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Leko AH, Ray LA, Leggio L. The vicious cycle between (neuro)inflammation and alcohol use disorder: An opportunity to develop new medications? ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 47:843-847. [PMID: 36882163 PMCID: PMC10289133 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andras H. Leko
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center on Compulsive Behaviors, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lara A. Ray
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore and Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Division of Addiction Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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2
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Adams C, Perry N, Conigrave J, Hurzeler T, Stevens J, Yacou Dunbar KP, Sweeney A, Lee K, Sutherland G, Haber P, Morley KC. Central markers of neuroinflammation in alcohol use disorder: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging, cerebral spinal fluid, and postmortem studies. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2023; 47:197-208. [PMID: 36852781 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS There is emerging evidence that heavy long-term alcohol consumption may alter the neuroimmune profile. We conducted a meta-analysis of the association between alcohol use disorder (AUD) and the extent of neuroinflammation using cerebrospinal (CSF), PET (Positron Emission Tomography), and postmortem studies. DESIGN AND METHODS A comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) for AUD-related terms in combination with neuroinflammatory markers and cytokine- and chemokine-related terms for CSF, PET, and postmortem studies. Participants had to meet established criteria for AUD and/or heavy alcohol consumption with dependence features and be compared with healthy controls. Papers retrieved were assessed for inclusion criteria and a critical appraisal was completed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A meta-analysis was conducted on postmortem and PET studies. RESULTS Eleven papers met the inclusion criteria with CSF, PET, and postmortem studies included in the final analysis. Postmortem studies demonstrate significant heterogeneity (𝑄 (14) = 62.02, 𝑝 < 0.001), with the alcohol group showing higher levels of neuroimmune markers than controls (𝑑 = 1.50 [95% CI 0.56, 2.45]). PET studies demonstrated a lower [11 C] PBR28 total volume of distribution (V T ) for translocator protein in the hippocampus (g = -1.95 [95% CI -2.72, -1.18], p < 0.001) of the alcohol group compared to controls. CONCLUSION There is emerging evidence across multiple diagnostic modalities that alcohol impacts neuroimmune signaling in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Adams
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol Drugs and Toxicology), Drug Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nina Perry
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Conigrave
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol Drugs and Toxicology), Drug Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tristan Hurzeler
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol Drugs and Toxicology), Drug Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia Stevens
- NSW Brain Tissue Resource Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristiane P Yacou Dunbar
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alicia Sweeney
- NSW Brain Tissue Resource Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kylie Lee
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol Drugs and Toxicology), Drug Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Greg Sutherland
- NSW Brain Tissue Resource Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Haber
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol Drugs and Toxicology), Drug Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirsten C Morley
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Edith Collins Centre (Translational Research in Alcohol Drugs and Toxicology), Drug Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Agarwal K, Manza P, Chapman M, Nawal N, Biesecker E, McPherson K, Dennis E, Johnson A, Volkow ND, Joseph PV. Inflammatory Markers in Substance Use and Mood Disorders: A Neuroimaging Perspective. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:863734. [PMID: 35558424 PMCID: PMC9086785 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.863734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to addictive drugs in substance use disorders and stressors in mood disorders render the brain more vulnerable to inflammation. Inflammation in the brain, or neuroinflammation, is characterized by gliosis, microglial activation, and sustained release of cytokines, chemokines, and pro-inflammatory factors compromising the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. There is increased curiosity in understanding how substance misuse and/or repeated stress exposure affect inflammation and contribute to abnormal neuronal activity, altered neuroplasticity, and impaired cognitive control, which eventually promote compulsive drug-use behaviors and worsen mood disorders. This review will emphasize human imaging studies to explore the link between brain function and peripheral markers of inflammation in substance use disorders and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Agarwal
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism, Division of Intramural Research, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peter Manza
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marquis Chapman
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nafisa Nawal
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Erin Biesecker
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Katherine McPherson
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Evan Dennis
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Allison Johnson
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nora D Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Paule V Joseph
- Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism, Division of Intramural Research, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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4
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Monnig MA, Lamb PS, Parra JM, Cioe PA, Martone CM, Monti PM, Szabo G. Immune Response to an Acute Moderate Dose of Alcohol in Healthy Young Adults. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 55:616-623. [PMID: 32776108 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior research on alcohol and the immune system has tended to focus on binge doses or chronic heavy drinking. The aim of this single-session preliminary study was to characterize immune response to moderate alcohol (0.60 g alcohol per kilogram body weight) in healthy, nonchronic drinkers. The sample (N = 11) averaged 26.6 years of age and was balanced in gender. Plasma samples were collected at baseline and 1, 2 and 3 hours postconsumption. Markers of microbial translocation [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] and innate immune response [LPS-binding protein (LBP), soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14), and selected cytokines] were measured using immunoassays. Participants completed self-report questionnaires on subjective alcohol response and craving. Linear mixed models were used to assess changes in biomarkers and self-report measures. Breath alcohol concentration peaked at 0.069 ± 0.008% 1 hour postconsumption. LPS showed a significant linear decrease. LBP and sCD14 showed significant, nonlinear (U-shaped) trajectories wherein levels decreased at 1 hour then rebounded by 3 hours. Of nine cytokines tested, only MCP-1 and IL-8 were detectable in ≥50% of samples. IL-8 did not change significantly. MCP-1 showed a significant linear decrease and also accounted for significant variance in alcohol craving, with higher levels associated with stronger craving. Results offer novel evidence on acute immune response to moderate alcohol. Changes in LBP and sCD14, relative to LPS, may reflect their role in LPS clearance. Results also support further investigation into the role of MCP-1 in alcohol craving. Limitations include small sample size and lack of a placebo condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie A Monnig
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Philip S Lamb
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jose M Parra
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Patricia A Cioe
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Christina M Martone
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Peter M Monti
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Beth Israel Lahey Health, Dept of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, ST-214B, 330 Brookline Ave, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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5
