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Ibrahim AA, Fujimura T, Uno T, Terada T, Hirano KI, Hosokawa H, Ohta A, Miyata T, Ando K, Yahata T. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promotes immune evasion in tumors by facilitating the expression of programmed cell death-ligand 1. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1365894. [PMID: 38779680 PMCID: PMC11109370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1365894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Increased levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in tumors have been found to correlate with poor clinical outcomes in patients with cancer. Although abundant data support the involvement of PAI-1 in cancer progression, whether PAI-1 contributes to tumor immune surveillance remains unclear. The purposes of this study are to determine whether PAI-1 regulates the expression of immune checkpoint molecules to suppresses the immune response to cancer and demonstrate the potential of PAI-1 inhibition for cancer therapy. Methods The effects of PAI-1 on the expression of the immune checkpoint molecule programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) were investigated in several human and murine tumor cell lines. In addition, we generated tumor-bearing mice and evaluated the effects of a PAI-1 inhibitor on tumor progression or on the tumor infiltration of cells involved in tumor immunity either alone or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Results PAI-1 induces PD-L1 expression through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in several types of tumor cells and surrounding cells. Blockade of PAI-1 impedes PD-L1 induction in tumor cells, significantly reducing the abundance of immunosuppressive cells at the tumor site and increasing cytotoxic T-cell infiltration, ultimately leading to tumor regression. The anti-tumor effect elicited by the PAI-1 inhibitor is abolished in immunodeficient mice, suggesting that PAI-1 blockade induces tumor regression by stimulating the immune system. Moreover, combining a PAI-1 inhibitor with an immune checkpoint inhibitor significantly increases tumor regression. Conclusions PAI-1 protects tumors from immune surveillance by increasing PD-L1 expression; hence, therapeutic PAI-1 blockade may prove valuable in treating malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd Aziz Ibrahim
- Translational Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Taku Fujimura
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoko Uno
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoya Terada
- Translational Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Hirano
- Department of Immunology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hosokawa
- Department of Immunology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akio Ohta
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshio Miyata
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapy, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ando
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Yahata
- Translational Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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2
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Shibeko AM, Ilin IS, Podoplelova NA, Sulimov VB, Panteleev MA. Chemical Adjustment of Fibrinolysis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:92. [PMID: 38256925 PMCID: PMC10819531 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrinolysis is the process of the fibrin-platelet clot dissolution initiated after bleeding has been stopped. It is regulated by a cascade of proteolytic enzymes with plasmin at its core. In pathological cases, the balance of normal clot formation and dissolution is replaced by a too rapid lysis, leading to bleeding, or an insufficient one, leading to an increased thrombotic risk. The only approved therapy for emergency thrombus lysis in ischemic stroke is recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, though streptokinase or urokinase-type plasminogen activators could be used for other conditions. Low molecular weight compounds are of great interest for long-term correction of fibrinolysis dysfunctions. Their areas of application might go beyond the hematology field because the regulation of fibrinolysis could be important in many conditions, such as fibrosis. They enhance or weaken fibrinolysis without significant effects on other components of hemostasis. Here we will describe and discuss the main classes of these substances and their mechanisms of action. We will also explore avenues of research for the development of new drugs, with a focus on the use of computational models in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey M. Shibeko
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 109029 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (M.A.P.)
- National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology Named after Dmitry Rogachev, 117197 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan S. Ilin
- Research Computing Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.S.I.); (V.B.S.)
- Dimonta, Ltd., 117186 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda A. Podoplelova
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 109029 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (M.A.P.)
- National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology Named after Dmitry Rogachev, 117197 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir B. Sulimov
- Research Computing Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.S.I.); (V.B.S.)
- Dimonta, Ltd., 117186 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Panteleev
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 109029 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.S.); (M.A.P.)
