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Rivera AD, Normanton JR, Butt AM, Azim K. The Genomic Intersection of Oligodendrocyte Dynamics in Schizophrenia and Aging Unravels Novel Pathological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potentials. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4452. [PMID: 38674040 PMCID: PMC11050044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a significant worldwide health concern, affecting over 20 million individuals and contributing to a potential reduction in life expectancy by up to 14.5 years. Despite its profound impact, the precise pathological mechanisms underlying schizophrenia continue to remain enigmatic, with previous research yielding diverse and occasionally conflicting findings. Nonetheless, one consistently observed phenomenon in brain imaging studies of schizophrenia patients is the disruption of white matter, the bundles of myelinated axons that provide connectivity and rapid signalling between brain regions. Myelin is produced by specialised glial cells known as oligodendrocytes, which have been shown to be disrupted in post-mortem analyses of schizophrenia patients. Oligodendrocytes are generated throughout life by a major population of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC), which are essential for white matter health and plasticity. Notably, a decline in a specific subpopulation of OPC has been identified as a principal factor in oligodendrocyte disruption and white matter loss in the aging brain, suggesting this may also be a factor in schizophrenia. In this review, we analysed genomic databases to pinpoint intersections between aging and schizophrenia and identify shared mechanisms of white matter disruption and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D. Rivera
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, Via A. Gabelli 65, 35127 Padua, Italy;
| | - John R. Normanton
- GliaGenesis Limited, Orchard Lea, Horns Lane, Oxfordshire, Witney OX29 8NH, UK; (J.R.N.); (K.A.)
| | - Arthur M. Butt
- GliaGenesis Limited, Orchard Lea, Horns Lane, Oxfordshire, Witney OX29 8NH, UK; (J.R.N.); (K.A.)
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire PO1 2UP, UK
| | - Kasum Azim
- GliaGenesis Limited, Orchard Lea, Horns Lane, Oxfordshire, Witney OX29 8NH, UK; (J.R.N.); (K.A.)
- Independent Data Lab UG, Frauenmantelanger 31, 80937 Munich, Germany
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2
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Li X, Xiao Z, Li P, Yang W, Shen Y, Liu F, Xiong X, Wu Q, Wang P, Dang R, Gui S, Deng L, Manaenko A, Xie P, Li Q. Age-related changes after intracerebral hemorrhage: a comparative proteomics analysis of perihematomal tissue. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10117. [PMID: 38590360 PMCID: PMC11001198 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The risk factors and causes of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and the degree of functional recovery after ICH are distinct between young and elderly patients. The increasing incidence of ICH in young adults has become a concern; however, research on the molecules and pathways involved ICH in subjects of different ages is lacking. In this study, tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomics was utilized to examine the protein expression profiles of perihematomal tissue from young and aged mice 24 h after collagenase-induced ICH. Among the 5,129 quantified proteins, ICH induced 108 and 143 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in young and aged mice, respectively; specifically, there were 54 common DEPs, 54 unique DEPs in young mice and 89 unique DEPs in aged mice. In contrast, aging altered the expression of 58 proteins in the brain, resulting in 39 upregulated DEPs and 19 downregulated DEPs. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that ICH activated different proteins in complement pathways, coagulation cascades, the acute phase response, and the iron homeostasis signaling pathway in mice of both age groups. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) demonstrated that the unique DEPs in the young and aged mice were related to lipid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism, respectively. Deeper paired-comparison analysis demonstrated that apolipoprotein M exhibited the most significant change in expression as a result of both aging and ICH. These results help illustrate age-related protein expression changes in the acute phase of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongsong Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peizheng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wensong Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiqing Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangyu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyuan Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruozhi Dang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siwen Gui
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anatol Manaenko
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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3
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Achiro JM, Tao Y, Gao F, Lin CH, Watanabe M, Neumann S, Coppola G, Black DL, Martin KC. Aging differentially alters the transcriptome and landscape of chromatin accessibility in the male and female mouse hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1334862. [PMID: 38318533 PMCID: PMC10839115 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1334862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging-related memory impairment and pathological memory disorders such as Alzheimer's disease differ between males and females, and yet little is known about how aging-related changes in the transcriptome and chromatin environment differ between sexes in the hippocampus. To investigate this question, we compared the chromatin accessibility landscape and gene expression/alternative splicing pattern of young adult and aged mouse hippocampus in both males and females using ATAC-seq and RNA-seq. We detected significant aging-dependent changes in the expression of genes involved in immune response and synaptic function and aging-dependent changes in the alternative splicing of myelin sheath genes. We found significant sex-bias in the expression and alternative splicing of hundreds of genes, including aging-dependent female-biased expression of myelin sheath genes and aging-dependent male-biased expression of genes involved in synaptic function. Aging was associated with increased chromatin accessibility in both male and female hippocampus, especially in repetitive elements, and with an increase in LINE-1 transcription. We detected significant sex-bias in chromatin accessibility in both autosomes and the X chromosome, with male-biased accessibility enriched at promoters and CpG-rich regions. Sex differences in gene expression and chromatin accessibility were amplified with aging, findings that may shed light on sex differences in aging-related and pathological memory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Achiro
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yang Tao
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Fuying Gao
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chia-Ho Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Marika Watanabe
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sylvia Neumann
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Douglas L. Black
