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Behboudi E, Nooreddin Faraji S, Daryabor G, Mohammad Ali Hashemi S, Asadi M, Edalat F, Javad Raee M, Hatam G. SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of cell tropism in various organs considering host factors. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26577. [PMID: 38420467 PMCID: PMC10901034 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A critical step in the drug design for SARS-CoV-2 is to discover its molecular targets. This study comprehensively reviewed the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, exploring host cell tropism and interaction targets crucial for cell entry. The findings revealed that beyond ACE2 as the primary entry receptor, alternative receptors, co-receptors, and several proteases such as TMPRSS2, Furin, Cathepsin L, and ADAM play critical roles in virus entry and subsequent pathogenesis. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 displays tropism in various human organs due to its diverse receptors. This review delves into the intricate details of receptors, host proteases, and the involvement of each organ. Polymorphisms in the ACE2 receptor and mutations in the spike or its RBD region contribute to the emergence of variants like Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron, impacting the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. The challenge posed by mutations raises questions about the effectiveness of existing vaccines and drugs, necessitating consideration for updates in their formulations. In the urgency of these critical situations, repurposed drugs such as Camostat Mesylate and Nafamostat Mesylate emerge as viable pharmaceutical options. Numerous drugs are involved in inhibiting receptors and host factors crucial for SARS-CoV-2 entry, with most discussed in this review. In conclusion, this study may provide valuable insights to inform decisions in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Behboudi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Seyed Nooreddin Faraji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Daryabor
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Ali Hashemi
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Maryam Asadi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fahime Edalat
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Raee
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hatam
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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2
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Lin X, Wang Y, Li X, Abdalla M, Zhang F, Dong C, Lu W, Liu X, Zhang J, Ma K, Ma X, Jiang Q. Acute necrotizing encephalopathy in children with COVID-19: a retrospective study of 12 cases. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1184864. [PMID: 37602239 PMCID: PMC10433176 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1184864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) is a devastating neurologic condition that can arise following a variety of systemic infections, including influenza and SARS-Cov-2. The clinical features of COVID-19-associated ANE in pediatric patients based on multi-case data have not yet been described and remain obscure. We reviewed 12 pediatric patients to better describe the clinical features of ANE with COVID-19. Methods We retrospectively collected and summarized the clinical features of ANE in children with COVID-19. Clinical data were collected from 12 children, including their general status, clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and neuroimaging features. Results Among the subjects, 10 were over 5 years old and they accounted for 83.33%. A large percentage of those affected (66.67%) were females. The major manifestations included fever (100%), impaired consciousness (100%), and convulsions (75%). We determined that increased interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon gamma were not predictive of severe ANE and mortality in children with COVID-19 in this study. All children presented with abnormal neuroimaging with multiple and symmetrically distributed lesions, involving the thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and brain hemispheres. Eight of the 12 children died, resulting in a mortality rate of 66.67%, and 75% of these children were females. Importantly, we found the timely administration of mannitol after an acute onset of convulsions or disturbance of consciousness may be decreased the high mortality induced by ANE children with COVID-19. Conclusion COVID-19 associated with ANE in children is characterized by sudden symptom onset, rapid disease progression, and high mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lin
- PICU, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- PICU, Jinan Children’s Hospital, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children’s Health and Disease, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children’s Health and Disease, Jinan, China
- Research Institute of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Research Institute of Pediatrics, Jinan Children’s Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children’s Health and Disease, Jinan, China
- NICU, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NICU, Jinan Children’s Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Mohnad Abdalla
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children’s Health and Disease, Jinan, China
- Research Institute of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Research Institute of Pediatrics, Jinan Children’s Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- PICU, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- PICU, Jinan Children’s Hospital, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children’s Health and Disease, Jinan, China
| | - Chunhua Dong
- PICU, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- PICU, Jinan Children’s Hospital, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children’s Health and Disease, Jinan, China
| | - Weifeng Lu
- PICU, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- PICU, Jinan Children’s Hospital, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children’s Health and Disease, Jinan, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children’s Health and Disease, Jinan, China
- Respiratory Interventional Department, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Respiratory Interventional Department, Jinan Children’s Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- PICU, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- PICU, Jinan Children’s Hospital, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children’s Health and Disease, Jinan, China
| | - Kang Ma
