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Lee S, Cai WT, Yoon HS, Kim JH. Visualization of the existence of growth hormone secretagogue receptor in the rat nucleus accumbens. Mol Brain 2024; 17:37. [PMID: 38872222 PMCID: PMC11177452 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-024-01109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The potential role of the ghrelin receptor, also known as the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), within the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in regulating drug addiction and feeding has been documented; however, the pattern of its expression in this site remains elusive. In this study, we characterized the expression patterns of GHSR1a and 1b, two subtypes of GHSRs, within the NAcc of the rat brain by immunohistochemistry. We visually detected GHSR signals, for the first time, at the protein level in the NAcc in which they were mostly expressed in neurons including both medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and non-MSNs. Furthermore, GHSR1a was found expressed as localized near the cellular membrane or some in the cytoplasm, whereas GHSR1b expressed solely throughout the large cytoplasmic area. The existence and subcellular expression pattern of GHSRs in the NAcc identified in this study will contribute to improving our understanding about the role of GHSR-mediated neurosignaling in feeding and drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seohyeon Lee
- Department of Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Wen Ting Cai
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Hyung Shin Yoon
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
| | - Jeong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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D1 receptor-expressing neurons in ventral tegmental area alleviate mouse anxiety-like behaviors via glutamatergic projection to lateral septum. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:625-638. [PMID: 36195641 PMCID: PMC9531220 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01809-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) acts as a key regulator in controlling emotion, and dysfunction of DA signal has been implicated in the pathophysiology of some psychiatric disorders, including anxiety. Ventral tegmental area (VTA) is one of main regions with DA-producing neurons. VTA DAergic projections in mesolimbic brain regions play a crucial role in regulating anxiety-like behaviors, however, the function of DA signal within VTA in regulating emotion remains unclear. Here, we observe that pharmacological activation/inhibition of VTA D1 receptors will alleviate/aggravate mouse anxiety-like behaviors, and knockdown of VTA D1 receptor expression also exerts anxiogenic effect. With fluorescence in situ hybridization and electrophysiological recording, we find that D1 receptors are functionally expressed in VTA neurons. Silencing/activating VTA D1 neurons bidirectionally modulate mouse anxiety-like behaviors. Furthermore, knocking down D1 receptors in VTA DA and glutamate neurons elevates anxiety-like state, but in GABA neurons has the opposite effect. In addition, we identify the glutamatergic projection from VTA D1 neurons to lateral septum is mainly responsible for the anxiolytic effect induced by activating VTA D1 neurons. Thus, our study not only characterizes the functional expression of D1 receptors in VTA neurons, but also uncovers the pivotal role of DA signal within VTA in mediating anxiety-like behaviors.
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Gupta S, Mukhopadhyay S, Mitra A. Therapeutic potential of GHSR-1A antagonism in alcohol dependence, a review. Life Sci 2022; 291:120316. [PMID: 35016882 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1A (GHSR-1A) is a functional receptor of orexigenic peptide ghrelin and is highly expressed in mesolimbic dopaminergic systems that regulate incentive value of artificial reward in substance abuse. Interestingly, GHSR-1A has also shown ligand-independent constitutive activity. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is one of the growing concerns worldwide as it involves complex neuro-psycho-endocrinological interactions. Positive correlation of acylated ghrelin and alcohol-induced human brain response in the right and left ventral striatum are evident. In the last decade, the beneficial effects of ghrelin receptor (GHSR-1A) antagonism to suppress artificial reward circuitries and induce self-control for alcohol consumption have drawn significant attention from researchers. In this updated review, we summarize the available recent preclinical, clinical, and experimental data to discuss functional, molecular actions of central ghrelin-GHSR-1A signaling in different craving levels for alcohol as well as to promote "GHSR-1A antagonism" as one of the potential therapies in early abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasi Gupta
- Department of Zoology, Triveni Devi Bhalotia College, Raniganj, Paschim Bardhaman 713 347, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanchari Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hombegowda Nagar, Bengaluru 560029, India
| | - Arkadeep Mitra
- Department of Zoology, City College, 102/1, Raja Rammohan Sarani, Kolkata 700 009, West Bengal, India.