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kelsey C. Martin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Cozzolino F, Canè L, Gatto MC, Iacobucci I, Sacchettino L, De Biase D, Di Napoli E, Paciello O, Avallone L, Monti M, d’Angelo D, Napolitano F. Proteomic signature profiling in the cortex of dairy cattle unravels the physiology of brain aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1277546. [PMID: 38131010 PMCID: PMC10733460 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1277546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aging is a physiological process occurring in all living organisms. It is characterized by a progressive deterioration of the physiological and cognitive functions of the organism, accompanied by a gradual impairment of mechanisms involved in the regulation of tissue and organ homeostasis, thus exacerbating the risk of developing pathologies, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Methods In the present work, for the first time, the influence of aging has been investigated in the brain cortex of the Podolica cattle breed, through LC-MS/MS-based differential proteomics and the bioinformatic analysis approach (data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD044108), with the aim of identifying potential aging or longevity markers, also associated with a specific lifestyle. Results and discussion We found a significant down-regulation of proteins involved in cellular respiration, dendric spine development, synaptic vesicle transport, and myelination. On the other hand, together with a reduction of the neurofilament light chain, we observed an up-regulation of both GFAP and vimentin in the aged samples. In conclusion, our data pave the way for a better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying brain aging in grazing cattle, which could allow strategies to be developed that are aimed at improving animal welfare and husbandry practices of dairy cattle from intensive livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Cozzolino
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”-Via G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Canè
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”-Via G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Claudia Gatto
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”-Via G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Iacobucci
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”-Via G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Sacchettino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Davide De Biase
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Evaristo Di Napoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Monti
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”-Via G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Danila d’Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Napolitano
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate “Franco Salvatore”-Via G. Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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5
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Benarroch E. What Are the Roles of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells in Normal and Pathologic Conditions? Neurology 2023; 101:958-965. [PMID: 37985182 PMCID: PMC10663025 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000208000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
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6
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Wang Y, Jiang A, Yan J, Wen D, Gu N, Li Z, Sun X, Wu Y, Guo Z. Inhibition of GPR17/ID2 Axis Improve Remyelination and Cognitive Recovery after SAH by Mediating OPC Differentiation in Rat Model. Transl Stroke Res 2023:10.1007/s12975-023-01201-0. [PMID: 37935878 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Myelin sheath injury contributes to cognitive deficits following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). G protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17), a membrane receptor, negatively regulates oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation in both developmental and pathological contexts. Nonetheless, GPR17's role in modulating OPC differentiation, facilitating remyelination post SAH, and its interaction with downstream molecules remain elusive. In a rat SAH model induced by arterial puncture, OPCs expressing GPR17 proliferated prominently by day 14 post-onset, coinciding with compromised myelin sheath integrity and cognitive deficits. Selective Gpr17 knockdown in oligodendrocytes (OLs) via adeno-associated virus (AAV) administration revealed that reduced GPR17 levels promoted OPC differentiation, restored myelin sheath integrity, and improved cognitive deficits by day 14 post-SAH. Moreover, GPR17 knockdown attenuated the elevated expression of the inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (ID2) post-SAH, suggesting a GPR17-ID2 regulatory axis. Bi-directional modulation of ID2 expression in OLs using AAV unveiled that elevated ID2 counteracted the restorative effects of GPR17 knockdown. This resulted in hindered differentiation, exacerbated myelin sheath impairment, and worsened cognitive deficits. These findings highlight the pivotal roles of GPR17 and ID2 in governing OPC differentiation and axonal remyelination post-SAH. This study positions GPR17 as a potential therapeutic target for SAH intervention. The interplay between GPR17 and ID2 introduces a novel avenue for ameliorating cognitive deficits post-SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Anan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Daochen Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanhan County People's Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Nina Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zongduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.
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7
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Hahn O, Foltz AG, Atkins M, Kedir B, Moran-Losada P, Guldner IH, Munson C, Kern F, Pálovics R, Lu N, Zhang H, Kaur A, Hull J, Huguenard JR, Grönke S, Lehallier B, Partridge L, Keller A, Wyss-Coray T. Atlas of the aging mouse brain reveals white matter as vulnerable foci. Cell 2023; 186:4117-4133.e22. [PMID: 37591239 PMCID: PMC10528304 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Aging is the key risk factor for cognitive decline, yet the molecular changes underlying brain aging remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted spatiotemporal RNA sequencing of the mouse brain, profiling 1,076 samples from 15 regions across 7 ages and 2 rejuvenation interventions. Our analysis identified a brain-wide gene signature of aging in glial cells, which exhibited spatially defined changes in magnitude. By integrating spatial and single-nucleus transcriptomics, we found that glial aging was particularly accelerated in white matter compared with cortical regions, whereas specialized neuronal populations showed region-specific expression changes. Rejuvenation interventions, including young plasma injection and dietary restriction, exhibited distinct effects on gene expression in specific brain regions. Furthermore, we discovered differential gene expression patterns associated with three human neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting the importance of regional aging as a potential modulator of disease. Our findings identify molecular foci of brain aging, providing a foundation to target age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hahn
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aulden G Foltz
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Micaiah Atkins
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Blen Kedir
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Moran-Losada
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ian H Guldner
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christy Munson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, NYU Langone Health, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Fabian Kern
- Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Róbert Pálovics
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nannan Lu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Achint Kaur
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Hull
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John R Huguenard
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Linda Partridge
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Keller
- Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford University, The Phil and Penny Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience, Stanford, CA, USA.
