considering general psychological factors, like general self-efficacy, optimism or subjective well-being, might further enhance the understanding of why certain people vaccinate while others do not. The aim was to investigate the relationship between various general psychological factors and older people's decision to vaccinate against seasonal flu. METHODS The data of individuals aged 60 or older (n = 5037; in 2014) were used from the Germany Ageing Survey. The data were collected in face-to-face interviews and in self-administered questionnaires. They include questions on the use of influenza vaccination and the psychological factors of optimism, self-efficacy, self-esteem, perceived stress, self-regulation, life satisfaction, and negative affect as well as positive affect. The psychological determinants of regular influenza vaccination were investigated using multiple logistic regressions. RESULTS 53.2% of all participants were regular users of influenza vaccination. There were significant bivariate correlations of all cited psychological factor with influenza vaccination except for life satisfaction and negative affect. After controlling for numerous potential socio-demographic, morbidity- and lifestyle-related confounders, regular influenza vaccination was still positively associated with lower levels of self-esteem and a higher level of perceived stress. CONCLUSIONS There are significant associations of general individual psychological constructs with the decision to vaccinate against influenza. Future research might determine the impact of psychological factors on the decision to vaccinate in longitudinal research designs. This might be helpful to understand the causal mechanisms behind this relationship, which could help to design interventions that increase vaccination rates in certain target groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens-Oliver Bock
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - André Hajek
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Helmut König
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Zeigler-Hill V, Dahlen ER, Madson MB. Self-Esteem and Alcohol Use: Implications for Aggressive Behavior. Int J Ment Health Addict 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-017-9764-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Jimenez-Martinez AA, Hernandez-Cortes PL, Morales-Martinez GE, Lopez-Ramirez EO. Judgment Formation towards Health Risk Behaviors Concerning Obesity: An Integration Information Theory Approach. Health (London) 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2017.97076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Baldacchino A, Crocamo C, Humphris G, Neufeind J, Frisher M, Scherbaum N, Carrà G. Decision support in addiction: The development of an e-health tool to assess and prevent risk of fatal overdose. The ORION Project. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 133:207-216. [PMID: 27393811 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The application of e-health technology to the field of substance use disorders is at a relatively early stage, and methodological quality is still variable. Few have explored the extent of utilization of communication technology in exploring risk perception by patients enrolled in substance abuse services. The Overdose RIsk InfOrmatioN (ORION) project is a European Commission funded programme, aimed to develop and pilot an e-health psycho-educational tool to provide information to drug using individuals about the risks of suffering a drug overdose. METHODS In this article, we report on phase 1 (risk estimation), phase 2 (design), and phase 3 (feasibility) of the ORION project. RESULTS The development of ORION e-health tool underlined the importance of an evidence-based intervention aimed in obtaining reliable evaluation of risk. The ORION tool supported a decision making process aimed at influencing the substance users' self-efficacy and the degree to which the substance users' understand risk factors. Therefore, its innovative power consisted in translating risks combination into a clear estimation for the user who will then appear more likely to be interested in his/her risk perception. CONCLUSION Exploratory field testing and validation confirmed the next stage of evaluation, namely, collection of routine patient samples in study clinics. The associations between risk perception of overdose, engagement with the ORION tool and willingness to alter overdose risk factors, in a clinical setting across various EU member states will further confirm the ORION tool's generalisability and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baldacchino
- School of Medicine, Medical and Biological Sciences Building North Haugh, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AJ, United Kingdom.