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Lanquetin A, Leclercq S, de Timary P, Segobin S, Naveau M, Coulbault L, Maccioni P, Lorrai I, Colombo G, Vivien D, Rubio M, Pitel AL. Role of inflammation in alcohol-related brain abnormalities: a translational study. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab154. [PMID: 34396111 PMCID: PMC8361421 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain abnormalities observed in alcohol use disorder are highly heterogeneous in nature and severity, possibly because chronic alcohol consumption also affects peripheral organs leading to comorbidities that can result in exacerbated brain alterations. Despite numerous studies focussing on the effects of alcohol on the brain or liver, few studies have simultaneously examined liver function and brain damage in alcohol use disorder, and even fewer investigated the relationship between them except in hepatic encephalopathy. And yet, liver dysfunction may be a risk factor for the development of alcohol-related neuropsychological deficits and brain damage well before the development of liver cirrhosis, and potentially through inflammatory responses. The use of animal models enables a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying liver–brain relationships in alcohol use disorder, and more particularly of the inflammatory response at the tissue, cerebral and hepatic levels. The objective of this translational study was to investigate, both in alcohol use disorder patients and in a validated animal model of alcohol use disorder, the links between peripheral inflammation, liver damage and brain alterations. To do this, we conducted an in vivo neuroimaging examination and biological measures to evaluate brain volumes, liver fibrosis and peripheral cytokines in alcohol use disorder patients. In selectively bred Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats, we carried out ex vivo neuroimaging examination and immunohistochemistry to evaluate brain and liver inflammatory responses after chronic (50 consecutive weeks) alcohol drinking. In recently abstinent and non-cirrhotic alcohol use disorder patients, the score of liver fibrosis positively correlated with subcortical regions volumes (especially in right and left putamen) and level of circulating proinflammatory cytokines. In Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats, we found macrostructural brain damage and microstructural white matter abnormalities similar to those found in alcohol use disorder patients. In addition, in agreement with the results of peripheral inflammation observed in the patients, we revealed, in Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats, inflammatory responses in the brain and liver were caused by chronic alcohol consumption. Since the liver is the main source of cytokines in the human body, these results suggest a relationship between liver dysfunction and brain damage in alcohol use disorder patients, even in the absence of major liver disease. These findings encourage considering new therapeutic strategies aiming at treating peripheral organs to limit alcohol-related brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Lanquetin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Sophie Leclercq
- Institute of Neuroscience and Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe de Timary
- Institute of Neuroscience and Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Shailendra Segobin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Université Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Mikaël Naveau
- Normandie Univ UNICAEN, CNRS, UMS 3408, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Laurent Coulbault
- Caen University Hospital, Biochemistry Department, Normandie University, UNICAEN, EA 4650, Caen, France
| | - Paola Maccioni
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Irene Lorrai
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Colombo
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France.,Department of Clinical Research, CHU Côte de Nacre, Caen 14000, France
| | - Marina Rubio
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Anne-Lise Pitel
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PSL Université Paris, EPHE, INSERM, U1077, CHU de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Neuropsychologie et Imagerie de la Mémoire Humaine, 14000 Caen, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris 75231, France
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6
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Zahr NM, Pohl KM, Kwong AJ, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A. Preliminary Evidence for a Relationship between Elevated Plasma TNFα and Smaller Subcortical White Matter Volume in HCV Infection Irrespective of HIV or AUD Comorbidity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094953. [PMID: 34067023 PMCID: PMC8124321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical inflammation in response to bacterial, parasitic, or viral infections such as HIV includes local recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages and the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Proposed biomarkers of organ integrity in Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) include elevations in peripheral plasma levels of proinflammatory proteins. In testing this proposal, previous work included a group of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals as positive controls and identified elevations in the soluble proteins TNFα and IP10; these cytokines were only elevated in AUD individuals seropositive for hepatitis C infection (HCV). The current observational, cross-sectional study evaluated whether higher levels of these proinflammatory cytokines would be associated with compromised brain integrity. Soluble protein levels were quantified in 86 healthy controls, 132 individuals with AUD, 54 individuals seropositive for HIV, and 49 individuals with AUD and HIV. Among the patient groups, HCV was present in 24 of the individuals with AUD, 13 individuals with HIV, and 20 of the individuals in the comorbid AUD and HIV group. Soluble protein levels were correlated to regional brain volumes as quantified with structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition to higher levels of TNFα and IP10 in the 2 HIV groups and the HCV-seropositive AUD group, this study identified lower levels of IL1β in the 3 patient groups relative to the control group. Only TNFα, however, showed a relationship with brain integrity: in HCV or HIV infection, higher peripheral levels of TNFα correlated with smaller subcortical white matter volume. These preliminary results highlight the privileged status of TNFα on brain integrity in the context of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M. Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (K.M.P.); (A.P.)
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-650-859-5243
| | - Kilian M. Pohl
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (K.M.P.); (A.P.)
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA;
| | - Allison J. Kwong
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94350, USA;
| | | | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (K.M.P.); (A.P.)
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA;
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Alvarez Cooper I, Beecher K, Chehrehasa F, Belmer A, Bartlett SE. Tumour Necrosis Factor in Neuroplasticity, Neurogenesis and Alcohol Use Disorder. Brain Plast 2020; 6:47-66. [PMID: 33680846 PMCID: PMC7903009 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-190095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is a pervasive and detrimental condition that involves changes in neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Alcohol activates the neuroimmune system and alters the inflammatory status of the brain. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a well characterised neuroimmune signal but its involvement in alcohol use disorder is unknown. In this review, we discuss the variable findings of TNF's effect on neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Acute ethanol exposure reduces TNF release while chronic alcohol intake generally increases TNF levels. Evidence suggests TNF potentiates excitatory transmission, promotes anxiety during alcohol withdrawal and is involved in drug use in rodents. An association between craving for alcohol and TNF is apparent during withdrawal in humans. While anti-inflammatory therapies show efficacy in reversing neurogenic deficit after alcohol exposure, there is no evidence for TNF's essential involvement in alcohol's effect on neurogenesis. Overall, defining TNF's role in alcohol use disorder is complicated by poor understanding of its variable effects on synaptic transmission and neurogenesis. While TNF may be of relevance during withdrawal, the neuroimmune system likely acts through a larger group of inflammatory cytokines to alter neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Understanding the individual relevance of TNF in alcohol use disorder awaits a more comprehensive understanding of TNF's effects within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignatius Alvarez Cooper
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate Beecher
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Chehrehasa
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Arnauld Belmer
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Selena E. Bartlett
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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8
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Gaydos J, McNally A, Burnham EL. The impact of alcohol use disorders on pulmonary immune cell inflammatory responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Alcohol 2019; 80:119-130. [PMID: 30195043 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae occurs commonly in alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Pneumonia in the AUD patient is associated with poorer outcomes, and specific therapies to mitigate disease severity in these patients do not exist. Numerous investigations have attributed increased severity of pneumonia in AUDs to aberrant function of the alveolar macrophage (AM), a lung immune cell critical in host defense initiation. No studies have examined the response of human AMs to S. pneumoniae in AUDs. We hypothesized that the inflammatory mediators released by AMs after S. pneumoniae stimulation would differ quantitatively in individuals with AUDs compared to non-AUD participants. We further postulated that AM inflammatory mediators would be diminished after exposure to the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). For comparison, responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to pneumococcal protein were also examined. Otherwise healthy participants with AUDs and smoking-matched controls underwent bronchoalveolar lavage and peripheral blood sampling to obtain AMs and PBMCs, respectively. Freshly collected cells were cultured with increasing doses of heat-killed S. pneumoniae protein, with and without exposure to N-acetylcysteine. Cell culture supernatants were collected, and inflammatory mediators were measured, including interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. IFN-γ and IL-6 were significantly higher in unstimulated AM cell culture supernatants from subjects with AUDs. After stimulation with pneumococcal protein, a dose-response and time-dependent increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine production by both AMs and PBMCs was also observed; differences were not observed between AUD and non-AUD subjects. Addition of NAC to pneumococcal-stimulated AMs and PBMCs was generally associated with diminished cytokine production, with the exception of IL-1β that was elevated in AM culture supernatants from subjects with AUDs. Our observations suggest that AUDs contribute to basal alterations in AM pro-inflammatory cytokine elaboration, but did not support consistent differences in pneumococcal-stimulated AM or PBMC inflammatory mediator secretion that were referable to AUDs.
