1
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Ehlers S, Blow R, Szczerbowski D, Jiggins C, Schulz S. Variation of Clasper Scent Gland Composition of Heliconius Butterflies from a Biodiversity Hotspot. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300537. [PMID: 37650217 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Male Heliconius butterflies possess two pheromone emitting structures, wing androconia and abdominal clasper scent glands. The composition of the clasper scent gland of males of 17 Heliconius and Eueides species from an overlapping area in Ecuador, comprising three mimicry groups, was investigated by GC/MS. The chemical signal serves as an anti-aphrodisiac signal that is transferred from males to females during mating, indicating the mating status of the female to prevent them from harassment by other males. In addition, the odour may also serve in predator defence. There is potential for convergence driven by mimicry, although, such convergence might be detrimental for species recognition of the butterflies within the mimicry ring, making mating more difficult. More than 500 compounds were detected, consisting of volatile, semi-volatile or non-volatile compounds, including terpenes, fatty acid esters or aromatic compounds. Several novel esters were identified by GC/MS and GC/IR data, microderivatisation and synthesis, including butyl (Z)-3-dodecenoate and other (Z)-3-alkenoates, 3-oxohexyl citronellate and 5-methylhexa-3,5-dienyl (E)-2,3-dihydrofarnesoate. The secretions were found to be species specific, potentially allowing for species differentiation. Statistical analysis of the compounds showed differentiation by phylogenetic clade and species, but not by mimicry group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ehlers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rachel Blow
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daiane Szczerbowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Chris Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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2
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Ehlers S, Schulz S. The scent chemistry of butterflies. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 40:794-818. [PMID: 36420976 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Butterflies use structurally highly diverse volatile compounds for communication, in addition to visual signals. These compounds originate from plants or a formed de novo especially by male butterflies that possess specific scent organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ehlers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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3
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Abstract
Alleles that introgress between species can influence the evolutionary and ecological fate of species exposed to novel environments. Hybrid offspring of different species are often unfit, and yet it has long been argued that introgression can be a potent force in evolution, especially in plants. Over the last two decades, genomic data have increasingly provided evidence that introgression is a critically important source of genetic variation and that this additional variation can be useful in adaptive evolution of both animals and plants. Here, we review factors that influence the probability that foreign genetic variants provide long-term benefits (so-called adaptive introgression) and discuss their potential benefits. We find that introgression plays an important role in adaptive evolution, particularly when a species is far from its fitness optimum, such as when they expand their range or are subject to changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel B Edelman
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA; .,Current affiliation: Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies and Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA;
| | - James Mallet
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA;
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4
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Rosser N, Queste LM, Cama B, Edelman NB, Mann F, Mori Pezo R, Morris J, Segami C, Velado P, Schulz S, Mallet JLB, Dasmahapatra KK. Geographic contrasts between pre- and postzygotic barriers are consistent with reinforcement in Heliconius butterflies. Evolution 2020; 73:1821-1838. [PMID: 31334832 PMCID: PMC6771877 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the traits causing reproductive isolation and the order in which they evolve is fundamental to understanding speciation. Here, we quantify prezygotic and intrinsic postzygotic isolation among allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric populations of the butterflies Heliconius elevatus and Heliconius pardalinus. Sympatric populations from the Amazon (H. elevatus and H. p. butleri) exhibit strong prezygotic isolation and rarely mate in captivity; however, hybrids are fertile. Allopatric populations from the Amazon (H. p. butleri) and Andes (H. p. sergestus) mate freely when brought together in captivity, but the female F1 hybrids are sterile. Parapatric populations (H. elevatus and H. p. sergestus) exhibit both assortative mating and sterility of female F1s. Assortative mating in sympatric populations is consistent with reinforcement in the face of gene flow, where the driving force, selection against hybrids, is due to disruption of mimicry and other ecological traits rather than hybrid sterility. In contrast, the lack of assortative mating and hybrid sterility observed in allopatric populations suggests that geographic isolation enables the evolution of intrinsic postzygotic reproductive isolation. Our results show how the types of reproductive barriers that evolve between species may depend on geography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Rosser
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Lucie M Queste
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Bruna Cama
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Nathaniel B Edelman
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Florian Mann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ronald Mori Pezo
- URKU Estudios Amazónicos, Jr. Saposoa 181, Tarapoto, San Martín, Perú
| | - Jake Morris
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Segami
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18d, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patricia Velado
- Department for Quality Assurance Analytics, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Lange Point 6, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - James L B Mallet
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Kanchon K Dasmahapatra
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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5