- PICU, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- PICU, Jinan Children’s Hospital, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children’s Health and Disease, Jinan, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children’s Health and Disease, Jinan, China
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Jinan Children’s Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- PICU, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- PICU, Jinan Children’s Hospital, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children’s Health and Disease, Jinan, China
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3
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Xue Y, Mei H, Chen Y, Griffin JD, Liu Q, Weisberg E, Yang J. Repurposing clinically available drugs and therapies for pathogenic targets to combat SARS-CoV-2. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e254. [PMID: 37193304 PMCID: PMC10183156 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected a large portion of the global population, both physically and mentally. Current evidence suggests that the rapidly evolving coronavirus subvariants risk rendering vaccines and antibodies ineffective due to their potential to evade existing immunity, with enhanced transmission activity and higher reinfection rates that could lead to new outbreaks across the globe. The goal of viral management is to disrupt the viral life cycle as well as to relieve severe symptoms such as lung damage, cytokine storm, and organ failure. In the fight against viruses, the combination of viral genome sequencing, elucidation of the structure of viral proteins, and identifying proteins that are highly conserved across multiple coronaviruses has revealed many potential molecular targets. In addition, the time- and cost-effective repurposing of preexisting antiviral drugs or approved/clinical drugs for these targets offers considerable clinical advantages for COVID-19 patients. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various identified pathogenic targets and pathways as well as corresponding repurposed approved/clinical drugs and their potential against COVID-19. These findings provide new insight into the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies that could be applied to the control of disease symptoms emanating from evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Xue
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Husheng Mei
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Yisa Chen
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - James D. Griffin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina
- Hefei Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Ellen Weisberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina
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4
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Rizzi M, Tonello S, D’Onghia D, Sainaghi PP. Gas6/TAM Axis Involvement in Modulating Inflammation and Fibrosis in COVID-19 Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020951. [PMID: 36674471 PMCID: PMC9861142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas6 (growth arrest-specific gene 6) is a widely expressed vitamin K-dependent protein that is involved in many biological processes such as homeostatic regulation, inflammation and repair/fibrotic processes. It is known that it is the main ligand of TAMs, a tyrosine kinase receptor family of three members, namely MerTK, Tyro-3 and Axl, for which it displays the highest affinity. Gas6/TAM axis activation is known to be involved in modulating inflammatory responses as well as fibrotic evolution in many different pathological conditions. Due to the rapidly evolving COVID-19 pandemic, this review will focus on Gas6/TAM axis activation in SARS-CoV-2 infection, where de-regulated inflammatory responses and fibrosis represent a relevant feature of severe disease manifestation. Furthermore, this review will highlight the most recent scientific evidence supporting an unsuspected role of Axl as a SARS-CoV-2 infection driver, and the potential therapeutic advantages of the use of existing Axl inhibitors in COVID-19 management. From a physiological point of view, the Gas6/TAM axis plays a dual role, fostering the tissue repair processes or leading to organ damage and loss of function, depending on the prevalence of its anti-inflammatory or profibrotic properties. This review makes a strong case for further research focusing on the Gas6/TAM axis as a pharmacological target to manage different disease conditions, such as chronic fibrosis or COVID-19.
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5
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Boytz R, Słabicki M, Ramaswamy S, Patten J, Zou C, Meng C, Hurst BL, Wang J, Nowak RP, Yang PL, Sattler M, Stone RM, Griffin JD, Gray NS, Gummuluru S, Davey RA, Weisberg E. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of targeted kinase inhibitors: Repurposing clinically available drugs for COVID-19 therapy. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28157. [PMID: 36117402 PMCID: PMC9538324 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a major public health concern, and vaccine unavailability, hesitancy, or failure underscore the need for discovery of efficacious antiviral drug therapies. Numerous approved drugs target protein kinases associated with viral life cycle and symptoms of infection. Repurposing of kinase inhibitors is appealing as they have been vetted for safety and are more accessible for COVID-19 treatment. However, an understanding of drug mechanism is needed to improve our understanding of the factors involved in pathogenesis. We tested the in vitro activity of three kinase inhibitors against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), including inhibitors of AXL kinase, a host cell factor that contributes to successful SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using multiple cell-based assays and approaches, gilteritinib, nintedanib, and imatinib were thoroughly evaluated for activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Each drug exhibited antiviral activity, but with stark differences in potency, suggesting differences in host dependency for kinase targets. Importantly, for gilteritinib, the amount of compound needed to achieve 90% infection inhibition, at least in part involving blockade of spike protein-mediated viral entry and at concentrations not inducing phospholipidosis (PLD), approached a clinically achievable concentration. Knockout of AXL, a target of gilteritinib and nintedanib, impaired SARS-CoV-2 variant infectivity, supporting a role for AXL in SARS-CoV-2 infection and supporting further investigation of drug-mediated AXL inhibition as a COVID-19 treatment. This study supports further evaluation of AXL-targeting kinase inhibitors as potential antiviral agents and treatments for COVID-19. Additional mechanistic studies are needed to determine underlying differences in virus response.