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Aurelian L, Balan I. GABA AR α2-activated neuroimmune signal controls binge drinking and impulsivity through regulation of the CCL2/CX3CL1 balance. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:3023-3043. [PMID: 31030249 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of innate immune system receptors that respond to pathogen-derived and tissue damage-related ligands and are increasingly recognized for their impact on homeostasis and its dysregulation in the nervous system. TLR signaling participates in brain injury and addiction, but its role in the alcohol-seeking behavior, which initiates alcohol drinking, is still poorly understood. In this review, we discuss our findings designed to elucidate the potential contribution of the activated TLR4 signal located in neurons, on impulsivity and the predisposition to initiate alcohol drinking (binge drinking). RESULTS Our findings indicate that the TLR4 signal is innately activated in neurons from alcohol-preferring subjects, identifying a genetic contribution to the regulation of impulsivity and the alcohol-seeking propensity. Signal activation is through the non-canonical, previously unknown, binding of TLR4 to the α2 subunit of the γ-aminobutyric 2 acid A receptor (GABAAR α2). Activation is sustained by the stress hormone corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and additional still poorly recognized ligand/scaffold proteins. Focus is on the effect of TLR4 signal activation on the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory chemokines [chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2)/chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 (CX3CL1)] and its effect on binge drinking. CONCLUSION The results are discussed within the context of current findings on the distinct activation and functions of TLR signals located in neurons, as opposed to immune cells. They indicate that the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory TLR4 signaling plays a major role in binge drinking. These findings have major impact on future basic and translational research, including the development of potential therapeutic and preventative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Aurelian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Stanford University School of Medicine OFDD, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Irina Balan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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10
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Melbourne JK, Thompson KR, Peng H, Nixon K. Its complicated: The relationship between alcohol and microglia in the search for novel pharmacotherapeutic targets for alcohol use disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 167:179-221. [PMID: 31601404 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic relapsing disorder with wide-ranging health consequences. Alcohol targets the central nervous system producing neurodegeneration and subsequent cognitive and behavioral deficits, but the mechanisms behind these effects remain unclear. Recently, evidence has been mounting for the role of neuroimmune activation in the pathogenesis of AUDs, but our nascent state of knowledge about the interaction of alcohol with the neuroimmune system supports that the relationship is complicated. As the resident macrophage of the central nervous system, microglia are a central focus. Human and animal research on the interplay between microglia and alcohol in AUDs has proven to be complex, and though early research focused on a pro-inflammatory phenotype of microglia, the anti-inflammatory and homeostatic roles of microglia must be considered. How these new roles for microglia should be incorporated into our thinking about the neuroimmune system in AUDs is discussed in the context of developing novel pharmacotherapies for AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Melbourne
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Austin, TX, United States
| | - K Ryan Thompson
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Hui Peng
- University of Kentucky, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kimberly Nixon
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Austin, TX, United States.