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González-Rojas MF, Darragh K, Robles J, Linares M, Schulz S, McMillan WO, Jiggins CD, Pardo-Diaz C, Salazar C. Chemical signals act as the main reproductive barrier between sister and mimetic Heliconius butterflies. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200587. [PMID: 32370676 PMCID: PMC7282924 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Colour pattern is the main trait that drives mate recognition between Heliconius species that are phylogenetically close. However, when this cue is compromised such as in cases of mimetic, sympatric and closely related species, alternative mating signals must evolve to ensure reproductive isolation and species integrity. The closely related species Heliconius melpomene malleti and H. timareta florencia occur in the same geographical region, and despite being co-mimics, they display strong reproductive isolation. In order to test which cues differ between species, and potentially contribute to reproductive isolation, we quantified differences in the wing phenotype and the male chemical profile. As expected, the wing colour pattern was indistinguishable between the two species, while the chemical profile of the androconial and genital males' extracts showed marked differences. We then conducted behavioural experiments to study the importance of these signals in mate recognition by females. In agreement with our previous results, we found that chemical blends and not wing colour pattern drive the preference of females for conspecific males. Also, experiments with hybrid males and females suggested an important genetic component for both chemical production and preference. Altogether, these results suggest that chemicals are the major reproductive barrier opposing gene flow between these two sister and co-mimic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F González-Rojas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota 111221, Colombia
| | - K Darragh
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - J Robles
- Department of Chemistry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | - M Linares
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota 111221, Colombia
| | - S Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - C D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - C Pardo-Diaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota 111221, Colombia
| | - C Salazar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota 111221, Colombia
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6
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Darragh K, Montejo‐Kovacevich G, Kozak KM, Morrison CR, Figueiredo CME, Ready JS, Salazar C, Linares M, Byers KJRP, Merrill RM, McMillan WO, Schulz S, Jiggins CD. Species specificity and intraspecific variation in the chemical profiles of Heliconius butterflies across a large geographic range. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:3895-3918. [PMID: 32489619 PMCID: PMC7244815 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In many animals, mate choice is important for the maintenance of reproductive isolation between species. Traits important for mate choice and behavioral isolation are predicted to be under strong stabilizing selection within species; however, such traits can also exhibit variation at the population level driven by neutral and adaptive evolutionary processes. Here, we describe patterns of divergence among androconial and genital chemical profiles at inter- and intraspecific levels in mimetic Heliconius butterflies. Most variation in chemical bouquets was found between species, but there were also quantitative differences at the population level. We found a strong correlation between interspecific chemical and genetic divergence, but this correlation varied in intraspecific comparisons. We identified "indicator" compounds characteristic of particular species that included compounds already known to elicit a behavioral response, suggesting an approach for identification of candidate compounds for future behavioral studies in novel systems. Overall, the strong signal of species identity suggests a role for these compounds in species recognition, but with additional potentially neutral variation at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Darragh
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama CityPanama
| | | | | | - Colin R. Morrison
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama CityPanama
- Department of Integrative BiologyThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA
| | | | - Jonathan S. Ready
- Institute for Biological SciencesUniversidade Federal do ParáBelémBrazil
| | - Camilo Salazar
- Biology ProgramFaculty of Natural Sciences and MathematicsUniversidad del RosarioBogotaColombia
| | - Mauricio Linares
- Biology ProgramFaculty of Natural Sciences and MathematicsUniversidad del RosarioBogotaColombia
| | - Kelsey J. R. P. Byers
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama CityPanama
| | - Richard M. Merrill
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama CityPanama
- Division of Evolutionary BiologyFaculty of BiologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | | | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Chris D. Jiggins
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama CityPanama
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7
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Mérot C, Debat V, Le Poul Y, Merrill RM, Naisbit RE, Tholance A, Jiggins CD, Joron M. Hybridization and transgressive exploration of colour pattern and wing morphology in Heliconius butterflies. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:942-956. [PMID: 32255231 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hybridization can generate novel phenotypes distinct from those of parental lineages, a phenomenon known as transgressive trait variation. Transgressive phenotypes might negatively or positively affect hybrid fitness, and increase available variation. Closely related species of Heliconius butterflies regularly produce hybrids in nature, and hybridization is thought to play a role in the diversification of novel wing colour patterns despite strong stabilizing selection due to interspecific mimicry. Here, we studied wing phenotypes in first- and second-generation hybrids produced by controlled crosses between either two co-mimetic species of Heliconius or between two nonmimetic species. We quantified wing size, shape and colour pattern variation and asked whether hybrids displayed transgressive wing phenotypes. Discrete traits underlain by major-effect loci, such as the presence or absence of colour patches, generate novel phenotypes. For quantitative traits, such as wing shape or subtle colour pattern characters, hybrids only exceed the parental range in specific dimensions of the morphological space. Overall, our study addresses some of the challenges in defining and measuring phenotypic transgression for multivariate traits and our data suggest that the extent to which transgressive trait variation in hybrids contributes to phenotypic diversity depends on the complexity and the genetic architecture of the traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mérot
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France.,IBIS, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Debat
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Yann Le Poul
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France.,Division of Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Richard M Merrill
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Russell E Naisbit
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama.,Institute for Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adélie Tholance
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Mathieu Joron
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France.,UMR 5175, CNRS-Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Montpellier, France
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8