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Affiliation(s)
- RuthMabel Boytz
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Mikołaj Słabicki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sita Ramaswamy
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - J.J. Patten
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Charles Zou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chengcheng Meng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brett L. Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Radosław P. Nowak
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Priscilla L. Yang
- Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, MA, USA,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; current address Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Martin Sattler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard M. Stone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James D. Griffin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Robert A. Davey
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Ellen Weisberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Rao H, Song X, Lei J, Lu P, Zhao G, Kang X, Zhang D, Zhang T, Ren Y, Peng C, Li Y, Pei J, Cao Z. Ibrutinib Prevents Acute Lung Injury via Multi-Targeting BTK, FLT3 and EGFR in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13478. [PMID: 36362264 PMCID: PMC9657648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ibrutinib has potential therapeutic or protective effects against viral- and bacterial-induced acute lung injury (ALI), likely by modulating the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) signaling pathway. However, ibrutinib has multi-target effects. Moreover, immunity and inflammation targets in ALI treatment are poorly defined. We investigated whether the BTK-, FLT3-, and EGFR-related signaling pathways mediated the protective effects of ibrutinib on ALI. The intratracheal administration of poly I:C or LPS after ibrutinib administration in mice was performed by gavage. The pathological conditions of the lungs were assessed by micro-CT and HE staining. The levels of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and related inflammatory factors in the lungs were evaluated by ELISA, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Finally, the expression of proteins associated with the BTK-, FLT3-, and EGFR-related signaling pathways were evaluated by Western blotting. Ibrutinib (10 mg/kg) protected against poly I:C-induced (5 mg/kg) and LPS-induced (5 mg/kg) lung inflammation. The wet/dry weight ratio (W/D) and total proteins in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were markedly reduced after ibrutinib (10 mg/kg) treatment, relative to the poly I:C- and LPS-treated groups. The levels of ALI indicators (NFκB, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, neutrophils, and lymphocytes) were significantly reduced after treatment. Accordingly, ibrutinib inhibited the poly I:C- and LPS-induced BTK-, FLT3-, and EGFR-related pathway activations. Ibrutinib inhibited poly I:C- and LPS-induced acute lung injury, and this may be due to its ability to suppress the BTK-, FLT3-, and EGFR-related signaling pathways. Therefore, ibrutinib is a potential protective agent for regulating immunity and inflammation in poly I:C- and LPS-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanan Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xiaominting Song
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jieting Lei
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Peng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Guiying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Duanna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Tingrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yali Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yuzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Zhixing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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7
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Malekinejad Z, Baghbanzadeh A, Nakhlband A, Baradaran B, Jafari S, Bagheri Y, Raei F, Montazersaheb S, Farahzadi R. Recent clinical findings on the role of kinase inhibitors in COVID-19 management. Life Sci 2022; 306:120809. [PMID: 35841979 PMCID: PMC9278000 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic, novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak has emerged as a once-in-a-century pandemic with poor consequences, urgently calling for new therapeutics, cures, and supportive interventions. It has already affected over 250 million people worldwide; thereby, there is a need for novel therapies to alleviate the related complications. There is a paradigm shift in developing drugs and clinical practices to combat COVID-19. Several clinical trials have been performed or are testing diverse pharmacological interventions to alleviate viral load and complications such as cytokine release storm (CRS). Kinase-inhibitors have appeared as potential antiviral agents for COVID-19 patients due to their efficacy against CRS. Combination of kinase inhibitors with other therapies can achieve more efficacy against COVID-19. Based on the pre-clinical trials, kinase inhibitors such as Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) inhibitors, Brutton's tyrosin kinase (BTK) inhibitors, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) inhibitors, Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) inhibitors can be a promising strategy against COVID-19. Kinase inhibitors possess crucial pharmacological properties for a successful re-purposing in terms of dual anti-inflammatory and anti-viral effects. This review will address the current clinical evidence and the newest discovery regarding the application of kinase inhibitors in COVID-19. An outlook on ongoing clinical trials (clinicaltrials.gov) and unpublished data is also presented here. Besides, Kinase inhibitors' function on COVID-19-mediated CRS is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Malekinejad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ailar Nakhlband
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sevda Jafari
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yasin Bagheri
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faezeh Raei
- Departement of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Montazersaheb
