1
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Baigent C, Windecker S, Andreini D, Arbelo E, Barbato E, Bartorelli AL, Baumbach A, Behr ER, Berti S, Bueno H, Capodanno D, Cappato R, Chieffo A, Collet JP, Cuisset T, de Simone G, Delgado V, Dendale P, Dudek D, Edvardsen T, Elvan A, González-Juanatey JR, Gori M, Grobbee D, Guzik TJ, Halvorsen S, Haude M, Heidbuchel H, Hindricks G, Ibanez B, Karam N, Katus H, Klok FA, Konstantinides SV, Landmesser U, Leclercq C, Leonardi S, Lettino M, Marenzi G, Mauri J, Metra M, Morici N, Mueller C, Petronio AS, Polovina MM, Potpara T, Praz F, Prendergast B, Prescott E, Price S, Pruszczyk P, Rodríguez-Leor O, Roffi M, Romaguera R, Rosenkranz S, Sarkozy A, Scherrenberg M, Seferovic P, Senni M, Spera FR, Stefanini G, Thiele H, Tomasoni D, Torracca L, Touyz RM, Wilde AA, Williams B. ESC guidance for the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: part 2-care pathways, treatment, and follow-up. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:1618-1666. [PMID: 34864876 PMCID: PMC8690236 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Since its emergence in early 2020, the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has reached pandemic levels, and there have been repeated outbreaks across the globe. The aim of this two part series is to provide practical knowledge and guidance to aid clinicians in the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular (CV) disease in association with COVID-19. METHODS AND RESULTS A narrative literature review of the available evidence has been performed, and the resulting information has been organized into two parts. The first, which was reported previously, focused on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of CV conditions that may be manifest in patients with COVID-19. This second part addresses the topics of: care pathways and triage systems and management and treatment pathways, both of the most commonly encountered CV conditions and of COVID-19; and information that may be considered useful to help patients with CV disease (CVD) to avoid exposure to COVID-19. CONCLUSION This comprehensive review is not a formal guideline but rather a document that provides a summary of current knowledge and guidance to practicing clinicians managing patients with CVD and COVID-19. The recommendations are mainly the result of observations and personal experience from healthcare providers. Therefore, the information provided here may be subject to change with increasing knowledge, evidence from prospective studies, and changes in the pandemic. Likewise, the guidance provided in the document should not interfere with recommendations provided by local and national healthcare authorities.
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2
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Peter L, Wendering DJ, Schlickeiser S, Hoffmann H, Noster R, Wagner DL, Zarrinrad G, Münch S, Picht S, Schulenberg S, Moradian H, Mashreghi MF, Klein O, Gossen M, Roch T, Babel N, Reinke P, Volk HD, Amini L, Schmueck-Henneresse M. Tacrolimus-resistant SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell products to prevent and treat severe COVID-19 in immunosuppressed patients. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 25:52-73. [PMID: 35252469 PMCID: PMC8882037 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients receive therapeutic immunosuppression that compromises their immune response to infections and vaccines. For this reason, SOT patients have a high risk of developing severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and an increased risk of death from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Moreover, the efficiency of immunotherapies and vaccines is reduced due to the constant immunosuppression in this patient group. Here, we propose adoptive transfer of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells made resistant to a common immunosuppressant, tacrolimus, for optimized performance in the immunosuppressed patient. Using a ribonucleoprotein approach of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, we have generated tacrolimus-resistant SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell products from convalescent donors and demonstrate their specificity and function through characterizations at the single-cell level, including flow cytometry, single-cell RNA (scRNA) Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes (CITE), and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing analyses. Based on the promising results, we aim for clinical validation of this approach in transplant recipients. Additionally, we propose a combinatory approach with tacrolimus, to prevent an overshooting immune response manifested as bystander T cell activation in the setting of severe COVID-19 immunopathology, and tacrolimus-resistant SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell products, allowing for efficient clearance of viral infection. Our strategy has the potential to prevent severe COVID-19 courses in SOT or autoimmunity settings and to prevent immunopathology while providing viral clearance in severe non-transplant COVID-19 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Peter
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Regenerative Therapies at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Désirée Jacqueline Wendering
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Schlickeiser
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrike Hoffmann
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca Noster
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Laurin Wagner
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ghazaleh Zarrinrad
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Regenerative Therapies at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Münch
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Samira Picht
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Schulenberg
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Regenerative Therapies at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanieh Moradian
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Klein
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manfred Gossen
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstr. 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Toralf Roch
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Center for Translational Medicine, Immunology, and Transplantation, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625 Herne, Germany
| | - Nina Babel
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Center for Translational Medicine, Immunology, and Transplantation, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625 Herne, Germany
| | - Petra Reinke
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leila Amini
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schmueck-Henneresse
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Hage R, Schuurmans MM. Calcineurin Inhibitors and COVID-19. REUMATOLOGÍA CLÍNICA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2022; 18:314-315. [PMID: 35568446 PMCID: PMC9094752 DOI: 10.1016/j.reumae.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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4
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Baigent C, Windecker S, Andreini D, Arbelo E, Barbato E, Bartorelli AL, Baumbach A, Behr ER, Berti S, Bueno H, Capodanno D, Cappato R, Chieffo A, Collet JP, Cuisset T, de Simone G, Delgado V, Dendale P, Dudek D, Edvardsen T, Elvan A, González-Juanatey JR, Gori M, Grobbee D, Guzik TJ, Halvorsen S, Haude M, Heidbuchel H, Hindricks G, Ibanez B, Karam N, Katus H, Klok FA, Konstantinides SV, Landmesser U, Leclercq C, Leonardi S, Lettino M, Marenzi G, Mauri J, Metra M, Morici N, Mueller C, Petronio AS, Polovina MM, Potpara T, Praz F, Prendergast B, Prescott E, Price S, Pruszczyk P, Rodríguez-Leor O, Roffi M, Romaguera R, Rosenkranz S, Sarkozy A, Scherrenberg M, Seferovic P, Senni M, Spera FR, Stefanini G, Thiele H, Tomasoni D, Torracca L, Touyz RM, Wilde AA, Williams B. ESC guidance for the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: part 2-care pathways, treatment, and follow-up. Eur Heart J 2022; 43:1059-1103. [PMID: 34791154 PMCID: PMC8690006 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Since its emergence in early 2020, the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has reached pandemic levels, and there have been repeated outbreaks across the globe. The aim of this two part series is to provide practical knowledge and guidance to aid clinicians in the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular (CV) disease in association with COVID-19. METHODS AND RESULTS A narrative literature review of the available evidence has been performed, and the resulting information has been organized into two parts. The first, which was reported previously, focused on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of CV conditions that may be manifest in patients with COVID-19. This second part addresses the topics of: care pathways and triage systems and management and treatment pathways, both of the most commonly encountered CV conditions and of COVID-19; and information that may be considered useful to help patients with CV disease (CVD) to avoid exposure to COVID-19. CONCLUSION This comprehensive review is not a formal guideline but rather a document that provides a summary of current knowledge and guidance to practicing clinicians managing patients with CVD and COVID-19. The recommendations are mainly the result of observations and personal experience from healthcare providers. Therefore, the information provided here may be subject to change with increasing knowledge, evidence from prospective studies, and changes in the pandemic. Likewise, the guidance provided in the document should not interfere with recommendations provided by local and national healthcare authorities.
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5
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Global Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Era on Kidney Transplantation Activities: Analysis of WHO Data. Transplant Proc 2021; 54:1417-1423. [PMID: 34986975 PMCID: PMC8720483 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Uncertainty raises questions in kidney transplant during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic regarding the recipient, the donor, and health care professionals. The pandemic not only has disrupted kidney transplanted patients but also has influenced transplant systems, donation chains, and timely and safe transplant surgeries. In the present study, we aimed to explore the global effects of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on kidney transplant. Methods We collected transplantation statistics and SARS-CoV-2 pandemic data from the World Health Organization website on June 15, 2021. Spearman correlation analysis was applied to assess the strength of a monotonic relationship among quantitative variables. We also demonstrated the clinical characteristics of our kidney recipients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results Comparison of the mean of global kidney transplantation statistics between 2010 and 2019 with 2020 statistics showed a significant decrease in kidney transplant from living donors (P < .001). From the beginning of the pandemic to June 15, 2021, 1 of the 43 kidney transplant patients we treated in our clinic died of SARS-CoV-2 infection after discharge. Two of the patients we transplanted and saw in follow-up before the pandemic died of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion While the overall kidney transplant numbers have increased in the year to date, kidney transplants decreased drastically at the onset of the pandemic.
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6
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Das KM, Alkoteesh JA, Sheek-Hussein M, Alzadjali SA, Alafeefi MT, Singh R, Statsenko Y, Soteriades ES, Singh V, Van Gorkom K. Role of chest radiograph in MERS-Cov pneumonia: a single tertiary referral center experience in the United Arab Emirates. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2021. [PMCID: PMC8146173 DOI: 10.1186/s43055-021-00517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-Cov) continues to be a source of concern due to intermittent outbreaks. Serial chest radiographic changes in MERS-Cov patients were analyzed for various variables that could be compared to the patients’ final outcomes in a cluster of MERS-Cov patients and to identify a predictor of mortality in the United Arab Emirates.
Results
A total of 44 MERS-Cov cases were reviewed. The mean age of the patients was 43.7 ± 14.7 years. The chest radiograph was abnormal in 14/44 (31.8%). The commonest radiology features include ground-glass opacities (seven of 14, 50%), ground-glass and consolidation (seven of 14, 50%), pleural effusion (eight of 14, 57.1%), and air bronchogram (three of 14, 21.4%). The mortality rate was 13.6% (six of 44); the deceased group (6 of 44, 13.6%) was associated with significantly higher incidence of mechanical ventilation (p < 0.001), pleural effusion (p < 0.001), chest radiographic score (8.90 ± 6.31, p < 0.001), and type 4 radiographic progression of disease (p < 0.001). A chest radiographic score at presentation was seen to be an independent and strong predictor of mortality (OR [95% confidence interval] 3.20 [1.35, 7.61]). The Cohen κ coefficient for the interobserver agreement was k = 0.89 (p = 0.001).
Conclusion
The chest radiographic score, associated with a higher degree of disease progression (type 4), particularly in patients with old age or with comorbidity, may indicate a poorer prognosis in MERS-Cov infection, necessitating intensive care unit management or predicting impending death.
