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McAuley A, Gousias P, Hasan T, Rashid L, Richardson C, Reid G, Templeton K, McGuire J, Wise H, McVicar L, Jenks S, Gunn R, Dickson E, Stock SJ, Stockton A, Waugh C, Wood R, McMenamin J, Robertson C, Goldberg DJ, Palmateer NE. National population prevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 among pregnant women in Scotland during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: a prospective national serosurvey. Public Health 2021; 199:17-19. [PMID: 34517289 PMCID: PMC8364809 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among pregnant women in the Scottish population during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. STUDY DESIGN Prospective national serosurvey. METHODS We tested 13,428 residual samples retrieved from pregnant women participating in the first trimester combined ultrasound and biochemical screening for fetal trisomy across Scotland for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies over a 6-month period from November 2020 to April 2021. Seroprevalence estimates were adjusted for the sensitivity and specificity of the assays and weighted to reference populations. RESULTS Seroprevalence rates in the antenatal samples significantly increased from 5.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.7%-6.5%) in the 5-week period up to and including International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Week 51 (w/b Monday 14 December 2020) to 11.3% (95% CI 10.1%-12.6%) in the 5-week period up to and including ISO Week 14 (w/b Monday 5 April 2021). Increasing seroprevalence trends across the second wave were observed among all age groups. CONCLUSIONS By the end of the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, approximately one in 10 women tested around the end of the first trimester of pregnancy had antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that the vast majority were still susceptible to COVID-19 as they progressed to the later stages of pregnancy, when risks from infection are elevated for both mother and baby.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McAuley
- Clinical&Protecting Health Division, Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK; School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.
| | - P Gousias
- Clinical&Protecting Health Division, Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - T Hasan
- Clinical&Protecting Health Division, Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - L Rashid
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Richardson
- University Hospital Monklands, NHS Lanarkshire, Airdrie, UK
| | - G Reid
- Clinical&Protecting Health Division, Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - K Templeton
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J McGuire
- University Hospital Monklands, NHS Lanarkshire, Airdrie, UK
| | - H Wise
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - L McVicar
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S Jenks
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R Gunn
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - E Dickson
- Clinical&Protecting Health Division, Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - S J Stock
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Stockton
- Clinical&Protecting Health Division, Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Waugh
- Clinical&Protecting Health Division, Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - R Wood
- Clinical&Protecting Health Division, Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J McMenamin
- Clinical&Protecting Health Division, Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Robertson
- Clinical&Protecting Health Division, Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - D J Goldberg
- Clinical&Protecting Health Division, Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK; School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - N E Palmateer
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK; Clinical&Protecting Health Division, Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
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Zhu J, Rowland R, Gunn R, Gollust S, Grande D. Consumer Engagement Strategies Among State Medicaid Agencies. Health Serv Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Zhu
- Oregon Health & Science University Portland OR United States
| | - R. Rowland
- Oregon Health & Science University Portland OR United States
| | - R. Gunn
- OCHIN Portland OR United States
| | - S. Gollust
- University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN United States
| | - D. Grande
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA United States