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Montejo‐Kovacevich G, Smith JE, Meier JI, Bacquet CN, Whiltshire‐Romero E, Nadeau NJ, Jiggins CD. Altitude and life-history shape the evolution of Heliconius wings. Evolution 2019; 73:2436-2450. [PMID: 31631338 PMCID: PMC6916360 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic divergence between closely related species has long interested biologists. Taxa that inhabit a range of environments and have diverse natural histories can help understand how selection drives phenotypic divergence. In butterflies, wing color patterns have been extensively studied but diversity in wing shape and size is less well understood. Here, we assess the relative importance of phylogenetic relatedness, natural history, and habitat on shaping wing morphology in a large dataset of over 3500 individuals, representing 13 Heliconius species from across the Neotropics. We find that both larval and adult behavioral ecology correlate with patterns of wing sexual dimorphism and adult size. Species with solitary larvae have larger adult males, in contrast to gregarious Heliconius species, and indeed most Lepidoptera, where females are larger. Species in the pupal-mating clade are smaller than those in the adult-mating clade. Interestingly, we find that high-altitude species tend to have rounder wings and, in one of the two major Heliconius clades, are also bigger than their lowland relatives. Furthermore, within two widespread species, we find that high-altitude populations also have rounder wings. Thus, we reveal novel adaptive wing morphological divergence among Heliconius species beyond that imposed by natural selection on aposematic wing coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joana I. Meier
- St John's CollegeUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1TP
| | | | | | - Nicola J. Nadeau
- Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
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9
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Rosser N, Freitas AVL, Huertas B, Joron M, Lamas G, Mérot C, Simpson F, Willmott KR, Mallet J, Dasmahapatra KK. Cryptic speciation associated with geographic and ecological divergence in two Amazonian Heliconius butterflies. Zool J Linn Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Rosser
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, UK
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - André V L Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Blanca Huertas
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Mathieu Joron
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Gerardo Lamas
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Fraser Simpson
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Keith R Willmott
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - James Mallet
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Mérot C, Salazar C, Merrill RM, Jiggins CD, Joron M. What shapes the continuum of reproductive isolation? Lessons from Heliconius butterflies. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.0335. [PMID: 28592669 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The process by which species evolve can be illuminated by investigating barriers that limit gene flow between taxa. Recent radiations, such as Heliconius butterflies, offer the opportunity to compare isolation between pairs of taxa at different stages of ecological, geographical, and phylogenetic divergence. Here, we report a comparative analysis of existing and novel data in order to quantify the strength and direction of isolating barriers within a well-studied clade of Heliconius Our results highlight that increased divergence is associated with the accumulation of stronger and more numerous barriers to gene flow. Wing pattern is both under natural selection for Müllerian mimicry and involved in mate choice, and therefore underlies several isolating barriers. However, pairs which share a similar wing pattern also display strong reproductive isolation mediated by traits other than wing pattern. This suggests that, while wing pattern is a key factor for early stages of divergence, it may become facultative at later stages of divergence. Additional factors including habitat partitioning, hybrid sterility, and chemically mediated mate choice are associated with complete speciation. Therefore, although most previous work has emphasized the role of wing pattern, our comparative results highlight that speciation is a multi-dimensional process, whose completion is stabilized by many factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mérot
- ISYEB UMR 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 45 rue Buffon, Paris, France .,IBIS, Université Laval, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Canada
| | - C Salazar
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera, 24 No 63C-69, Bogota D.C., 111221, Colombia
| | - R M Merrill
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, MRC 0580-12, Unit 9100 Box 0948, DPO AA 34002-9998, Panama
| | - C D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, MRC 0580-12, Unit 9100 Box 0948, DPO AA 34002-9998, Panama
| | - M Joron
- ISYEB UMR 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 45 rue Buffon, Paris, France .,Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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11
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Garzón‐Orduña IJ, Brower AVZ. Quantified reproductive isolation in Heliconius butterflies: Implications for introgression and hybrid speciation. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1186-1195. [PMID: 29375789 PMCID: PMC5773317 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Heliconius butterflies have become a model for the study of speciation with gene flow. For adaptive introgression to take place, there must be incomplete barriers to gene exchange that allow interspecific hybridization and multiple generations of backcrossing. The recent publication of estimates of individual components of reproductive isolation between several species of butterflies in the Heliconius melpomene-H. cydno clade allowed us to calculate total reproductive isolation estimates for these species. According to these estimates, the butterflies are not as promiscuous as has been implied. Differences between species are maintained by intrinsic mechanisms, while reproductive isolation of geographical races within species is mainly due to allopatry. We discuss the implications of this strong isolation for basic aspects of the hybrid speciation with introgression hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne J. Garzón‐Orduña
- Evolution and Ecology Group, Department of BiologyMiddle Tennessee State UniversityMurfreesboroTNUSA
| | - Andrew V. Z. Brower
- Evolution and Ecology Group, Department of BiologyMiddle Tennessee State UniversityMurfreesboroTNUSA
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12
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Mann F, Vanjari S, Rosser N, Mann S, Dasmahapatra KK, Corbin C, Linares M, Pardo-Diaz C, Salazar C, Jiggins C, Schulz S. The Scent Chemistry of Heliconius Wing Androconia. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:843-857. [PMID: 28791540 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neotropical Heliconius butterflies are members of various mimicry rings characterized by diverse colour patterns. In the present study we investigated whether a similar diversity is observed in the chemistry of volatile compounds present in male wing androconia. Recent research has shown that these androconia are used during courting of females. Three to five wild-caught male Heliconius individuals of 17 species and subspecies were analyzed by GC/MS. Most of the identified compounds originate from common fatty acids precursors, including aldehydes, alcohols, acetates or esters preferentially with a C18 and C20 chain, together with some alkanes. The compounds occurred in species-specific mixtures or signatures. For example, octadecanal is characteristic for H. melpomene, but variation in composition between the individuals was observed. Cluster analysis of compound occurrence in individual bouquets and analyses based on biosynthetic motifs such as functional group, chain length, or basic carbon-backbone modification were used to reveal structural patterns. Mimetic pairs contain different scent bouquets, but also some compounds in common, whereas sympatric species, both mimetic and non-mimetic, have more distinct compound compositions. The compounds identified here may play a role in mate choice thus helping maintain species integrity in a butterfly genus characterized by pervasive interspecific gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Mann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sohini Vanjari