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7
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Bitterman R, Kumar D. Respiratory Viruses in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. Viruses 2021; 13:2146. [PMID: 34834953 PMCID: PMC8622983 DOI: 10.3390/v13112146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation is often lifesaving, but does carry an increased risk of infection. Respiratory viral infections are one of the most prevalent infections, and are a cause of significant morbidity and mortality, especially among lung transplant recipients. There is also data to suggest an association with acute rejection and chronic lung allograft dysfunction in lung transplant recipients. Respiratory viral infections can appear at any time post-transplant and are usually acquired in the community. All respiratory viral infections share similar clinical manifestations and are all currently diagnosed using nucleic acid testing. Influenza has good treatment options and prevention strategies, although these are hampered by resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors and lower vaccine immunogenicity in the transplant population. Other respiratory viruses, unfortunately, have limited treatments and preventive methods. This review summarizes the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, therapies and preventive measures for clinically significant RNA and DNA respiratory viruses, with the exception of SARS-CoV-2. This area is fast evolving and hopefully the coming decades will bring us new antivirals, immunologic treatments and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepali Kumar
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2N2, Canada;
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8
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Tseng HT, Wu XC, Huang CY, Shih CM, Lin YW, Lin FY. The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection, and Application of Immunosuppressive Agents in Kidney Transplant Recipients Suffering from COVID-19. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101054. [PMID: 34681278 PMCID: PMC8537512 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic began to ravage the world quickly, causing unprecedented losses in human life and the economy. A statistical study revealed that the proportion of solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients with severe symptoms and deaths after being infected by SARS-CoV-2 is considerably higher than that of non-SOT recipients, and the prognosis is relatively poor. In addition, the clinical manifestation of SOT recipients suffering from COVID-19 is different from that of general COVID-19 patients. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in COVID-19 patients, and it is likely more common among SOT recipients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Clinical experts consider that SOT recipients have long-term treatment with immunosuppressants, and the comorbidities are driven by a high rate of severe symptoms and mortality. Orthotopic kidney allograft transplantation is an effective treatment for patients suffering from end-stage kidney disease/kidney failure through which they can easily extend their life. Indeed, kidney transplant recipients have suffered significant damage during this pandemic. To effectively reduce the severity of symptoms and mortality of kidney transplant recipients suffering from COVID-19, precise application of various drugs, particularly immunosuppressants, is necessary. Therefore, herein, we will collate the current clinical experience of treating COVID-19 infection in kidney transplant recipients and discuss the adjustment of patients using immunosuppressive agents in the face of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horng-Ta Tseng
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (H.-T.T.); (X.-C.W.); (C.-Y.H.); (C.-M.S.)
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Departments of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Xiang-Chi Wu
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (H.-T.T.); (X.-C.W.); (C.-Y.H.); (C.-M.S.)
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Departments of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yao Huang
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (H.-T.T.); (X.-C.W.); (C.-Y.H.); (C.-M.S.)
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Departments of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Shih
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (H.-T.T.); (X.-C.W.); (C.-Y.H.); (C.-M.S.)
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Departments of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (H.-T.T.); (X.-C.W.); (C.-Y.H.); (C.-M.S.)
- Departments of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.L.); (F.-Y.L.); Tel.: +886-2-87910329 (Y.-S.J.)
| | - Feng-Yen Lin
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (H.-T.T.); (X.-C.W.); (C.-Y.H.); (C.-M.S.)
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Departments of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.L.); (F.-Y.L.); Tel.: +886-2-87910329 (Y.-S.J.)
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9
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Ahmadian E, Zununi Vahed S, Mammadova S, Abediazar S. Immunosuppressant Management in Renal Transplant Patients with COVID-19. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9318725. [PMID: 34692845 PMCID: PMC8531766 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9318725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a special risk for both immunosuppressed patients, especially transplant recipients. Although the knowledge about this infection is growing, many uncertainties remain, particularly regarding the kidney. Kidney transplant recipients (KDRs) should be considered immunocompromised hosts since a potential risk for infection, comorbidity, and immunosuppression exposure exists. Additionally, the management of immunosuppressive agents in KDRs remains challenging. Potential drug interactions with immunosuppressive treatment escalated the risk of unwanted side effects. In this review, we aimed to attain an augmented awareness and improved management immunosuppressant for COVID-19 KDRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ahmadian
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Shakar Mammadova
- Department of Physical Geography, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Sima Abediazar
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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10
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Jaiswal P, Banode P, Agrawal D, Bajaj P, Masurkar D, Gadbail A. The Impact of COVID-19 on General and Dental Health. Open Dent J 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874210602115010310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) is a contagious infection caused by novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). This novel virus was publicly announced as an infectious pathogen by the “Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention” on 8 January 2020. The World Health Organization named COVID-19 a pandemic crisis all over the world on March 11, 2020. Aged people and medically compromised people like patients with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are the vulnerable populations for developing an illness. A guideline has been postulated and described in the form of a journey map to avoid exposure of dental health care professionals to COVID-19. This review provides a comprehensive outlook for the current pandemic situation, its origin, spread, and preventive measures to be utilized in general and in dental practice.
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11
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Kniepeiss D, Jantscher L, Al-Sharafy S, Sendlhofer G, Schemmer P. Framework for Solid-Organ Transplantation During COVID-19 Pandemic in Europe. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:2421-2433. [PMID: 34113196 PMCID: PMC8187091 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s286721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Since the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on solid-organ transplantation (SOT) is unclear, an online survey on the specific framework of leading European transplant centers (n=155) in 31 European countries was conducted between April 24 and May 15, 2020. Methods A questionnaire was designed to collect information on restrictions on SOT, protective measures,(non)governmental information policies, and individual opinions on how to deal with SOT during COVID-19. Results The response rate was 37.4% (58 of 155). Overall, 84.5% reported an effect of COVID-19 on SOT in Europe. In 49% of these, limited capacity was mentioned, and in 51% the reason for restricted resources was strategic preparedness. As a result, SOT was totally or partially suspended for several weeks. In sum, 93.1% of centers implemented protective measures against COVID-19. Nongovernmental information policies were felt to be adequate in 90%. Continuation of transplant activities was desired by 97% of centers. Conclusion The results of this survey suggested a need for more ICU capacity during COVID-19, in order to guarantee adequate and timely treatment of other patient cohorts in surveyed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kniepeiss
- General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,University Transplant Center Graz (UTCG), Medical University Graz,, Graz, Austria
| | - Lydia Jantscher
- Research Unit for Safety in Health, c/o Division of Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Executive Department for Quality and Risk Management, University Hospital Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Shahdy Al-Sharafy
- General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,University Transplant Center Graz (UTCG), Medical University Graz,, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Sendlhofer
- Research Unit for Safety in Health, c/o Division of Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Executive Department for Quality and Risk Management, University Hospital Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Schemmer
- General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,University Transplant Center Graz (UTCG), Medical University Graz,, Graz, Austria
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12
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Bayat M, Asemani Y, Mohammadi MR, Sanaei M, Namvarpour M, Eftekhari R. An overview of some potential immunotherapeutic options against COVID-19. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107516. [PMID: 33765610 PMCID: PMC7908848 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
After the advent of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) in the late 2019, the resulting severe and pernicious syndrome (COVID-19) immediately was deployed all around the world. To date, despite relentless efforts to control the disease by drug repurposing, there is no approved specific therapy for COVID-19. Given the role of innate and acquired immune components in the control and elimination of viral infections and inflammatory mutilations during SARS-CoV2 pathogenesis, immunotherapeutic strategies appear to be beneficent. Passive immunotherapies such as convalescent plasma, which has received much attention especially in severe cases, as well as suppressing inflammatory cytokines, interferon administration, inhibition of kinases and complement cascade, virus neutralization with key engineered products, cell-based therapies, immunomodulators and anti-inflammatory drugs are among the key immunotherapeutic approaches to deal with COVID-19, which is discussed in this review. Also, details of leading COVID-19 vaccine candidates as the most potent immunotherapy have been provided. However, despite salient improvements, there is still a lack of completely assured vaccines for universal application. Therefore, adopting proper immunotherapies according to the cytokine pattern and involved immune responses, alongside engineered biologics specially ACE2-Fc to curb SARS-CoV2 infection until achieving a tailored vaccine is probably the best strategy to better manage this pandemic. Therefore, gaining knowledge about the mechanism of action, potential targets, as well as the effectiveness of immune-based approaches to confront COVID-19 in the form of a well-ordered review study is highly momentous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Bayat
- Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Yahya Asemani
- Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author at: Department of Immunology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1985717443, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mohammadi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Sanaei
- Department of Environmental, Polymer and Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Mozhdeh Namvarpour
- Department of Immunology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science and services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Eftekhari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
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13
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Souza PFN, Mesquita FP, Amaral JL, Landim PGC, Lima KRP, Costa MB, Farias IR, Lima LB, Montenegro RC. The human pandemic coronaviruses on the show: The spike glycoprotein as the main actor in the coronaviruses play. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:1-19. [PMID: 33667553 PMCID: PMC7921731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Three coronaviruses (CoVs) have threatened the world population by causing outbreaks in the last two decades. In late 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged and caused the coronaviruses to disease 2019 (COVID-19), leading to the ongoing global outbreak. The other pandemic coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV), share a considerable level of similarities at genomic and protein levels. However, the differences between them lead to distinct behaviors. These differences result from the accumulation of mutations in the sequence and structure of spike (S) glycoprotein, which plays an essential role in coronavirus infection, pathogenicity, transmission, and evolution. In this review, we brought together many studies narrating a sequence of events and highlighting the differences among S proteins from SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. It was performed here, analysis of S protein sequences and structures from the three pandemic coronaviruses pointing out the mutations among them and what they come through. Additionally, we investigated the receptor-binding domain (RBD) from all S proteins explaining the mutation and biological importance of all of them. Finally, we discuss the mutation in the S protein from several new isolates of SARS-CoV-2, reporting their difference and importance. This review brings into detail how the variations in S protein that make SARS-CoV-2 more aggressive than its relatives coronaviruses and other differences between coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro F N Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil.