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Raheleh Farahzadi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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8
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Bocchia M, Carella AM, Mulè A, Rizzo L, Turrini M, Abbenante MC, Cairoli R, Calafiore V, Defina M, Gardellini A, Luzi G, Patti C, Pinazzi MB, Riva M, Rossi G, Sammartano V, Rigacci L. Therapeutic Management of Patients with FLT3 + Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Case Reports and Focus on Gilteritinib Monotherapy. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2022; 15:393-407. [PMID: 35496349 PMCID: PMC9041600 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s346688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia is a malignant disorder of the bone marrow, characterized by differentiation, clonal expansion, and uncontrolled proliferation of malignant myeloid progenitor cells and by several molecular and genetic abnormalities. A mutation of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 gene can be observed in about one-third of cases of acute myeloid leukemia. Two FLT3 inhibitors are actually approved for FLT3 mutated acute myeloid leukemia: midostaurin, a multikinase first generation inhibitor with lower affinity for FLT3 binding, and gilteritinib fumarate, a potent second-generation inhibitor of both FLT3-ITD and TKD. Gilteritinib is a new effective and well-tolerated drug for patients with relapsing or refractory FLT3-positive acute myeloid leukemia. Thanks to its efficacy, low toxicity, its good manageability (oral formulation), this drug is suitable for all the patients, including elderly frail patient with concomitant therapies or pre-existing or underlying diseases, and can be used also in the outpatient setting, reducing risks and costs related to the hospitalization. We report and discuss seven cases of different patients with FLT3 positive acute myeloid leukemia successfully managed with gilteritinib in the real clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bocchia
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Angelo Michele Carella
- Division of Hematology with Hematologic Intensive Care Unit and Cellular Therapies, Department of Medical Science, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza, Foggia, Italy
- Correspondence: Angelo Michele Carella, Division of Hematology with Hematologic Intensive Care Unit and Cellular Therapies, Department of Medical Science, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Cappuccini, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, 71013, Italy, Tel +390882410054, Fax +390882410322, Email
| | - Antonino Mulè
- UOC Hematology and Oncology, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Rizzo
- Department of Haematology, Niguarda Cancer Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Turrini
- Division of Hematology, Valduce Hospital, Como, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Abbenante
- Division of Hematology with Hematologic Intensive Care Unit and Cellular Therapies, Department of Medical Science, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza, Foggia, Italy
| | - Roberto Cairoli
- Department of Haematology, Niguarda Cancer Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Calafiore
- UOC Hematology and Oncology, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marzia Defina
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Luzi
- UOC Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Ospedale S, Camillo, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Patti
- UOC Hematology and Oncology, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Marta Riva
- Department of Haematology, Niguarda Cancer Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rossi
- Division of Hematology with Hematologic Intensive Care Unit and Cellular Therapies, Department of Medical Science, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Sammartano
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Luigi Rigacci
- UOC Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Ospedale S, Camillo, Rome, Italy
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9
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Kaya T, Dilek A, Ozaras R, Balcik OS, Leblebicioglu H. COVID 19 and febrile neutropenia: Case report and systematic review. Travel Med Infect Dis 2022; 47:102305. [PMID: 35272019 PMCID: PMC8901240 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives In pandemic conditions, patients with febrile neutropenia are also at risk of COVID-19. Aim of this systematic review is to evaluate COVID-19 cases presented with febrile neutropenia and provide information regarding incidence, clinical course and prognosis. Methods We systematically searched on COVID-19 and febrile neutropenia cases in PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science. Results A total of 19 febrile neutropenic patients were analyzed. A male predominance was noted. Eleven cases had hematological malignancies. Fourteen of the cases were previously received chemotherapy. Five patients had severe neutropenia: 3 had hematologic cancer and none died. 17 (89.5%) cases have pulmonary involvement and seven of them had severe disease with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Three cases with ARDS were died. 12 of them received G-CSF for treatment. Five cases were developed respiratory failure after G-CSF use. Overall mortality was 15.8%, while death was not observed in patients without malignancy and solid organ tumors, the mortality rate was 27% in cases with hematological malignancies. Conclusion In ongoing pandemic, febrile neutropenic patients should be precisely evaluated for COVID-19 disease. It should be remembered that there may not be typical signs and symptoms and laboratory findings of COVID-19 disease because of the immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taner Kaya
- Department of Internal Medicine, VM Medicalpark Samsun Hospital, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Dilek
- Intensive Care Unit, VM Medicalpark Samsun Hospital, Samsun, Turkey; Istinye University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Resat Ozaras
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medilife Health Group, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ozlem Sahin Balcik
- Department of Hematology, VM Medicalpark Samsun Hospital, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Hakan Leblebicioglu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, VM Medicalpark Samsun Hospital, Samsun, Turkey.