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Clark KD, Woodson TT, Holden RJ, Gunn R, Cohen DJ. Translating Research into Agile Development (TRIAD): Development of Electronic Health Record Tools for Primary Care Settings. Methods Inf Med 2019; 58:1-8. [PMID: 31277082 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1692464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article describes a method for developing electronic health record (EHR) tools for use in primary care settings. METHODS The "Translating Research into Agile Development" (TRIAD) method relies on the close collaboration of researchers, end users, and development teams. This five-step method for designing a tailored EHR tool includes (1) assessment, observation, and documentation; (2) structured engagement for collaboration and iterative data collection; (3) data distillation; (4) developmental feedback from clinical team members on high-priority EHR needs and input on design prototypes and EHR functionality; and (5) agile scrum sprint cycles for prototype development. RESULTS The TRIAD method was used to modify an existing EHR for behavioral health clinicians (BHCs) embedded with primary care teams, called the BH e-Suite. The structured engagement processes stimulated discussions on how best to automate BHC screening tools and provide goal tracking functionality over time. Data distillation procedures rendered technical documents, with information on workflow steps, tasks, and associated challenges. In the developmental feedback phase, BHCs gave input on screening assessments, scoring needs, and other functionality to inform prototype feature development. Six 2-week sprint cycles were conducted to address three domains of prototype development: assessment and documentation needs, information retrieval, and monitoring and tracking. The BH e-Suite tool resulted with eight new EHR features to accommodate BHCs' needs. CONCLUSION The TRIAD method can be used to develop EHR functionality to address the evolving needs of health professionals in primary care and other settings. The BH e-Suite was developed through TRIAD and was found to be acceptable, easy to use, and improved care delivery during pilot testing. The BH e-Suite was later adopted by OCHIN Inc., which provided the tool to its 640 community health centers. This suggests that the TRIAD method is a promising research and development approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Clark
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - T T Woodson
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - R J Holden
- Indiana University School of Informatics and Computing, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - R Gunn
- Oregon Rural Practice-based Research Network, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - D J Cohen
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States.,Department Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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Silva Couto P, Gunn R, Deverall S, Rafiq Q. Reducing the dependency of operator-based counting methods during the manufacturing process of cell and gene therapies. Cytotherapy 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.03.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kalk NJ, Guo Q, Owen D, Cherian R, Erritzoe D, Gilmour A, Ribeiro AS, McGonigle J, Waldman A, Matthews P, Cavanagh J, McInnes I, Dar K, Gunn R, Rabiner EA, Lingford-Hughes AR. Decreased hippocampal translocator protein (18 kDa) expression in alcohol dependence: a [ 11C]PBR28 PET study. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e996. [PMID: 28072413 PMCID: PMC5545729 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated withdrawal from alcohol is clinically associated with progressive cognitive impairment. Microglial activation occurring during pre-clinical models of alcohol withdrawal is associated with learning deficits. We investigated whether there was microglial activation in recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients (ADP), using [11C]PBR28 positron emission tomography (PET), selective for the 18kDa translocator protein (TSPO) highly expressed in activated microglia and astrocytes. We investigated the relationship between microglial activation and cognitive performance. Twenty healthy control (HC) subjects (45±13; M:F 14:6) and nine ADP (45±6, M:F 9:0) were evaluated. Dynamic PET data were acquired for 90 min following an injection of 331±15 MBq [11C]PBR28. Regional volumes of distribution (VT) for regions of interest (ROIs) identified a priori were estimated using a two-tissue compartmental model with metabolite-corrected arterial plasma input function. ADP had an ~20% lower [11C]PBR28 VT, in the hippocampus (F(1,24) 5.694; P=0.025), but no difference in VT in other ROIs. Hippocampal [11C]PBR28 VT was positively correlated with verbal memory performance in a combined group of HC and ADP (r=0.720, P<0.001), an effect seen in HC alone (r=0.738; P=0.001) but not in ADP. We did not find evidence for increased microglial activation in ADP, as seen pre-clinically. Instead, our findings suggest lower glial density or an altered activation state with lower TSPO expression. The correlation between verbal memory and [11C]PBR28 VT, raises the possibility that abnormalities of glial function may contribute to cognitive impairment in ADP.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Kalk
- National Addictions Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK,National Addictions Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London SE5 8BB, UK. E-mail:
| | - Q Guo
- Neuroimaging Department, Kings College London, London, UK,Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D Owen