| | - Felipe P Mesquita
- Drug research and Development Center, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil
| | - Jackson L Amaral
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil
| | - Patrícia G C Landim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil
| | - Karollyny R P Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil
| | - Marília B Costa
- Drug research and Development Center, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil
| | - Izabelle R Farias
- Drug research and Development Center, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil
| | - Luina B Lima
- Drug research and Development Center, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil
| | - Raquel C Montenegro
- Drug research and Development Center, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil
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14
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Xu J, Xue Y, Zhou R, Shi PY, Li H, Zhou J. Drug repurposing approach to combating coronavirus: Potential drugs and drug targets. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:1375-1426. [PMID: 33277927 PMCID: PMC8044022 DOI: 10.1002/med.21763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and, recently, SARS-CoV-2, have caused pandemics of severe acute respiratory diseases with alarming morbidity and mortality. Due to the lack of specific anti-CoV therapies, the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses a great challenge to clinical management and highlights an urgent need for effective interventions. Drug repurposing is a rapid and feasible strategy to identify effective drugs for combating this deadly infection. In this review, we summarize the therapeutic CoV targets, focus on the existing small molecule drugs that have the potential to be repurposed for existing and emerging CoV infections of the future, and discuss the clinical progress of developing small molecule drugs for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Xu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yu Xue
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Hongmin Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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15
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Wu J, Xiong L, Li P. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a Chinese renal transplant recipient: a case report. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:2140-2148. [PMID: 34159095 PMCID: PMC8185678 DOI: 10.21037/tau-21-314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, a novel coronavirus that caused viral pneumonia broke out and became global pandemic. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Reports on the clinical manifestations in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are rare. We report the clinical features and treatment of a Chinese renal transplant recipient with COVID-19. A 46-year-old Chinese woman, who had a renal transplant in 2006 due to chronic glomerulonephritis, was admitted to Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University for fever, cough, and expectoration for more than 10 days and diarrhea for 3 days. At admission, her body temperature was 38.2 °C and pulse oxygen saturation was 96% under oxygen inhalation. There were decreased breath sounds bilaterally. Laboratory data revealed normal leucocyte count, a normal percentage of neutrophils, a normal percentage of lymphocytes, decreased lymphocyte count, elevated procalcitonin and C-reactive protein (CRP), and increased levels of urea, creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. COVID-19 was confirmed by nasopharyngeal swab and sputum which were positive for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Chest CT revealed multiple patchy and flake ground-glass shadows in bilateral lung fields, and strip shadows in bilateral lower lobes. Treatment included antiviral (umifenovir, hydroxychloroquine), antibacterial (moxifloxacin), and other support therapies. Her symptoms, laboratory data, and chest CT showed trends of gradual improvement, while nasopharyngeal swabs were always positive for SARS-CoV-2. She was finally discharged from hospital on her 70th day of hospitalization when 2 consecutive nasopharyngeal swabs were negative for SARS-CoV-2. This is a rare report on COVID-19 in a renal transplant recipient, which can help enhance the understanding and treatment of COVID-19 in renal transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liangkun Xiong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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16
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Coll E, Fernández-Ruiz M, Sánchez-Álvarez JE, Martínez-Fernández JR, Crespo M, Gayoso J, Bada-Bosch T, Oppenheimer F, Moreso F, López-Oliva MO, Melilli E, Rodríguez-Ferrero ML, Bravo C, Burgos E, Facundo C, Lorenzo I, Yañez Í, Galeano C, Roca A, Cabello M, Gómez-Bueno M, García-Cosío M, Graus J, Lladó L, de Pablo A, Loinaz C, Aguado B, Hernández D, Domínguez-Gil B. COVID-19 in transplant recipients: The Spanish experience. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:1825-1837. [PMID: 33098200 PMCID: PMC9906239 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the nationwide experience with solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Spain until 13 July 2020. We compiled information for 778 (423 kidney, 113 HSCT, 110 liver, 69 heart, 54 lung, 8 pancreas, 1 multivisceral) recipients. Median age at diagnosis was 61 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 52-70), and 66% were male. The incidence of COVID-19 in SOT recipients was two-fold higher compared to the Spanish general population. The median interval from transplantation was 59 months (IQR: 18-131). Infection was hospital-acquired in 13% of cases. No donor-derived COVID-19 was suspected. Most patients (89%) were admitted to the hospital. Therapies included hydroxychloroquine (84%), azithromycin (53%), protease inhibitors (37%), and interferon-β (5%), whereas immunomodulation was based on corticosteroids (41%) and tocilizumab (21%). Adjustment of immunosuppression was performed in 85% of patients. At the time of analysis, complete follow-up was available from 652 patients. Acute respiratory distress syndrome occurred in 35% of patients. Ultimately, 174 (27%) patients died. In univariate analysis, risk factors for death were lung transplantation (odds ratio [OR]: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.4-4.6), age >60 years (OR: 3.7; 95% CI: 2.5-5.5), and hospital-acquired COVID-19 (OR: 3.0; 95% CI: 1.9-4.9).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Coll
- Organización Nacional de Trasplantes (Spanish National Transplant Organization), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Fernández-Ruiz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), President of the Group for the Study of Infection in Transplantation and the Immunocompromised Host (GESITRA-IC) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), Madrid, Spain
- Group for the Study of Infection in Transplantation and the Immunocompromised Host (GESITRA-IC) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Emilio Sánchez-Álvarez
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario de Cabueñes, Gijón, Spain
- Spanish Society of Nephrology (SEN), Gijón, Spain
| | | | - Marta Crespo
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Transplant Working Group of the Spanish Society of Nephrology (SEN), Barcelona, Spain
- REDinREN (RD16/0009/0013), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Gayoso
- Organización Nacional de Trasplantes (Spanish National Transplant Organization), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Bada-Bosch
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francesc Moreso
- Kidney Transplant Unit, Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario Vall d´Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Edoardo Melilli
- Kidney Transplant Unit, Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Bravo
- Department of Pulmonology, Lung transplant Unit, Hospital Universitario Vall d´Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Burgos
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Carme Facundo
- Kidney Transplant Unit, Fundación Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Lorenzo
- Department of Nephrology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Íñigo Yañez
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Cristina Galeano
- Kidney Transplant Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Roca
- Department of Nephrology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Toledo, Toledo, Spain
| | - Mercedes Cabello
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez-Bueno
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - MaDolores García-Cosío
- Cardiology Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Graus
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Lladó
- Liver Transplant Unit, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia de Pablo
- Lung Transplant Unit, Department of Pneumology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmelo Loinaz
- Transplant Unit, Department of General Surgery, Digestive Tract and Abdominal Organ Transplantation, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Aguado
- Transplant Unit. Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Domingo Hernández
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
- Spanish Society of Transplantation (SET), Málaga, Spain
| | - Beatriz Domínguez-Gil
- Organización Nacional de Trasplantes (Spanish National Transplant Organization), Madrid, Spain
| | - the Spanish Group for the Study of COVID-19 in Transplant Recipients
- Organización Nacional de Trasplantes (Spanish National Transplant Organization), Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), President of the Group for the Study of Infection in Transplantation and the Immunocompromised Host (GESITRA-IC) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), Madrid, Spain
- Group for the Study of Infection in Transplantation and the Immunocompromised Host (GESITRA-IC) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario de Cabueñes, Gijón, Spain
- Spanish Society of Nephrology (SEN), Gijón, Spain
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Transplant Working Group of the Spanish Society of Nephrology (SEN), Barcelona, Spain
- REDinREN (RD16/0009/0013), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- Kidney Transplant Unit, Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario Vall d´Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
- Department oof Nephrology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Kidney Transplant Unit, Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pulmonology, Lung transplant Unit, Hospital Universitario Vall d´Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Kidney Transplant Unit, Fundación Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Nephrology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain
- Kidney Transplant Unit, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nephrology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Toledo, Toledo, Spain
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
- Cardiology Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Liver Transplant Unit, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
- Lung Transplant Unit, Department of Pneumology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Transplant Unit, Department of General Surgery, Digestive Tract and Abdominal Organ Transplantation, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Transplant Unit. Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
- Spanish Society of Transplantation (SET), Málaga, Spain
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Predictors of disease severity and outcome of hospitalized renal transplant recipients with COVID-19 infection: a systematic review of a globally representative sample. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 59:10-42. [PMID: 33155999 DOI: 10.2478/rjim-2020-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. COVID-19 presents a special challenge to the kidney transplant population.Methods. A systematic review of articles that examined COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients was performed. Patients' demographics, clinical, laboratory and radiological presentations, immunosuppression modification, and COVID-19 specific management were abstracted and analyzed. COVID-19 severity was classified into mild, moderate, and severe. Disease outcome was classified by whether the patient was discharged, still hospitalized, or died.Results. 44 articles reporting individual data and 13 articles reporting aggregated data on 149 and 561 kidney transplant recipients respectively with COVID-19 from Asia, Europe and America fulfilled all inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among studies reporting case specific data, 76% of cases had severe disease. Compared to patients with mild/moderate disease, patients with severe disease had higher CRP, LDH, Ferritin, D-dimer and were more likely to have bilateral lung involvement at presentation and longer time since transplantation (P < 0.05 for all). Recipients' age, gender and comorbidities did not impact disease severity. Patients with severe disease had a more aggressive CNI reduction and more antiviral medications utilization. Outcome was reported on 145 cases, of those 34 (23%) died all with severe disease. Longer duration from transplant to disease diagnosis, hypoxia and higher LDH were associated with mortality (P < 0.05). Different immunosuppression reduction strategies, high dose parenteral corticosteroids use and various antiviral combinations did not demonstrate survival advantage. Similar finding was observed for studies reporting aggregated data.Conclusion. COVID-19 in kidney transplant patients is associated with high rate of disease severity and fatality. Higher LDH and longer time since transplantation predicted both disease severity and mortality. None of the COVID-19 specific treatment correlated with, or improved disease outcome in kidney transplant recipients.
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18