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Neil Rosser
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sandra Mann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kanchon K Dasmahapatra
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Chris Corbin
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Mauricio Linares
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Cra. 24 No 63C-69, Bogotá D.C., 111221, Colombia
| | - Carolina Pardo-Diaz
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Cra. 24 No 63C-69, Bogotá D.C., 111221, Colombia
| | - Camilo Salazar
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Cra. 24 No 63C-69, Bogotá D.C., 111221, Colombia
| | - Chris Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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13
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Leite NA, Correa AS, Michel AP, Alves-Pereira A, Pavinato VAC, Zucchi MI, Omoto C. Pan-American Similarities in Genetic Structures of Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) With Implications for Hybridization. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:1024-1034. [PMID: 28498959 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The genus Helicoverpa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) includes phytophagous and polyphagous agricultural insect pests. In the Americas, a native pest, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and an invasive pest, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), are causing severe damage in vegetable and agronomic crops. The population structure of both species in South America is poorly understood, and the phylogenetic relatedness of H. armigera and H. zea suggests natural interspecific gene flow between these species. Using microsatellite loci, we investigated: 1) the genetic diversity and gene flow of H. armigera specimens from Brazil; 2) the genetic diversity and gene flow between H. zea specimens from Brazil and the United States; and 3) the possibility of interspecific gene flow and the frequency of putative hybrids in Brazil. We detected high intraspecific gene flow among populations collected in the same country. However, there is a geographic limit to gene flow among H. zea individuals from South and North America. Pairwise Fst and private alleles showed that H. armigera is more similar to H. zea from Brazil than H. zea from the United States. A comparative STRUCTURE analysis suggests natural hybridization between H. armigera and H. zea in Brazil. High gene flow and natural hybridization are key traits to population adaptation in new and disturbed environments, which can influence the management of these pests in the American continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Leite
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ/USP), Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - A S Correa
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ/USP), Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - A P Michel
- Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Thorne Hall, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691
| | - A Alves-Pereira
- Department of Genetics, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ/USP), Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - V A C Pavinato
- Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Thorne Hall, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691
| | - M I Zucchi
- Paulista Technology Agency of Agribusiness, Rodovia SP 127, Vila Fátima, Piracicaba, SP 13400-970, Brazil
| | - C Omoto
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ/USP), Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
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14
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Arias CF, Giraldo N, McMillan WO, Lamas G, Jiggins CD, Salazar C. A new subspecies in a Heliconius butterfly adaptive radiation (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Capblancq T, Després L, Rioux D, Mavárez J. Hybridization promotes speciation in Coenonympha butterflies. Mol Ecol 2016; 24:6209-22. [PMID: 26581657 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization has become a central element in theories of animal evolution during the last decade. New methods in population genomics and statistical model testing now allow the disentangling of the complexity that hybridization brings into key evolutionary processes such as local adaptation, colonization of new environments, species diversification and extinction. We evaluated the consequences of hybridization in a complex of three alpine butterflies in the genus Coenonympha, by combining morphological, genetic and ecological analyses. A series of approximate Bayesian computation procedures based on a large SNP data set strongly suggest that the Darwin's Heath (Coenonympha darwiniana) originated through hybridization between the Pearly Heath (Coenonympha arcania) and the Alpine Heath (Coenonympha gardetta) with different parental contributions. As a result of hybridization, the Darwin's Heath presents an intermediate morphology between the parental species, while its climatic niche seems more similar to the Alpine Heath. Our results also reveal a substantial genetic and morphologic differentiation between the two geographically disjoint Darwin's Heath lineages leading us to propose the splitting of this taxon into two different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Capblancq
- LECA, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France.,LECA, CNRS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Després
- LECA, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France.,LECA, CNRS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Delphine Rioux
- LECA, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France.,LECA, CNRS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jesús Mavárez
- LECA, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France.,LECA, CNRS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
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16
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Mérot C, Le Poul Y, Théry M, Joron M. Refining mimicry: phenotypic variation tracks the local optimum. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:1056-69. [PMID: 27003742 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Müllerian mimicry between chemically defended preys is a textbook example of natural selection favouring phenotypic convergence onto a shared warning signal. Studies of mimicry have concentrated on deciphering the ecological and genetic underpinnings of dramatic switches in mimicry association, producing a well-known mosaic distribution of mimicry patterns across geography. However, little is known about the accuracy of resemblance between natural comimics when the local phenotypic optimum varies. In this study, using analyses of wing shape, pattern and hue, we quantify multimodal phenotypic similarity between butterfly comimics sharing the so-called postman pattern in different localities with varying species composition. We show that subtle but consistent variation between populations of the localized species, Heliconius timareta thelxinoe, enhance resemblance to the abundant comimics which drive the mimicry in each locality. Those results suggest that rarer comimics track the changes in the phenotypic optimum caused by gradual changes in the composition of the mimicry community, providing insights into the process by which intraspecific diversity of mimetic pattern may arise. Furthermore, our results suggest a multimodal evolution of similarity, with coordinated convergence in different features of the phenotype such as wing outline, pattern and hue. Finally, multilocus genotyping allows estimating local hybridization rates between H. timareta and comimic H. melpomene in different populations, raising the hypothesis that mimicry refinement between closely related comimics may be enhanced by adaptive introgression at loci modifying the accuracy of resemblance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mérot