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R Cherian
- West London Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - D Erritzoe
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Gilmour
- Centre for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - A S Ribeiro
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J McGonigle
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Waldman
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P Matthews
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Cavanagh
- Institute of Health and Well-being, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - I McInnes
- Centre for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - K Dar
- Central and North West London NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - R Gunn
- Imanova Limited, London, UK
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Butler JRA, Gunn R, Berry HL, Wagey GA, Hardesty BD, Wilcox C. A Value Chain Analysis of ghost nets in the Arafura Sea: identifying trans-boundary stakeholders, intervention points and livelihood trade-offs. J Environ Manage 2013; 123:14-25. [PMID: 23570989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lost or discarded fishing nets are a significant component of marine debris which has trans-boundary impacts in large marine ecosystems. Such 'ghost nets' cause the by-catch of marine fauna and require retrieval from coastlines where they wash up. Identifying the causes of discarded nets and feasible intervention points requires analysis of a complex value chain and the stakeholders within it, yet no studies have attempted this. In this paper we combine Value Chain Analysis, commonly applied to understand value-adding for a commodity, with elements of Life Cycle Assessment and social network analysis to examine the drivers, stakeholders, economic, environmental and social costs and benefits in the life of a trawl net. We use the Arafura Sea as a case study, which is shared by Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Australia, and is the focus of a Trans-boundary Diagnostic Assessment (TDA) within the Arafura-Timor Seas Ecosystem Action program (ATSEA). We follow a trawl net through four sub-systems: manufacture of webbing in South Korea, fishing and loss by an Indonesian vessel, retrieval as ghost net on the northern Australian coastline by Indigenous rangers, and disposal or re-cycling as 'GhostNet Art' by Indigenous artists. Primary stakeholders along the value chain incur economic and social benefits, and economic and environmental costs. There is an anomaly in the chain between Indonesian fishermen and Indigenous rangers, artists and communities due to the lack of market linkages between these primary stakeholders. The first 'nexus of influence' where reductions in net losses and environmental costs can be achieved is through interactions between GhostNets Australia, the World Wide Fund for Nature and the Australian Government, which can influence Indonesian fishery management institutions and fishing crews. The second nexus is via the international art market which by publicising GhostNet Art can raise awareness amongst fish consumers about the impacts of ghost nets, and hence influence Indonesian fishing companies. GhostNets Australia is a key bridging organisation in the network, linking stakeholders across scales and sub-systems. Feasible preventative interventions are discussed to rectify the anomaly in the value chain. The importance of GhostNets Australia and ATSEA in the evolving adaptive co-management and trans-boundary governance of fisheries is highlighted. However, the prevention of ghost nets will result in trade-offs in benefits for the livelihoods of primary stakeholders. The utility of the method for analysing marine debris in TDAs, and ATSEA in particular, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R A Butler
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
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Wilcox C, Hardesty B, Sharples R, Griffin D, Lawson T, Gunn R. Ghostnet impacts on globally threatened turtles, a spatial risk analysis for northern Australia. Conserv Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - R. Gunn
- Northern Gulf Resources Management Group; PO Box 63; Georgetown; QLD 4871; Australia
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Edwards E, Gunn R, Simons E, Carr K, Chinchilli V, Painter G, Goldwater R. Epinephrine 0.3 mg Bioavailability Following a Single Injection with a Novel Epinephrine Auto-injector, e-cue™, in Healthy Adults, with Reference to a Single Injection using EpiPen® 0.3 mg. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.12.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Hail and graupel falling through rain collect water that selectively dribbles upward from the upper surface of a hailstone. When the hailstones are polarized by nearly vertical electrostatic field these vertically discharged water drops carry away free charge of the same sign as that induced on the upper surfaces. The hail thereby accumulates an equilibrium charge of opposite sign, corresponding to the charges induced on the bottom surfaces. The equilibrium charges are large enough to be important in thunderstorms.