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Phadke VK, Scanlon N, Jordan SC, Rouphael NG. Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2021; 8:127-139. [PMID: 33688459 PMCID: PMC7931983 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-021-00322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a complex interplay between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) dynamics and host immune responses. Hosts with altered immunity, including solid organ transplant recipients, may be at increased risk of complications and death due to COVID-19. A synthesis of the available data on immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection is needed to inform therapeutic and preventative strategies in this special population. RECENT FINDINGS Few studies have directly compared immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 between transplant recipients and the general population. Like non-transplant patients, transplant recipients mount an exuberant inflammatory response following initial SARS-CoV2 infection, with IL-6 levels correlating with disease severity in some, but not all studies. Transplant recipients display anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and activated B cells in a time frame and magnitude similar to non-transplant patients-limited data suggest these antibodies can be detected within 15 days of symptom onset and may be durable for several months. CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphopenia, a hallmark of COVID-19, is more profound in transplant recipients, but SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells can be detected among patients with both mild and severe disease. SUMMARY The limited available data indicate that immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 are similar between transplant recipients and the general population, but no studies have been sufficiently comprehensive to understand nuances between organ types or level of immunosuppression to meaningfully inform individualized therapeutic decisions. The ongoing pandemic provides an opportunity to generate higher-quality data to support rational treatment and vaccination strategies in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun K. Phadke
- Emory University Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Unit (VTEU), Division of Infectious Diseases, The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, 500 Irvin Court, Suite 200, Decatur, GA 30030 USA
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Decatur, GA USA
| | - Nicholas Scanlon
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Decatur, GA USA
| | - Stanley C. Jordan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Transplant Immunotherapy Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Nadine G. Rouphael
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Decatur, GA USA
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19
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Caillard S, Chavarot N, Francois H, Matignon M, Greze C, Kamar N, Gatault P, Thaunat O, Legris T, Frimat L, Westeel PF, Goutaudier V, Jdidou M, Snanoudj R, Colosio C, Sicard A, Bertrand D, Mousson C, Bamoulid J, Masset C, Thierry A, Couzi L, Chemouny JM, Duveau A, Moal V, Blancho G, Grimbert P, Durrbach A, Moulin B, Anglicheau D, Ruch Y, Kaeuffer C, Benotmane I, Solis M, LeMeur Y, Hazzan M, Danion F. Is COVID-19 infection more severe in kidney transplant recipients? Am J Transplant 2021; 21:1295-1303. [PMID: 33259686 PMCID: PMC7753418 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
There are no studies which have compared the risk of severe COVID-19 and related mortality between transplant recipients and nontransplant patients. We enrolled two groups of patients hospitalized for COVID-19, that is, kidney transplant recipients (KTR) from the French Registry of Solid Organ Transplant (n = 306) and a single-center cohort of nontransplant patients (n = 795). An analysis was performed among subgroups matched for age and risk factors for severe COVID-19 or mortality. Severe COVID-19 was defined as admission (or transfer) to an intensive care unit, need for mechanical ventilation, or death. Transplant recipients were younger and had more comorbidities compared to nontransplant patients. They presented with higher creatinine levels and developed more episodes of acute kidney injury. After matching, the 30-day cumulative incidence of severe COVID-19 did not differ between KTR and nontransplant patients; however, 30-day COVID-19-related mortality was significantly higher in KTR (17.9% vs 11.4%, respectively, p = .038). Age >60 years, cardiovascular disease, dyspnea, fever, lymphopenia, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were associated with severe COVID-19 in univariate analysis, whereas transplant status and serum creatinine levels were not. Age >60 years, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, CRP >60 mg/L, lymphopenia, kidney transplant status (HR = 1.55), and creatinine level >115 µmol/L (HR = 2.32) were associated with COVID-19-related mortality in univariate analysis. In multivariable analysis, cardiovascular disease, dyspnea, and fever were associated with severe disease, whereas age >60 years, cardiovascular disease, dyspnea, fever, and creatinine level>115 µmol/L retained their independent associations with mortality. KTR had a higher COVID-19-related mortality compared to nontransplant hospitalized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Caillard
- Department of Nephrology and TransplantationStrasbourg University HospitalINSERMUMR‐S 1109StrasbourgFrance
| | - Nathalie Chavarot
- Department of Nephrology and TransplantationHôpital Universitaire NeckerAPHP CenterUniversité de Paris INEM INSERM U 1151CNRS UMR 8253ParisFrance
| | - Hélène Francois
- AP‐HP (Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris)Department of Nephrology and TransplantationHopital TenonParisFrance
| | - Marie Matignon
- AP‐HP, Nephrology and Renal Transplantation DepartmentInstitut Francilien de Recherche en Néphrologie et Transplantation (IFRNT)Groupe Hospitalier Henri‐Mondor/Albert‐ChenevierUniversité Paris‐Est‐Créteil, (UPEC)DHU (Département Hospitalo‐Universitaire) VIC (Virus‐Immunité‐Cancer)IMRB (Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale)Equipe 21, INSERM U 955CréteilFrance
| | - Clarisse Greze
- Department of Nephrology and TransplantationHôpital BichatParisFrance
| | - Nassim Kamar
- Department of Nephrology and TransplantationUniversity of ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | - Philippe Gatault
- Department of Nephrology and TransplantationUniversity of ToursToursFrance
| | - Olivier Thaunat
- Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical ImmunologyHôpital Edouard HerriotHospices Civils de LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | - Tristan Legris
- Aix Marseille UniversitéHôpitaux Universitaires de MarseilleHôpital ConceptionCentre de Néphrologie et Transplantation RénaleMarseilleFrance
| | - Luc Frimat
- Department of NephrologyUniversity of LorraineCHRU‐NancyVandoeuvreFrance,INSERM CIC‐EC CIE6NancyFrance
| | - Pierre F. Westeel
- Department of Nephrology and TransplantationUniversity of AmiensAmiensFrance
| | - Valentin Goutaudier
- Department of Nephrology and TransplantationUniversity of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Mariam Jdidou
- Department of Nephrology and TransplantationHôpital BicêtreLe Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
| | - Renaud Snanoudj
- Department of Nephrology and TransplantationHôpital BicêtreLe Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
| | - Charlotte Colosio
- Department of Nephrology and TransplantationUniversity of ReimsReimsFrance
| | - Antoine Sicard
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and TransplantationHopital Pasteur 2C.H.U. de NiceUnité de Recherche Clinique Côte d’Azur (UR2CA)Université Côte d’AzurNiceFrance
| | - Dominique Bertrand
- Department of Nephrology and TransplantationUniversity of RouenRouenFrance
| | - Christiane Mousson
- Department of Nephrology and TransplantationUniversity of DijonDijonFrance
| | - Jamal Bamoulid
- Department of NephrologyUniversity of BesançonBesançonFrance
| | - Christophe Masset
- Department of Nephrology and TransplantationCenter Hospitalier Universitaire de NantesNantesFrance
| | - Antoine Thierry
- Department of NephrologyUniversity of PoitiersPoitiersFrance
| | - Lionel Couzi
- Department of Nephrology‐Transplantation‐Dialysis‐ApheresisHôpital PellegrinCHU de Bordeaux PellegrinUnité Mixte de Recherche “ImmunoConcEpT” 5164 − Université de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Jonathan M. Chemouny
- University of RennesCHU RennesInsermEHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santéenvironnement et travail) UMR_S 1085, CIC – P 1414RennesFrance
| | - Agnes Duveau
- Department of Nephrology and TransplantationUniversity of AngersAngersFrance
| | - Valerie Moal
- Aix Marseille UniversitéHôpitaux Universitaires de MarseilleHôpital ConceptionCentre de Néphrologie et Transplantation RénaleMarseilleFrance
| | - Gilles Blancho
- Department of Nephrology and TransplantationCenter Hospitalier Universitaire de NantesNantesFrance
| | - Philippe Grimbert
- AP‐HP, Nephrology and Renal Transplantation DepartmentInstitut Francilien de Recherche en Néphrologie et Transplantation (IFRNT)Groupe Hospitalier Henri‐Mondor/Albert‐ChenevierUniversité Paris‐Est‐Créteil, (UPEC)DHU (Département Hospitalo‐Universitaire) VIC (Virus‐Immunité‐Cancer)IMRB (Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale)Equipe 21, INSERM U 955CréteilFrance
| | - Antoine Durrbach
- AP‐HP, Nephrology and Renal Transplantation DepartmentInstitut Francilien de Recherche en Néphrologie et Transplantation (IFRNT)Groupe Hospitalier Henri‐Mondor/Albert‐ChenevierUniversité Paris‐Est‐Créteil, (UPEC)DHU (Département Hospitalo‐Universitaire) VIC (Virus‐Immunité‐Cancer)IMRB (Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale)Equipe 21, INSERM U 955CréteilFrance
| | - Bruno Moulin
- Department of Nephrology and TransplantationStrasbourg University HospitalINSERMUMR‐S 1109StrasbourgFrance
| | - Dany Anglicheau
- Department of Nephrology and TransplantationHôpital Universitaire NeckerAPHP CenterUniversité de Paris INEM INSERM U 1151CNRS UMR 8253ParisFrance
| | - Yvon Ruch
- Department of Infectious DiseasesStrasbourg University HospitalStrasbourgFrance
| | - Charlotte Kaeuffer
- Department of Infectious DiseasesStrasbourg University HospitalStrasbourgFrance
| | - Ilies Benotmane
- Department of Nephrology and TransplantationStrasbourg University HospitalINSERMUMR‐S 1109StrasbourgFrance
| | - Morgane Solis
- Department of VirologyStrasbourg University HospitalINSERMUMR‐S 1109StrasbourgFrance
| | - Yannick LeMeur
- Department of NephrologyCHU de BrestUMR1227Lymphocytes B et AutoimmunitéUniversité de BrestInsermLabex IGOBrestFrance
| | - Marc Hazzan
- Department of Nephrology and TransplantationUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Francois Danion
- Department of Infectious DiseasesStrasbourg University HospitalStrasbourgFrance
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20
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Thng ZX, De Smet MD, Lee CS, Gupta V, Smith JR, McCluskey PJ, Thorne JE, Kempen JH, Zierhut M, Nguyen QD, Pavesio C, Agrawal R. COVID-19 and immunosuppression: a review of current clinical experiences and implications for ophthalmology patients taking immunosuppressive drugs. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 105:306-310. [PMID: 32532764 PMCID: PMC7316101 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China. This is the third and largest coronavirus outbreak since the new millennium after SARS in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012. Over 3 million people have been infected and the COVID-19 has caused more than 217 000 deaths. A concern exists regarding the vulnerability of patients who have been treated with immunosuppressive drugs prior or during this pandemic. Would they be more susceptible to infection by the SARS-CoV-2 and how would their clinical course be altered by their immunosuppressed state? This is a question the wider medical fraternity-including ophthalmologists, rheumatologists, gastroenterologist and transplant physicians among others-must answer. The evidence from the SARS and MERS outbreak offer some degree of confidence that immunosuppression is largely safe in the current COVID-19 pandemic. Preliminary clinical experiences based on case reports, small series and observational studies show the morbidity and mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients may not differ largely from the general population. Overwhelmingly, current best practice guidelines worldwide recommended the continuation of immunosuppression treatment in patients who require them except for perhaps high-dose corticosteroid therapy and in patients with associated risk factors for severe COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xian Thng
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Cecilia S Lee
- Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Vishali Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Advanced Eye Centre, Chandigarh, India
| | - Justine R Smith
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter J McCluskey
- Department of Medical Retina and Uveitis, Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer E Thorne
- Divsion of Ocular Immunology, Johns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John H Kempen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- MyungSung Christian Medical Center (MCM) Eye Unit, MCM General Hospital and Myung Sung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Quan Dong Nguyen
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Carlos Pavesio
- Department of Medical Retina and Uveitis, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, London, UK
| | - Rupesh Agrawal
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Medical Retina and Uveitis, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, London, UK
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21
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Acute Kidney Injury and Covid-19: A Scoping Review and Meta-Analysis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1321:309-324. [PMID: 33656736 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-59261-5_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a fatal complication of the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) which causes COVID-19 disease. Here, we performed a scoping review and meta-analysis including clinical studies on patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection with data on AKI assessment and characteristics, and the overall prevalence of AKI was estimated using a random-effects model. We identified 21 articles which passed the search criteria. All were quantitative observational studies which used a cross-sectional, retrospective, case report, or cohort methodology. This showed that aging, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, previous chronic disease, and other comorbidities were risk factors of AKI. Although the prevalence of proteinuria, hematuria, and increased serum creatinine was reported for up to 60% of the patients with COVID-19, the overall prevalence of AKI was estimated to be 8%. We conclude that although approximately two-thirds of patients with COVID-19 had symptoms of kidney damage, most of these did not meet the diagnostic criteria for AKI. Further studies should be performed to validate biomarkers for improved AKI diagnosis in COVID-19 patients and new treatment options are required to reduce the rate of mortality.