| | - C Crocamo
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini, 2-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - G Humphris
- School of Medicine, Medical and Biological Sciences Building North Haugh, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AJ, United Kingdom
| | - J Neufeind
- School of Medicine, Medical and Biological Sciences Building North Haugh, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AJ, United Kingdom; Playfield Institute, Startheden Hospital, Cupar, Fife KY15 5RR, United Kingdom
| | - M Frisher
- Faculty of Health, School of Pharmacy, Hornbeam Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - N Scherbaum
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, LVR-Hospital Essen, Hospital of the University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - G Carrà
- Department of Mental Health, San Gerardo University Hospital, Via Pergolesi, 33-20900 Monza, Italy
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Baumeister RF, Campbell JD, Krueger JI, Vohs KD. Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles? Psychol Sci Public Interest 2016; 4:1-44. [PMID: 26151640 DOI: 10.1111/1529-1006.01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1086] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Self-esteem has become a household word. Teachers, parents, therapists, and others have focused efforts on boosting self-esteem, on the assumption that high self-esteem will cause many positive outcomes and benefits—an assumption that is critically evaluated in this review. Appraisal of the effects of self-esteem is complicated by several factors. Because many people with high self-esteem exaggerate their successes and good traits, we emphasize objective measures of outcomes. High self-esteem is also a heterogeneous category, encompassing people who frankly accept their good qualities along with narcissistic, defensive, and conceited individuals. The modest correlations between self-esteem and school performance do not indicate that high self-esteem leads to good performance. Instead, high self-esteem is partly the result of good school performance. Efforts to boost the self-esteem of pupils have not been shown to improve academic performance and may sometimes be counterproductive. Job performance in adults is sometimes related to self-esteem, although the correlations vary widely, and the direction of causality has not been established. Occupational success may boost self-esteem rather than the reverse. Alternatively, self-esteem may be helpful only in some job contexts. Laboratory studies have generally failed to find that self-esteem causes good task performance, with the important exception that high self-esteem facilitates persistence after failure. People high in self-esteem claim to be more likable and attractive, to have better relationships, and to make better impressions on others than people with low self-esteem, but objective measures disconfirm most of these beliefs. Narcissists are charming at first but tend to alienate others eventually. Self-esteem has not been shown to predict the quality or duration of relationships. High self-esteem makes people more willing to speak up in groups and to criticize the group's approach. Leadership does not stem directly from self-esteem, but self-esteem may have indirect effects. Relative to people with low self-esteem, those with high self-esteem show stronger in-group favoritism, which may increase prejudice and discrimination. Neither high nor low self-esteem is a direct cause of violence. Narcissism leads to increased aggression in retaliation for wounded pride. Low self-esteem may contribute to externalizing behavior and delinquency, although some studies have found that there are no effects or that the effect of self-esteem vanishes when other variables are controlled. The highest and lowest rates of cheating and bullying are found in different subcategories of high self-esteem. Self-esteem has a strong relation to happiness. Although the research has not clearly established causation, we are persuaded that high self-esteem does lead to greater happiness. Low self-esteem is more likely than high to lead to depression under some circumstances. Some studies support the buffer hypothesis, which is that high self-esteem mitigates the effects of stress, but other studies come to the opposite conclusion, indicating that the negative effects of low self-esteem are mainly felt in good times. Still others find that high self-esteem leads to happier outcomes regardless of stress or other circumstances. High self-esteem does not prevent children from smoking, drinking, taking drugs, or engaging in early sex. If anything, high self-esteem fosters experimentation, which may increase early sexual activity or drinking, but in general effects of self-esteem are negligible. One important exception is that high self-esteem reduces the chances of bulimia in females. Overall, the benefits of high self-esteem fall into two categories: enhanced initiative and pleasant feelings. We have not found evidence that boosting self-esteem (by therapeutic interventions or school programs) causes benefits. Our findings do not support continued widespread efforts to boost self-esteem in the hope that it will by itself foster improved outcomes. In view of the heterogeneity of high self-esteem, indiscriminate praise might just as easily promote narcissism, with its less desirable consequences. Instead, we recommend using praise to boost self-esteem as a reward for socially desirable behavior and self-improvement.