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8
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Biundo F, Chitu V, Gökhan Ş, Chen E, Oppong-Asare J, Stanley ER. Trem2 Enhances Demyelination in the Csf1r+/- Mouse Model of Leukoencephalopathy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2094. [PMID: 37626591 PMCID: PMC10452898 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R)-related leukoencephalopathy (CRL) is a neurodegenerative disease that triggers early demyelination, leading to an adult-onset dementia. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) is a microglial receptor that promotes the activation of microglia and phagocytic clearance of apoptotic neurons and myelin debris. We investigated the role of Trem2 in the demyelination observed in the Csf1r+/- mouse model of CRL. We show that elevation of Trem2 expression and callosal demyelination occur in 4-5-month-old Csf1r+/- mice, prior to the development of symptoms. Absence of Trem2 in the Csf1r+/- mouse attenuated myelin pathology and normalized microglial densities and morphology in the corpus callosum. Trem2 absence also prevented axonal degeneration and the loss of cortical layer V neurons observed in Csf1r+/- mice. Furthermore, the absence of Trem2 prevented the accumulation of myelin-derived lipids in Csf1r+/- macrophages and reduced the production of TNF-α after myelin engulfment. These data suggest that TREM2 contributes to microglial dyshomeostasis in CRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Biundo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Şölen Gökhan
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Edward Chen
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jude Oppong-Asare
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - E. Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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9
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de la Fuente AG, Pelucchi S, Mertens J, Di Luca M, Mauceri D, Marcello E. Novel therapeutic approaches to target neurodegeneration. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:1651-1673. [PMID: 36965025 PMCID: PMC10952850 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is the main risk factor common to most primary neurodegenerative disorders. Indeed, age-related brain alterations have been long considered to predispose to neurodegeneration. Although protein misfolding and the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates have been considered as causative events in neurodegeneration, several other biological pathways affected by brain ageing also contribute to pathogenesis. Here, we discuss the evidence showing the involvement of the mechanisms controlling neuronal structure, gene expression, autophagy, cell metabolism and neuroinflammation in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, we review the therapeutic strategies currently under development or as future approaches designed to normalize these pathways, which may then increase brain resilience to cope with toxic protein species. In addition to therapies targeting the insoluble protein aggregates specifically associated with each neurodegenerative disorder, these novel pharmacological approaches may be part of combined therapies designed to rescue brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alerie G. de la Fuente
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL)AlicanteSpain
- Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC‐UMHAlicanteSpain
- Wellcome‐Wolfson Institute for Experimental MedicineQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Silvia Pelucchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- Institute of Molecular BiologyLeopold‐Franzens‐Universität InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Jerome Mertens
- Institute of Molecular BiologyLeopold‐Franzens‐Universität InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Monica Di Luca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Daniela Mauceri
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell BiologyDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, University of MarburgMarburgGermany
- Department of NeurobiologyInterdisciplinary Centre for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Elena Marcello
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
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10
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Boccazzi M, Raffaele S, Zanettin T, Abbracchio MP, Fumagalli M. Altered Purinergic Signaling in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Focus on P2 Receptors. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050856. [PMID: 37238724 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
With the umbrella term 'neurodevelopmental disorders' (NDDs) we refer to a plethora of congenital pathological conditions generally connected with cognitive, social behavior, and sensory/motor alterations. Among the possible causes, gestational and perinatal insults have been demonstrated to interfere with the physiological processes necessary for the proper development of fetal brain cytoarchitecture and functionality. In recent years, several genetic disorders caused by mutations in key enzymes involved in purine metabolism have been associated with autism-like behavioral outcomes. Further analysis revealed dysregulated purine and pyrimidine levels in the biofluids of subjects with other NDDs. Moreover, the pharmacological blockade of specific purinergic pathways reversed the cognitive and behavioral defects caused by maternal immune activation, a validated and now extensively used rodent model for NDDs. Furthermore, Fragile X and Rett syndrome transgenic animal models as well as models of premature birth, have been successfully utilized to investigate purinergic signaling as a potential pharmacological target for these diseases. In this review, we examine results on the role of the P2 receptor signaling in the etiopathogenesis of NDDs. On this basis, we discuss how this evidence could be exploited to develop more receptor-specific ligands for future therapeutic interventions and novel prognostic markers for the early detection of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Boccazzi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Raffaele
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Zanettin
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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11
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Yi C, Verkhratsky A, Niu J. Pathological potential of oligodendrocyte precursor cells: terra incognita. Trends Neurosci 2023:S0166-2236(23)00103-0. [PMID: 37183154 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells (aOPCs), transformed from fetal OPCs, are idiosyncratic neuroglia of the central nervous system (CNS) that are distinct in many ways from other glial cells. OPCs have been classically studied in the context of their remyelinating capacity. Recent studies, however, revealed that aOPCs not only contribute to post-lesional remyelination but also play diverse crucial roles in multiple neurological diseases. In this review we briefly present the physiology of aOPCs and summarize current knowledge of the beneficial and detrimental roles of aOPCs in different CNS diseases. We discuss unique features of aOPC death, reactivity, and changes during senescence, as well as aOPC interactions with other glial cells and pathological remodeling during disease. Finally, we outline future perspectives for the study of aOPCs in brain pathologies which may instigate the development of aOPC-targeting therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenju Yi
- Research Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen 518107, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE), Bilbao 48011, Spain; Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Jianqin Niu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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12
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Stamenkovic S, Li Y, Waters J, Shih A. Deep Imaging to Dissect Microvascular Contributions to White Matter Degeneration in Rodent Models of Dementia. Stroke 2023; 54:1403-1415. [PMID: 37094035 PMCID: PMC10460612 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.037156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
The increasing socio-economic burden of Alzheimer disease (AD) and AD-related dementias has created a pressing need to define targets for therapeutic intervention. Deficits in cerebral blood flow and neurovascular function have emerged as early contributors to disease progression. However, the cause, progression, and consequence of small vessel disease in AD/AD-related dementias remains poorly understood, making therapeutic targets difficult to pinpoint. Animal models that recapitulate features of AD/AD-related dementias may provide mechanistic insight because microvascular pathology can be studied as it develops in vivo. Recent advances in in vivo optical and ultrasound-based imaging of the rodent brain facilitate this goal by providing access to deeper brain structures, including white matter and hippocampus, which are more vulnerable to injury during cerebrovascular disease. Here, we highlight these novel imaging approaches and discuss their potential for improving our understanding of vascular contributions to AD/AD-related dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stamenkovic
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yuandong Li
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jack Waters
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andy Shih
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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13