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Gee A, Martarello L, Passchier J, Wishart M, Parker C, Matthews J, Comley R, Hopper R, Gunn R. Synthesis and Evaluation of [11C]SB207145 as the First In Vivo Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Radioligand for PET Imaging in Man. Curr Radiopharm 2008. [DOI: 10.2174/1874471010801020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Passchier J, Comley R, Salinas C, Rabiner E, Gunn R, Cunningham V, Wilson A, Houle S, Gee A, Laruelle M. The role of P-glycoprotein on blood brain barrier permeability of [11C]Loperamide in humans. Neuroimage 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Comley R, Parker C, Wishart M, Martarello L, Jakobsen S, Gee A, Gunn R. In vivo evaluation and quantification of the 5-HT4 receptor PET ligand [11C]SB-207145. Neuroimage 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Sebai S, Baciu M, Ces O, Clarke J, Cunningham V, Gunn R, Law R, Mulet X, Parker C, Plisson C, Templer R, Gee A. To lipophilicity and beyond—towards a deeper understanding of radioligand non-specific binding. Neuroimage 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Buffington J, Murray P, Schlanger K, Shih L, Badsgard T, Hennessy R, Wood R, Weisfuse I, Gunn R. P.454 Low prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus in men who have sex with men who do not report a history of injection drug use. J Clin Virol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(06)80627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Nestler J, Gunn R, Bates S, Gregory J, Jacobson W, Rogol A. D-chiro-inositol (INS-1) enhances ovulatory rate in hyperandrogenemic, oligomenorrheic women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(01)02325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hirani E, Opacka-Juffry J, Gunn R, Khan I, Sharp T, Hume S. Pindolol occupancy of 5-HT(1A) receptors measured in vivo using small animal positron emission tomography with carbon-11 labeled WAY 100635. Synapse 2000; 36:330-41. [PMID: 10819911 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(20000615)36:4<330::aid-syn10>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET), following an intravenous injection of [carbonyl-(11)C]WAY 100635, was used to image central 5-HT(1A) receptors in rat following pretreatment with graded doses of (-)-pindolol (0.001-3 mg/kg, i.v.). The use of PET had advantages over ex vivo radioligand binding methods in that it produced parametric image volumes and reduced errors due to inter-rat variability. Time-radioactivity curves from regions of interest (ROI) acquired from individual rats enabled the estimation of specific binding of the radioligand using a compartmental model with reference tissue input. Binding potential (BP) of [(11)C]WAY 100635 was estimated for frontal cortex and hippocampus (postsynaptic), and midbrain raphe nuclei (presynaptic). In the latter ROI, pindolol dose-dependently decreased BP. The saturation curve could be fitted to a single-site model up to the lowest dose of pindolol used, giving an ED(50) (dose to cause 50% occupancy) value of 0.26 +/- 0. 05 mg/kg, and inclusion of control (nonpindolol-treated) rats did not affect the fit. In contrast, in cortex and hippocampus ROI, low doses of pindolol caused an increase in BP compared with controls. Pindolol doses greater than approximately 0.1 mg/kg, resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in BP, and ED(50) values in cortex and hippocampus were estimated as 0.44 +/- 0.13 and 0.48 +/- 0.12 mg/kg, respectively. The increase in [(11)C]WAY 100635 binding at low pindolol doses is feasibly related to a decrease in basal receptor occupancy following reduced release of endogenous 5-HT. Considering the apparently greater potency of pindolol at the midbrain raphe ROI, this effect could be mediated via agonist activity at the autoreceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hirani
- PET Methodology Group, MRC Cyclotron Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
Otomastoiditis due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is rare but increasingly being recognised. We present four cases and discuss the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment, with a review of previous case reports in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Flint
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Starship Childrens Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
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Larner J, Allan G, Kessler C, Reamer P, Gunn R, Huang LC. Phosphoinositol glycan derived mediators and insulin resistance. Prospects for diagnosis and therapy. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 1999; 9:127-37. [PMID: 10212830 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp.1998.9.2-4.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
While much work remains, the evidence has become strong that IPG generation following insulin action is a significant signaling mechanism. A considerable body of data has established IPG release by insulin and other growth factors from cell membranes, cells and in human blood and muscle biopsies in vivo. Two separate IPG species containing D-chiro-inositol and myo-inositol have been separated by ion exchange. These IPGs have separate actions in vitro and are both active as insulin surrogates in vivo. A deficiency of the chiro-inositol system has been demonstrated in urine and tissues in humans and directly related to insulin resistance. Accordingly, D-chiro-inositol was administered to STZ diabetic rats and rhesus monkeys and shown to decrease hyperglycemia and enhance glucose disposal. Two trials in humans with impaired glucose tolerance and women with PCOS have now also proven successful. Thus, the pathophysiology in the chiro-inositol system related to insulin resistance and its reversal by chiro-inositol administration, in addition to the basic work, argues strongly for the physiological significance of this novel signaling system in the control of glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Larner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908, USA