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Cai WT, Kim WY, Kwak MJ, Rim H, Lee SE, Riecken LB, Morrison H, Kim J. Disruption of amphetamine sensitization by alteration of dendritic thin spines in the nucleus accumbens core. J Neurochem 2022; 161:266-280. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ting Cai
- Department of Physiology Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Wha Young Kim
- Department of Physiology Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ji Kwak
- Department of Medical Sciences Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Haeun Rim
- Department of Medical Sciences Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Virus Facility, Research Animal Source Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul Republic of Korea
| | | | - Helen Morrison
- Leibniz Institute on Aging Fritz Lipmann Institute Jena Germany
| | - Jeong‐Hoon Kim
- Department of Physiology Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Sciences Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
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Sustkova-Fiserova M, Charalambous C, Khryakova A, Certilina A, Lapka M, Šlamberová R. The Role of Ghrelin/GHS-R1A Signaling in Nonalcohol Drug Addictions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:761. [PMID: 35054944 PMCID: PMC8776007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction causes constant serious health, social, and economic burden within the human society. The current drug dependence pharmacotherapies, particularly relapse prevention, remain limited, unsatisfactory, unreliable for opioids and tobacco, and even symptomatic for stimulants and cannabinoids, thus, new more effective treatment strategies are researched. The antagonism of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type A (GHS-R1A) has been recently proposed as a novel alcohol addiction treatment strategy, and it has been intensively studied in experimental models of other addictive drugs, such as nicotine, stimulants, opioids and cannabinoids. The role of ghrelin signaling in these drugs effects has also been investigated. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of preclinical and clinical studies focused on ghrelin's/GHS-R1A possible involvement in these nonalcohol addictive drugs reinforcing effects and addiction. Although the investigation is still in its early stage, majority of the existing reviewed experimental results from rodents with the addition of few human studies, that searched correlations between the genetic variations of the ghrelin signaling or the ghrelin blood content with the addictive drugs effects, have indicated the importance of the ghrelin's/GHS-R1As involvement in the nonalcohol abused drugs pro-addictive effects. Further research is necessary to elucidate the exact involved mechanisms and to verify the future potential utilization and safety of the GHS-R1A antagonism use for these drug addiction therapies, particularly for reducing the risk of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Sustkova-Fiserova
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (C.C.); (A.K.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Chrysostomos Charalambous
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (C.C.); (A.K.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Anna Khryakova
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (C.C.); (A.K.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Alina Certilina
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (C.C.); (A.K.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Marek Lapka
- Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (C.C.); (A.K.); (A.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Romana Šlamberová
- Department of Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 4, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
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Airapetov MI, Eresko SO, Lebedev AA, Bychkov ER, Shabanov PD. Expression of Ghrelin Receptor GHS-R1a in the Brain (Mini Review). Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689332103002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Du K, Wang Z, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Su H, Wei Z, Zhang C, Yun K, Cong B. Levo-tetrahydropalmatine attenuates the acquisition of fentanyl-induced conditioned place preference and the changes in ERK and CREB phosphorylation expression in mice. Neurosci Lett 2021; 756:135984. [PMID: 34029649 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Levo-tetrahydropalmatine (L-THP) is the main active ingredient of Corydalis and Stephania and is widely used for its sedative, analgesic, and neuroleptic effects. Though L-THP is an antagonist of dopamine receptors and has been proven to be effective in treating drug addiction, its effect on fentanyl-induced reward learning still remains unclear. This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of L-THP on fentanyl-induced rewarding behavior through conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice. Western blot assays were used to dissect the accompanying changes in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in related brain regions, including the hippocampus (Hip), caudate putamen (CPu), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which may mediate the effects of L-THP on fentanyl-induced CPP. The results revealed that fentanyl could induce CPP in mice at doses of 0.025 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg, and 0.2 mg/kg, and L-THP could attenuate the acquisition of fentany-induced CPP at a dose of 10.0 mg/kg. The levels of p-ERK and p-CREB of the saline+fentanyl group (0.05 mg/kg) increased significantly in the Hip, NAc, and PFC compared to the saline+saline group. Furthermore, L-THP (10.0 mg/kg) co-administered with fentanyl during conditioning prevented the enhanced phosphorylation of ERK and CREB in the Hip, NAc, and PFC. Our research revealed that L-THP could suppress the rewarding properties of fentanyl-induced CPP, the inhibitory effect may be related to the suppression of ERK and CREB phosphorylation in the Hip, NAc, and PFC of mice. Thus, L-THP may have therapeutic potential for fentanyl addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Du
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, PR China
| | - Zhuoyi Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, PR China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, PR China
| | - Yaofang Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, PR China; Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, PR China
| | - Hongliang Su
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, PR China
| | - Zhiwen Wei
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, PR China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, PR China
| | - Keming Yun
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, PR China.