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11
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Tyler RE, Kim SW, Guo M, Jang YJ, Damadzic R, Stodden T, Vendruscolo LF, Koob GF, Wang GJ, Wiers CE, Volkow ND. Detecting neuroinflammation in the brain following chronic alcohol exposure in rats: A comparison between in vivo and in vitro TSPO radioligand binding. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:1831-1842. [PMID: 30803059 PMCID: PMC10714130 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with neuroinflammation, which likely contributes to alcohol-related pathology. However, positron emission tomography (PET) studies using radioligands for the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), which is considered a biomarker of neuroinflammation, reported decreased binding in alcohol use disorder (AUD) participants compared to controls. In contrast, autoradiographic findings in alcohol exposed rats reported increases in TSPO radioligand binding. To assess if these discrepancies reflected differences between in vitro and in vivo methodologies, we compared in vitro autoradiography (using [3 H]PBR28 and [3 H]PK11195) with in vivo PET (using [11 C]PBR28) in male, Wistar rats exposed to chronic alcohol-vapor (dependent n = 10) and in rats exposed to air-vapor (nondependent n = 10). PET scans were obtained with [11 C]PBR28, after which rats were euthanized and the brains were harvested for autoradiography with [3 H]PBR28 and [3 H]PK11195 (n = 7 dependent and n = 7 nondependent), and binding quantified in hippocampus, thalamus, and parietal cortex. Autoradiography revealed significantly higher binding in alcohol-dependent rats for both radioligands in thalamus and hippocampus (trend level for [3 H]PBR28) compared to nondependent rats, and these group differences were stronger for [3 H]PK11195 than [3 H]PBR28. In contrast, PET measures obtained in the same rats showed no group difference in [11 C]PBR28 binding. Our in vitro data are consistent with neuroinflammation associated with chronic alcohol exposure. Failure to observe similar increases in [11 C]PBR28 binding in vivo suggests the possibility that a mechanism mediated by chronic alcohol exposure interferes with [11 C]PBR28 binding to TSPO in vivo. These data question the sensitivity of PBR28 PET as a methodology to assess neuroinflammation in AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E. Tyler
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sung Won Kim
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Min Guo
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yeon Joo Jang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ruslan Damadzic
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tyler Stodden
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Leandro F. Vendruscolo
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - George F. Koob
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Corinde E. Wiers
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland
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13
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Abstract
The innate immune system plays a critical role in the ethanol-induced neuroimmune response in the brain. Ethanol initiates the innate immune response via activation of the innate immune receptors Toll-like receptors (TLRs, e.g., TLR4, TLR3, TLR7) and NOD-like receptors (inflammasome NLRs) leading to a release of a plethora of chemokines and cytokines and development of the innate immune response. Cytokines and chemokines can have pro- or anti-inflammatory properties through which they regulate the immune response. In this chapter, we will focus on key cytokines (e.g., IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α) and chemokines (e.g., MCP-1/CCL2) that mediate the ethanol-induced neuroimmune responses. In this regard, we will use IL-1β, as an example cytokine, to discuss the neuromodulatory properties of cytokines on cellular properties and synaptic transmission. We will discuss their involvement through a set of evidence: (1) changes in gene and protein expression following ethanol exposure, (2) association of gene polymorphisms (humans) and alterations in gene expression (animal models) with increased alcohol intake, and (3) modulation of alcohol-related behaviors by transgenic or pharmacological manipulations of chemokine and cytokine systems. Over the last years, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms mediating cytokine- and chemokine-dependent regulation of immune responses has advanced tremendously, and we review evidence pointing to cytokines and chemokines serving as neuromodulators and regulators of neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Roberto
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Reesha R Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michal Bajo
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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14
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Abstract
Suicide morbidity and mortality are serious public health problems, accounting for over 40,000 deaths annually and over $10 billion in combined medical and work loss costs. Suicidal behavior is the outcome of a complex causal web of distal and proximal risk processes that includes a range of interacting environmental and biological determinants. We review current understanding of risk and protective factors, including recent findings on inflammatory processes, discuss recent research on environmental risks for suicidal behaviors with a focus on economic stress, and examine potential mechanisms by which external factors and internal processes such as inflammation might contribute to pathways leading to suicidal behavior. We propose a model that links changes in the default network or resting state of brain activity with corresponding changes in brain structure and function, which in turn may be influenced by diverse inflammatory mediators, and suggest a potential framework that highlights multidisciplinary opportunities for further research.
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Girard M, Malauzat D, Nubukpo P. Serum inflammatory molecules and markers of neuronal damage in alcohol-dependent subjects after withdrawal. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 20:76-90. [PMID: 28669319 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1349338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim is to describe changes in serum concentration for the pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and MCP-1, for the satiety factor leptin and for factors associated with neuronal changes, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and glial activation S100-beta protein (S100-β), and explore their association with abstinence in alcohol-dependent subjects after withdrawal. METHODS Serum sampling and clinical assessments from 115 alcohol-dependent subjects admitted to a psychiatric hospital for alcohol were repeated during the first 48 h of withdrawal (M0) and 1, 2, 4 and 6 months (M1, M2, M4 and M6) thereafter. Serum factors were determined with Luminex technology or by ELISA. RESULTS The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, IL-12, MCP-1, and leptin decreased after withdrawal and remained low until M6, regardless of alcohol consumption. IFN-γ levels remained constant and IL-10 levels changed only slightly. NSE levels were not modified, whereas serum S100-β concentration increased significantly on M1 and then plateaued, regardless of abstinence status at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol-dependent subjects present an inflammatory condition that is not dependent on alcohol consumption. An understanding of the changes in concentration of the various proteins considered here would provide insight into the physiology of withdrawal or dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murielle Girard
- a Unité de Recherche et de Neurostimulation , Centre Hospitalier Esquirol , Limoges , France
| | - Dominique Malauzat
- a Unité de Recherche et de Neurostimulation , Centre Hospitalier Esquirol , Limoges , France
| | - Philippe Nubukpo
- a Unité de Recherche et de Neurostimulation , Centre Hospitalier Esquirol , Limoges , France.,b Faculté de Médecine , UMR/INSERM 1094/NET , Limoges , France
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16