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DuBiner HB, Hill R, Kaufman H, Keates EU, Zimmerman TJ, Mandell AI, Mundorf TK, Bahr RL, Schwartz LW, Towey AW, Hurvitz LM, Starita RJ, Sassani JW, Ropo A, Gunn R, Stewart WC. Timolol hemihydrate vs timolol maleate to treat ocular hypertension and open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1996; 121:522-8. [PMID: 8610795 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)75426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We compared the therapeutic efficacy and safety of timolol hemihydrate to timolol maleate in patients with ocular hypertension and chronic open-angle glaucoma. METHODS We conducted this three-month study as a multicentered, masked, parallel group comparison. Both the 0.25% and 0.5% concentrations were evaluated against similar concentrations of timolol maleate. Dosing was twice daily. An open-label, nine-month study followed the masked portion of the protocol, in which all patients received either 0.25% or 0.5% timolol hemihydrate. A total of 371 patients were included in both the 0.25% and 0.5% studies. RESULTS We found statistically similar intraocular pressures with both the 0.25% (18.3 and 18.6 mm Hg for the hemihydrate and maleate groups, respectively) and 0.5% (19.9 and 19.5 mm Hg for the hemihydrate and maleate groups, respectively) concentrations of timolol hemihydrate and timolol maleate after three months of masked treatment. Likewise, peak intraocular effect at two hours after taking the medication was statistically similar between medicines at both concentrations. Likewise, both ocular and systemic safety were similar between the maleate and hemihydrate preparations at both concentrations. In the nine-month open-label protocol, therapeutic efficacy (19.9 and 19.1 mm Hg for the 0.25% and 0.5% concentrations, respectively) and safety of timolol hemihydrate were similar to effect and safety of the three-month protocol. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that timolol hemihydrate had an ocular hypotensive efficacy and safety profile statistically equivalent to that of timolol maleate for up to three months of therapy. Timolol hemihydrate showed efficacy and safety similar to that observed within the first three months, for up to one year of therapy.
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Malizia A, Forse G, Haida A, Gunn R, Melichar J, Poole K, Bateman D, Fahy D, Schnorr L, Brown D, Rhodes C, Nutt DJ, Jones T. A new human (psycho)pharmacology tool: the multiple organs coincidences counter (MOCC). J Psychopharmacol 1995; 9:294-306. [PMID: 22298393 DOI: 10.1177/026988119500900402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe a novel instrument which is capable of measuring the uptake of radioligand in human organs in vivo with the administration of very small doses of positron-emitting radioligands. This technique readily detects the displacement or reduced uptake of radioligand when a competitive agonist or antagonist is administered. This system provides no tomographic information, but the small radioactive doses involved mean that investigations can be repeated at regular intervals and that female volunteers can also participate. We administered [(11) C]flumazenil, [(11)C]diprenorphine, [(11)C]meta -hydroxyephedrine (MHED) and [(11)C]RTI 55 to healthy male volunteers and performed control, pre-loading and displacement experiments. These demonstrate the feasibility of using this technique to investigate benzodiazepine and opiate receptor occupancy, as well as occupancy at dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin (5-HT) re-uptake sites. This method is likely to be useful in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic experiments, in drug development and discovery and in the development of novel imaging radioligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Malizia
- Methodology and Neuroscience Sections, MRC Cyclotron Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0HS, Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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Heimberger TS, Chang HG, Birkhead GS, DiFerdinando GD, Greenberg AJ, Gunn R, Morse DL. High prevalence of syphilis detected through a jail screening program. A potential public health measure to address the syphilis epidemic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [PMID: 8333816 DOI: 10.1001/archinte.1993.00410150083008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In June 1990, a syphilis initiative was undertaken to help control New York's most extensive syphilis epidemic since the 1940s. METHODS To evaluate the usefulness of syphilis screening in local jails, were reviewed demographic and syphilis screening data from a county jail in an area with a high prevalence of syphilis that has routinely tested incoming inmates. RESULTS Of 12,685 inmates, 9797 (77%) were screened for syphilis, and 321 (3.3%) had a positive test result; 258 (80%) of the positive results were confirmed. Data were available for 244 of the inmates with a confirmed positive result: 162 (67%) had newly diagnosed syphilis (overall rate, 1.6%), 112 of whom had early syphilis; 50 (20%) had been previously treated for syphilis; and 32 (13%) were unavailable for follow-up. Of 162 inmates with newly diagnosed syphilis, 122 (75%) were treated in jail, and 40 were treated after their release from jail. The median time from screening to treatment was 17 days. The median jail stay was 45 days for inmates who were evaluated for treatment vs 5 days for those who were unavailable for follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Screening inmates for syphilis was a productive public health measure, as inmates accounted for 20% of the county's syphilis morbidity. Given the high prevalence of syphilis among inmates and the inability to reach them for treatment after release, strategies are needed to rapidly screen and treat inmates before their release from jail.