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Bailey A, Figueroa JP. A Framework for Sexual Decision-Making Among Female Sex Workers in Jamaica. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2016; 45:911-921. [PMID: 25836026 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-014-0449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Jamaican government has provided targeted HIV and sexually transmitted infection prevention, treatment, and other services for female sex workers (FSW) since 1989. HIV prevalence among FSW declined from 20 to 12% between 1989 and 1994, then to 9% in 2005, 5% in 2008, and 4.1% in 2011. This article distills the literature and two decades of experience working with FSW in Jamaica. Drawing on the constant comparative method, we put forward an innovative conceptual framework for explaining sexual decision-making and risk behaviors within both transactional and relational sexual situations. This framework helps fill the gaps in existing models that focus on individual behaviors. The model identifies interactions between environmental and structural elements of sex work, and three individual-level factors: risk perception, perceived relationship intimacy, and perceived control, as the four primary mediating factors influencing sexual decision-making among FSW. We propose that other factors such as violence, socioeconomic vulnerability, and policy/legal frameworks influence sexual decision-making through these primary mediating factors. This conceptual model may offer a useful framework for planning and evaluating prevention interventions among sex workers. However, it remains to be tested in order to establish its value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Althea Bailey
- Department of Community Health and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, 7, Jamaica.
| | - J Peter Figueroa
- Department of Community Health and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, 7, Jamaica
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Krause N, Hayward RD. Religion, finding interests in life, and change in self-esteem during late life. Res Aging 2015; 36:364-81. [PMID: 25650998 DOI: 10.1177/0164027513496437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that greater involvement in activities is essential for successful aging. The purpose of the current study is to examine a construct that motivates involvement in activities-finding interests in life. In the process, we also show how involvement in religion may help promote interests. In order to examine these issues, a conceptual model is tested that contains the following core hypotheses: (1) older people who go to church more often will be more likely to have stronger God-mediated control beliefs (i.e., the belief that God works together with people to resolve problems and reach desired goals); (2) older adults with a stronger sense of God-mediated control will be more likely to find things in life that are interesting; and (3) older individuals with more interests experience a greater sense of self-worth over time. Findings from a nationwide survey provide support for the key relationships described above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Krause
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R David Hayward
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Sajjadi H, Ghaedamini Harouni G, Sharifian Sani M. Personal, familial and environmental determinants of drug abuse: a causal-comparative study. Glob J Health Sci 2015; 7:367-74. [PMID: 25946942 PMCID: PMC4802178 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v7n4p367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Two purposes were followed in this study: 1) comparing case and control group in eight factors separately and 2) performing a multivariate analysis for identifying risk and protective factors in relation to drug abuse. Methods: A casual-comparative study was conducted to investigate the study goals. Fifty Cases in a convenient sampling of addicts referring to addiction withdrawal centers and fifty eligible controls (recruited in a randomly sampling) were identified. One-sample independent T-Test for a univariate and Logistic regression model for a multivariate was conducted. Results: Univariate analysis: addicted group compared with control group, in terms of aggression, easy access to drugs and depression had higher scores and of other factors (self-esteem, religious affiliation, socioeconomic status, family environment and responsibility) cases had lower scores (p<0.05). Multivariate analysis: Easy access to drugs and depression identified as risk factors (OR>1) and high self-esteem, family socioeconomic status and responsibility as protective (OR<1). Conclusions: Addiction is a multivariate phenomenon and before any intervention, we have to consider personal, familial and environmental factors and separate subjects by them. We can’t give all of addicts the same prescription and follow a drug therapy approach to treat them. Any addict has a unique profile that should be taken into consideration.