- Institut de Systématique Evolution et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS - MNHN - UPMC - EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Yann Le Poul
- Institut de Systématique Evolution et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS - MNHN - UPMC - EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Marc Théry
- Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, UMR 7179 CNRS, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 1 avenue du petit château, 91800, Brunoy, France
| | - Mathieu Joron
- Institut de Systématique Evolution et Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS - MNHN - UPMC - EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.,Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier 5, France
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17
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van Schooten B, Jiggins CD, Briscoe AD, Papa R. Genome-wide analysis of ionotropic receptors provides insight into their evolution in Heliconius butterflies. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:254. [PMID: 27004525 PMCID: PMC4804616 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a world of chemical cues, smell and taste are essential senses for survival. Here we focused on Heliconius, a diverse group of butterflies that exhibit variation in pre- and post-zygotic isolation and chemically-mediated behaviors across their phylogeny. Our study examined the ionotropic receptors, a recently discovered class of receptors that are some of the most ancient chemical receptors. RESULTS We found more ionotropic receptors in Heliconius (31) than in Bombyx mori (25) or in Danaus plexippus (27). Sixteen genes in Lepidoptera were not present in Diptera. Only IR7d4 was exclusively found in butterflies and two expansions of IR60a were exclusive to Heliconius. A genome-wide comparison between 11 Heliconius species revealed instances of pseudogenization, gene gain, and signatures of positive selection across the phylogeny. IR60a2b and IR60a2d are unique to the H. melpomene, H. cydno, and H. timareta clade, a group where chemosensing is likely involved in pre-zygotic isolation. IR60a2b also displayed copy number variations (CNVs) in distinct populations of H. melpomene and was the only gene significantly higher expressed in legs and mouthparts than in antennae, which suggests a gustatory function. dN/dS analysis suggests more frequent positive selection in some intronless IR genes and in particular in the sara/sapho and melpomene/cydno/timareta clades. IR60a1 was the only gene with an elevated dN/dS along a major phylogenetic branch associated with pupal mating. Only IR93a was differentially expressed between sexes. CONCLUSIONS All together these data make Heliconius butterflies one of the very few insects outside Drosophila where IRs have been characterized in detail. Our work outlines a dynamic pattern of IR gene evolution throughout the Heliconius radiation which could be the result of selective pressure to find potential mates or host-plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas van Schooten
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adriana D Briscoe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Riccardo Papa
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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18
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The functional basis of wing patterning in Heliconius butterflies: the molecules behind mimicry. Genetics 2016; 200:1-19. [PMID: 25953905 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.172387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wing-pattern mimicry in butterflies has provided an important example of adaptation since Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace proposed evolution by natural selection >150 years ago. The neotropical butterfly genus Heliconius played a central role in the development of mimicry theory and has since been studied extensively in the context of ecology and population biology, behavior, and mimicry genetics. Heliconius species are notable for their diverse color patterns, and previous crossing experiments revealed that much of this variation is controlled by a small number of large-effect, Mendelian switch loci. Recent comparative analyses have shown that the same switch loci control wing-pattern diversity throughout the genus, and a number of these have now been positionally cloned. Using a combination of comparative genetic mapping, association tests, and gene expression analyses, variation in red wing patterning throughout Heliconius has been traced back to the action of the transcription factor optix. Similarly, the signaling ligand WntA has been shown to control variation in melanin patterning across Heliconius and other butterflies. Our understanding of the molecular basis of Heliconius mimicry is now providing important insights into a variety of additional evolutionary phenomena, including the origin of supergenes, the interplay between constraint and evolvability, the genetic basis of convergence, the potential for introgression to facilitate adaptation, the mechanisms of hybrid speciation in animals, and the process of ecological speciation.
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19
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Przybyłowicz Ł, Pniak M, Tofilski A. Semiautomated Identification of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:195-199. [PMID: 26487742 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner, 1796) is a serious and widely studied pest of corn. The most common method of its control is by means of insecticides. However, biological control is becoming more and more popular. The hymenopteran parasitoid Trichogramma sp. is the most promising and effective one among the biological agents and is now widely used in North America and Europe. Its application should occur at the time when the European corn borer is at the beginning of the eggs laying period. However, the discrimination between the European corn borer and some other species occurring in agricultural landscapes at the same time can be difficult, especially for farmers which are neither familiar with the morphological nor molecular methods of identification. The scope of this study is to test the ability of the automatic computer equipment to determine the European corn borer and to separate it from the most common Lepidoptera pests found in corn plantations. The experiment showed that the 97.0% of the 247 specimens belonging to four common pestlepidopterans were correctly classified by the use of a personal computer, desktop scanner, and the special software. The obtained results showed that this technique based on wing measurements can be an effective tool for monitoring of the European corn borer. In the future, this method can be used by farmers to identify this pest and apply control measures at optimal time.