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Harburg E, Gunn R, Gleiberman L, DiFranceisco W, Schork A. Psychosocial factors, alcohol use, and hangover signs among social drinkers: a reappraisal. J Clin Epidemiol 1993; 46:413-22. [PMID: 8501466 DOI: 10.1016/0895-4356(93)90017-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To reappraise a prior study of hangover signs and psychosocial factors among a sample of current drinkers, we excluded a subgroup termed Sobers, who report "never" being "tipsy, high or drunk." The non-sober current drinkers then formed the sample for this report (N = 1104). About 23% of this group reported no hangover signs regardless of their intake level or gender, and the rest showed no sex differences for any of 8 hangover signs reported. Using multiple regression, including ethanol, age and weight, it was found that psychosocial variables contributed independently in predicting to hangover for both men and women in this order: (1) guilt about drinking; (2) neuroticism; (3) angry or (4) depressed when high/drunk and (5) negative life events. For men only, ethanol intake was also significant; for women only, being younger and reporting first being high/drunk at a relatively earlier age were also predictors of the Hangover Sign Index (HSI). These multiple predictors accounted for 5-10 times more of the hangover variance than alcohol use alone: for men, R = 0.43, R2 = 19%; and for women, R = 0.46, R2 = 21%. The findings suggest that hangover signs are a function of age, sex, ethanol level and psychosocial factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Harburg
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Veterans Administration Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI
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Harburg E, Gunn R, Gleiberman L, Roeper P, DiFranceisco W, Caplan R. Using the Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test to study social drinkers: Tecumseh, Michigan. J Stud Alcohol 1988; 49:522-31. [PMID: 3236884 DOI: 10.15288/jsa.1988.49.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (SMAST), often given to clinical samples to detect alcoholics, was used in a survey of a randomly selected sample (N = 1,266) in a small midwestern town, with a population of about 10,000. The specific aims were: (1) to test if scores on the SMAST would be related to these normal subject's levels of drinking; (2) to test if the SMAST could identify a drinking group who had never sought treatment for alcohol-related problems, thus defining a potential subset for help; and (3) to appraise the SMAST as a research tool for use in a general population. Results show that the number of SMAST items endorsed is significantly but modestly correlated to drinking levels, with higher volume drinkers having higher scores. This prediction was improved by removing two items reporting "not normal" drinking that had caused SMAST scores to be spuriously high. Factor analysis of test items allowed construction of five rank-ordered groups: those (1) reporting no alcohol-related SMAST problems; (2) described by two items, self-reported "not normal" drinking; (3) with one problem: "can't stop" drinking; (4) reporting problems but had not received treatment for them (the predicted group); and (5) reporting both problems and attempts at help with them (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous). These latter two groups had significantly higher scores on several other measures of alcohol-related behavior, as well as tests measuring emotional adjustment, notably Eysenck's Neuroticism Scale and Buss and Plomin's measure of Impulsivity. The SMAST demonstrates potential usefulness in selecting problem, no-problem and patterns of use in drinkers from a normal drinking population when clusters of items are constructed to be exclusive in a Guttman-like rank order, rather than by sheer number of items endorsed or use of simple factor scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Harburg
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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Gunn R, Timms S, Terry J, Erlam R, Brown G, Mellor R, Sainsbury R. A communication model in a day hospital. J Gerontol Nurs 1988; 14:30-6. [PMID: 3411095 DOI: 10.3928/0098-9134-19880801-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Morran C, Greig J, Gunn R, Mason B, Sleigh D, Haddock G, McArdle C. A comparison of cefuroxime and cefotetan in the prevention of wound sepsis after gastrointestinal surgery. Chemioterapia 1987; 6:586-8. [PMID: 3334633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Morran