- National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology Named after Dmitry Rogachev, 117197 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Ghosh AK, Kalousdian AA, Shang M, Lux E, Eren M, Keating A, Wilsbacher LD, Vaughan DE. Cardiomyocyte PAI-1 influences the cardiac transcriptome and limits the extent of cardiac fibrosis in response to left ventricular pressure overload. Cell Signal 2023; 104:110555. [PMID: 36584735 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a specific and rapid-acting inhibitor of endogenous plasminogen activators (uPA and tPA). The global PAI-1 knockout mice (PAI-1KO) develop age-dependent cardiac-selective fibrosis, and young global PAI-1KO mice exhibit augmented susceptibility to developing cardiac fibrosis in response to hypertension. Here, we tested the hypothesis that cardiomyocyte PAI-1 is necessary to provide cardioprotective effects in a left ventricular pressure overload-induced murine model of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis using cardiomyocyte-specific PAI-1 knockout (cmPAI-1KO) mice. The results revealed that cmPAI-1KO mice display significantly worse cardiac fibrosis than controls. To investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for these effects, genome-wide cardiac transcriptome analysis was performed. Loss of cardiomyocyte PAI-1 led to differential expression of 978 genes compared to controls in response to left ventricular pressure overload. Pathway enrichment analysis identified the inflammatory response, cell substrate adhesion, regulation of cytokine production, leukocyte migration, extracellular matrix organization, and cytokine-mediated signaling pathways as being significantly upregulated in cmPAI-1KO hearts. Conversely, specific epigenetic repressors, cation transmembrane transport, muscle system processes, and nitric oxide signaling were significantly downregulated in cmPAI-1KO hearts compared to control hearts in response to left ventricular pressure overload. Collectively, the present study provides strong evidence of the impact of cardiomyocyte PAI-1 in regulation of the transcriptome network involved in the cardiac stress response. In response to stress, the deregulatory impact of cardiomyocyte PAI-1 loss on the cardiac transcriptome may be the underlying cause of cardiac-selective accelerated fibrogenesis in global PAI-1-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asish K Ghosh
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Anthony A Kalousdian
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Meng Shang
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lux
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mesut Eren
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anna Keating
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lisa D Wilsbacher
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Douglas E Vaughan
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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4
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Catarinella G, Nicoletti C, Bracaglia A, Procopio P, Salvatori I, Taggi M, Valle C, Ferri A, Canipari R, Puri PL, Latella L. SerpinE1 drives a cell-autonomous pathogenic signaling in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:737. [PMID: 36028501 PMCID: PMC9418244 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05168-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare, fatal disease caused by Lamin A mutation, leading to altered nuclear architecture, loss of peripheral heterochromatin and deregulated gene expression. HGPS patients eventually die by coronary artery disease and cardiovascular alterations. Yet, how deregulated transcriptional networks at the cellular level impact on the systemic disease phenotype is currently unclear. A genome-wide analysis of gene expression in cultures of primary HGPS fibroblasts identified SerpinE1, also known as Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor (PAI-1), as central gene that propels a cell-autonomous pathogenic signaling from the altered nuclear lamina. Indeed, siRNA-mediated downregulation and pharmacological inhibition of SerpinE1 by TM5441 could revert key pathological features of HGPS in patient-derived fibroblasts, including re-activation of cell cycle progression, reduced DNA damage signaling, decreased expression of pro-fibrotic genes and recovery of mitochondrial defects. These effects were accompanied by the correction of nuclear abnormalities. These data point to SerpinE1 as a novel potential effector and target for therapeutic interventions in HGPS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Nicoletti
- grid.479509.60000 0001 0163 8573Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Andrea Bracaglia
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy ,grid.6530.00000 0001 2300 0941PhD Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Procopio
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy ,grid.10253.350000 0004 1936 9756Present Address: BPC, Pharmakologisches Institut, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Illari Salvatori
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marilena Taggi
- grid.7841.aDAHFMO, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Valle
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy ,grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferri
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy ,grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Canipari