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Guignard S, Apostolidis T, Demarque C. Discussing normative features of Future Time Perspective construct: Renewing with the Lewinian approach from a sociocognitive perspective. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-dependent patients are traditionally believed to have insecure attachment styles, higher anger expression, and lower self-esteem. There is a need to study them together. AIM To understand the relationships amongst various of the socio-emotional factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty male patients with Alcohol dependence syndrome and 40 matched healthy controls (General Health Questionnaire-12 score <3) were compared on attachment styles (on Relationship Scale Questionnaire), anger domains (on State Trait Anger Expression Inventory), and self-esteem (on Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale). STATISTICS AND ANALYSIS Comparison using independent samples t test and chi square test; correlation using Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS Patients had significantly higher anger expression, 'anger in' and 'anger out,' and lower self-esteem than healthy controls. Severity of alcohol dependence had significant correlation with 'anger out,' and self-esteem had significant negative correlation with anger expression. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that the socio-emotional factors studied are developmentally linked to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyashini Lahiri Tikka
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, India
| | - Daya Ram
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, India
| | - Indu Dubey
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sai Krishna Tikka
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, India
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Düring C, Jessop DC. The moderating impact of self-esteem on self-affirmation effects. Br J Health Psychol 2014; 20:274-89. [PMID: 24674228 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study explored whether self-esteem would moderate the effectiveness of a self-affirmation manipulation at increasing openness to personally relevant health-risk information. DESIGN The study employed a prospective experimental design. METHOD Participants (N = 328) completed either a self-affirmation manipulation or a control task, prior to reading information detailing the health-related consequences of taking insufficient exercise. They then completed a series of measures assessing their cognitions towards exercise and their derogation of the information. Exercise behaviour was assessed at 1-week follow-up. RESULTS Self-esteem moderated the impact of self-affirmation on the majority of outcomes. For participants with low self-esteem, the self-affirmation manipulation resulted in more positive attitudes and intentions towards exercise, together with lower levels of derogation of the health-risk information. By contrast, there was no effect of the self-affirmation manipulation on outcomes for participants with high self-esteem. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that self-affirmation manipulations might be of particular benefit for those with low self-esteem in terms of promoting openness towards health-risk information. This is promising from a health promotion perspective, as individuals with low self-esteem often represent those most in need of intervention. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Self-affirmation has been shown to result in more open processing of personally relevant health-risk information. Individuals low in self-esteem tend to process such information more defensively than those high in self-esteem. What does this study add? It explores whether self-esteem moderates the impact of self-affirmation on responses to health-risk information. Findings suggest that individuals with low self-esteem benefit most from the self-affirmation manipulation. This has important applied implications, as individuals with low self-esteem may be most in need of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Düring
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
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Sert HP, Bektas M, Ozturk C. Effects of self-concept levels and perceived academic achievements of Turkish students on smoking perceptions. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:1307-12. [PMID: 24606457 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.3.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to examine the effect of self-concept levels and perceived academic achievements of sixth, seventh and eighth grade primary school students upon their perceptions about smoking. METHOD The data were collected with the Socio-Demographic Data Collection Form, Pier-Herris Self-Concept scale and Children's Decision Balance Scale. The study sample consisted of 374 students receiving education in the sixth, seventh and eighth grades of three primary schools, which were selected among primary schools of Izmir Provincial Directorate for National Education representing three socio-economic groups with a simple random sampling method. The data were collected in December 2012-January 2013. Percentages and the t test were used in the evaluation of the data. RESULTS While students with a positive self-concept had score averages of 7.12±2.18 regarding the lower dimension of smoking pros and 29.0±2.47 regarding the lower dimension of smoking cons, their counterparts with a negative self-concept had score averages of 8.61±3.76 (p=0.000) and 28.1±3.49 (p=0.004), respectively. According to self-perception, there was statistical difference between perceptions of students regarding smoking (p<0.01). While students perceiving themselves successful had score averages of 7.81±3.13 and 28.5±3.19 regarding the lower dimension of smoking benefit and harm, students perceiving themselves unsuccessful had score averages of 8.27±3.39 (p=0.333) and 29.01±2.05 (p=0.235), with no difference determined. CONCLUSION Students with a positive self-perception had a low perception of smoking pros and a high perception of smoking cons. Perception of academic achievement did not affect the pros and cons perceptions of children regarding smoking.