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10
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Concurrent Diagnosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection: a Case Report Successfully Treated with Azacitidine-Venetoclax Combination. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2021; 13:e2021057. [PMID: 34527209 PMCID: PMC8425345 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2021.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-COV2 pandemic has caused profound challenges in health care systems worldwide. Patients affected by hematological neoplasms appear to be particularly at risk of developing COVID-19 complications, with unfavorable outcomes. Here, we present the case of a 57-years-old woman diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and concurrent acute myeloid leukemia (AML). At the time of diagnosis, it was decided to postpone leukemia therapy to enable adequate COVID-19 pneumonia treatment. When her conditions related to pneumonia improved, the combination of Azacitidine-Venetoclax was used as first-line treatment instead of conventional intensive chemotherapy. At the end of the first two cycles, the patient showed complete remission, and a post-remission consolidation with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been planned. This case suggests that Azacytidine-Venetoclax induction may represent a valid and safe alternative to intensive chemotherapy in the challenging setting of patients with a concomitant diagnosis of AML and severe COVID-19 infection.
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11
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Palanques-Pastor T, Megías-Vericat JE, Martínez P, López Lorenzo JL, Cornago Navascués J, Rodriguez Macias G, Cano I, Arnan Sangerman M, Vidriales Vicente MB, Algarra Algarra JL, Foncillas MÁ, Herrera P, Botella Prieto C, Vives S, Figuera Álvarez Á, Cuevas Palomares L, Sobas M, Contento Gonzalo A, Cuello García R, Amutio Diez ME, De Miguel Llorente D, Navas Elorza B, Bergua Burgues JM, Bernal Del Castillo T, Mateos Rodríguez MC, de Cabo López E, Franco Villegas AC, García Boyero R, Escolano Escobar C, Seri Merino C, Cervero C, Roldán Pérez A, Hermosín Ramos L, Cervera Calvo M, Olave MT, Villafuerte Gutiérrez P, de Laiglesiai A, Serrano J, Najera Irazu MJ, Piñana JL, Sanz MÁ, Martínez-López J, Montesinos P. Characteristics, clinical outcomes, and risk factors of SARS-COV-2 infection in adult acute myeloid leukemia patients: experience of the PETHEMA group. Leuk Lymphoma 2021; 62:2928-2938. [PMID: 34292118 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2021.1948031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection produces higher morbidity and mortality in hematological malignancies, but evidence in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is scarce. A multicenter observational study was conducted to determine the clinical outcomes and assess the impact of therapeutic approaches in adult AML patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the first wave (March-May 2020). Overall, 108 patients were included: 51.9% with active leukemia and 70.4% under therapeutic schedules for AML. Signs and symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 were present in 96.3% of patients and 82.4% received specific treatment for SARS-CoV-2. The mortality rate was 43.5% and was correlated with age, gender, active leukemia, dyspnea, severe SARS-CoV-2, intensive care measures, neutrophil count, and D-dimer levels. A protective effect was found with azithromycin, lopinavir/ritonavir, and normal liver enzyme levels. During the SARS-CoV-2 first wave, our findings suggested an increased mortality in AML in a short period. SARS-CoV-2 management could be guided by risk factors in AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pilar Martínez
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital Universitario, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis López Lorenzo
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Cornago Navascués
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gabriela Rodriguez Macias
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Cano
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Pilar Herrera
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Botella Prieto
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Susana Vives
- Clinic Hematology Department, Instituto Catalán de Oncología, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ángela Figuera Álvarez
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marta Sobas
- Haematology, Blood Neoplasms, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Rebeca Cuello García
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | - Begoña Navas Elorza
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital HLA Universitario Moncloa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Erik de Cabo López
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario del Bierzo, Ponferrada, Spain
| | | | - Raimundo García Boyero
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Seri Merino
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Cervero
- Hematology Department, Hospital Virgen de la Luz, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Alicia Roldán Pérez
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain
| | - Lourdes Hermosín Ramos
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital Jerez de la Frontera, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
| | | | - María Telesa Olave
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Almudena de Laiglesiai
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Josefina Serrano
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - José Luis Piñana