- grid.7841.aDAHFMO, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Lorenzo Puri
- grid.479509.60000 0001 0163 8573Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Lucia Latella
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy ,grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
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5
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Tian M, Peng Y, Zheng J. Metabolic Activation and Hepatotoxicity of Furan-containing Compounds. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:655-670. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 is a negative regulator of hematopoietic regeneration in the adipocyte-rich bone marrow microenvironment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 557:180-186. [PMID: 33866038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow adipocytes (BMAs) have recently been recognized as a niche component with a suppressive function. Obese individuals with abundant BMAs exhibit impaired hematopoietic regeneration after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We hypothesized that plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), an adipokine that regulates the fibrinolytic system, contributes to impaired hematopoiesis in bone marrow (BM) microenvironment with abundant BMAs. We demonstrated that BMAs differentiated in vitro could secrete PAI-1 and were positive for PAI-1 in vivo. In addition, the abundance of BMAs was associated with high levels of PAI-1 expression. The BMA-rich microenvironment exhibited impaired hematopoietic regeneration after HSCT when compared with a BMA-less microenvironment. The impaired hematopoietic regeneration in BMA-rich microenvironment was significantly alleviated by PAI-1 knockout or PAI-1 inhibitor treatment. Obese mice with abundant BMAs, compared with normal-weight mice, exhibited higher bone marrow PAI-1 concentrations, increased fibrinolytic system suppression, and lower stem cell factor (SCF) concentrations after HSCT. PAI-1 inhibitor administration significantly activated the fibrinolytic system in obese mice, contributing to the higher SCF concentration. Moreover, PAI-1 inhibitor treatment significantly alleviated the impaired hematopoietic regeneration in obese mice both after 5-fluorouracil injection and HSCT. These results indicate that PAI-1 hinders hematopoietic regeneration in BMA-rich microenvironments. The blockade of PAI-1 activity could be a novel therapeutic means of facilitating hematopoietic reconstitution in BMA-rich patients.
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7
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Levine JA, Olivares S, Miyata T, Vaughan DE, Henkel AS. Inhibition of PAI-1 Promotes Lipolysis and Enhances Weight Loss in Obese Mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:713-720. [PMID: 33594826 PMCID: PMC8842994 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates the therapeutic potential of a small molecule inhibitor of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), TM5441, in reversing diet-induced obesity in mice. METHODS Wild-type C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat high-sugar (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks to induce obesity. After the first 8 weeks, TM5441 was added to the diet for an additional 8 weeks. In order to determine the efficacy of PAI-1 inhibition in conjunction with dietary modification, mice were fed an HFHS diet for 8 weeks to induce obesity and were then switched to a low-fat diet with or without TM5441 for an additional 2 to 8 weeks. RESULTS Obese mice showed weight reduction and significant improvement in hepatic steatosis when TM5441 was added to the HFHS diet. Obese mice that were treated with TM5441 in conjunction with dietary modification showed enhanced weight loss and a more rapid reversal of hepatic steatosis compared with obese mice treated with dietary modification alone. The enhanced weight loss among mice treated with TM5441 was associated with increased adipose tissue expression of adipose triglyceride lipase, phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase, and phosphorylated perilipin-1 as well as induction of adipose tissue lipolysis. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacologic PAI-1 inhibition stimulates adipose tissue lipolysis and enhances weight loss in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Levine
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Shantel Olivares
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
- Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Toshio Miyata
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapy, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Douglas E. Vaughan
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Anne S. Henkel
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
- Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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8