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Pedersen ER, Hsu SH, Neighbors C, Paves AP, Larimer ME. Exploring relationships between facets of self-esteem and drinking behavior among diverse groups of young adults. Addict Behav 2013; 38:2581-5. [PMID: 23811062 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Theory and empirical evidence suggest that North American-based measures of self-esteem, which measure individualistic positive self-regard, may be less applicable to Eastern cultures. In the present exploratory study, we examined how different conceptualizations of self-esteem, as measured by the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and the Collective Self-esteem (CSE) Scale, predicted drinking behavior among three groups of American college students (N=326) with varying ethnicities: White, Korean, and Chinese/Taiwanese. Hierarchical negative binomial regression was employed to evaluate these relations. Ethnic identity was controlled for in all analyses. Findings indicated that while global self-esteem was positively associated with drinking for the whole sample, ethnicity moderated this relationship such that global self-esteem was related to drinking for White participants but not for their Chinese/Taiwanese counterparts. In addition, while CSE did not associate with drinking for the whole sample, effects emerged for specific ethnicities. Specifically, private CSE was associated with less drinking for Korean and Chinese/Taiwanese participants. Depending on specific Asian ethnicity, public CSE served as a risk (Korean participants) or a protective factor (Chinese/Taiwanese participants) for drinking. Findings suggest that above and beyond ethnic identity, differential relationships between facets of self-esteem and drinking behavior may exist among White, Korean, and Chinese/Taiwanese young adults. Intervention and prevention programs should develop strategies to help Chinese/Taiwanese and Korean American young adults cultivate protective factors within domains of CSE.
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Blanton H, Gerrard M, McClive-Reed KP. Threading the needle in health-risk communication: increasing vulnerability salience while promoting self-worth. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2013; 18:1279-1292. [PMID: 23941586 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2013.778359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Health interventions often draw attention to the risks associated with unhealthy choice but in the process produce a boomerang effect such that those targeted become more committed to risky behavior. In 2 studies designed to promote condom use among sexually active college students, the authors document strategies for highlighting risk while promoting healthy choices. Study 1 demonstrated that optimistic perceptions regarding the likelihood of contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can be counteracted by drawing attention to the emotional consequences of contracting STDs, instead of its likelihood. Rather than promoting condom use, however, this procedure generated a boomerang effect: It decreased commitment to using condoms, especially among high self-esteem individuals. Study 2 showed that this unwanted effect could be reversed when emotional vulnerability was paired with a self-affirmation. This finding suggests that there can be benefits to adding threatening content to health interventions, provided that the message also contains elements designed to protect feelings of self-worth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hart Blanton
- a Department of Psychology , University of Connecticut , Storrs , Connecticut , USA
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Dorard G, Bungener C, Berthoz S. Estime de soi, soutien social perçu, stratégies de coping, et usage de produits psychoactifs à l’adolescence. PSYCHOLOGIE FRANCAISE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psfr.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kafka S, Hunter JA, Hayhurst J, Boyes M, Thomson RL, Clarke H, Grocott AM, Stringer M, O’Brien KS. A 10-day developmental voyage: converging evidence from three studies showing that self-esteem may be elevated and maintained without negative outcomes. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-012-9177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Conley TD, Moors AC, Ziegler A, Karathanasis C. Unfaithful Individuals are Less Likely to Practice Safer Sex Than Openly Nonmonogamous Individuals. J Sex Med 2012; 9:1559-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bowring AL, Gold J, Dietze P, Gouillou M, van Gemert C, Hellard ME. Know your limits: awareness of the 2009 Australian alcohol guidelines among young people. Drug Alcohol Rev 2011; 31:213-23. [PMID: 22176516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Young people are at high risk of alcohol-related harm and injury. This study assessed awareness of the 2009 Australian Guidelines to Reduce Health Risks from Drinking Alcohol, understanding of alcohol-related risks and drinking behaviours among young people. DESIGN AND METHODS We recruited participants (16-29 years) from a music festival in Melbourne, Australia, January 2010. Participants self-completed a risk behaviour questionnaire which included questions regarding the 2009 guidelines. Characteristics associated with awareness of the guidelines and accurate understanding of a 'safe' number of drinks to avoid long-term harm and injury (defined as a maximum of two drinks daily and four drinks on a single occasion, respectively) were examined using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Of 1381 participants, only 32% were aware of the 2009 guidelines, but the majority had an accurate understanding of the safe number of drinks to avoid long-term harm (74%) and injury (71%). Nonetheless, many reported drinking behaviour with risk of long-term harm (22%) or injury (54%). Participants with lower-risk drinking behaviours were more likely to have an accurate understanding of the safe number of drinks to avoid harm. Males and participants without post-high school education were significantly less likely to be aware of the guidelines and/or have an accurate understanding of alcohol-related risks (P < 0.05). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Although raising awareness of alcohol-related risks may promote reduced alcohol consumption, many young people reported consuming alcohol at harmful levels despite having an accurate understanding of alcohol-related risks. Multiple approaches to reducing alcohol-related harm in young people should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Bowring
- Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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Pietersma S, Dijkstra A. Cognitive self-affirmation inclination: an individual difference in dealing with self-threats. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 51:33-51. [PMID: 22435845 DOI: 10.1348/014466610x533768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The current research shows that people differ in their inclination to use positive self-images when their self is threatened (i.e., cognitive self-affirmation inclination, CSAI). Just as self-affirmation manipulations do, the use of positive self-images induces open mindedness towards threatening messages. The aim of the current studies was to show the meaning, stability, and effects of this new individual difference measure. A cross-sectional study among smokers (Study 1) showed that people with a strong CSAI perceived more negative consequences from smoking, suggesting open mindedness. Study 2 showed the stable and reliable character of the CSAI scale. Study 3 showed that the scale had an overlap of 18% with another self-related construct (self-efficacy) and no relation with self-consciousness. Study 4 showed that for induced self-threats a strong CSAI led to the same pattern of persuasion as found in earlier studies on self-affirmation manipulations. Study 5 showed that a self-affirmation manipulation did not have any effect for those participants with a strong self-affirmation inclination, probably because they already had access to positive self-images. Study 6 showed that self-reported positive self-images mediated the effect of self-affirmation inclination on persuasion.
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Abstract
This study examines the role that self-esteem plays in HIV-related risk taking among users of the drug, Ecstasy. The first part of the analysis focuses on the relationship of self-esteem to HIV risk-taking. The second part examines predictors of self-esteem in this population. Conducted between 2002 and 2004, the research is based on a sample of 283 young adult Ecstasy users who completed approximately two-hour-long, face-to-face interviews via computer-assisted structured interviews. Study participants were recruited in the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area using targeted sampling and ethnographic mapping. Results indicated that self-esteem is associated with a variety of risky practices, including: the number of sex partners that people had, individuals' likelihood of having multiple sex partners, the number of different illegal drugs people used, and their condom use self-efficacy. The multivariate analysis conducted to ascertain the factors that impact participants' levels of self-esteem yielded six factors: educational attainment (positive), coming from a family-of-origin whose members got along well (positive), the extent of alcohol problems (negative), the number of positive effects experienced as a result of Ecstasy use (positive), the number of negative effects experienced as a result of Ecstasy use (negative), and the extent of experiencing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (negative).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Klein
- Kensington Research Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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35
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Oreg S, Bayazit M. Prone to Bias: Development of a Bias Taxonomy from an Individual Differences Perspective. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1037/a0015656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We adopt an individual-differences perspective and introduce a model that links types of biases and types of people. We propose that biases are created in the course of people's attempts to satisfy basic motivations, and that 3 such motivation categories underlie many of the biases discussed in the literature. Accordingly, our organizing framework integrates findings from previous research and classifies biases into verification biases, simplification biases, and regulation biases. Individual differences in core self-evaluations, in approach/avoidance temperament, and in cognitive ability and style help explain how biases come about and why some people are more likely than others to exhibit particular biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaul Oreg
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Haifa
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36
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Rees DI, Sabia JJ, Argys LM. A head above the rest: height and adolescent psychological well-being. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2009; 7:217-228. [PMID: 19447690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we examine the effect of adolescent height on mental health as measured by Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scores and Rosenberg Self-Esteem (RSE) scores. We find evidence that height is associated with fewer symptoms of depression among females 17-19 years of age, and among males 12-19 years of age. The negative relationship between height and depression among males persists after controlling for body mass index (BMI), differences in pubertal timing, and individual fixed effects, but does not explain the effect of height on educational attainment. We conclude that there is a small psychological benefit for males to being taller as an adolescent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Rees
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Economics, Campus Box 181, Denver, CO 80217-3364, United States.