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Zhi JJ, Wu SL, Wu HQ, Ran Q, Gao X, Chen JF, Gu XM, Li T, Wang F, Xiao L, Ye J, Mei F. Insufficient Oligodendrocyte Turnover in Optic Nerve Contributes to Age-Related Axon Loss and Visual Deficits. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1859-1870. [PMID: 36725322 PMCID: PMC10027114 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2130-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related decline in visual functions is a prevalent health problem among elderly people, and no effective therapies are available up-to-date. Axon degeneration and myelin loss in optic nerves (ONs) are age-dependent and become evident in middle-aged (13-18 months) and old (20-22 months) mice of either sex compared with adult mice (3-8 months), accompanied by functional deficits. Oligodendrocyte (OL) turnover is actively going on in adult ONs. However, the longitudinal change and functional significance of OL turnover in aging ONs remain largely unknown. Here, using cell-lineage labeling and tracing, we reported that oligodendrogenesis displayed an age-dependent decrease in aging ONs. To understand whether active OL turnover is required for maintaining axons and visual function, we conditionally deleted the transcription factor Olig2 in the oligodendrocyte precursor cells of young mice. Genetically dampening OL turnover by Olig2 ablation resulted in accelerated axon loss and retinal degeneration, and subsequently impaired ON signal transmission, suggesting that OL turnover is an important mechanism to sustain axon survival and visual function. To test whether enhancing oligodendrogenesis can prevent age-related visual deficits, 12-month-old mice were treated with clemastine, a pro-myelination drug, or induced deletion of the muscarinic receptor 1 in oligodendrocyte precursor cells. The clemastine treatment or muscarinic receptor 1 deletion significantly increased new OL generation in the aged ONs and consequently preserved visual function and retinal integrity. Together, our data indicate that dynamic OL turnover in ONs is required for axon survival and visual function, and enhancing new OL generation represents a potential approach to reversing age-related declines of visual function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Oligodendrocyte (OL) turnover has been reported in adult optic nerves (ONs), but the longitudinal change and functional significance of OL turnover during aging remain largely unknown. Using cell-lineage tracing and oligodendroglia-specific manipulation, this study reported that OL generation was active in adult ONs and the efficiency decreased in an age-dependent manner. Genetically dampening OL generation by Olig2 ablation resulted in significant axon loss and retinal degeneration, along with delayed visual signal transmission. Conversely, pro-myelination approaches significantly increased new myelin generation in aging ONs, and consequently preserved retinal integrity and visual function. Our findings indicate that promoting OL generation might be a promising strategy to preserve visual function from age-related decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Zhi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shuang-Ling Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Hao-Qian Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qi Ran
- Department of Ophthalmology and Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xing Gao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jing-Fei Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xing-Mei Gu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Department of Medical English Teaching and Research, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jian Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology and Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Feng Mei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Brain and Intelligence Research Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
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14
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Lecca D, Baron W, Butt AM. Editorial: Cellular and molecular factors that drive the behavior of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in physiological conditions and disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1145627. [PMID: 36814864 PMCID: PMC9939830 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1145627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Lecca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy,*Correspondence: Davide Lecca ✉
| | - Wia Baron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Arthur M. Butt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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15
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Harrington AW, Liu C, Phillips N, Nepomuceno D, Kuei C, Chang J, Chen W, Sutton SW, O'Malley D, Pham L, Yao X, Sun S, Bonaventure P. Identification and characterization of select oxysterols as ligands for GPR17. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:401-421. [PMID: 36214386 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE G-protein coupled receptor 17 (GPR17) is an orphan receptor involved in the process of myelination, due to its ability to inhibit the maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) into myelinating oligodendrocytes. Despite multiple claims that the biological ligand has been identified, it remains an orphan receptor. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Seventy-seven oxysterols were screened in a cell-free [35 S]GTPγS binding assay using membranes from cells expressing GPR17. The positive hits were characterized using adenosine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), inositol monophosphate (IP1) and calcium mobilization assays, with results confirmed in rat primary oligodendrocytes. Rat and pig brain extracts were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and endogenous activator(s) were identified in receptor activation assays. Gene expression studies of GPR17, and CYP46A1 (cytochrome P450 family 46 subfamily A member 1) enzymes responsible for the conversion of cholesterol into specific oxysterols, were performed using quantitative real-time PCR. KEY RESULTS Five oxysterols were able to stimulate GPR17 activity, including the brain cholesterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24S-HC). A specific brain fraction from rat and pig extracts containing 24S-HC activates GPR17 in vitro. Expression of Gpr17 during mouse brain development correlates with the expression of Cyp46a1 and the levels of 24S-HC itself. Other active oxysterols have low brain concentrations below effective ranges. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Oxysterols, including but not limited to 24S-HC, could be physiological activators for GPR17 and thus potentially regulate OPC differentiation and myelination through activation of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Changlu Liu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Naomi Phillips
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Chester Kuei
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Joseph Chang
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Weixuan Chen
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Steven W Sutton
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Daniel O'Malley
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ly Pham
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Xiang Yao
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Siquan Sun
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California, USA
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16
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Murray CJ, Vecchiarelli HA, Tremblay MÈ. Enhancing axonal myelination in seniors: A review exploring the potential impact cannabis has on myelination in the aged brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1119552. [PMID: 37032821 PMCID: PMC10073480 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1119552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of cannabis is on the rise as public opinion trends toward acceptance and its consequent legalization. Specifically, the senior population is one of the demographics increasing their use of cannabis the fastest, but research aimed at understanding cannabis' impact on the aged brain is still scarce. Aging is characterized by many brain changes that slowly alter cognitive ability. One process that is greatly impacted during aging is axonal myelination. The slow degradation and loss of myelin (i.e., demyelination) in the brain with age has been shown to associate with cognitive decline and, furthermore, is a common characteristic of numerous neurological diseases experienced in aging. It is currently not known what causes this age-dependent degradation, but it is likely due to numerous confounding factors (i.e., heightened inflammation, reduced blood flow, cellular senescence) that impact the many cells responsible for maintaining overall homeostasis and myelin integrity. Importantly, animal studies using non-human primates and rodents have also revealed demyelination with age, providing a reliable model for researchers to try and understand the cellular mechanisms at play. In rodents, cannabis was recently shown to modulate the myelination process. Furthermore, studies looking at the direct modulatory impact cannabis has on microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocyte lineage cells hint at potential mechanisms to prevent some of the more damaging activities performed by these cells that contribute to demyelination in aging. However, research focusing on how cannabis impacts myelination in the aged brain is lacking. Therefore, this review will explore the evidence thus far accumulated to show how cannabis impacts myelination and will extrapolate what this knowledge may mean for the aged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Murray
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Colin J. Murray,
| | | | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Départment de Médicine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Center de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Institute for Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Marie-Ève Tremblay,
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17
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Rivera A, Butt A, Azim K. Next generation drug connectivity mapping for acquiring therapeutic agents to differentially regulate myelination. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:797-798. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.353486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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18
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Cheng J, Ji X, He L, Zhang Y, Xiao T, Geng Q, Wang Z, Qi S, Zhou F, Zhan J. Epidemiological Characteristics and Factors Associated with Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment among the Elderly in Urban and Rural Areas of Hubei Province. J Clin Med 2022; 12:jcm12010028. [PMID: 36614829 PMCID: PMC9820890 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilize the prevalence, associated factors and population distribution of AD and MCI among residents of the Hubei province aged 60 years or over to prove that elderly people who study and communicate with others, take part in regular physical exercise and choose a healthy lifestyle, will prevent or slow the decline in cognitive ability. If elderly people study and communicate with others, take part in regular physical exercise and choose a healthy lifestyle, can prevent or slow the decline in cognitive ability. A cross-sectional study was used for the recruitment of subjects. The screened patients with AD and MCI were then selected as patients in a case−control study. A total of 4314 subjects were recruited into the study. The prevalence of AD and MCI was 1.44% and 10.04%, respectively. The prevalence of AD and MCI differed significantly as a function of age and gender (p < 0.05). The preventative factors for AD and MCI, separately, included a happy marriage (OR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.36−1.35) and higher education (OR = 0.65, 95%CI: 0.55−0.78). The risk factors for AD and MCI, separately, included infrequent participation in social activities (OR = 1.00, 95%CI: 0.60−1.66) and infrequent communication with children (OR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.09−1.69). The prevalence of AD for people aged 60 or over in the Hubei province was lower than the national average of 3.06%. The prevalence of MCI was within the national range (5.2−23.4%). The influencing factors of AD and MCI were associated with the participants’ social connections, lifestyle behaviors, somatic diseases and so on. The elderly people who study and communicate with others, take part in regular physical exercise and choose a healthy lifestyle will prevent or slow the decline in cognitive ability. The conclusion section has been replaced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cheng
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Xiaoqi Ji
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Lu He
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yutong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tongtong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Qiang Geng
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shige Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jianbo Zhan
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (J.Z.)
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19
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Huang H, Song R, Wong JJ, Anggono V, Widagdo J. The N6-methyladenosine RNA landscape in the aged mouse hippocampus. Aging Cell 2022; 22:e13755. [PMID: 36495001 PMCID: PMC9835576 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aged brain is associated with an inevitable decline in cognitive function and increased vulnerability to neurodegenerative disorders. Multiple molecular hallmarks have been associated with the aging nervous system through transcriptomics and proteomic studies. Recently, epitranscriptomic analysis has highlighted the role of RNA chemical modification in various biological processes. In particular, N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most abundant internal modification in eukaryotic mRNAs, has been functionally linked to multiple aspects of RNA metabolism with the roles of m6A in processes such as learning and memory, leading to our current investigation of how the m6A-transcriptomic landscape is shaped during aging. Using the inbred C57BL/6 line, we compared the m6A-transcriptomic profiles from the hippocampi of young (3-month-old) and aged (20-month-old) mice. Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP)-sequencing analysis revealed hyper- and hypomethylation in 426 and 102 genes, respectively, in the aged hippocampus (fold change >1.5, false discovery rate <0.05). By correlating the methylation changes to their steady-state transcript levels in the RNA-Seq data, we found a significant concordance between m6A and transcript levels in both directions. Notably, the myelin regulator gene Gpr17 was downregulated in the aged hippocampus concomitant with reduced m6A levels in its 3'UTR. Using reporter constructs and mutagenesis analysis, we demonstrated that the putative m6A sites in the 3'UTR of Gpr17 are important for mRNA translation but not for regulating transcript stability. Overall, the positive correlation between m6A and the transcript expression levels indicates a co-transcriptional regulation of m6A with gene expression changes that occur in the aged mouse hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia ResearchQueensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Renhua Song
- Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary InstituteThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia,The University of SydneyFaculty of Medicine and HealthCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Justin J.‐L. Wong
- Epigenetics and RNA Biology Program Centenary InstituteThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia,The University of SydneyFaculty of Medicine and HealthCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Victor Anggono
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia ResearchQueensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Jocelyn Widagdo
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia ResearchQueensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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20
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Rivera AD, Butt AM, Azim K. Resolving the age-related decline in central nervous system myelin turnover and drug discovery for oligodendroglial rejuvenation. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2677-2678. [PMID: 35662206 PMCID: PMC9165362 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.338995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Domenico Rivera
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Arthur Morgan Butt
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Kasum Azim
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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21
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Wei Y, Yu R, Cheng S, Zhou P, Mo S, He C, Deng C, Wu P, Liu H, Cao C. Single-cell profiling of mouse and primate ovaries identifies high levels of EGFR for stromal cells in ovarian aging. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 31:1-12. [PMID: 36570672 PMCID: PMC9761475 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Increased ovarian fibrosis and an expanded stromal cell compartment are the main characteristics of aging ovaries. However, the molecular mechanisms and the key factor of stromal cells underlying ovarian aging remain unclear. Here, we explored single-cell transcriptomic data of ovaries from the adult mouse (4,363 cells), young (1,122 cells), and aged (1,479 cells) non-human primates (NHPs) to identify expression patterns of stromal cells between young and old ovaries. An increased number of stromal cells (p = 0.0386) was observed in aged ovaries of NHPs, with enrichment processes related to the collagen-containing extracellular matrix. In addition, differentially expressed genes of stromal cells between young and old ovaries were regulated by ESR1 (p = 7.94E-08) and AR (p = 1.99E-05). Among them, EGFR was identified as the common target and was highly expressed (p = 7.69E-39) in old ovaries. In human ovaries, the correlated genes of EGFR were associated with the process of the cell-substrate junction. Silencing of EGFR in human ovarian stromal cells led to the reduction of cell-substrate junction via regulating phosphorylation modification of the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway and stromal cell marker genes. Overall, we identified high levels of EGFR for stromal cells in ovarian aging, which provides insight into the cell type-specific molecular mechanisms underlying ovarian aging at single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wei
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ruidi Yu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Sheng Cheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China,National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shaomei Mo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Reproductive Research Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Guangdong 518036, China,The Fifth Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Chao He
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chang Deng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China,Corresponding author Peng Wu, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Reproductive Research Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Guangdong 518036, China,Corresponding author He Liu, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Reproductive Research Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Guangdong 518036, China.