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20
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Mérot C, Frérot B, Leppik E, Joron M. Beyond magic traits: Multimodal mating cues in Heliconius butterflies. Evolution 2015; 69:2891-904. [PMID: 26513426 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Species coexistence involves the evolution of reproductive barriers opposing gene flow. Heliconius butterflies display colorful patterns affecting mate choice and survival through warning signaling and mimicry. These patterns are called "magic traits" for speciation because divergent natural selection may promote mimicry shifts in pattern whose role as mating cue facilitates reproductive isolation. By contrast, between comimetic species, natural selection promotes pattern convergence. We addressed whether visual convergence interferes with reproductive isolation by testing for sexual isolation between two closely related species with similar patterns, H. timareta thelxinoe and H. melpomene amaryllis. Experiments with models confirmed visual attraction based on wing phenotype, leading to indiscriminate approach. Nevertheless, mate choice experiments showed assortative mating. Monitoring male behavior toward live females revealed asymmetry in male preference, H. melpomene males courting both species equally while H. timareta males strongly preferred conspecifics. Experiments with hybrid males suggested an important genetic component for such asymmetry. Behavioral observations support a key role for short-distance cues in determining male choice in H. timareta. Scents extracts from wings and genitalia revealed interspecific divergence in chemical signatures, and hybrid female scent composition was significantly associated with courtship intensity by H. timareta males, providing candidate chemical mating cues involved in sexual isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mérot
- ISYEB UMR 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Brigitte Frérot
- IEES UMR 1392, INRA, Route de St Cyr, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Ene Leppik
- IEES UMR 1392, INRA, Route de St Cyr, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Mathieu Joron
- ISYEB UMR 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.,UMR 5175, CNRS-Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
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21
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Merrill RM, Dasmahapatra KK, Davey JW, Dell'Aglio DD, Hanly JJ, Huber B, Jiggins CD, Joron M, Kozak KM, Llaurens V, Martin SH, Montgomery SH, Morris J, Nadeau NJ, Pinharanda AL, Rosser N, Thompson MJ, Vanjari S, Wallbank RWR, Yu Q. The diversification of Heliconius butterflies: what have we learned in 150 years? J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1417-38. [PMID: 26079599 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Research into Heliconius butterflies has made a significant contribution to evolutionary biology. Here, we review our understanding of the diversification of these butterflies, covering recent advances and a vast foundation of earlier work. Whereas no single group of organisms can be sufficient for understanding life's diversity, after years of intensive study, research into Heliconius has addressed a wide variety of evolutionary questions. We first discuss evidence for widespread gene flow between Heliconius species and what this reveals about the nature of species. We then address the evolution and diversity of warning patterns, both as the target of selection and with respect to their underlying genetic basis. The identification of major genes involved in mimetic shifts, and homology at these loci between distantly related taxa, has revealed a surprising predictability in the genetic basis of evolution. In the final sections, we consider the evolution of warning patterns, and Heliconius diversity more generally, within a broader context of ecological and sexual selection. We consider how different traits and modes of selection can interact and influence the evolution of reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Merrill
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | | | - J W Davey
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D D Dell'Aglio
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J J Hanly
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B Huber
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.,Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - C D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - M Joron
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama.,Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, Montpellier 5, France
| | - K M Kozak
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - V Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - S H Martin
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S H Montgomery
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Morris
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - N J Nadeau
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - A L Pinharanda
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - N Rosser
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - M J Thompson
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - S Vanjari
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R W R Wallbank
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Q Yu
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
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22
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Sánchez AP, Pardo-Diaz C, Enciso-Romero J, Muñoz A, Jiggins CD, Salazar C, Linares M. An introgressed wing pattern acts as a mating cue. Evolution 2015; 69:1619-1629. [PMID: 25930106 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Heliconius butterflies provide good examples of both homoploid hybrid speciation and ecological speciation. In particular, examples of adaptive introgression have been detected among the subspecies of Heliconius timareta, which acquired red color pattern elements from H. melpomene. We tested whether the introgression of red wing pattern elements into H. timareta florencia might also be associated with incipient reproductive isolation (RI) from its close relative, H. timareta subsp. nov., found in the eastern Andes. No choice experiments show a 50% reduction in mating between females of H. t. subsp. nov. and males of H .t. florencia, but not in the reciprocal direction. In choice experiments using wing models, males of H. timareta subsp. nov. approach and court red phenotypes less than their own, whereas males of H. t. florencia prefer models with a red phenotype. Intrinsic postzygotic isolation was not detected in crosses between these H. timareta races. These results suggest that a color pattern trait gained by introgression is triggering RI between H. timareta subsp. nov. and H. t. florencia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela P Sánchez
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Central, Carrera 5 No. 21 - 38, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Carolina Pardo-Diaz
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera. 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá D.C., 111221, Colombia
| | - Juan Enciso-Romero
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera. 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá D.C., 111221, Colombia
| | - Astrid Muñoz
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de la Salle, Carrera 2 No. 10 - 70, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Camilo Salazar
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera. 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá D.C., 111221, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Linares
- Biology Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera. 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá D.C., 111221, Colombia
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23