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37
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Hall DL, Blanton H. Knowing when to assume: Normative expertise as a moderator of social influence. SOCIAL INFLUENCE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15534510802420795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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Oguz-Duran N, Tezer E. Wellness and Self-esteem Among Turkish University Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COUNSELLING 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10447-008-9066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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Sterk CE, Klein H, Elifson KW. Young adult Ecstasy users and multiple sexual partners: understanding the factors underlying this HIV risk practice. J Psychoactive Drugs 2008; 40:237-44. [PMID: 19004415 PMCID: PMC3567841 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2008.10400638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this study are to (1) examine the extent to which young adult Ecstasy users recently reported having had multiple sex partners and (2) identify the factors predictive of engaging in this behavior. Potential predictors included demographic characteristics, background and experiences measures, childhood maltreatment experiences, substance use variables, and measures assessing psychological/psychosocial functioning. This research is based on a sample of 283 young adult recurrent users of the drug, Ecstasy. Study participants were recruited in Atlanta, Georgia between August 2002 and August 2004 using a targeted sampling and ethnographic mapping approach. Interviews took approximately two hours to complete. Nearly one-third of the study participants had more than one sex partner during the preceding month, and sexual protection rates tended to be low. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed seven predictors associated with an increased likelihood of having multiple sex partners: (1) being nonwhite, (2) knowing someone who was HIV-positive, (3) younger age of first sexual experience, (4) using Ecstasy for its touch-enhancing qualities, (5) higher self-esteem, (6) handling disagreements more dysfunctionally, and (7) not being involved in a romantic relationship. The HIV prevention- and intervention-related implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Sterk
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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40
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Renner B, Schüz B, Sniehotta FF. Preventive health behavior and adaptive accuracy of risk perceptions. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2008; 28:741-748. [PMID: 18643829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the relation between health behavior and risk perceptions in the context of an acute livestock epidemic. Participants in a longitudinal web-based survey (N= 195) were asked to report their meat consumption and their perceived risk in relation to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and other related livestock diseases. Cross-sectional analyses at both measurement points (T1 and T2) showed that participants with low levels of preventive nutrition (high meat consumption) felt more at risk for BSE-related diseases than those reporting comparable higher levels of preventive behavior (low meat consumption), indicating relative accuracy. These results suggest that people recognize when their behavior is risky. More importantly, perceived risk also showed adaptive accuracy from a change perspective: increases in preventive nutrition from T1 to T2 were significantly associated with decreases in perceived risk between T1 and T2. Possible foundations and implications of an adaptive accuracy of risk perceptions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Renner
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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41
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DeHart T, Tennen H, Armeli S, Todd M, Affleck G. Drinking to regulate negative romantic relationship interactions: The moderating role of self-esteem. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Uncovering an Existential Barrier to Breast Self-exam Behavior. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2008; 44:260-274. [PMID: 19255593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present research applies an analysis derived from terror management theory to the health domain of breast examination, and in doing so uncovers previously unrecognized factors that may contribute to women's reluctance to perform breast self-examinations (BSEs). In Study 1, when concerns about mortality were primed, reminders of human beings' physical nature (i.e., creatureliness) reduced intentions to conduct BSEs compared to reminders of humans' uniqueness. In Study 2, women conducted shorter exams on a breast model (an experience found to increase death-thought accessibility) when creatureliness was primed compared to a uniqueness and no essay condition. In Study 3, after a creatureliness prime, women performed shorter BSEs when a placebo did not provide an alternative explanation for their discomfort compared to when it did. Advances for theory and breast self-exam promotion are discussed.