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22
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Sastry BRH, Arumugam V, Solomon D, Gopalakrishnan N, Kannan B, Shankar P, Alavudeen NSS, Dakshinamoorthy S, Natarajan M. Clinical characteristics and outcome of novel coronavirus disease in kidney transplant recipients: A single-center prospective observational study. INDIAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/ijot.ijot_137_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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23
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Kong D, Li M, Gong W. SARS-Cov-2 infection in transplant-related biology: Where do we stand? Ann Transplant 2020; 25:e924768. [PMID: 33372171 PMCID: PMC7777149 DOI: 10.12659/aot.924768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan and rapidly spread throughout the world. There are nearly 3 951 905 confirmed cases of novel coronary pneumonia and more than 275 067 deaths worldwide, [JHU data-09/05/2020, https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6]. A great number of patients contracted SARS-Cov-2 pneumonia (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 invades human target cells through receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2), which are expressed in the lung, kidney, and ileum and mediate inflammatory responses and immune activities. High plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines were detected in the infected patients. These factors may predispose transplant patients to high risk of poor outcomes. Therefore, transplant patients might be affected by this coronavirus infection and protection of allografts should receive special attention during this outbreak. In the present study we attempt to delineate the transplant-related biology of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Kong
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Mingming Li
- Physical Examination Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Weihua Gong
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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24
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Salvalaggio PR, Ferreira GF, Caliskan Y, Vest LS, Schnitzler MA, de Sandes-Freitas TV, Moura LR, Lam NN, Maldonado RA, Loupy A, Axelrod DA, Lentine KL. An International survey on living kidney donation and transplant practices during the COVID-19 pandemic. Transpl Infect Dis 2020; 23:e13526. [PMID: 33245844 PMCID: PMC7744917 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The scope of the impact of the Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19) pandemic on living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) practices across the world is not well‐defined. We received survey responses from 204 transplant centers internationally from May to June 2020 regarding the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on LDKT practices. Respondents represented 16 countries on five continents. Overall, 75% of responding centers reported that LDKT surgery was on hold (from 67% of North American centers to 91% of European centers). The majority (59%) of centers reported that new donor evaluations were stopped (from 46% of North American centers to 86% of European centers), with additional 23% of centers reporting important decrease in evaluations. Only 10% of centers reported slight variations on their evaluations. For the centers that continued donor evaluations, 40% performed in‐person visits, 68% by video, and 42% by telephone. Center concerns for donor (82%) and recipient (76%) safety were the leading barriers to LDKT during the pandemic, followed by patients concerns (48%), and government restrictions (46%). European centers reported more barriers related to staff limitations while North and Latin American centers were more concerned with testing capacity and insufficient resources including protective equipment. As LDKT resumes, 96% of the programs intend to screen donor and recipient pairs for coronavirus infection, most of them with polymerase chain reaction testing of nasopharyngeal swab samples. The COVID‐19 pandemic has had broad impact on all aspects of LDKT practice. Ongoing research and consensus‐building are needed to guide safe reopening of LDKT programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo F Ferreira
- Department of Medicine, Santa Casa de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Yasar Caliskan
- Saint Louis University Center for Abdominal Transplantation, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luke S Vest
- Saint Louis University Center for Abdominal Transplantation, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mark A Schnitzler
- Saint Louis University Center for Abdominal Transplantation, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Lucio R Moura
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ngan N Lam
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rafael A Maldonado
- Department of Medicine, Clinica Privada Vélez Sarsfield, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - David A Axelrod
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Krista L Lentine
- Saint Louis University Center for Abdominal Transplantation, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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25
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Rabiee A, Sadowski B, Adeniji N, Perumalswami PV, Nguyen V, Moghe A, Latt NL, Kumar S, Aloman C, Catana AM, Bloom PP, Chavin KD, Carr RM, Dunn W, Chen VL, Aby ES, Debes JD, Dhanasekaran R, Roytman M, Viveiros K, Chan W, Li M, Vogel A, Wegerman K, Lee T, Zhou K. Liver Injury in Liver Transplant Recipients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): U.S. Multicenter Experience. Hepatology 2020; 72:1900-1911. [PMID: 32964510 PMCID: PMC7537191 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with liver injury, but the prevalence and patterns of liver injury in liver transplantation (LT) recipients with COVID-19 are open for study. APPROACH AND RESULTS We conducted a multicenter study in the United States of 112 adult LT recipients with COVID-19. Median age was 61 years (interquartile range, 20), 54.5% (n = 61) were male, and 39.3% (n = 44) Hispanic. Mortality rate was 22.3% (n = 25); 72.3% (n = 81) were hospitalized and 26.8% (n = 30) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Analysis of peak values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) during COVID-19 showed moderate liver injury (ALT 2-5× upper limit of normal [ULN]) in 22.2% (n = 18) and severe liver injury (ALT > 5× ULN) in 12.3% (n = 10). Compared to age- and sex-matched nontransplant patients with chronic liver disease and COVID-19 (n = 375), incidence of acute liver injury was lower in LT recipients (47.5% vs. 34.6%; P = 0.037). Variables associated with liver injury in LT recipients were younger age (P = 0.009; odds ratio [OR], 2.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-3.54), Hispanic ethnicity (P = 0.011; OR, 6.01; 95% CI, 1.51-23.9), metabolic syndrome (P = 0.016; OR, 5.87; 95% CI, 1.38-24.99), vasopressor use (P = 0.018; OR, 7.34; 95% CI, 1.39-38.52), and antibiotic use (P = 0.046; OR, 6.93; 95% CI, 1.04-46.26). Reduction in immunosuppression (49.4%) was not associated with liver injury (P = 0.156) or mortality (P = 0.084). Liver injury during COVID-19 was significantly associated with mortality (P = 0.007; OR, 6.91; 95% CI, 1.68-28.48) and ICU admission (P = 0.007; OR, 7.93; 95% CI, 1.75-35.69) in LT recipients. CONCLUSIONS Liver injury is associated with higher mortality and ICU admission in LT recipients with COVID-19. Hence, monitoring liver enzymes closely can help in early identification of patients at risk for adverse outcomes. Reduction of immunosuppression during COVID-19 did not increase risk for mortality or graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atoosa Rabiee
- Division of GastroenterologyVA Medical CenterWashingtonDC
| | - Brett Sadowski
- Division of GastroenterologyGeorgetown UniversityWashingtonDC
| | - Nia Adeniji
- Division of GastroenterologyStanford UniversityStanfordCA
| | | | | | - Akshata Moghe
- Division of GastroenterologyUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPA
| | - Nyan L. Latt
- Division of GastroenterologyOchsner Medical CenterLA
| | - Sonal Kumar
- Division of GastroenterologyWeill Cornell MedicineNY
| | - Costica Aloman
- Division of GastroenterologyRush University Medical CenterIL
| | | | | | - Kenneth D. Chavin
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary SurgeryUniversity Hospitals Cleveland Medical CenterOH
| | | | - Winston Dunn
- Division of GastroenterologyKansas University Medical CenterKS
| | | | - Elizabeth S. Aby
- Division of GastroenterologyUniversity of MinnesotaMN,Division of GastroenterologyHennepin County Medical CenterMN
| | - Jose D. Debes
- Division of GastroenterologyUniversity of MinnesotaMN,Division of GastroenterologyHennepin County Medical CenterMN
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26
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Boyarsky BJ, Werbel WA, Durand CM, Avery RK, Jackson KR, Kernodle AB, Snyder J, Hirose R, Massie IM, Garonzik-Wang JM, Segev DL, Massie AB. Early national and center-level changes to kidney transplantation in the United States during the COVID-19 epidemic. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:3131-3139. [PMID: 32594606 PMCID: PMC7361931 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In March 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread rapidly nationally, causing widespread emergent changes to the health system. Our goal was to understand the impact of the epidemic on kidney transplantation (KT), at both the national and center levels, accounting statistically for waitlist composition. Using Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients data, we compared data on observed waitlist registrations, waitlist mortality, and living-donor and deceased-donor kidney transplants (LDKT/DDKT) March 15-April 30, 2020 to expected events calculated from preepidemic data January 2016-February 2020. There were few changes before March 15, at which point the number of new listings/DDKT/LDKT dropped to 18%/24%/87% below the expected value (all P < .001). Only 12 centers performed LDKT March 15-31; by April 30, 40 centers had resumed LDKT. The decline in new listings and DDKT was greater among states with higher per capita confirmed COVID-19 cases. The number of waitlist deaths was 2.2-fold higher than expected in the 5 states with highest COVID-19 burden (P < .001). DCD DDKT and regional/national imports declined nationwide but most steeply in states with the highest COVID-19 burden. The COVID-19 epidemic has resulted in substantial changes to KT; we must adapt and learn rapidly to continue to provide safe access to transplantation and limit the growing indirect toll of an already deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Boyarsky
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William A. Werbel
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine M. Durand
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robin K. Avery
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kyle R. Jackson
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amber B. Kernodle
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jon Snyder
- Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ryutaro Hirose
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Dorry L. Segev
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Allan B. Massie
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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27
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Poulsen NN, von Brunn A, Hornum M, Blomberg Jensen M. Cyclosporine and COVID-19: Risk or favorable? Am J Transplant 2020; 20:2975-2982. [PMID: 32777170 PMCID: PMC7436557 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is declared a global health emergency. COVID-19 is triggered by a novel coronavirus: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Baseline characteristics of admitted patients with COVID-19 show that adiposity, diabetes, and hypertension are risk factors for developing severe disease, but so far immunosuppressed patients who are listed as high-risk patients have not been more susceptible to severe COVID-19 than the rest of the population. Multiple clinical trials are currently being conducted, which may identify more drugs that can lower mortality, morbidity, and burden on the society. Several independent studies have convincingly shown that cyclosporine inhibit replication of several different coronaviruses in vitro. The cyclosporine-analog alisporivir has recently been shown to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. These findings are intriguing, although there is no clinical evidence for a protective effect to reduce the likelihood of severe COVID-19 or to treat the immune storm or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that often causes severe morbidity. Here, we review the putative link between COVID-19 and cyclosporine, while we await more robust clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Nicholine Poulsen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Group of Skeletal, Mineral, and Gonadal Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albrecht von Brunn
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich/German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Mads Hornum
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Blomberg Jensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Group of Skeletal, Mineral, and Gonadal Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark,Division of Bone and Mineral Research, HSDM/HMS Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA,Correspondence Martin Blomberg Jensen
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28
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Owji H, Negahdaripour M, Hajighahramani N. Immunotherapeutic approaches to curtail COVID-19. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106924. [PMID: 32877828 PMCID: PMC7441891 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, the disease induced by the recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has imposed an unpredictable burden on the world. Drug repurposing has been employed to rapidly find a cure; but despite great efforts, no drug or vaccine is presently available for treating or prevention of COVID-19. Apart from antivirals, immunotherapeutic strategies are suggested considering the role of the immune response as the host defense against the virus, and the fact that SARS-CoV-2 suppresses interferon induction as an immune evasion strategy. Active immunization through vaccines, interferon administration, passive immunotherapy by convalescent plasma or synthesized monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, as well as immunomodulatory drugs, are different immunotherapeutic approaches that will be mentioned in this review. The focus would be on passive immunotherapeutic interventions. Interferons might be helpful in some stages. Vaccine development has been followed with unprecedented speed. Some of these vaccines have been advanced to human clinical trials. Convalescent plasma therapy is already practiced in many countries to help save the lives of severely ill patients. Different antibodies that target various steps of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis or the associated immune responses are also proposed. For treating the cytokine storm induced at a late stage of the disease in some patients, immune modulation through JAK inhibitors, corticosteroids, and some other cognate classes are evaluated. Given the changing pattern of cytokine induction and immune responses throughout the COVID-19 disease course, different adapted approaches are needed to help patients. Gaining more knowledge about the detailed pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, its interplay with the immune system, and viral-mediated responses are crucial to identify efficient preventive and therapeutic approaches. A systemic approach seems essential in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Owji
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Nasim Hajighahramani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop drugs and vaccines to counteract the effects of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and adequately treat the corona virus disease (COVID-19). As these drugs are still under investigation, research also focuses on existing medication with proven effectiveness in other coronaviral diseases. The advantages of existing therapeutic drugs that are currently approved (for other indications) are the known safety profile, general availability and relatively lower costs involved in extending the purpose to a new disease. Calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) are drugs that have shown effectiveness in several coronaviral diseases, and are well-known and widely used drugs in transplant medicine. The aim of this narrative review is to present the current evidence of CNI in coronaviral diseases, the biophysiology of CNI and to suggest possible ways to study CNI as a new treatment option for COVID-19. We searched original papers, observational studies, case reports, and meta-analyses published between 2000 and 2020 in English in the PubMed database and Google Scholar using the keywords: (coronavirus), (treatment), (MERS), (SARS), (COVID-19), (tacrolimus), (ciclosporin), (cyclosporin) AND (calcineurin inhibitor). We excluded studies in patients with clear indications for immunosuppressive therapy. Additionally, we searched in the preprint servers and the World Health Organization bulletin. Ten studies were identified and included. Calcineurin inhibitor therapy has been suggested to be effective for coronaviral diseases in different settings. The results are summarized in a table. CNI should be investigated as a first treatment option based on evidence of direct antiviral effects and its properties preventing severe systemic hyperinflammation, as has been observed in COVID-19 with predominantly pulmonary immunopathological changes.