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González-Reimers E, Romero-Acevedo L, Espelosín-Ortega E, Martín-González MC, Quintero-Platt G, Abreu-González P, José de-la-Vega-Prieto M, Martínez-Martínez D, Santolaria-Fernández F. Soluble Klotho and Brain Atrophy in Alcoholism. Alcohol Alcohol 2018; 53:503-510. [PMID: 29846497 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agy037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Fibroblast growth factor (FGF-23) and α-Klotho (Klotho) levels may be altered in inflammatory conditions, possibly as compensatory mechanisms. Klotho exerts a protective effect on neurodegeneration and improves learning and cognition. No data exist about the association of Klotho and FGF-23 levels with brain atrophy observed in alcoholics. The aim of this study is to explore these relationships. Short summary FGF-23 and Klotho levels are altered in inflammation, possibly as compensatory mechanisms. Klotho enhances learning, but its role in ethanol-mediated brain atrophy is unknown. We found higher FGF-23 and lower Klotho levels in 131 alcoholics compared with 41 controls. Among cirrhotics, Klotho was higher and inversely related to brain atrophy. Methods The study was performed on 131 alcoholic patients (54 cirrhotics) and 41 age- and sex-matched controls, in whom a brain computed tomography (CT) was performed and several indices were calculated. Results Marked brain atrophy was observed among patients when compared with controls. Patients also showed higher FGF-23 and lower Klotho values. However, among cirrhotics, Klotho values were higher. Klotho was inversely related to brain atrophy (for instance, ventricular index (ρ = -0.23, P = 0.008)), especially in cirrhotics. Klotho was also directly related to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha (ρ = 0.22; P = 0.026) and inversely to transforming growth factor (TGF)-β (ρ = -0.34; P = 0.002), but not to C-reactive protein (CRP) or malondialdehyde levels. FGF-23 was also higher among cirrhotics but showed no association with CT indices. Conclusions Klotho showed higher values among cirrhotics, and was inversely related to brain atrophy. FGF-23, although high among patients, especially cirrhotics, did not show any association with brain atrophy. Some inflammatory markers or cytokines, such as CRP or TGF-β were related to brain atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucía Romero-Acevedo
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Pedro Abreu-González
- Departamento de Fisiología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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17
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Assessment of pioglitazone and proinflammatory cytokines during buprenorphine taper in patients with opioid use disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2957-2966. [PMID: 30079432 PMCID: PMC7286070 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preliminary evidence suggested that the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone reduces opioid-withdrawal symptoms, possibly by inhibiting increases in proinflammatory cytokines. METHODS A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted utilizing two different study designs (entirely outpatient, and a combination of inpatient and outpatient) to evaluate the safety and efficacy of pioglitazone as an adjunct medication for people with opioid physical dependence undergoing a buprenorphine taper. Participants were stabilized on buprenorphine/naloxone (sublingual, up to 16/4 mg/day), then randomized to receive oral pioglitazone (up to 45 mg/day) or placebo before, during, and after buprenorphine taper. Outcome measures included the Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) and Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale, use of rescue medications to alleviate opioid withdrawal symptoms, and opioid-positive urine specimens. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma were collected during the taper in a subset of participants for measurement of proinflammatory cytokines. RESULTS The clinical trial was prematurely terminated due to slow enrollment; 40 participants per group were required for adequate statistical power to test study hypotheses. Twenty-four participants enrolled; 17 received at least one dose of study medication (6 pioglitazone, 11 placebo). SOWS scores were higher in the pioglitazone arm than in the placebo arm after adjusting for use of rescue medications; participants in the pioglitazone arm needed more rescue medications than the placebo arm during the post-taper phase. SOWS scores were positively correlated with monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in CSF (r = 0.70, p = 0.038) and plasma (r = 0.77, p = 0.015). Participants having higher levels of plasma MCP-1 reported higher SOWS, most notably after the buprenorphine taper ended. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study provide no evidence that pioglitazone reduces opioid withdrawal symptoms during buprenorphine taper. High correlations between MCP-1 and opioid withdrawal symptoms support a role of proinflammatory processes in opioid withdrawal. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01517165.
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18
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Farokhnia M, Lee MR, Farinelli LA, Ramchandani VA, Akhlaghi F, Leggio L. Pharmacological manipulation of the ghrelin system and alcohol hangover symptoms in heavy drinking individuals: Is there a link? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 172:39-49. [PMID: 30030128 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide synthesized in the stomach, is a key player in the gut-brain axis. In addition to its role in regulating food intake and energy homeostasis, ghrelin has been shown to modulate alcohol-related behaviors. Alcohol consumption frequently results in hangover, an underexplored phenomenon with considerable medical, psychological, and socioeconomic consequences. While the pathophysiology of hangover is not clear, contributions of mechanisms such as alcohol-induced metabolic/endocrine changes, inflammatory/immune response, oxidative stress, and gut dysbiosis have been reported. Interestingly, these mechanisms considerably overlap with ghrelin's physiological functions. Here, we investigated whether pharmacological manipulation of the ghrelin system may affect alcohol hangover symptoms. Data were obtained from two placebo-controlled laboratory studies. The first study tested the effects of intravenous (IV) ghrelin and consisted of two experiments: a progressive-ratio IV alcohol self-administration (IV-ASA) and a fixed-dose IV alcohol clamp. The second study tested the effects of an oral ghrelin receptor inverse agonist (PF-5190457) and included a fixed-dose oral alcohol administration experiment. Alcohol hangover data were collected the morning after each alcohol administration experiment using the Acute Hangover Scale (AHS). IV ghrelin, compared to placebo, significantly reduced alcohol hangover after IV-ASA (p = 0.04) and alcohol clamp (p = 0.04); PF-5190457 had no significant effect on AHS scores. Females reported significantly higher hangover symptoms than males following the IV-ASA experiment (p = 0.04), but no gender × drug condition (ghrelin vs. placebo) effect was found. AHS total scores were positively correlated with peak subjective responses, including 'stimulation' (p = 0.08), 'sedation' (p = 0.009), 'feel high' (p = 0.05), and 'feel intoxicated' (p = 0.03) during the IV-ASA. IV ghrelin blunted the positive association between alcohol sedation and hangover as shown by trend-level drug × sedation effect (p = 0.08). This is the first study showing that exogenous ghrelin administration, but not ghrelin receptor inverse agonism, affects hangover symptoms. Future research should investigate the potential mechanism(s) underlying this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Farokhnia
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary R Lee
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa A Farinelli
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vijay A Ramchandani
- Section on Human Psychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fatemeh Akhlaghi
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Mackus M, Adams S, Barzilay A, Benson S, Blau L, Iversen J, Johnson SJ, Keshavarzian A, Scholey A, Smith GS, Trela C, Vatsalya V, Verster JC. Proceeding of the 8th Alcohol Hangover Research Group Meeting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 9:106-112. [PMID: 28034278 DOI: 10.2174/1874473709666161229121527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol hangover is one of the most commonly experienced consequences of alcohol consumption. An alcohol hangover develops as the blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) approaches zero, and is characterized by a general feeling of misery. More insight into the pathology of an alcohol hangover needs to be gained, in order to enhance the understanding of the area, and as a potential contribution to the innovation of a preventative or hangover curing treatment. The Alcohol Hangover Research Group (AHRG) was founded to support the area of alcohol hangover. This proceeding describes the latest findings in the area of alcohol hangovers, and future research plans, discussed at the 8th Alcohol Hangover Research Group meeting, held on June 25, 2016, New Orleans, USA. Novel insight in potential causes, consequences, and treatment of alcohol hangover were revealed during the meeting, as well as further research plans to examine biomarkers of recent alcohol consumption, immune functioning, alcohol metabolism, and potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amir Barzilay