| | - Canhui Cao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Reproductive Research Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Guangdong 518036, China,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China,Corresponding author Canhui Cao, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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22
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Role of Demyelination in the Persistence of Neurological and Mental Impairments after COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911291. [PMID: 36232592 PMCID: PMC9569975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term neurological and mental complications of COVID-19, the so-called post-COVID syndrome or long COVID, affect the quality of life. The most persistent manifestations of long COVID include fatigue, anosmia/hyposmia, insomnia, depression/anxiety, and memory/attention deficits. The physiological basis of neurological and psychiatric disorders is still poorly understood. This review summarizes the current knowledge of neurological sequelae in post-COVID patients and discusses brain demyelination as a possible mechanism of these complications with a focus on neuroimaging findings. Numerous reviews, experimental and theoretical studies consider brain demyelination as one of the mechanisms of the central neural system impairment. Several factors might cause demyelination, such as inflammation, direct effect of the virus on oligodendrocytes, and cerebrovascular disorders, inducing myelin damage. There is a contradiction between the solid fundamental basis underlying demyelination as the mechanism of the neurological injuries and relatively little published clinical evidence related to demyelination in COVID-19 patients. The reason for this probably lies in the fact that most clinical studies used conventional MRI techniques, which can detect only large, clearly visible demyelinating lesions. A very limited number of studies use specific methods for myelin quantification detected changes in the white matter tracts 3 and 10 months after the acute phase of COVID-19. Future research applying quantitative MRI assessment of myelin in combination with neurological and psychological studies will help in understanding the mechanisms of post-COVID complications associated with demyelination.
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Targeting the Subventricular Zone to Promote Myelin Repair in the Aging Brain. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111809. [PMID: 35681504 PMCID: PMC9180001 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The subventricular zone (SVZ) is the largest and most active germinal zone in the adult forebrain. Neural stem cells (NSCs) of the SVZ generate olfactory interneurons throughout life and retain the intrinsic ability to generate oligodendrocytes (OLs), the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. OLs and myelin are targets in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Remyelination is dependent on the ability of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to proliferate, migrate, and terminally differentiate into myelinating OLs. During aging, there is a gradual decrease in the regenerative capacity of OPCs, and the consequent loss of OLs and myelin is a contributing factor in cognitive decline and the failure of remyelination in MS and other pathologies with aging contexts, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and stroke. The age-related decrease in oligodendrogenesis has not been fully characterised but is known to reflect changes in intrinsic and environmental factors affecting the ability of OPCs to respond to pro-differentiation stimuli. Notably, SVZ-derived OPCs are an important source of remyelinating OLs in addition to parenchymal OPCs. In this mini-review, we briefly discuss differences between SVZ-derived and parenchymal OPCs in their responses to demyelination and highlight challenges associated with their study in vivo and how they can be targeted for regenerative therapies in the aged brain.
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Li X, Yang W, Shen Y, Liu F, Xiong X, Wu Q, Xiao Z, Yang X, Dang R, Manaenko A, Xie P, Li Q. Analysis of Age-Dependent Transcriptomic Changes in Response to Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:908683. [PMID: 35677585 PMCID: PMC9169040 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.908683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is a well-known risk factor that is independently associated with poor outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, the interrelationship between age and poor outcomes after ICH is not well defined. In this study, we aimed to investigate this relationship based on collagenase-induced ICH mice models. After being assessed neurological deficit 24 h after ICH, mice were euthanized and brain perihematomal tissues were used for RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). And then the functions of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by RNA-seq were analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. In addition, we performed real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for validation of candidate DEGs. In the behavioral tests, aged mice presented significantly worse neurological function than young mice and greater weight loss than aged sham controls 24 h after ICH. In DEGs analysis, ICH affected the expression of more genes in young mice (2,337 DEGs) compared with aged mice (2,005 DEGs). We found aged mice exhibited increased brain inflammatory responses compared with young animals and ICH induced significant activation of the interferon-β (IFN-β) and IFN signaling pathways exclusively in aged mice. Moreover, further analysis demonstrated that ICH resulted in the activation of cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway with the production of downstream molecule type I IFN, and the response to type I IFN was more significant in aged mice than in young mice. In agreement with the results of RNA-seq, RT-qPCR indicated that the expression of candidate genes of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1), and IFN-β was significantly altered in aged mice after ICH. Taken together, our study indicated that compared to young animals, aged mice exhibit increased vulnerability to ICH and that the differences in transcriptional response patterns to ICH between young and aged mice. We believe that these findings will facilitate our understanding of ICH pathology and help to translate the results of preclinical studies into a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wensong Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiqing Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangyu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongsong Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xun Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruozhi Dang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anatol Manaenko
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Li,
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Li,
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25
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Rivera AD, Azim K, Macchi V, Porzionato A, Butt AM, De Caro R. Epidermal Growth Factor Pathway in the Age-Related Decline of Oligodendrocyte Regeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:838007. [PMID: 35370556 PMCID: PMC8968959 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.838007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are specialized glial cells that myelinate CNS axons. OLs are generated throughout life from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) via a series of tightly controlled differentiation steps. Life-long myelination is essential for learning and to replace myelin lost in age-related pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as white matter pathologies such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Notably, there is considerable myelin loss in the aging brain, which is accelerated in AD and underpins the failure of remyelination in secondary progressive MS. An important factor in age-related myelin loss is a marked decrease in the regenerative capacity of OPCs. In this review, we will contextualize recent advances in the key role of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) signaling in regulating multiple biological pathways in oligodendroglia that are dysregulated in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D. Rivera
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Kasum Azim
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Porzionato
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Arthur M. Butt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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26