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30
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Becchetti C, Zambelli MF, Pasulo L, Donato MF, Invernizzi F, Detry O, Dahlqvist G, Ciccarelli O, Morelli MC, Fraga M, Svegliati-Baroni G, van Vlierberghe H, Coenraad MJ, Romero MC, de Gottardi A, Toniutto P, Del Prete L, Abbati C, Samuel D, Pirenne J, Nevens F, Dufour JF. COVID-19 in an international European liver transplant recipient cohort. Gut 2020; 69:1832-1840. [PMID: 32571972 PMCID: PMC7335697 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Knowledge on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in liver transplant recipients is lacking, particularly in terms of severity of the disease. The aim of this study was to describe the demographic, baseline clinical characteristics and early outcomes of a European cohort of liver transplant recipients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. DESIGN We conducted an international prospective study across Europe on liver transplant recipients with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by microbiological assay during the first outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. Baseline characteristics, clinical presentation, management of immunosuppressive therapy and outcomes were collected. RESULTS 57 patients were included (70% male, median (IQR) age at diagnosis 65 (57-70) years). 21 (37%), 32 (56%) and 21 (37%) patients had one cardiovascular disease, arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, respectively. The most common symptoms were fever (79%), cough (55%), dyspnoea (46%), fatigue or myalgia (56%) and GI symptoms (33%). Immunosuppression was reduced in 22 recipients (37%) and discontinued in 4 (7%). With this regard, no impact on outcome was observed. Forty-one (72%) subjects were hospitalised and 11 (19%) developed acute respiratory distress syndrome. Overall, we estimated a case fatality rate of 12% (95% CI 5% to 24%), which increased to 17% (95% CI 7% to 32%) among hospitalised patients. Five out of the seven patients who died had a history of cancer. CONCLUSION In this European multicentre prospective study of liver transplant recipients, COVID-19 was associated with an overall and in-hospital fatality rate of 12% (95% CI 5% to 24%) and 17% (95% CI 7% to 32%), respectively. A history of cancer was more frequent in patients with poorer outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Becchetti
- University Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco Fabrizio Zambelli
- Department of Surgery, General Surgery and Abdominal Transplant Unit, "Papa Giovanni XXIII" Hospital, Bergamo, Bergamo, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasulo
- Gastroenterology and Transplant Hepatology, "Papa Giovanni XXIII" Hospital, Bergamo, Bergamo, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Donato
- Transplant Hepatology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, IRCSS Foundation Ca' Granda, Maggiore Hospital Policlinico, CRC "A.M. and A. Migliavacca" Center of Liver Disease, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Invernizzi
- Transplant Hepatology Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, IRCSS Foundation Ca' Granda, Maggiore Hospital Policlinico, CRC "A.M. and A. Migliavacca" Center of Liver Disease, Milan, Italy
| | - Olivier Detry
- Department of Abdominal Surgery and Transplantation, Central University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Géraldine Dahlqvist
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Olga Ciccarelli
- Department of Abdominal Surgery and Transplantation, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Maria Cristina Morelli
- Department of Organ Failures and Transplantation, Universita degli Studi di Bologna Azienda Ospedaliera di Bologna Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy
| | - Montserrat Fraga
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Svegliati-Baroni
- Liver Injury and Transplant Unit, AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Marche, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences and Obesity Center, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Marche, Italy
| | | | - Minneke J Coenraad
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Andrea de Gottardi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Pierluigi Toniutto
- Hepatology and Liver Transplant Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy
| | - Luca Del Prete
- Department of Surgery, General Surgery and Abdominal Transplant Unit, "Papa Giovanni XXIII" Hospital, Bergamo, Bergamo, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Claudia Abbati
- Department of Surgery, General Surgery and Abdominal Transplant Unit, "Papa Giovanni XXIII" Hospital, Bergamo, Bergamo, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Didier Samuel
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Paris-Saclay University, Inserm research unit, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Jacques Pirenne
- Abdominal Transplant Surgery, KU Leuven Hospital, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | | | - Jean-François Dufour
- University Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Hepatology, Depertment of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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31
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Cozzi E, Faccioli E, Marinello S, Loy M, Congedi S, Calabrese F, Romagnoli M, Cattelan AM, Rea F. COVID-19 pneumonia in lung transplant recipients: Report of 2 cases. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:2933-2937. [PMID: 32400074 PMCID: PMC7273094 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared pandemic since March 2020. In Europe, Italy was the first nation affected by this infection. We report anamnestic data, clinical features, and therapeutic management of 2 lung transplant recipients with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia. Both patients were in good clinical condition before the infection and were receiving immunosuppression with calcineurin inhibitors (CNI), mycophenolate mofetil, and corticosteroids. Whereas mycophenolate mofetil was withdrawn in both cases, CNI were suspended only in the second patient. The first patient always maintained excellent oxygen saturation throughout hospitalization with no need for additional oxygen therapy. He was discharged with a satisfactory pulmonary function and a complete resolution of radiological and clinical findings. However, at discharge SARS-CoV-2 RNA could still be detected in the nasopharyngeal swab and in the stools. The second patient required mechanical ventilation, had a progressive deterioration of his clinical conditions, and had a fatal outcome. Further insight into SARS-CoV-2 infection is eagerly awaited to improve the outcome of transplant recipients affected by COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Cozzi
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Transplant Immunology Unit, Padova University-Hospital, Padova, Italy
- National Transplant Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Faccioli
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplant Center, Department of Cardio-Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Padova University-Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Serena Marinello
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Disease, Padova University-Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Monica Loy
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplant Center, Department of Cardio-Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Padova University-Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Sabrina Congedi
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Fiorella Calabrese
- Pathological Anatomy Unit, Department of Cardio-Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Padova University-Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Micaela Romagnoli
- Pulmonology Unit, AULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, Ospedale Cà Foncello, Treviso, Italy
| | - Anna M. Cattelan
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Disease, Padova University-Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Rea
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplant Center, Department of Cardio-Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Padova University-Hospital, Padova, Italy
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32
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Hage R, Schuurmans MM. Calcineurin Inhibitors and COVID-19. REUMATOLOGIA CLINICA 2020; 18:S1699-258X(20)30223-0. [PMID: 33069616 PMCID: PMC7513811 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- René Hage
- University Hospital Zurich, Division of Pulmonology, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Faculty of Medicine, Raemistrasse 71, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Macé M Schuurmans
- University Hospital Zurich, Division of Pulmonology, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Faculty of Medicine, Raemistrasse 71, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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33
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Fishman JA, Roberts MB, Zhang EW, Kumar D, Hirsch HH, Maggiore U. Case 29-2020: A 66-Year-Old Man with Fever and Shortness of Breath after Liver Transplantation. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:1168-1180. [PMID: 32937051 PMCID: PMC7510944 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc2004982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Fishman
- From the Departments of Medicine (J.A.F., M.B.R.) and Radiology (E.W.Z.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.F., M.B.R.) and Radiology (E.W.Z.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases and Transplant Center, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.K.); the Transplantation and Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (H.H.H.); and the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy (U.M.)
| | - Matthew B Roberts
- From the Departments of Medicine (J.A.F., M.B.R.) and Radiology (E.W.Z.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.F., M.B.R.) and Radiology (E.W.Z.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases and Transplant Center, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.K.); the Transplantation and Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (H.H.H.); and the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy (U.M.)
| | - Eric W Zhang
- From the Departments of Medicine (J.A.F., M.B.R.) and Radiology (E.W.Z.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.F., M.B.R.) and Radiology (E.W.Z.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases and Transplant Center, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.K.); the Transplantation and Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (H.H.H.); and the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy (U.M.)
| | - Deepali Kumar
- From the Departments of Medicine (J.A.F., M.B.R.) and Radiology (E.W.Z.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.F., M.B.R.) and Radiology (E.W.Z.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases and Transplant Center, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.K.); the Transplantation and Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (H.H.H.); and the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy (U.M.)
| | - Hans H Hirsch
- From the Departments of Medicine (J.A.F., M.B.R.) and Radiology (E.W.Z.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.F., M.B.R.) and Radiology (E.W.Z.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases and Transplant Center, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.K.); the Transplantation and Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (H.H.H.); and the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy (U.M.)
| | - Umberto Maggiore
- From the Departments of Medicine (J.A.F., M.B.R.) and Radiology (E.W.Z.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Medicine (J.A.F., M.B.R.) and Radiology (E.W.Z.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston; the Division of Infectious Diseases and Transplant Center, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.K.); the Transplantation and Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland (H.H.H.); and the Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy (U.M.)