- Vital Beverages, Lod Northern Industrial Zone. Israel
| | | | - Lauren Blau
- University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208. United States
| | | | | | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612. United States
| | | | - Gordon S Smith
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201. United States
| | | | | | - Joris C Verster
- Utrecht University, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht. Netherlands
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20
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Bray JG, Reyes KC, Roberts AJ, Gruol DL. Altered hippocampal synaptic function in transgenic mice with increased astrocyte expression of CCL2 after withdrawal from chronic alcohol. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:113-125. [PMID: 29499275 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CNS actions of the chemokine CCL2 are thought to play a role in a variety of conditions that can have detrimental consequences to CNS function, including alcohol use disorders. We used transgenic mice that express elevated levels of CCL2 in the CNS (CCL2-tg) and their non-transgenic (non-tg) littermate control mice to investigate long-term consequences of CCL2/alcohol/withdrawal interactions on hippocampal synaptic function, including excitatory synaptic transmission, somatic excitability, and synaptic plasticity. Two alcohol exposure paradigms were tested, a two-bottle choice alcohol (ethanol) drinking protocol (2BC drinking) and a chronic intermittent alcohol (ethanol) (CIE/2BC) protocol. Electrophysiological measurements of hippocampal function were made ex vivo, starting ∼0.6 months after termination of alcohol exposure. Both alcohol exposure/withdrawal paradigms resulted in CCL2-dependent interactions that altered the effects of alcohol on synaptic function. The synaptic alterations differed for the two alcohol exposure paradigms. The 2BC drinking/withdrawal treatment had no apparent long-term consequences on synaptic responses and long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal slices from non-tg mice, whereas synaptic transmission was reduced but LTP was enhanced in hippocampal slices from CCL2-tg mice. In contrast, the CIE/2BC/withdrawal treatment enhanced synaptic transmission but reduced LTP in the non-tg hippocampus, whereas there were no apparent long-term consequences to synaptic transmission and LTP in hippocampus from CCL2-tg mice, although somatic excitability was enhanced. These results support the idea that alcohol-induced CCL2 production can modulate the effects of alcohol exposure/withdrawal on synaptic function and indicate that CCL2/alcohol interactions can vary depending on the alcohol exposure/withdrawal protocol used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G Bray
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kenneth C Reyes
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Donna L Gruol
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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21
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Zahr NM. Peripheral TNFα elevations in abstinent alcoholics are associated with hepatitis C infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191586. [PMID: 29408932 PMCID: PMC5800541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence supports the view that inflammatory processes contribute to brain alterations in HIV infection. Mechanisms recently proposed to underlie neuropathology in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) include elevations in peripheral cytokines that sensitize the brain to the damaging effects of alcohol. This study included 4 groups: healthy controls, individuals with AUD (abstinent from alcohol at examination), those infected with HIV, and those comorbid for HIV and AUD. The aim was to determine whether inflammatory cytokines are elevated in AUD as they are in HIV infection. Cytokines showing group differences included interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Follow-up t-tests revealed that TNFα and IP-10 were higher in AUD than controls but only in AUD patients who were seropositive for Hepatitis C virus (HCV). Specificity of TNFα and IP-10 elevations to HCV infection status was provided by correlations between cytokine levels and HCV viral load and indices of liver integrity including albumin/globulin ratio, fibrosis scores, and AST/platelet count ratio. Because TNFα levels were mediated by HCV infection, this study provides no evidence for elevations in peripheral cytokines in "uncomplicated", abstinent alcoholics, independent of liver disease or HCV infection. Nonetheless, these results corroborate evidence for elevations in IP-10 and TNFα in HIV and for IP-10 levels in HIV+HCV co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M. Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Neuroscience Department, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Bray JG, Roberts AJ, Gruol DL. Transgenic mice with increased astrocyte expression of CCL2 show altered behavioral effects of alcohol. Neuroscience 2017; 354:88-100. [PMID: 28431906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Emerging research provides strong evidence that activation of CNS glial cells occurs in neurological diseases and brain injury and results in elevated production of neuroimmune factors. These factors can contribute to pathophysiological processes that lead to altered CNS function. Recently, studies have also shown that both acute and chronic alcohol consumption can produce activation of CNS glial cells and the production of neuroimmune factors, particularly the chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2). The consequences of alcohol-induced increases in CCL2 levels in the CNS have yet to be fully elucidated. Our studies focus on the hypothesis that increased levels of CCL2 in the CNS produce neuroadaptive changes that modify the actions of alcohol on the CNS. We utilized behavioral testing in transgenic mice that express elevated levels of CCL2 to test this hypothesis. The increased level of CCL2 in the transgenic mice involves increased astrocyte expression. Transgenic mice and their non-transgenic littermate controls were subjected to one of two alcohol exposure paradigms, a two-bottle choice alcohol drinking procedure that does not produce alcohol dependence or a chronic intermittent alcohol procedure that produces alcohol dependence. Several behavioral tests were carried out including the Barnes maze, Y-maze, cued and contextual conditioned fear test, light-dark transfer, and forced swim test. Comparisons between alcohol naïve, non-dependent, and alcohol-dependent CCL2 transgenic and non-transgenic mice show that elevated levels of CCL2 in the CNS interact with alcohol in tests for alcohol drinking, spatial learning, and associative learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G Bray
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Donna L Gruol
- Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Chen D, Zhang F, Ren H, Luo J, Wang S. Role of cytokines and chemokines in alcohol-induced tumor promotion. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:1665-1671. [PMID: 28360527 PMCID: PMC5364014 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s129781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive chronic alcohol consumption has become a worldwide health problem. The oncogenic effect of chronic alcohol consumption is one of the leading concerns. The mechanisms of alcohol-induced tumorigenesis and tumor progression are largely unknown, although many factors have been implicated in the process. This review discusses the recent progress in this research area with concentration on alcohol-induced dysregulation of cytokines and chemokines. Based on the available evidence, we propose that alcohol promotes tumor progression by the dysregulation of the cytokine/chemokine system. In addition, we discuss specific transcription factors and signaling pathways that are involved in the action of these cytokines/chemokines and the oncogenic effect of alcohol. This review provides novel insight into the mechanisms of alcohol-induced tumor promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlei Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyun Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Ren
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Siying Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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24