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Sillen M, Miyata T, Vaughan DE, Strelkov SV, Declerck PJ. Structural Insight into the Two-Step Mechanism of PAI-1 Inhibition by Small Molecule TM5484. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031482. [PMID: 33540702 PMCID: PMC7867230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a key regulator of the fibrinolytic system, is the main physiological inhibitor of plasminogen activators. By interacting with matrix components, including vitronectin (Vn), PAI-1 plays a regulatory role in tissue remodeling, cell migration, and intracellular signaling. Emerging evidence points to a role for PAI-1 in various pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and fibrosis. Targeting PAI-1 is therefore a promising therapeutic strategy in PAI-1-related pathologies. A class of small molecule inhibitors including TM5441 and TM5484, designed to bind the cleft in the central β-sheet A of PAI-1, showed to be potent PAI-1 inhibitors in vivo. However, their binding site has not yet been confirmed. Here, we report two X-ray crystallographic structures of PAI-1 in complex with TM5484. The structures revealed a binding site at the flexible joint region, which is distinct from the presumed binding site. Based on the structural analysis and biochemical data we propose a mechanism for the observed dose-dependent two-step mechanism of PAI-1 inhibition. By binding to the flexible joint region in PAI-1, TM5484 might restrict the structural flexibility of this region, thereby inducing a substrate form of PAI-1 followed by a conversion to an inert form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machteld Sillen
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Toshio Miyata
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapy, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8577, Japan;
| | - Douglas E. Vaughan
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Sergei V. Strelkov
- Laboratory for Biocrystallography, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Paul J. Declerck
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Correspondence:
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9
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Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) is a functional biomarker of the metabolic syndrome. Previous studies have demonstrated that PAI-1 is a mechanistic contributor to several elements of the syndrome, including obesity, hypertension and insulin resistance. Here we show that PAI-1 is also a critical regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism. RNA sequencing revealed that PAI-1 directly regulates the transcriptional expression of numerous genes involved in mammalian lipid homeostasis, including PCSK9 and FGF21. Pharmacologic or genetic reductions in plasma PAI-1 activity ameliorates hyperlipidemia in vivo. These experimental findings are complemented with the observation that genetic deficiency of PAI-1 is associated with reduced plasma PCSK9 levels in humans. Taken together, our findings identify PAI-1 as a novel contributor to mammalian lipid metabolism and provides a fundamental mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of one of the most pervasive medical problems worldwide.
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10
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Wang L, Hu J, Zhou H. Macrophage and Adipocyte Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Obesity-Induced Metabolic Diseases. World J Mens Health 2020; 39:606-614. [PMID: 33151047 PMCID: PMC8443980 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.200163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of major health burdens of modern society as it contributes to the growing prevalence of its related comorbidities, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and some cancers. A series of innate immune cells, especially macrophages, and adipocytes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity. Mitochondrial dysfunction, which is induced by obesity, are critical mediators in initiating inflammation in macrophages and adipocytes, and subsequent systemic insulin resistance. In this review, we discuss new findings on how obesity impairs mitochondrial function in macrophages and adipocytes and how this dysfunction contributes to obesity and its comorbidities. We also summarize drugs that treat metabolic diseases by targeting mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.
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11
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Leonardi BF, Gosmann G, Zimmer AR. Modeling Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rodents. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000249. [PMID: 32978870 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Standardized animal models represent one of the most valuable tools available to understand the mechanism underlying the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to seek for new therapeutic strategies. However, there is considerable variability in the studies conducted with this essential purpose. This review presents an updated discussion of the most recent studies using diverse experimental conditions to induce MetS in rodents with unbalanced diets, discusses the key findings in metabolic outcomes, and critically evaluates what we have been learned from them and how to advance in the field. The study includes scientific reports sourced from the Web of Science and PubMed databases, published between January 2013 and June 2020, which used hypercaloric diets to induce metabolic disorders, and address the impact of the diet on metabolic parameters. The collected data are used as support to discuss variables such as sex, species, and age of the animals, the most favorable type of diet, and the ideal diet length to generate metabolic changes. The experimental characteristics propose herein improve the performance of a preclinical model that resembles the human MetS and will guide researchers to investigate new therapeutic alternatives with confidence and higher translational validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca F Leonardi
- Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 2752 Ipiranga avenue, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Grace Gosmann
- Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 2752 Ipiranga avenue, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Aline R Zimmer
- Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 2752 Ipiranga avenue, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
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12
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Hosaka S, Yamada T, Takahashi K, Dan T, Kaneko K, Kodama S, Asai Y, Munakata Y, Endo A, Sugawara H, Kawana Y, Yamamoto J, Izumi T, Sawada S, Imai J, Miyata T, Katagiri H. Inhibition of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Activation Suppresses High Fat Diet-Induced Weight Gain via Alleviation of Hypothalamic Leptin Resistance. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:943. [PMID: 32670063 PMCID: PMC7327106 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin resistance is an important mechanism underlying the development and maintenance of obesity and is thus regarded as a promising target of obesity treatment. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), a physiological inhibitor of tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators, is produced at high levels in adipose tissue, especially in states of obesity, and is considered to primarily be involved in thrombosis. PAI-1 may also have roles in inter-organ tissue communications regulating body weight, because PAI-1 knockout mice reportedly exhibit resistance to high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. However, the role of PAI-1 in body weight regulation and the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. We herein studied how PAI-1 affects systemic energy metabolism. We examined body weight and food intake of PAI-1 knockout mice fed normal chow or HFD. We also examined the effects of pharmacological inhibition of PAI-1 activity by a small molecular weight compound, TM5441, on body weight, leptin sensitivities, and expressions of thermogenesis-related genes in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of HFD-fed wild type (WT) mice. Neither body weight gain nor food intake was reduced in PAI-1 KO mice under chow fed conditions. On the other hand, under HFD feeding conditions, food intake was decreased in PAI-1 KO as compared with WT mice (HFD-WT mice 3.98 ± 0.08 g/day vs HFD-KO mice 3.73 ± 0.07 g/day, P = 0.021), leading to an eventual significant suppression of weight gain (HFD-WT mice 40.3 ± 1.68 g vs HFD-KO mice 34.6 ± 1.84 g, P = 0.039). Additionally, TM5441 treatment of WT mice pre-fed the HFD resulted in a marked suppression of body weight gain in a PAI-1-dependent manner (HFD-WT-Control mice 37.6 ± 1.07 g vs HFD-WT-TM5441 mice 33.8 ± 0.97 g, P = 0.017). TM5441 treatment alleviated HFD-induced systemic and hypothalamic leptin resistance, before suppression of weight gain was evident. Moreover, improved leptin sensitivity in response to TM5441 treatment was accompanied by increased expressions of thermogenesis-related genes such as uncoupling protein 1 in BAT (HFD-WT-Control mice 1.00 ± 0.07 vs HFD-WT-TM5441 mice 1.32 ± 0.05, P = 0.002). These results suggest that PAI-1 plays a causative role in body weight gain under HFD-fed conditions by inducing hypothalamic leptin resistance. Furthermore, they indicate that pharmacological inhibition of PAI-1 activity is a potential strategy for alleviating diet-induced leptin resistance in obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Hosaka
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kei Takahashi
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Dan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapy, United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keizo Kaneko
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Kodama
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Asai
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Munakata
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akira Endo
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroto Sugawara
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawana
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junpei Yamamoto
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohito Izumi
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shojiro Sawada
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junta Imai
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshio Miyata
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapy, United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideki Katagiri
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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13