- University Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland
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McArdle C, Morran C, Greig J, Mason B, Haddock G, Sleigh J, Gunn R. Comparison of cefotetan and gentamicin/ampicillin in high-risk biliary tract surgery. Chemioterapia 1987; 6:593-4. [PMID: 3334637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C McArdle
- University Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland
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Greig J, Morran C, Gunn R, Mason B, Sleigh D, McArdle C. Wound sepsis after colorectal surgery: the effect of cefotetan lavage. Chemioterapia 1987; 6:595-6. [PMID: 3334638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Greig
- University Department of Surgery, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Scotland
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Harburg E, Davis D, Cummings KM, Gunn R. Negative affect, alcohol consumption and hangover symptoms among normal drinkers in a small community. J Stud Alcohol 1981; 42:998-1012. [PMID: 7334809 DOI: 10.15288/jsa.1981.42.998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Wilson R, Lieb S, Roberts A, Stryker S, Janowski H, Gunn R, Davis B, Riddle CF, Barrett T, Morris JG, Blake PA. Non-O group 1 Vibrio cholerae gastroenteritis associated with eating raw oysters. Am J Epidemiol 1981; 114:293-8. [PMID: 7304565 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A cluster of five cases of non-O group 1 (non-O1) V. cholerae gastroenteritis occurred in one Florida locality during November 1979. Clinical findings included nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramping in all affected persons; two had bloody diarrhea. All five persons gave a history of eating raw oysters within four days of onset of illness. A case-control study statistically associated the eating of raw oysters with development of illness (p = 0.0008); this finding was confirmed by a retrospective cohort study of patients hospitalized for diarrhea (p = 0.0001). Non-O1 V. cholerae organisms were isolated from oysters and water samples taken from areas where ill persons had obtained their oysters. In at least one instance the same serotype was isolated from a patient's stool specimen and from the water where the patient had obtained oysters. Non-O1 V. cholerae infection must be considered in the differential diagnosis of shellfish-associated gastroenteritis.
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Abstract
The transient imbalance of a Wheatstone bridge was used to estimate the changes in both membrane and myoplasmic impedance that occurred as an action potential propagated over a 1 mm length of a frog muscle fiber. It was also used to estimate the changes in the membrane impedance alone. Alterations in myoplasmic impedance that might have been predicted were not found.
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Ellsworth R, Maroney R, Klett W, Gordon H, Gunn R. Milieu characteristics of successful psychiatric treatment programs. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1971; 41:427-441. [PMID: 5549914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1971.tb01129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Abstract
Raindrop collisions in an electric field selectively transfer charges of one sign to the larger disjected drops. The disjected drops, falling away from the smaller drops, separate free charge to establish electric fields as large as those observed in thunderstorms.
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Stimmel R, Rogers E, Waterfall F, Gunn R. Army-Navy Precipitation-Static Project: Part III-Electrification of Aircraft Flying in Precipitation Areas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1946. [DOI: 10.1109/jrproc.1946.234238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Gunn R, Hall W, Kinzer G. Army-Navy Precipitation-Static Project: Part I-The Precipitation-Static Interference Problem and Methods for Its Investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1946. [DOI: 10.1109/jrproc.1946.225948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gunn R. NOTE ON THE RADIAL MAGNETIC GRADIENT OF THE SUN. Science 1928; 68:273. [PMID: 17755863 DOI: 10.1126/science.68.1760.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Gunn R. The Torusolenoid: An Improved Type of Fieldless Coil Combining the Best Features of the Single Layer Solenoid and the Toroid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1927. [DOI: 10.1109/jrproc.1927.221268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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