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Kalk NJ, Guo Q, Owen D, Cherian R, Erritzoe D, Gilmour A, Ribeiro AS, McGonigle J, Waldman A, Matthews P, Cavanagh J, McInnes I, Dar K, Gunn R, Rabiner EA, Lingford-Hughes AR. Decreased hippocampal translocator protein (18 kDa) expression in alcohol dependence: a [ 11C]PBR28 PET study. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e996. [PMID: 28072413 PMCID: PMC5545729 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated withdrawal from alcohol is clinically associated with progressive cognitive impairment. Microglial activation occurring during pre-clinical models of alcohol withdrawal is associated with learning deficits. We investigated whether there was microglial activation in recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients (ADP), using [11C]PBR28 positron emission tomography (PET), selective for the 18kDa translocator protein (TSPO) highly expressed in activated microglia and astrocytes. We investigated the relationship between microglial activation and cognitive performance. Twenty healthy control (HC) subjects (45±13; M:F 14:6) and nine ADP (45±6, M:F 9:0) were evaluated. Dynamic PET data were acquired for 90 min following an injection of 331±15 MBq [11C]PBR28. Regional volumes of distribution (VT) for regions of interest (ROIs) identified a priori were estimated using a two-tissue compartmental model with metabolite-corrected arterial plasma input function. ADP had an ~20% lower [11C]PBR28 VT, in the hippocampus (F(1,24) 5.694; P=0.025), but no difference in VT in other ROIs. Hippocampal [11C]PBR28 VT was positively correlated with verbal memory performance in a combined group of HC and ADP (r=0.720, P<0.001), an effect seen in HC alone (r=0.738; P=0.001) but not in ADP. We did not find evidence for increased microglial activation in ADP, as seen pre-clinically. Instead, our findings suggest lower glial density or an altered activation state with lower TSPO expression. The correlation between verbal memory and [11C]PBR28 VT, raises the possibility that abnormalities of glial function may contribute to cognitive impairment in ADP.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Kalk
- National Addictions Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK,National Addictions Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London SE5 8BB, UK. E-mail:
| | - Q Guo
- Neuroimaging Department, Kings College London, London, UK,Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D Owen
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R Cherian
- West London Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - D Erritzoe
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Gilmour
- Centre for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - A S Ribeiro
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J McGonigle
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Waldman
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P Matthews
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Cavanagh
- Institute of Health and Well-being, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - I McInnes
- Centre for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - K Dar
- Central and North West London NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - R Gunn
- Imanova Limited, London, UK
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25
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Gano A, Doremus-Fitzwater TL, Deak T. Sustained alterations in neuroimmune gene expression after daily, but not intermittent, alcohol exposure. Brain Res 2016; 1646:62-72. [PMID: 27208497 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute ethanol intoxication is associated with Rapid Alterations in Neuroimmune Gene Expression (RANGE), including increased Interleukin (IL)-6 and Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα), and suppressed IL-1β and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, yet little is known about adaptations in cytokines across the first few ethanol exposures. Thus, the present studies examined central cytokines during intoxication (3h post-ethanol) following 2, 4 or 6 intragastric ethanol challenges (4g/kg) delivered either daily or every-other-day (EOD). Subsequent analyses of blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) and corticosterone were performed to determine whether the schedule of ethanol delivery would alter the pharmacokinetics of, or general sensitivity to, subacute ethanol exposure. As expected, ethanol led to robust increases in IL-6 and IκBα gene expression in hippocampus, amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), whereas IL-1β and TNFα were suppressed, thereby replicating our prior work. Ethanol-dependent increases in IL-6 and IκBα remained significant in all structures - even after 6 days of ethanol. When these doses were administered EOD, modest IL-6 increases in BNST were observed, with TNFα and IL-1β suppressed exclusively in the hippocampus. Analysis of BECs revealed a small but significant reduction in ethanol after 4 EOD exposures - an effect which was not observed when ethanol was delivered after 6 daily intubations. These findings suggest that ethanol-induced RANGE effects are not simply a function of ethanol load per se, and underscore the critical role that ethanol dosing interval plays in determining the neuroimmune consequences of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny Gano
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
| | - Tamara L Doremus-Fitzwater
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
| | - Terrence Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States.
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26
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Gaydos J, McNally A, Guo R, Vandivier RW, Simonian PL, Burnham EL. Alcohol abuse and smoking alter inflammatory mediator production by pulmonary and systemic immune cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L507-18. [PMID: 26747782 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00242.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and tobacco smoking are associated with an increased predisposition for community-acquired pneumonia and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Mechanisms are incompletely established but may include alterations in response to pathogens by immune cells, including alveolar macrophages (AMs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We sought to determine the relationship of AUDs and smoking to expression of IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα by AMs and PBMCs from human subjects after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA). AMs and PBMCs from healthy subjects with AUDs and controls, matched on smoking, were cultured with LPS (1 μg/ml) or LTA (5 μg/ml) in the presence and absence of the antioxidant precursor N-acetylcysteine (10 mM). Cytokines were measured in cell culture supernatants. Expression of IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα in AMs and PBMCs was significantly increased in response to stimulation with LPS and LTA. AUDs were associated with augmented production of proinflammatory cytokines, particularly IFNγ and IL-1β, by AMs and PBMCs in response to LPS. Smoking diminished the impact of AUDs on AM cytokine expression. Expression of basal AM and PBMC Toll-like receptors-2 and -4 was not clearly related to differences in cytokine expression; however, addition of N-acetylcysteine with LPS or LTA led to diminished AM and PBMC cytokine secretion, especially among current smokers. Our findings suggest that AM and PBMC immune cell responses to LPS and LTA are influenced by AUDs and smoking through mechanisms that may include alterations in cellular oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Gaydos
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Alicia McNally
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Ruixin Guo
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Public Health, Denver, Colorado; and
| | - R William Vandivier
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Philip L Simonian
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Ellen L Burnham
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado;
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27