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Seeker LA, Williams A. Oligodendroglia heterogeneity in the human central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:143-157. [PMID: 34860266 PMCID: PMC8742806 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is the centenary of the discovery of oligodendrocytes and we are increasingly aware of their importance in the functioning of the brain in development, adult learning, normal ageing and in disease across the life course, even in those diseases classically thought of as neuronal. This has sparked more interest in oligodendroglia for potential therapeutics for many neurodegenerative/neurodevelopmental diseases due to their more tractable nature as a renewable cell in the central nervous system. However, oligodendroglia are not all the same. Even from the first description, differences in morphology were described between the cells. With advancing techniques to describe these differences in human tissue, the complexity of oligodendroglia is being discovered, indicating apparent functional differences which may be of critical importance in determining vulnerability and response to disease, and targeting of potential therapeutics. It is timely to review the progress we have made in discovering and understanding oligodendroglial heterogeneity in health and neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise A Seeker
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna Williams
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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27
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Ramos RXA, Dominguez JC, Bantang JY. Young and Aged Neuronal Tissue Dynamics With a Simplified Neuronal Patch Cellular Automata Model. Front Neuroinform 2022; 15:763560. [PMID: 35069165 PMCID: PMC8777299 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2021.763560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Realistic single-cell neuronal dynamics are typically obtained by solving models that involve solving a set of differential equations similar to the Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) system. However, realistic simulations of neuronal tissue dynamics —especially at the organ level, the brain— can become intractable due to an explosion in the number of equations to be solved simultaneously. Consequently, such efforts of modeling tissue- or organ-level systems require a lot of computational time and the need for large computational resources. Here, we propose to utilize a cellular automata (CA) model as an efficient way of modeling a large number of neurons reducing both the computational time and memory requirement. First, a first-order approximation of the response function of each HH neuron is obtained and used as the response-curve automaton rule. We then considered a system where an external input is in a few cells. We utilize a Moore neighborhood (both totalistic and outer-totalistic rules) for the CA system used. The resulting steady-state dynamics of a two-dimensional (2D) neuronal patch of size 1, 024 × 1, 024 cells can be classified into three classes: (1) Class 0–inactive, (2) Class 1–spiking, and (3) Class 2–oscillatory. We also present results for different quasi-3D configurations starting from the 2D lattice and show that this classification is robust. The numerical modeling approach can find applications in the analysis of neuronal dynamics in mesoscopic scales in the brain (patch or regional). The method is applied to compare the dynamical properties of the young and aged population of neurons. The resulting dynamics of the aged population shows higher average steady-state activity 〈a(t → ∞)〉 than the younger population. The average steady-state activity 〈a(t → ∞)〉 is significantly simplified when the aged population is subjected to external input. The result conforms to the empirical data with aged neurons exhibiting higher firing rates as well as the presence of firing activity for aged neurons stimulated with lower external current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinier Xander A. Ramos
- Instrumentation Physics Laboratory, National Institute of Physics, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jacqueline C. Dominguez
- Institute for Neurosciences, St Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
- Elderly and Dementia Care, Institute for Dementia Care Asia, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Johnrob Y. Bantang
- Instrumentation Physics Laboratory, National Institute of Physics, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines
- Computational Science Research Center, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines
- *Correspondence: Johnrob Y. Bantang
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28
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Rivera AD, Pieropan F, Williams G, Calzolari F, Butt AM, Azim K. Drug connectivity mapping and functional analysis reveal therapeutic small molecules that differentially modulate myelination. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 145:112436. [PMID: 34813998 PMCID: PMC8664715 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption or loss of oligodendrocytes (OLs) and myelin has devastating effects on CNS function and integrity, which occur in diverse neurological disorders, including Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease and neuropsychiatric disorders. Hence, there is a need to develop new therapies that promote oligodendrocyte regeneration and myelin repair. A promising approach is drug repurposing, but most agents have potentially contrasting biological actions depending on the cellular context and their dose-dependent effects on intracellular pathways. Here, we have used a combined systems biology and neurobiological approach to identify compounds that exert positive and negative effects on oligodendroglia, depending on concentration. Notably, next generation pharmacogenomic analysis identified the PI3K/Akt modulator LY294002 as the most highly ranked small molecule with both pro- and anti-oligodendroglial concentration-dependent effects. We validated these in silico findings using multidisciplinary approaches to reveal a profoundly bipartite effect of LY294002 on the generation of OPCs and their differentiation into myelinating oligodendrocytes in both postnatal and adult contexts. Finally, we employed transcriptional profiling and signalling pathway activity assays to determine cell-specific mechanisms of action of LY294002 on oligodendrocytes and resolve optimal in vivo conditions required to promote myelin repair. These results demonstrate the power of multidisciplinary strategies in determining the therapeutic potential of small molecules in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Rivera
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, PO1 2DT Portsmouth, UK; Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - F Pieropan
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, PO1 2DT Portsmouth, UK
| | - G Williams
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - F Calzolari
- Research Group Adult Neurogenesis & Cellular Reprogramming Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 19, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - A M Butt
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, PO1 2DT Portsmouth, UK
| | - K Azim
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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29
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Zhang X, Huang N, Xiao L, Wang F, Li T. Replenishing the Aged Brains: Targeting Oligodendrocytes and Myelination? Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:760200. [PMID: 34899272 PMCID: PMC8656359 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.760200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging affects almost all the aspects of brain functions, but the mechanisms remain largely undefined. Increasing number of literatures have manifested the important role of glial cells in regulating the aging process. Oligodendroglial lineage cell is a major type of glia in central nervous system (CNS), composed of mature oligodendrocytes (OLs), and oligodendroglia precursor cells (OPCs). OLs produce myelin sheaths that insulate axons and provide metabolic support to meet the energy demand. OPCs maintain the population throughout lifetime with the abilities to proliferate and differentiate into OLs. Increasing evidence has shown that oligodendroglial cells display active dynamics in adult and aging CNS, which is extensively involved in age-related brain function decline in the elderly. In this review, we summarized present knowledge about dynamic changes of oligodendroglial lineage cells during normal aging and discussed their potential roles in age-related functional decline. Especially, focused on declined myelinogenesis during aging and underlying mechanisms. Clarifying those oligodendroglial changes and their effects on neurofunctional decline may provide new insights in understanding aging associated brain function declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Nanxin Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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30