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34
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Domínguez-Gil B, Coll E, Fernández-Ruiz M, Corral E, del Río F, Zaragoza R, Rubio JJ, Hernández D. COVID-19 in Spain: Transplantation in the midst of the pandemic. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:2593-2598. [PMID: 32359194 PMCID: PMC7267131 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spain has been one of the most affected countries by the COVID-19 outbreak. As of April 28, 2020, the number of confirmed cases is 210 773, including 102 548 patients recovered, more than 10 300 admitted to the ICU, and 23 822 deaths, with a global case fatality rate of 11.3%. From the perspective of donation and transplantation, the Spanish system first focused on safety issues, providing recommendations for donor evaluation and testing, and to rule out SARS-CoV-2 infection in potential recipients prior to transplantation. Since the country entered into an epidemiological scenario of sustained community transmission and saturation of intensive care, developing donation and transplantation procedures has become highly complex. Since the national state of alarm was declared in Spain on March 13, 2020, the mean number of donors has declined from 7.2 to 1.2 per day, and the mean number of transplants from 16.1 to 2.1 per day. Increased mortality on the waiting list may become a collateral damage of this terrible pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Domínguez-Gil
- Organización Nacional de Trasplantes, Madrid, Spain,Correspondence Beatriz Domínguez-Gil
| | | | - Mario Fernández-Ruiz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain,Chair of the Group for the Study of Infection in Transplantation and the Immunocompromised Host (GESITRA-IC) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), Spain
| | - Esther Corral
- Transplant Coordination of the Autonomous Region of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Francisco del Río
- Transplant Coordination of the Autonomous Region of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Zaragoza
- Transplant Coordination of the Autonomous Region of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan J. Rubio
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain,Chair of the Transplant Group of the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC), Spain
| | - Domingo Hernández
- Nephrology Service, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain,IBIMA, RD16/0009/0006, Málaga, Spain,President of the Spanish Society of Transplantation (SET), Spain
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35
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Rasekhi A, Hoseinyazdi M, Esmaeilian S, Teimouri A, Safaei A, Rafiee F. COVID-19 pneumonia presenting as a single pulmonary nodule in a kidney transplant recipient: A case report and literature review. Radiol Case Rep 2020; 15:1587-1590. [PMID: 32685075 PMCID: PMC7355959 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2020.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Rasekhi
- Department of Radiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Meisam Hoseinyazdi
- Department of Radiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeid Esmaeilian
- Department of Radiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arash Teimouri
- Department of Radiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Akbar Safaei
- Research and Development Department, Fara Parto Medical Imaging and Interventional Radiology Center, Faqihi st, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Faranak Rafiee
- Department of Radiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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36
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Prieto M, Gastaca M, Ruiz P, Ventoso A, Palomares I, Rodríguez-Álvarez RJ, Salvador P, Bustamante J, Valdivieso A. A case of COVID-19 immediately after liver transplantation: Not only bad news. Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2020; 24:314-318. [PMID: 32843598 PMCID: PMC7452801 DOI: 10.14701/ahbps.2020.24.3.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, the illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus originated in December 2019 in Wuhan, China and has caused more 3,3 million cases and more than 230,000 deaths throughout the world, with 25,000 of them only in Spain, where the first case was diagnosed on January 31st, 2020. As COVID-19 is a “new” disease, we still do not have data on prognosis or treatment in transplant patients or on how to manage immunosuppression in this complex scenario. We present a case of COVID-19 diagnosed during the early postoperative period in a recipient whose liver transplantation was performed on late March during the lockdown in Spain, with donor and recipient previously negative rRT-PCR to SARS-CoV-2. In the first post-operative week the patient suffered COVID-19 pneumonia that was treated with immunosuppression minimization, oral Hydroxycloroquine and Azithromycin with favorable outcome. The patient was discharged on POD 21 without complications. To date, few early post-liver transplantation SARS-CoV-2 infected recipients have been published, but only one was an early postoperative infection. In our case the outcome was favorable, even though it was an early post -liver transplantation COVID-19 in a frail patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Prieto
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Cruces University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain.,Medicine Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mikel Gastaca
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Cruces University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain.,Medicine Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Patricia Ruiz
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Cruces University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alberto Ventoso
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Cruces University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ibone Palomares
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Cruces University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Patricia Salvador
- Medicine Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain.,Hepatology Unit, Cruces University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Javier Bustamante
- Medicine Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain.,Hepatology Unit, Cruces University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Andrés Valdivieso
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Cruces University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain.,Medicine Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
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37
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Moosavi SA, Mashhadiagha A, Motazedian N, Hashemazar A, Hoveidaei AH, Bolignano D. COVID-19 clinical manifestations and treatment strategies among solid-organ recipients: A systematic review of cases. Transpl Infect Dis 2020; 22:e13427. [PMID: 32779820 PMCID: PMC7404594 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 has been spreading worldwide with a significant death toll. Solid-organ transplantation (SOT) recipients are at higher risk due to their suppressed immune system. In this study, we aimed to conduct a systematic review on COVID-19 clinical manifestations and treatment strategies in SOT recipients. METHODS We searched three databases for relevant terms related to COVID-19 and transplantation. 50 studies, including 337 patients, were reviewed. RESULTS Two hundred thirty six patients were male, with a mean age of 49.9 years. The most prevalent group was the kidney 57.0%, followed by 17.2% heart and 13.6% liver. Fever and cough were the most reported clinical presentations. Infiltration (55.4%) in chest x-ray and ground-glass opacity (67.1%) in CT scans were the most radiological findings. It was found that 96.8% and 72.4% of patients present with CRP level and lymphocytopenia, respectively, and 70.6% of kidney recipients patients presented with high creatinine levels. The most common baseline immunosuppressants were calcineurin inhibitors (88.9%) and antimetabolites (73.2%). Antimetabolites (84.3%) and calcineurin inhibitors (54.3%) were discontinued/decreased 84.3% whereas glucocorticoids dosage almost has no change (77.9%) or even increased. 18.4% of cases had died, and 65.9% were discharged. CONCLUSIONS Patients' demographics, signs, symptoms, and radiographic findings in SOT recipients are almost similar to the general population. However, gastrointestinal symptoms appear to be more common. There are different treatment strategies, but in most of them, antimetabolite and calcineurin inhibitors were decreased or discontinued, while corticosteroids were increased. Finally, COVID-19 seems to be more severe and has higher mortality in SOT recipients compared to the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ali Moosavi
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amirali Mashhadiagha
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Motazedian
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Hashemazar
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Human Hoveidaei
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davide Bolignano
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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38
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Domínguez-Gil B, Coll E, Ferrer-Fàbrega J, Briceño J, Ríos A. Dramatic Impact of the COVID-19 Outbreak on Donation and Transplantation Activities in Spain. CIRUGÍA ESPAÑOLA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2020. [PMCID: PMC7368909 DOI: 10.1016/j.cireng.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joana Ferrer-Fàbrega
- Cirugía Hepatobiliopancreática y Trasplante Hepático y Pancreático, Institut Clínic de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Briceño
- Unidad de Cirugía Hepatobiliopancreática y Trasplante Hepático y pancreático, Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Ríos
- Unidad de Trasplantes, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca-IMIB, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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39
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Domínguez-Gil B, Coll E, Ferrer-Fàbrega J, Briceño J, Ríos A. Dramatic impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on donation and transplantation activities in Spain. Cir Esp 2020; 98:412-414. [PMID: 32362364 PMCID: PMC7164910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ciresp.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joana Ferrer-Fàbrega
- Cirugía Hepatobiliopancreática y Trasplante Hepático y Pancreático, Institut Clínic de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, España; Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, España; August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Javier Briceño
- Unidad de Cirugía Hepatobiliopancreática y Trasplante Hepático y Pancreático, Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, España
| | - Antonio Ríos
- Unidad de Trasplantes, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca-IMIB, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España
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40
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Bösch F, Börner N, Kemmner S, Lampert C, Jacob S, Koliogiannis D, Stangl M, Michel S, Kneidinger N, Schneider C, Fischereder M, Irlbeck M, Denk G, Werner J, Angele MK, Guba MO. Attenuated early inflammatory response in solid organ recipients with COVID-19. Clin Transplant 2020; 34:e14027. [PMID: 32589760 PMCID: PMC7361260 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppression leaves transplanted patients at particular risk for severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection. The specific features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in immunosuppressed patients are largely unknown and therapeutic experience is lacking. Seven transplanted patients (two liver, three kidneys, one double lung, one heart) admitted to the Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University Munich because of COVID‐19 and tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 were included. The clinical course and the clinical findings were extracted from the medical record. The two liver transplant patients and the heart transplant patient had an uncomplicated course and were discharged after 14, 18, and 12 days, respectively. Two kidney transplant recipients were intubated within 48 hours. One kidney and the lung transplant recipients were required to intubate after 10 and 15 days, respectively. Immunosuppression was adapted in five patients, but continued in all patients. Compared to non‐transplanted patients at the ICU (n = 19) the inflammatory response was attenuated in transplanted patients, which was proven by decreased IL‐6 blood values. This analysis might provide evidence that continuous immunosuppression is safe and probably beneficial since there was no hyperinflammation evident. Although transplanted patients might be more susceptible to an infection with SARS‐CoV‐2, their clinical course seems to be similar to immunocompetent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bösch
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Transplantation Center Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Börner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Transplantation Center Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Kemmner
- Transplantation Center Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher Lampert
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Jacob
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dionysios Koliogiannis
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Transplantation Center Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Stangl
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Transplantation Center Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Michel
- Transplantation Center Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Clinic of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Kneidinger
- Transplantation Center Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine V, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Munich, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schneider
- Transplantation Center Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Center for Thoracic Surgery Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Fischereder
- Transplantation Center Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Renal Division, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Irlbeck
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerald Denk
- Transplantation Center Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Transplantation Center Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin K Angele
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Transplantation Center Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus O Guba
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Transplantation Center Munich, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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41
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Lai Q, Spoletini G, Bianco G, Graceffa D, Agnes S, Rossi M, Lerut J. SARS-CoV2 and immunosuppression: A double-edged sword. Transpl Infect Dis 2020; 22:e13404. [PMID: 32639598 PMCID: PMC7361075 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐Cov2) outbreak has caused a pandemic rapidly impacting on the way of life of the entire world. This impact in the specific setting of transplantation and immunosuppression has been poorly explored to date. Discordant data exist on the impact of previous coronavirus outbreaks on immunosuppressed patients. Overall, only a very limited number of cases have been reported in literature, suggesting that transplanted patients not necessarily present an increased risk of severe SARS‐Cov2‐related disease compared to the general population. We conducted a literature review related to the impact of immunosuppression on coronavirus infections including case reports and series describing immunosuppression management in transplant recipients. The role of steroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and mycophenolic acid has been explored more in detail. A point‐in‐time snapshot of the yet released literature and some considerations in relation to the use of immunosuppression in SARS‐Cov2 infected transplant recipients are provided here for the physicians dealing with immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirino Lai
- Hepatobiliary and Organ Transplantation Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Umberto I Polyclinic of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Spoletini
- General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bianco
- General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Graceffa
- Centre for the Study and Treatment of Psoriasis, Department of Clinical Dermatology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Agnes
- General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Rossi
- General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Jan Lerut
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Research *IREC - Université catholique de Louvain - UCL, Brussels, Belgium
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42
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Bartiromo M, Borchi B, Botta A, Bagalà A, Lugli G, Tilli M, Cavallo A, Xhaferi B, Cutruzzulà R, Vaglio A, Bresci S, Larti A, Bartoloni A, Cirami C. Threatening drug-drug interaction in a kidney transplant patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Transpl Infect Dis 2020; 22:e13286. [PMID: 32279418 PMCID: PMC7262190 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
During the novel coronavirus pandemic, organ transplant recipients represent a frail susceptible category due to long-term immunosuppressive therapy. For this reason, clinical manifestations may differ from general population and different treatment approaches may be needed. We present the case of a 36-year-old kidney-transplanted woman affected by Senior-Loken syndrome diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia after a contact with her positive mother. Initial symptoms were fatigue, dry cough, and coryza; she never had fever nor oxygen supplementation. Hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir were started, and the antiviral drug was replaced with darunavir/cobicistat after 2 days for diarrhea. Immunosuppressant levels were closely monitored, and we observed very high tacrolimus trough levels despite initial dose reduction. The patient was left with steroid therapy alone. The peculiarity of clinical presentation and the management difficulties represent the flagship of our case report. We stress the need for guidelines in transplant recipients with COVID-19 infection with particular regard to the management of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatrice Borchi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Annarita Botta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alfredo Bagalà