| | - Bin Cong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, PR China; Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
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Cornejo MP, Mustafá ER, Barrile F, Cassano D, De Francesco PN, Raingo J, Perello M. THE INTRIGUING LIGAND-DEPENDENT AND LIGAND-INDEPENDENT ACTIONS OF THE GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTOR ON REWARD-RELATED BEHAVIORS. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:401-416. [PMID: 33157147 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) highly expressed in the brain, and also in some peripheral tissues. GHSR activity is evoked by the stomach-derived peptide hormone ghrelin and abrogated by the intestine-derived liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2). In vitro, GHSR displays ligand-independent actions, including a high constitutive activity and an allosteric modulation of other GPCRs. Beyond its neuroendocrine and metabolic effects, cumulative evidence shows that GHSR regulates the activity of the mesocorticolimbic pathway and modulates complex reward-related behaviors towards different stimuli. Here, we review current evidence indicating that ligand-dependent and ligand-independent actions of GHSR enhance reward-related behaviors towards appetitive stimuli and drugs of abuse. We discuss putative neuronal networks and molecular mechanisms that GHSR would engage to modulate such reward-related behaviors. Finally, we briefly discuss imaging studies showing that ghrelin would also regulate reward processing in humans. Overall, we conclude that GHSR is a key regulator of the mesocorticolimbic pathway that influences its activity and, consequently, modulates reward-related behaviors via ligand-dependent and ligand-independent actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P Cornejo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA). National University of La Plata], 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emilio R Mustafá
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology of the IMBICE, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Franco Barrile
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA). National University of La Plata], 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Cassano
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA). National University of La Plata], 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo N De Francesco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA). National University of La Plata], 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jesica Raingo
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology of the IMBICE, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA). National University of La Plata], 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Chen L, Zhao H, Shen J, Ji X. Association Between Ghrelin Gene Polymorphism and Cerebral Infarction. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e924539. [PMID: 32667288 PMCID: PMC7382299 DOI: 10.12659/msm.924539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to explore the associations of ghrelin gene polymorphisms at rs26312, rs26802 and rs27647 with cerebral infarction. Material/Methods A total of 200 cerebral infarction patients in our hospital were enrolled as the disease group, while 200 healthy people were enrolled as the control group. Peripheral venous blood was collected from both groups, and the ghrelin gene polymorphisms at rs26312, rs26802, and rs27647 in nucleated cells were detected through sequencing. Results The genotype distribution at ghrelin gene loci rs26802 and rs27647 in the disease group was significantly different from that in the control group. The distribution of recessive model at ghrelin gene locus rs26802 in the disease group was different from that in the control group, in which the TG+GG frequency was evidently higher in the disease group. The AA genotype at ghrelin gene locus rs26312 was remarkably associated with the ghrelin gene expression level, and the expression level of ghrelin gene in the disease group was remarkably lower than that in the control group. The genotype at ghrelin gene locus rs26312 was associated with activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and APTT was significantly shorter in patients with GG genotype. The genotype at ghrelin gene locus rs26802 was associated with D-dimer, and the D-dimer level was significantly lower in patients with TG genotype. The genotype at ghrelin gene locus rs27647 was associated with prothrombin time (PT), and PT was obviously shorter in patients with TT genotype. Conclusions The ghrelin gene polymorphisms are remarkably associated with the occurrence of cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University and Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University and Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University and Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoyu Ji
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Cai WT, Yoon HS, Lee S, Kim JH. Repeated exposure to methiopropamine increases dendritic spine density in the rat nucleus accumbens core. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104487. [PMID: 31176680 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to classical psychomotor stimulants, like amphetamine (AMPH), produces locomotor sensitization and accompanied structural plasticity of dendritic spines in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Following our previous report that repeated administration of methiopropamine (MPA), a structural analog to meth-AMPH, produces locomotor sensitization, it was examined in the present study whether this behavioral change also accompanies with structural plasticity in the NAcc in a similar way to AMPH. A week after adeno-associated viral vectors containing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) were microinjected into the NAcc core, rats were repeatedly injected with saline, AMPH (1 mg/kg, IP), or MPA (5 mg/kg, IP) once every 2-3 days for a total of 4 times. Two weeks after last injection, all rats were perfused and their brains were processed for immunohistochemical staining. The image stacks for dendrite segments of medium spiny neuronal cells in the NAcc core were obtained and dendritic spines were quantitatively analyzed. Interestingly, it was found that the number of total spine density, with thin spine as a major contributor, was significantly increased in MPA compared to saline pre-exposed group, in a similar way to AMPH. These results indicate that MPA, a novel psychoactive substance, has similar characteristics with AMPH in that they both produce structural as well as behavioral changes, further supporting MPA's dependence and abuse potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ting Cai
- Department of Physiology, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Hyung Shin Yoon
- Department of Physiology, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Sooyeun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Physiology, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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Karim TJ, Aksel C, Kharas N, Reyes-Vasquez C, Dafny N. Caudate nucleus neurons participate in methylphenidate function: Behavioral and neuronal recordings from freely behaving adolescent rats. Brain Res Bull 2018; 142:241-252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hernández-Hernández EM, Caporal Hernandez K, Vázquez-Roque RA, Díaz A, de la Cruz F, Florán B, Flores G. The neuropeptide-12 improves recognition memory and neuronal plasticity of the limbic system in old rats. Synapse 2018; 72:e22036. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.22036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Caporal Hernandez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; Puebla México
| | - Rubén Antonio Vázquez-Roque
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; 14 Sur 6301, Puebla México
| | - Alfonso Díaz
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; Puebla México
| | - Fidel de la Cruz
- Departamento de Fisiología; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, CDMEX; México
| | - Benjamin Florán
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias; Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados IPN, DF; México
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; 14 Sur 6301, Puebla México
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