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Sams E. Oligodendrocytes in the aging brain. Neuronal Signal 2021; 5:NS20210008. [PMID: 34290887 PMCID: PMC8264650 DOI: 10.1042/ns20210008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
More than half of the human brain volume is made up of white matter: regions where axons are coated in myelin, which primarily functions to increase the conduction speed of axon potentials. White matter volume significantly decreases with age, correlating with cognitive decline. Much research in the field of non-pathological brain aging mechanisms has taken a neuron-centric approach, with relatively little attention paid to other neural cells. This review discusses white matter changes, with focus on oligodendrocyte lineage cells and their ability to produce and maintain myelin to support normal brain homoeostasis. Improved understanding of intrinsic cellular changes, general senescence mechanisms, intercellular interactions and alterations in extracellular environment which occur with aging and impact oligodendrocyte cells is paramount. This may lead to strategies to support oligodendrocytes in aging, for example by supporting myelin synthesis, protecting against oxidative stress and promoting the rejuvenation of the intrinsic regenerative potential of progenitor cells. Ultimately, this will enable the protection of white matter integrity thus protecting cognitive function into the later years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Catherine Sams
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, 4 Newark Street, Whitechapel E1 2AT, London
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31
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Sutiwisesak R, Burns TC, Rodriguez M, Warrington AE. Remyelination therapies for multiple sclerosis: optimizing translation from animal models into clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:857-876. [PMID: 34126015 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1942840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Demyelination, the main pathology in MS, contributes to clinical symptoms and long-term neurological deficits if left untreated. Remyelination, the natural repair of damaged myelin by cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage, occurs in MS, but eventually fails in most patients as they age. Encouraging timely remyelination can restore axon conduction and minimize deficits.Areas covered: We discuss and correlate human MS pathology with animal models, propose methods to deplete resident oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to determine whether mature oligodendrocytes support remyelination, and review remyelinating agents, mechanisms of action, and available clinical trial data.Expert opinion: The heterogeneity of human MS may limit successful translation of many candidate remyelinating agents; some patients lack the biological targets necessary to leverage current approaches. Development of therapeutics for remyelination has concentrated almost exclusively on mobilization of innate OPCs. However, mature oligodendrocytes appear an important contributor to remyelination in humans. Limiting the contribution of OPC mediated repair in models of MS would allow the evaluation of remyelination-promoting agents on mature oligodendrocytes. Among remyelinating reagents reviewed, only rHIgM22 targets both OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujapope Sutiwisesak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Terry C Burns
- Departments of Neurology and Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Departments of Neurology and Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Arthur E Warrington
- Departments of Neurology and Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Chacon-De-La-Rocha I, Fryatt GL, Rivera AD, Restani L, Caleo M, Gomez-Nicola D, Butt AM. The synaptic blocker botulinum toxin A decreases the density and complexity of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the adult mouse hippocampus. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2216-2227. [PMID: 34051113 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are responsible for generating oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the CNS. Life-long myelination is promoted by neuronal activity and is essential for neural network plasticity and learning. OPCs are known to contact synapses and it is proposed that neuronal synaptic activity in turn regulates their behavior. To examine this in the adult, we performed unilateral injection of the synaptic blocker botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) into the hippocampus of adult mice. We confirm BoNT/A cleaves SNAP-25 in the CA1 are of the hippocampus, which has been proven to block neurotransmission. Notably, BoNT/A significantly decreased OPC density and caused their shrinkage, as determined by immunolabeling for the OPC marker NG2. Furthermore, BoNT/A resulted in an overall decrease in the number of OPC processes, as well as a decrease in their lengths and branching frequency. These data indicate that synaptic activity is important for maintaining adult OPC numbers and cellular integrity, which is relevant to pathophysiological scenarios characterized by dysregulation of synaptic activity, such as age-related cognitive decline, Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Chacon-De-La-Rocha
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Gemma L Fryatt
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrea D Rivera
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.,Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Restani
- National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Caleo
- National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Arthur M Butt
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Rivera AD, Chacon-De-La-Rocha I, Pieropan F, Papanikolau M, Azim K, Butt AM. Keeping the ageing brain wired: a role for purine signalling in regulating cellular metabolism in oligodendrocyte progenitors. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:775-783. [PMID: 33712969 PMCID: PMC8076121 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
White matter (WM) is a highly prominent feature in the human cerebrum and is comprised of bundles of myelinated axons that form the connectome of the brain. Myelin is formed by oligodendrocytes and is essential for rapid neuronal electrical communication that underlies the massive computing power of the human brain. Oligodendrocytes are generated throughout life by oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which are identified by expression of the chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan NG2 (Cspg4), and are often termed NG2-glia. Adult NG2+ OPCs are slowly proliferating cells that have the stem cell-like property of self-renewal and differentiation into a pool of 'late OPCs' or 'differentiation committed' OPCs(COPs) identified by specific expression of the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR17, which are capable of differentiation into myelinating oligodendrocytes. In the adult brain, these reservoirs of OPCs and COPs ensure rapid myelination of new neuronal connections formed in response to neuronal signalling, which underpins learning and cognitive function. However, there is an age-related decline in myelination that is associated with a loss of neuronal function and cognitive decline. The underlying causes of myelin loss in ageing are manifold, but a key factor is the decay in OPC 'stemness' and a decline in their replenishment of COPs, which results in the ultimate failure of myelin regeneration. These changes in ageing OPCs are underpinned by dysregulation of neuronal signalling and OPC metabolic function. Here, we highlight the role of purine signalling in regulating OPC self-renewal and the potential importance of GPR17 and the P2X7 receptor subtype in age-related changes in OPC metabolism. Moreover, age is the main factor in the failure of myelination in chronic multiple sclerosis and myelin loss in Alzheimer's disease, hence understanding the importance of purine signalling in OPC regeneration and myelination is critical for developing new strategies for promoting repair in age-dependent neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Rivera
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Pieropan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Maria Papanikolau
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Kasum Azim
- Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Arthur M Butt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
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