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Lugli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marta Tilli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cavallo
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Augusto Vaglio
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and clinical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Bresci
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Aida Larti
- Nephrology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Calogero Cirami
- Nephrology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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43
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González J, Ciancio G. Early experience with COVID-19 in kidney transplantation recipients: update and review. Int Braz J Urol 2020; 46:145-155. [PMID: 32550702 PMCID: PMC7719977 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2020.s114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION little is known on the risk factors, clinical presentation, therapeutic protocols, and outcomes of kidney transplantation recipients (KTRs) who become infected by SARS-CoV-2. PURPOSE to provide an updated view regarding the early experience obtained from the management of KTRs with COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS A narrative review was conducted using PubMed database to identify relevant articles written in English/Spanish, and published through May 15, 2020. Search terms included: "coronavirus", "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2", "SARS-CoV-2", "COVID-19", "COVID", "renal transplantation", and "kidney transplantation". Case series were considered eligible, and case reports excluded. Thirty-four articles were included in the review. RESULTS KTRs should be considered immunocompromised hosts: potential risk for infection, non-negligible comorbidity, and exposure to long-term immunosuppression. Only single center small retrospective experiences are still available regarding KTRs with COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 symptoms in KTRs are similar to that observed for the general population, being fever and cough the most frequently observed. Mild-to-moderate symptomatic KTRs can be managed in an outpatient setting, while patients exhibiting severe symptoms must be addmited to hospital. More rapid clinical progression, and higher complication and death rates have been observed for hospitalized KTRs, requiring hemodyalisis or ventilatory support. Lymphopenia, elevated serum markers (C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, IL-6, D-dimer), and chest-X-ray findings consistent with pneumonia are linked to worse prognosis. A number of antiviral therapies have been used. However, it is difficult to draw meaningful conclusions regarding their efficacy at this point. Baseline immunosupression regimen should be adjusted in a case-by-case manner. However, it poses a significant challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier González
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio MarañónServicio de UrologíaMadridEspañaServicio de Urología. Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España
| | - Gaetano Ciancio
- University of Miami Miller School of MedicineDepartment of SurgeryMiamiFLUSDepartment of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, US
- University of Miami Miller School of MedicineDepartment of UrologyMiamiFLUSDepartment of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, US
- Miami Transplant InstituteJackson Memorial HospitalMiamiFLUSMiami Transplant Institute, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, US
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44
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Boyarsky BJ, Po-Yu Chiang T, Werbel WA, Durand CM, Avery RK, Getsin SN, Jackson KR, Kernodle AB, Van Pilsum Rasmussen SE, Massie AB, Segev DL, Garonzik-Wang JM. Early impact of COVID-19 on transplant center practices and policies in the United States. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:1809-1818. [PMID: 32282982 PMCID: PMC7262146 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a novel, rapidly changing pandemic: consequently, evidence-based recommendations in solid organ transplantation (SOT) remain challenging and unclear. To understand the impact on transplant activity across the United States, and center-level variation in testing, clinical practice, and policies, we conducted a national survey between March 24, 2020 and March 31, 2020 and linked responses to the COVID-19 incidence map. Response rate was a very high 79.3%, reflecting a strong national priority to better understand COVID-19. Complete suspension of live donor kidney transplantation was reported by 71.8% and live donor liver by 67.7%. While complete suspension of deceased donor transplantation was less frequent, some restrictions to deceased donor kidney transplantation were reported by 84.0% and deceased donor liver by 73.3%; more stringent restrictions were associated with higher regional incidence of COVID-19. Shortage of COVID-19 tests was reported by 42.5%. Respondents reported a total of 148 COVID-19 recipients from <1 to >10 years posttransplant: 69.6% were kidney recipients, and 25.0% were critically ill. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was used by 78.1% of respondents; azithromycin by 46.9%; tocilizumab by 31.3%, and remdesivir by 25.0%. There is wide heterogeneity in center-level response across the United States; ongoing national data collection, expert discussion, and clinical studies are critical to informing evidence-based practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Boyarsky
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Teresa Po-Yu Chiang
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William A. Werbel
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine M. Durand
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robin K. Avery
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Samantha N. Getsin
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kyle R. Jackson
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amber B. Kernodle
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Allan B. Massie
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dorry L. Segev
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Correspondence Dorry L. Segev
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45
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Angelico R, Trapani S, Manzia TM, Lombardini L, Tisone G, Cardillo M. The COVID-19 outbreak in Italy: Initial implications for organ transplantation programs. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:1780-1784. [PMID: 32243677 PMCID: PMC9800493 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has already reached a pandemic dimension within a few weeks. Italy has been one of the first countries dealing with the outbreak of COVID-19, and severe measures have been adopted to limit viral transmission. The spread of COVID-19 may have several implications in organ transplant activity that physicians should be aware of. The initial experience gained during the COVID-19 outbreak shows that around 10% of infected patients in Italy need intensive care management to overcome the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Due to the exponential rise of infected patients we are now facing an actual risk of saturation of intensive care unit (ICU) beds. A restriction in the number of ICU beds available for both donors and transplant recipients may unfavorably influence the overall donation activity, and eventually lead to a reduced number of transplants. Preliminary Italian data show that a 25% reduction of procured organs has already occurred during the first 4 weeks of COVID-19 outbreak. This underlines the need to closely monitor what will be further happening in ICUs due to the COVID-19 spread in the attempt to preserve transplant activity, especially in Western countries where deceased donors represent the major organ resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Angelico
- Italian National Transplant Center, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Trapani
- Italian National Transplant Center, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Maria Manzia
- Department of Surgery Science, Transplant and HPB Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy,Correspondence Tommaso Maria Manzia
| | - Letizia Lombardini
- Italian National Transplant Center, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tisone
- Department of Surgery Science, Transplant and HPB Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Cardillo
- Italian National Transplant Center, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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46
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Michaels MG, La Hoz RM, Danziger-Isakov L, Blumberg EA, Kumar D, Green M, Pruett TL, Wolfe CR. Coronavirus disease 2019: Implications of emerging infections for transplantation. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:1768-1772. [PMID: 32090448 PMCID: PMC9800450 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The recent identification of an outbreak of 2019- novel Coronavirus is currently evolving, and the impact on transplantation is unknown. However, it is imperative that we anticipate the potential impact on the transplant community in order to avert severe consequences of this infection on both the transplant community and contacts of transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian G. Michaels
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,Correspondence Marian G. Michaels
| | - Ricardo M. La Hoz
- Division of Infectious Disease and Geographic Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Lara Danziger-Isakov
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Emily A. Blumberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deepali Kumar
- Infectious Diseases and Multi-Organ Transplant, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Green
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Timothy L. Pruett
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cameron R. Wolfe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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47
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Seminari E, Colaneri M, Sambo M, Gallazzi I, Di Matteo A, Roda S, Bruno R. SARS Cov-2 infection in a renal-transplanted patient: A case report. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:1882-1884. [PMID: 32243672 PMCID: PMC9800469 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The clinical manifestation of COVID-19 can vary from an asymptomatic course to ARDS requiring invasive mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. A kidney transplanted patient infected with SARS CoV-2 infection showed a mild disease despite immune suppression. It is possible that Immunosuppression can "be protective" as the cytokine storm is an important factor in the disease story. Despite the good outcome reported in the present case report, is remains of vital importance the solid organ transplant patients use precautions in order to avoid the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Seminari
- Clinica di Malattie Infettive, Fondazione IRCCS, Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy,Correspondence Elena Seminari
| | - Marta Colaneri
- Clinica di Malattie Infettive, Fondazione IRCCS, Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Margherita Sambo
- Clinica di Malattie Infettive, Fondazione IRCCS, Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Gallazzi
- Clinica di Malattie Infettive, Fondazione IRCCS, Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angela Di Matteo
- Clinica di Malattie Infettive, Fondazione IRCCS, Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Roda
- Clinica di Malattie Infettive, Fondazione IRCCS, Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Raffaele Bruno
- Clinica di Malattie Infettive, Fondazione IRCCS, Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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48
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Maggi U, De Carlis L, Yiu D, Colledan M, Regalia E, Rossi G, Angrisani M, Consonni D, Fornoni G, Piccolo G, DeFeo TM. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on liver transplantation programs in Northern Italy. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:1840-1848. [PMID: 32330351 PMCID: PMC7264498 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In January 2020, Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) resulted in a global pandemic, creating uncertainty toward the management of liver transplantation (LT) programs. Lombardy has been the most affected region in Italy: the current mortality rate of COVID-19 patients is 18.3% (10 022 deaths; April 10th) with hospitals in Lombardy having to expand the total number of ICU beds from 724 to 1381 to accommodate infected patients. There has been a drastic decrease in liver donors. From February 23rd until April 10th, 17 LTs were performed in Lombardy. Mean donor age was 49 years (range 18-74) whereas mean recipient age was 55 (13-69); mean MELD score was 12 (6-24). All donors underwent screening for SARS-CoV-2 prior to LT. Two patients tested positive after LT, and one patient died for COVID on POD 30. Sixteen patients are alive after an average of 30 days post-LT (range 3-46). 10 patients have been discharged. This study has found no specific reason concerning the safety of recipients, to stop LT programs. Several key lessons from our experience are reported. However, due to the complex circumstances which surround the viral outbreak, the cessation or a reduction in LT activity is a pragmatic requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Maggi
- General Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy,Correspondence Umberto Maggi
| | - Luciano De Carlis
- Division of General Surgery & Abdominal Transplantation, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniel Yiu
- Emergency Department, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Michele Colledan
- Division of Liver and Small Bowel Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Enrico Regalia
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Rossi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Angrisani
- Division of General Surgery & Abdominal Transplantation, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Consonni
- Occupational Health Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Fornoni
- General Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - T. Maria DeFeo
- Transplant Coordination Reference Center – North Italy Transplant program (CRR/NITp), Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Mathies D, Rauschning D, Wagner U, Mueller F, Maibaum M, Binnemann C, Waldeck S, Thinnes K, Braun M, Schmidbauer W, Hagen RM, Bickel C. A case of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with successful antiviral therapy in a 77-year-old man with a heart transplant. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:1925-1929. [PMID: 32319218 PMCID: PMC7264518 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 infection can be seen as a single disease, but it also affects patients with relevant comorbidities who may have an increased risk of a severe course of infection. In this report, we present a 77-year-old patient with a heart transplant receiving relevant immunosuppressive therapy who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 after several days of dyspnea, dry cough, and light general symptoms. Computed tomography confirmed interstitial pneumonia. The patient received antiviral therapy with hydroxychloroquine and showed no further deterioration of the clinical state. After 12 days of hospitalization, the patient was released; he was SARS-CoV-2 negative and completely asymptomatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mathies
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Dominic Rauschning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany,Correspondence Dominic Rauschning
| | - Ulrike Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Frank Mueller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Maja Maibaum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Christin Binnemann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Stephan Waldeck
- Department of Radiology, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Katrin Thinnes
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Michael Braun
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Willi Schmidbauer
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Ralf M. Hagen
- Department of Microbiology, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Christoph Bickel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
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Hage R, Steinack C, Schuurmans MM. Calcineurin inhibitors revisited: A new paradigm for COVID-19? Braz J Infect Dis 2020; 24:365-367. [PMID: 32603679 PMCID: PMC7320855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can cause mild, moderate or severe disease (COVID-19). In severe disease, there is hyperinflammation causing severe symptoms. Severe COVID-19 is an immunological phenomenon, rather than a direct viral damage disease. Therapies for COVID-19 are all investigational therapies. In case of severe disease, treatment with a calcineurin inhibitor could be promising. In this article we explain the mechanisms of calcineurin inhibitor treatment for COVID-19, based on experiences seen in solid organ transplant recipients who suffered from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Hage
- University Hospital Zurich, Division of Pulmonology, Zurich, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Faculty of Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Carolin Steinack
- University Hospital Zurich, Division of Pulmonology, Zurich, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Faculty of Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Macé M Schuurmans
- University Hospital Zurich, Division of Pulmonology, Zurich, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Faculty of Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
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