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Kozak KM, Wahlberg N, Neild AFE, Dasmahapatra KK, Mallet J, Jiggins CD. Multilocus species trees show the recent adaptive radiation of the mimetic heliconius butterflies. Syst Biol 2015; 64:505-24. [PMID: 25634098 PMCID: PMC4395847 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syv007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Müllerian mimicry among Neotropical Heliconiini butterflies is an excellent example of natural selection, associated with the diversification of a large continental-scale radiation. Some of the processes driving the evolution of mimicry rings are likely to generate incongruent phylogenetic signals across the assemblage, and thus pose a challenge for systematics. We use a data set of 22 mitochondrial and nuclear markers from 92% of species in the tribe, obtained by Sanger sequencing and de novo assembly of short read data, to re-examine the phylogeny of Heliconiini with both supermatrix and multispecies coalescent approaches, characterize the patterns of conflicting signal, and compare the performance of various methodological approaches to reflect the heterogeneity across the data. Despite the large extent of reticulate signal and strong conflict between markers, nearly identical topologies are consistently recovered by most of the analyses, although the supermatrix approach failed to reflect the underlying variation in the history of individual loci. However, the supermatrix represents a useful approximation where multiple rare species represented by short sequences can be incorporated easily. The first comprehensive, time-calibrated phylogeny of this group is used to test the hypotheses of a diversification rate increase driven by the dramatic environmental changes in the Neotropics over the past 23 myr, or changes caused by diversity-dependent effects on the rate of diversification. We find that the rate of diversification has increased on the branch leading to the presently most species-rich genus Heliconius, but the change occurred gradually and cannot be unequivocally attributed to a specific environmental driver. Our study provides comprehensive comparison of philosophically distinct species tree reconstruction methods and provides insights into the diversification of an important insect radiation in the most biodiverse region of the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof M Kozak
- Butterfly Genetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJ Cambridge, UK; Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK; Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD Heslington, York, UK; and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Butterfly Genetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJ Cambridge, UK; Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK; Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD Heslington, York, UK; and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Andrew F E Neild
- Butterfly Genetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJ Cambridge, UK; Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK; Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD Heslington, York, UK; and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kanchon K Dasmahapatra
- Butterfly Genetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJ Cambridge, UK; Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK; Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD Heslington, York, UK; and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - James Mallet
- Butterfly Genetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJ Cambridge, UK; Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK; Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD Heslington, York, UK; and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Butterfly Genetics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJ Cambridge, UK; Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK; Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD Heslington, York, UK; and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Rosser N, Dasmahapatra KK, Mallet J. Stable Heliconius butterfly hybrid zones are correlated with a local rainfall peak at the edge of the Amazon basin. Evolution 2014; 68:3470-84. [PMID: 25311415 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multilocus clines between Müllerian mimetic races of Heliconius butterflies provide a classic example of the maintenance of hybrid zones and their importance in speciation. Concordant hybrid zones in the mimics Heliconius erato and H. melpomene in northern Peru were carefully documented in the 1980s, and this prior work now permits a historical analysis of the movement or stasis of the zones. Previous work predicted that these zones might be moving toward the Andes due to selective asymmetry. Extensive deforestation and climate change might also be expected to affect the positions and widths of the hybrid zones. We show that the positions and shapes of these hybrid zones have instead remained remarkably stable between 1985 and 2012. The stability of this interaction strongly implicates continued selection, rather than neutral mixing following secondary contact. The stability of cline widths and strong linkage disequilibria (gametic correlation coefficients Rmax = 0.35-0.56 among unlinked loci) over 25 years suggest that mimetic selection pressures on each color pattern locus have remained approximately constant (s ≈ 0.13-0.40 per locus in both species). Exceptionally high levels of precipitation at the edge of the easternmost Andes may act as a population density trough for butterflies, trapping the hybrid zones at the foot of the mountains, and preventing movement. As such, our results falsify one prediction of the Pleistocene Refugium theory: That the ranges of divergent species or subspecies should be centered on regions characterized by maxima of rainfall, with hybrid zones falling in more arid regions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Rosser
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
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25
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Arias CF, Salazar C, Rosales C, Kronforst MR, Linares M, Bermingham E, McMillan WO. Phylogeography of Heliconius cydno and its closest relatives: disentangling their origin and diversification. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:4137-52. [PMID: 24962067 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The origins of the extraordinary diversity within the Neotropics have long fascinated biologists and naturalists. Yet, the underlying factors that have given rise to this diversity remain controversial. To test the relative importance of Quaternary climatic change and Neogene tectonic and paleogeographic reorganizations in the generation of biodiversity, we examine intraspecific variation across the Heliconius cydno radiation and compare this variation to that within the closely related Heliconius melpomene and Heliconius timareta radiations. Our data, which consist of both mtDNA and genome-scan data from nearly 2250 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci, reveal a complex history of differentiation and admixture at different geographic scales. Both mtDNA and AFLP phylogenies suggest that H. timareta and H. cydno are probably geographic extremes of the same radiation that probably diverged from H. melpomene prior to the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary, consistent with hypotheses of diversification that rely on geological events in the Pliocene. The mtDNA suggests that this radiation originated in Central America or the northwestern region of South America, with a subsequent colonization of the eastern and western slopes of the Andes. Our genome-scan data indicate significant admixture among sympatric H. cydno/H. timareta and H. melpomene populations across the extensive geographic ranges of the two radiations. Within H. cydno, both mtDNA and AFLP data indicate significant population structure at local scales, with strong genetic differences even among adjacent H. cydno colour pattern races. These genetic patterns highlight the importance of past geoclimatic events, intraspecific gene flow, and local population differentiation in the origin and establishment of new adaptive forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Arias
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Ave. Dr. Penfield, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 1B1; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Panamá, Panamá
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26
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Nadeau NJ, Ruiz M, Salazar P, Counterman B, Medina JA, Ortiz-Zuazaga H, Morrison A, McMillan WO, Jiggins CD, Papa R. Population genomics of parallel hybrid zones in the mimetic butterflies, H. melpomene and H. erato. Genome Res 2014; 24:1316-33. [PMID: 24823669 PMCID: PMC4120085 DOI: 10.1101/gr.169292.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid zones can be valuable tools for studying evolution and identifying genomic regions responsible for adaptive divergence and underlying phenotypic variation. Hybrid zones between subspecies of Heliconius butterflies can be very narrow and are maintained by strong selection acting on color pattern. The comimetic species, H. erato and H. melpomene, have parallel hybrid zones in which both species undergo a change from one color pattern form to another. We use restriction-associated DNA sequencing to obtain several thousand genome-wide sequence markers and use these to analyze patterns of population divergence across two pairs of parallel hybrid zones in Peru and Ecuador. We compare two approaches for analysis of this type of data—alignment to a reference genome and de novo assembly—and find that alignment gives the best results for species both closely (H. melpomene) and distantly (H. erato, ∼15% divergent) related to the reference sequence. Our results confirm that the color pattern controlling loci account for the majority of divergent regions across the genome, but we also detect other divergent regions apparently unlinked to color pattern differences. We also use association mapping to identify previously unmapped color pattern loci, in particular the Ro locus. Finally, we identify a new cryptic population of H. timareta in Ecuador, which occurs at relatively low altitude and is mimetic with H. melpomene malleti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Nadeau