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43
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Kaplan HB. Self-referent constructs and medical sociology: in search of an integrative framework. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2007; 48:99-114. [PMID: 17583268 PMCID: PMC2859428 DOI: 10.1177/002214650704800201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical framework centering on four classes of self-referent constructs is offered as a device for integrating the diverse areas constituting medical sociology. Guidance by this framework sensitizes the researcher to the occurrence of parallel processes in adjacent disciplines, facilitates recognition of the etiological significance of findings from other disciplines for explaining medical sociological phenomena, and encourages transactions between sociology and medical sociology whereby each informs and is informed by the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard B Kaplan
- Department of Sociology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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44
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Apostolidis T, Fieulaine N, Simonin L, Rolland G. Cannabis use, time perspective and risk perception: Evidence of a moderating effect†. Psychol Health 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/14768320500422683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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45
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Honish A, Westerfield W, Ashby A, Momin S, Phillippi R. Health-Related Quality of Life and Treatment Compliance with Diabetes Care. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 9:195-200. [PMID: 16893332 DOI: 10.1089/dis.2006.9.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and treatment compliance among a sample of patients with diabetes. A sample of 198 employees with diabetes of a large southeastern health plan, who were continuously enrolled in 2004, was surveyed using the Short Form Health Survey (SF-12)--a measure of HRQOL. Of the 198 identified members, 111 (56%) completed and returned the SF-12. Treatment compliance was measured using medical claims data. Compliance scores were then calculated as the number of American Diabetes Association (2005) recommended guidelines completed in 2004. These guidelines include two hemoglobin tests, a cholesterol test, a microalbuminuria test, and an eye exam. Compliance scores ranged from zero (no treatments) to five (all treatments). Both age and the Mental Composite Score (MCS) of the SF-12 were significant predictors of compliance. Age was positively related to compliance, which means that compliance with treatment guidelines increases as a person ages. MCS was negatively related to compliance, which means that those who score lower on the MCS are more likely to be compliant with diabetes care. Results of this pilot study indicate that disease management programs may need to focus special attention on those people with diabetes who are younger and have better mental health. Moreover, factors other than past utilization of care or predicted costs may be beneficial to consider in the inclusion criteria for disease management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Honish
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 37409, USA
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46
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Mar RA, DeYoung CG, Higgins DM, Peterson JB. Self-Liking and Self-Competence Separate Self-Evaluation From Self-Deception: Associations With Personality, Ability, and Achievement. J Pers 2006; 74:1047-78. [PMID: 16787428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The similarities between measures of self-evaluation and self-deception are reviewed, and a method for discriminating between them is proposed, using personality profiles and relations to ability and achievement. Across two samples, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and Tafarodi's measures of self-evaluation were used to demonstrate that the RSES and Self-Liking are more similar to Self-Deceptive Enhancement than is self-competence. Further, Self-Competence is uniquely associated with cognitive ability and both academic and creative achievement. It is concluded that, along with self-liking, self-competence is a useful form of self-evaluation that should be measured and taken into account in research that has traditionally focused on self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Mar
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada.
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47
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Huntsinger ET, Luecken LJ. Attachment relationships and health behavior: the mediational role of self-esteem. Psychol Health 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/0887044042000196728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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48
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García JMÁ, Carrasco AM. Factores individuales, familiares y educativos asociados al consumo de alcohol en jóvenes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2003. [DOI: 10.1174/02134740360521778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Scaramella LV, Keyes AW. The social contextual approach and rural adolescent substance use: implications for prevention in rural settings. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2001; 4:231-51. [PMID: 11783740 DOI: 10.1023/a:1017599031343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents in rural areas use substances at rates comparable to urban adolescents; understanding causes of rural adolescent substance use is critical if prevention efforts are to succeed. The present review has three primary goals: (1) to define rural, (2) to evaluate the empirical evidence regarding correlates and causes of rural adolescent substance use from a social contextual framework (L. V. Scaramella, R. D. Conger, R. Spoth, & R. L. Simons, in press), and (3) to discuss the malleability of theoretically based risk or protective factors in rural settings. The review concludes with a discussion of the difficulties and challenges of implementing prevention programs in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Scaramella
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA.
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