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García-Marchena N, Araos PF, Barrios V, Sánchez-Marín L, Chowen JA, Pedraz M, Castilla-Ortega E, Romero-Sanchiz P, Ponce G, Gavito AL, Decara J, Silva D, Torrens M, Argente J, Rubio G, Serrano A, de Fonseca FR, Pavón FJ. Plasma Chemokines in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorders: Association of CCL11 (Eotaxin-1) with Psychiatric Comorbidity. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:214. [PMID: 28149283 PMCID: PMC5242327 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have linked changes in peripheral chemokine concentrations to the presence of both addictive behaviors and psychiatric disorders. The present study further explore this link by analyzing the potential association of psychiatry comorbidity with alterations in the concentrations of circulating plasma chemokine in patients of both sexes diagnosed with alcohol use disorders (AUD). To this end, 85 abstinent subjects with AUD from an outpatient setting and 55 healthy subjects were evaluated for substance and mental disorders. Plasma samples were obtained to quantify chemokine concentrations [C-C motif (CC), C-X-C motif (CXC), and C-X3-C motif (CX3C) chemokines]. Abstinent AUD patients displayed a high prevalence of comorbid mental disorders (72%) and other substance use disorders (45%). Plasma concentrations of chemokines CXCL12/stromal cell-derived factor-1 (p < 0.001) and CX3CL1/fractalkine (p < 0.05) were lower in AUD patients compared to controls, whereas CCL11/eotaxin-1 concentrations were strongly decreased in female AUD patients (p < 0.001). In the alcohol group, CXCL8 concentrations were increased in patients with liver and pancreas diseases and there was a significant correlation to aspartate transaminase (r = +0.456, p < 0.001) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (r = +0.647, p < 0.001). Focusing on comorbid psychiatric disorders, we distinguish between patients with additional mental disorders (N = 61) and other substance use disorders (N = 38). Only CCL11 concentrations were found to be altered in AUD patients diagnosed with mental disorders (p < 0.01) with a strong main effect of sex. Thus, patients with mood disorders (N = 42) and/or anxiety (N = 16) had lower CCL11 concentrations than non-comorbid patients being more evident in women. The alcohol-induced alterations in circulating chemokines were also explored in preclinical models of alcohol use with male Wistar rats. Rats exposed to repeated ethanol (3 g/kg, gavage) had lower CXCL12 (p < 0.01) concentrations and higher CCL11 concentrations (p < 0.001) relative to vehicle-treated rats. Additionally, the increased CCL11 concentrations in rats exposed to ethanol were enhanced by the prior exposure to restraint stress (p < 0.01). Concordantly, acute ethanol exposure induced changes in CXCL12, CX3CL1, and CCL11 in the same direction to repeated exposure. These results clearly indicate a contribution of specific chemokines to the phenotype of AUD and a strong effect of sex, revealing a link of CCL11 to alcohol and anxiety/stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria García-Marchena
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Fernando Araos
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga , Málaga , Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la obesidad y nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez-Marín
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga , Málaga , Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la obesidad y nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pedraz
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga , Málaga , Spain
| | - Estela Castilla-Ortega
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga , Málaga , Spain
| | - Pablo Romero-Sanchiz
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga , Málaga , Spain
| | - Guillermo Ponce
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana L Gavito
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga , Málaga , Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga , Málaga , Spain
| | - Daniel Silva
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Marta Torrens
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions (INAD), Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la obesidad y nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Rubio
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre , Madrid , Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga , Málaga , Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Pavón
- Unidad Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga , Málaga , Spain
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28
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Chang GQ, Karatayev O, Leibowitz SF. Prenatal exposure to ethanol stimulates hypothalamic CCR2 chemokine receptor system: Possible relation to increased density of orexigenic peptide neurons and ethanol drinking in adolescent offspring. Neuroscience 2015; 310:163-75. [PMID: 26365610 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and animal studies indicate that maternal consumption of ethanol during pregnancy increases alcohol drinking in the offspring. Possible underlying mechanisms may involve orexigenic peptides, which are stimulated by prenatal ethanol exposure and themselves promote drinking. Building on evidence that ethanol stimulates neuroimmune factors such as the chemokine CCL2 that in adult rats is shown to colocalize with the orexigenic peptide, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), the present study sought to investigate the possibility that CCL2 or its receptor CCR2 in LH is stimulated by prenatal ethanol exposure, perhaps specifically within MCH neurons. Our paradigm of intraoral administration of ethanol to pregnant rats, at low-to-moderate doses (1 or 3g/kg/day) during peak hypothalamic neurogenesis, caused in adolescent male offspring twofold increase in drinking of and preference for ethanol and reinstatement of ethanol drinking in a two-bottle choice paradigm under an intermittent access schedule. This effect of prenatal ethanol exposure was associated with an increased expression of MCH and density of MCH(+) neurons in LH of preadolescent offspring. Whereas CCL2(+) cells at this age were low in density and unaffected by ethanol, CCR2(+) cells were dense in LH and increased by prenatal ethanol, with a large percentage (83-87%) identified as neurons and found to colocalize MCH. Prenatal ethanol also stimulated the genesis of CCR2(+) and MCH(+) neurons in the embryo, which co-labeled the proliferation marker, BrdU. Ethanol also increased the genesis and density of neurons that co-expressed CCR2 and MCH in LH, with triple-labeled CCR2(+)/MCH(+)/BrdU(+) neurons that were absent in control rats accounting for 35% of newly generated neurons in ethanol-exposed rats. With both the chemokine and MCH systems believed to promote ethanol consumption, this greater density of CCR2(+)/MCH(+) neurons in the LH of preadolescent rats suggests that these systems function together in promoting alcohol drinking during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-Q Chang
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - O Karatayev
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - S F Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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29
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Neuman MG, Maor Y, Nanau RM, Melzer E, Mell H, Opris M, Cohen L, Malnick S. Alcoholic Liver Disease: Role of Cytokines. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2023-34. [PMID: 26343741 PMCID: PMC4598786 DOI: 10.3390/biom5032023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review spans a broad spectrum of topics dealing with alcoholic liver disease (ALD), including clinical and translational research. It focuses on the role of the immune system and the signaling pathways of cytokines in the pathogenesis of ALD. An additional factor that contributes to the pathogenesis of ALD is lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which plays a central role in the induction of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in the liver. LPS derived from the intestinal microbiota enters the portal circulation, and is recognized by macrophages (Kupffer cells) and hepatocytes. In individuals with ALD, excessive levels of LPS in the liver affect immune, parenchymal, and non-immune cells, which in turn release various inflammatory cytokines and recruit neutrophils and other inflammatory cells. In this review, we elucidate the mechanisms by which alcohol contributes to the activation of Kupffer cells and the inflammatory cascade. The role of the stellate cells in fibrogenesis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela G Neuman
- In Vitro Drug Safety and Biotechnology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada.
| | - Yaakov Maor
- Division of Gastroenterology, Kaplan Health Sciences Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Radu M Nanau
- In Vitro Drug Safety and Biotechnology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada.
| | - Ehud Melzer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Kaplan Health Sciences Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Haim Mell
- Israel Anti-Drug Authority, Jerusalem 91039, Israel.
| | - Mihai Opris
- In Vitro Drug Safety and Biotechnology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada.
- Casa de Ajutor Reciproc, Bucharest 031621, Romania.
| | - Lawrence Cohen
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada.
| | - Stephen Malnick
- Division of Gastroenterology, Kaplan Health Sciences Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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