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Sanz
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Pau Montesinos
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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12
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Serin I, Dogu MH, Huq GE, Yokus O. A new FLT3 inhibitor with two cases: the gilteritinib experience. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BLOOD RESEARCH 2021; 11:271-278. [PMID: 34322291 PMCID: PMC8303015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a heterogeneous group of leukemias, there are various factors to determine prognosis. Among these prognostic factors, cytogenetic results are increasing in importance day by day. FLT3 mutations are among the most common molecular abnormalities in AML, patients with recurrent or refractory (R/R) AML with this mutation have a low response rate to salvage therapy. Gilteritinib has activity against FLT3, ALK and AXL. This article shall present two cases, for which Gilteritinib was used, a new FLT3 inhibitor, and the results of the treatment. Case 1: A 52-year-old female patient presented to the emergency clinic with weakness and fever. In initial biochemical analysis, leukocyte was 104000/mm3. Peripheral smear contained diffuse myeloid blastoid cells, peripheral blood flow cytometry also supported the AML M0-1 phenotype. The bone marrow biopsy aspiration performed on the 14th day of induction "3+7" treatment, contained diffuse blastic infiltrate and supported refractory disease. In addition to the FLAG-IDA salvage regimen, 120 mg/day Gilteritinib was also started. Bone marrow aspiration performed on the 28th day of salvage therapy was compatible with remission. Case 2: 53 years old male patient with also no comorbidity other than known hypertension. In the initial biochemical analysis of the patient, leukocyte was 156000/mm3, platelet 58000/mm3 and hemoglobin 7.6 g/dl. Peripheral blood flow cytometry supported the AML M5 phenotype, whose peripheral smear showed diffuse monoblastoid cells. On the 14th day of the patient's 3+7 induction treatment, the control bone marrow aspiration showed diffuse blast infiltration and was considered refractory, FLAG-IDA salvage therapy with again 120 mg/day Gilteritinib per oral were started. On the 28th day, control bone marrow aspiration was evaluated as remission. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Unlike other FLT 3 inhibitors, Gilteritinib has been shown to be a highly effective agent in R/R AML with FLT3 mutations. Being the first data to be reported from Turkey, we think it would be quite guiding the titular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istemi Serin
- Department of Hematology Istanbul, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, University of Health ScienceIstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Hilmi Dogu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Liv Hospital Ulus, Istinye UniversityIstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulben Erdem Huq
- Department of Pathology Istanbul, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, University of Health ScienceIstanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Yokus
- Department of Hematology Istanbul, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, University of Health ScienceIstanbul, Turkey
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13
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Paterson RW, Brown RL, Benjamin L, Nortley R, Wiethoff S, Bharucha T, Jayaseelan DL, Kumar G, Raftopoulos RE, Zambreanu L, Vivekanandam V, Khoo A, Geraldes R, Chinthapalli K, Boyd E, Tuzlali H, Price G, Christofi G, Morrow J, McNamara P, McLoughlin B, Lim ST, Mehta PR, Levee V, Keddie S, Yong W, Trip SA, Foulkes AJM, Hotton G, Miller TD, Everitt AD, Carswell C, Davies NWS, Yoong M, Attwell D, Sreedharan J, Silber E, Schott JM, Chandratheva A, Perry RJ, Simister R, Checkley A, Longley N, Farmer SF, Carletti F, Houlihan C, Thom M, Lunn MP, Spillane J, Howard R, Vincent A, Werring DJ, Hoskote C, Jäger HR, Manji H, Zandi MS. The emerging spectrum of COVID-19 neurology: clinical, radiological and laboratory findings. Brain 2020; 143:3104-3120. [PMID: 32637987 PMCID: PMC7454352 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 743] [Impact Index Per Article: 185.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Preliminary clinical data indicate that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with neurological and neuropsychiatric illness. Responding to this, a weekly virtual coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) neurology multi-disciplinary meeting was established at the National Hospital, Queen Square, in early March 2020 in order to discuss and begin to understand neurological presentations in patients with suspected COVID-19-related neurological disorders. Detailed clinical and paraclinical data were collected from cases where the diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed through RNA PCR, or where the diagnosis was probable/possible according to World Health Organization criteria. Of 43 patients, 29 were SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive and definite, eight probable and six possible. Five major categories emerged: (i) encephalopathies (n = 10) with delirium/psychosis and no distinct MRI or CSF abnormalities, and with 9/10 making a full or partial recovery with supportive care only; (ii) inflammatory CNS syndromes (n = 12) including encephalitis (n = 2, para- or post-infectious), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (n = 9), with haemorrhage in five, necrosis in one, and myelitis in two, and isolated myelitis (n = 1). Of these, 10 were treated with corticosteroids, and three of these patients also received intravenous immunoglobulin; one made a full recovery, 10 of 12 made a partial recovery, and one patient died; (iii) ischaemic strokes (n = 8) associated with a pro-thrombotic state (four with pulmonary thromboembolism), one of whom died; (iv) peripheral neurological disorders (n = 8), seven with Guillain-Barré syndrome, one with brachial plexopathy, six of eight making a partial and ongoing recovery; and (v) five patients with miscellaneous central disorders who did not fit these categories. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a wide spectrum of neurological syndromes affecting the whole neuraxis, including the cerebral vasculature and, in some cases, responding to immunotherapies. The high incidence of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, particularly with haemorrhagic change, is striking. This complication was not related to the severity of the respiratory COVID-19 disease. Early recognition, investigation and management of COVID-19-related neurological disease is challenging. Further clinical, neuroradiological, biomarker and neuropathological studies are essential to determine the underlying pathobiological mechanisms that will guide treatment. Longitudinal follow-up studies will be necessary to ascertain the long-term neurological and neuropsychological consequences of this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross W Paterson
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Darent Valley Hospital, Dartford, Kent, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Rachel L Brown
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK
| | - Laura Benjamin
- Stroke Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- University of Liverpool, Brain Infections Group, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Ross Nortley
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Berkshire, UK
| | - Sarah Wiethoff
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tehmina Bharucha
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust-Research Unit, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Dipa L Jayaseelan
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Watford General Hospital, Watford, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Guru Kumar
- Darent Valley Hospital, Dartford, Kent, UK
| | | | - Laura Zambreanu
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Watford General Hospital, Watford, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Vinojini Vivekanandam
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Anthony Khoo
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Ruth Geraldes
- Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Berkshire, UK
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Krishna Chinthapalli
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Berkshire, UK
| | - Elena Boyd
- Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Berkshire, UK
| | - Hatice Tuzlali
- Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Berkshire, UK
| | - Gary Price
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Gerry Christofi
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Jasper Morrow
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Patricia McNamara
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Benjamin McLoughlin
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Soon Tjin Lim
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Puja R Mehta
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Viva Levee
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Stephen Keddie
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - S Anand Trip
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, London, UK
| | - Alexander J M Foulkes
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Watford General Hospital, Watford, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Gary Hotton
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
| | | | | | - Christopher Carswell
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | - David Attwell
- UCL, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, London, UK
| | | | - Eli Silber
- King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Richard J Perry
- Stroke Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Robert Simister
- Stroke Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Anna Checkley
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nicky Longley
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Simon F Farmer
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Francesco Carletti
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Catherine Houlihan
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
- UCL Division of Infection and Immunity, London, UK
| | - Maria Thom
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Michael P Lunn
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Spillane
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
- Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Robin Howard
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
- Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Angela Vincent
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Chandrashekar Hoskote
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Hans Rolf Jäger
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Hadi Manji
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Michael S Zandi
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK
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14
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Antineoplastics. REACTIONS WEEKLY 2020. [PMCID: PMC7546935 DOI: 10.1007/s40278-020-84279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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