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Mayté Ruiz
- Department of Biology and Center for Applied Tropical Ecology and Conservation, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00921
| | - Patricio Salazar
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb), Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Brian Counterman
- Department of Biology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi 39762, USA
| | - Jose Alejandro Medina
- High Performance Computing Facility, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00921
| | - Humberto Ortiz-Zuazaga
- High Performance Computing Facility, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00921; Department of Computer Science, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00921
| | - Anna Morrison
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - W Owen McMillan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | - Riccardo Papa
- Department of Biology and Center for Applied Tropical Ecology and Conservation, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00921
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27
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Barão KR, Gonçalves GL, Mielke OHH, Kronforst MR, Moreira GRP. Species boundaries inPhilaethriabutterflies: an integrative taxonomic analysis based on genitalia ultrastructure, wing geometric morphometrics, DNA sequences, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms. Zool J Linn Soc 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim R. Barão
- PPG Biologia Animal; Departamento de Zoologia; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bloco IV, Prédio 43435 Porto Alegre RS 91501-970 Brazil
| | - Gislene L. Gonçalves
- PPG Genética e Biologia Molecular; Departamento de Genética; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre RS 91501-970 Brazil
- Instituto de Alta Investigación; Universidad de Tarapacá; Antofagasta 1520 Arica Chile
| | - Olaf H. H. Mielke
- Departamento de Zoologia; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Caixa Postal 19020 Curitiba PR 81531-980 Brazil
| | - Marcus R. Kronforst
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Chicago; Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Gilson R. P. Moreira
- Departamento de Zoologia; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bloco IV, Prédio 43435, 91501-970 Porto Alegre RS 91501-970 Brazil
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28
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Llaurens V, Joron M, Théry M. Cryptic differences in colour among Müllerian mimics: how can the visual capacities of predators and prey shape the evolution of wing colours? J Evol Biol 2014; 27:531-40. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité; Département systématique et evolution; UMR 7205; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Bâtiment d'entomologie; Paris France
| | - M. Joron
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité; Département systématique et evolution; UMR 7205; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Bâtiment d'entomologie; Paris France
| | - M. Théry
- Laboratoire Mécanismes Adaptatifs: des Organismes aux Communautés; Département d'Ecologie et Gestion de la Biodiversité; UMR 7179; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; Brunoy France
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29
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Martin SH, Dasmahapatra KK, Nadeau NJ, Salazar C, Walters JR, Simpson F, Blaxter M, Manica A, Mallet J, Jiggins CD. Genome-wide evidence for speciation with gene flow in Heliconius butterflies. Genome Res 2013; 23:1817-28. [PMID: 24045163 PMCID: PMC3814882 DOI: 10.1101/gr.159426.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Most speciation events probably occur gradually, without complete and immediate reproductive isolation, but the full extent of gene flow between diverging species has rarely been characterized on a genome-wide scale. Documenting the extent and timing of admixture between diverging species can clarify the role of geographic isolation in speciation. Here we use new methodology to quantify admixture at different stages of divergence in Heliconius butterflies, based on whole-genome sequences of 31 individuals. Comparisons between sympatric and allopatric populations of H. melpomene, H. cydno, and H. timareta revealed a genome-wide trend of increased shared variation in sympatry, indicative of pervasive interspecific gene flow. Up to 40% of 100-kb genomic windows clustered by geography rather than by species, demonstrating that a very substantial fraction of the genome has been shared between sympatric species. Analyses of genetic variation shared over different time intervals suggested that admixture between these species has continued since early in speciation. Alleles shared between species during recent time intervals displayed higher levels of linkage disequilibrium than those shared over longer time intervals, suggesting that this admixture took place at multiple points during divergence and is probably ongoing. The signal of admixture was significantly reduced around loci controlling divergent wing patterns, as well as throughout the Z chromosome, consistent with strong selection for Müllerian mimicry and with known Z-linked hybrid incompatibility. Overall these results show that species divergence can occur in the face of persistent and genome-wide admixture over long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon H Martin
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
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30
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Merrill RM, Naisbit RE, Mallet J, Jiggins CD. Ecological and genetic factors influencing the transition between host-use strategies in sympatric Heliconius butterflies. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:1959-67. [PMID: 23961921 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Shifts in host-plant use by phytophagous insects have played a central role in their diversification. Evolving host-use strategies will reflect a trade-off between selection pressures. The ecological niche of herbivorous insects is partitioned along several dimensions, and if populations remain in contact, recombination will break down associations between relevant loci. As such, genetic architecture can profoundly affect the coordinated divergence of traits and subsequently the ability to exploit novel habitats. The closely related species Heliconius cydno and H. melpomene differ in mimetic colour pattern, habitat and host-plant use. We investigate the selection pressures and genetic basis underlying host-use differences in these two species. Host-plant surveys reveal that H. melpomene specializes on a single species of Passiflora. This is also true for the majority of other Heliconius species in secondary growth forest at our study site, as expected under a model of interspecific competition. In contrast, H. cydno, which uses closed-forest habitats where both Heliconius and Passiflora are less common, appears not to be restricted by competition and uses a broad selection of the available Passiflora. However, other selection pressures are likely involved, and field experiments reveal that early larval survival of both butterfly species is highest on Passiflora menispermifolia, but most markedly so for H. melpomene, the specialist on that host. Finally, we demonstrate an association between host-plant acceptance and colour pattern amongst interspecific hybrids, suggesting that major loci underlying these important ecological traits are physically linked in the genome. Together, our results reveal ecological and genetic associations between shifts in habitat, host use and mimetic colour pattern that have likely facilitated both speciation and coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Merrill
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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