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Gonzalez-Freire M, Diaz-Ruiz A, Hauser D, Martinez-Romero J, Ferrucci L, Bernier M, de Cabo R. The road ahead for health and lifespan interventions. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 59:101037. [PMID: 32109604 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a modifiable risk factor for most chronic diseases and an inevitable process in humans. The development of pharmacological interventions aimed at delaying or preventing the onset of chronic conditions and other age-related diseases has been at the forefront of the aging field. Preclinical findings have demonstrated that species, sex and strain confer significant heterogeneity on reaching the desired health- and lifespan-promoting pharmacological responses in model organisms. Translating the safety and efficacy of these interventions to humans and the lack of reliable biomarkers that serve as predictors of health outcomes remain a challenge. Here, we will survey current pharmacological interventions that promote lifespan extension and/or increased healthspan in animals and humans, and review the various anti-aging interventions selected for inclusion in the NIA's Interventions Testing Program as well as the ClinicalTrials.gov database that target aging or age-related diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gonzalez-Freire
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Group, Fundació Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Alberto Diaz-Ruiz
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA; Nutritional Interventions Group, Precision Nutrition and Aging, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies - IMDEA Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Hauser
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Jorge Martinez-Romero
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer Group, Precision Nutrition and Cancer Program, IMDEA Food, CEI, UAM/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
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14
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Garcia V, Park EJ, Siragusa M, Frohlich F, Mahfuzul Haque M, Pascale JV, Heberlein KR, Isakson BE, Stuehr DJ, Sessa WC. Unbiased proteomics identifies plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 as a negative regulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9497-9507. [PMID: 32300005 PMCID: PMC7196906 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918761117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) produced by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is a critical mediator of vascular function. eNOS is tightly regulated at various levels, including transcription, co- and posttranslational modifications, and by various protein-protein interactions. Using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and mass spectrometry (MS), we identified several eNOS interactors, including the protein plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). In cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), PAI-1 and eNOS colocalize and proximity ligation assays demonstrate a protein-protein interaction between PAI-1 and eNOS. Knockdown of PAI-1 or eNOS eliminates the proximity ligation assay (PLA) signal in endothelial cells. Overexpression of eNOS and HA-tagged PAI-1 in COS7 cells confirmed the colocalization observations in HUVECs. Furthermore, the source of intracellular PAI-1 interacting with eNOS was shown to be endocytosis derived. The interaction between PAI-1 and eNOS is a direct interaction as supported in experiments with purified proteins. Moreover, PAI-1 directly inhibits eNOS activity, reducing NO synthesis, and the knockdown or antagonism of PAI-1 increases NO bioavailability. Taken together, these findings place PAI-1 as a negative regulator of eNOS and disruptions in eNOS-PAI-1 binding promote increases in NO production and enhance vasodilation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Garcia
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Eon Joo Park
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Mauro Siragusa
- Institute for Vascular Signaling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Florian Frohlich
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Molecular Membrane Biology Section, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Mohammad Mahfuzul Haque
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Jonathan V Pascale
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595
| | - Katherine R Heberlein
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Dennis J Stuehr
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - William C Sessa
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520;
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15
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Khoukaz HB, Ji Y, Braet DJ, Vadali M, Abdelhamid AA, Emal CD, Lawrence DA, Fay WP. Drug Targeting of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Inhibits Metabolic Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis in a Murine Model of Metabolic Syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1479-1490. [PMID: 32268785 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Enhanced expression of PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) has been implicated in atherosclerosis formation in humans with obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, little is known about the effects of pharmacological targeting of PAI-1 on atherogenesis. This study examined the effects of pharmacological PAI-1 inhibition on atherosclerosis formation in a murine model of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Approach and Results: LDL receptor-deficient (ldlr-/-) mice were fed a Western diet high in cholesterol, fat, and sucrose to induce obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. Western diet triggered significant upregulation of PAI-1 expression compared with normal diet controls. Addition of a pharmacological PAI-1 inhibitor (either PAI-039 or MDI-2268) to Western diet significantly inhibited obesity and atherosclerosis formation for up to 24 weeks without attenuating food consumption. Pharmacological PAI-1 inhibition significantly decreased macrophage accumulation and cell senescence in atherosclerotic plaques. Recombinant PAI-1 stimulated smooth muscle cell senescence, whereas a PAI-1 mutant defective in LRP1 (LDL receptor-related protein 1) binding did not. The prosenescent effect of PAI-1 was blocked by PAI-039 and R2629, a specific anti-LRP1 antibody. PAI-039 significantly decreased visceral adipose tissue inflammation, hyperglycemia, and hepatic triglyceride content without altering plasma lipid profiles. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacological targeting of PAI-1 inhibits atherosclerosis in mice with obesity and metabolic syndrome, while inhibiting macrophage accumulation and cell senescence in atherosclerotic plaques, as well as obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction. PAI-1 induces senescence of smooth muscle cells in an LRP1-dependent manner. These results help to define the role of PAI-1 in atherosclerosis formation and suggest a new plasma-lipid-independent strategy for inhibiting atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hekmat B Khoukaz
- From the Department of Medicine (H.B.K, Y.J., D.J.B., M.V., A.A.A., W.P.F.), University of Missouri School of Medicine
| | - Yan Ji
- From the Department of Medicine (H.B.K, Y.J., D.J.B., M.V., A.A.A., W.P.F.), University of Missouri School of Medicine
| | - Drew J Braet
- From the Department of Medicine (H.B.K, Y.J., D.J.B., M.V., A.A.A., W.P.F.), University of Missouri School of Medicine
| | - Manisha Vadali
- From the Department of Medicine (H.B.K, Y.J., D.J.B., M.V., A.A.A., W.P.F.), University of Missouri School of Medicine
| | - Ahmed A Abdelhamid
- From the Department of Medicine (H.B.K, Y.J., D.J.B., M.V., A.A.A., W.P.F.), University of Missouri School of Medicine
| | - Cory D Emal
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti (C.D.E.)
| | - Daniel A Lawrence
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (D.A.L.)
| | - William P Fay
- From the Department of Medicine (H.B.K, Y.J., D.J.B., M.V., A.A.A., W.P.F.), University of Missouri School of Medicine.,Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology (W.P.F.), University of Missouri School of Medicine.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO (W.P.F.)
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16
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Piao L, Dorotea D, Jiang S, Koh EH, Oh GT, Ha H. Impaired Peroxisomal Fitness in Obese Mice, a Vicious Cycle Exacerbating Adipocyte Dysfunction via Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1339-1351. [PMID: 31530170 PMCID: PMC6859694 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Peroxisome is a critical organelle for fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased oxidative stress in adipose tissue contributes to the development of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in obesity. This study aimed to investigate the role of peroxisomal fitness in maintaining adipocyte function, which has been under-rated in the obesity research area. Results: Reduced peroxisomal gene expressions in white adipose tissue (WAT) of obese mice suggested a close correlation between peroxisomes and obesity. Peroxisomal biogenesis factor 5 siRNA increased cellular ROS and inflammatory mediators in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. On the contrary, hydrogen peroxide or tumor necrosis factor-α treatment significantly decreased biogenesis- and function-related peroxisomal proteins, suggesting a positive feedback loop of ROS/inflammation and peroxisomal dysfunction. Correspondingly, catalase (a major peroxisomal antioxidant)-knockout mice fed with high-fat diet (HFD) exhibited suppressed peroxisomal proteins along with increased oxidative stress and accelerated obesity. In response to fenofibrate (a peroxisomal proliferator) treatment, WAT of HFD-fed wild-type mice showed not only increases in peroxisomal biogenesis and FAO but also attenuated features of adipocyte dysfunction and obesity. However, these results were not observed in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha null obese mice. Innovation: Impaired peroxisomal fitness enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation in adipocytes, which exacerbates obesity. Conclusion: Adipose tissue peroxisomal homeostasis plays an important role in attenuating the features of obesity, and it can be a potential therapeutic target of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjuan Piao
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Debra Dorotea
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Songling Jiang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Koh
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Lang SQ, Lang WH, Yu HY, Wang L. Metabolic activation of TM5441 in vitro and in vivo: Formation of reactive metabolites and human enzymes involved. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 143:105195. [PMID: 31852629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TM5441, a furan-containing drug, is an inhibitor of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which can induce intrinsic apoptosis of human cancer cell lines. The aim of this study was to identify the reactive metabolites of TM5441 and to reveal the bioactivation pathways that are associated with its hepatotoxicity. The reactive metabolites were trapped by using glutathione (GSH) or N-acetyl-lysine (NAL) in rat, dog, and human liver microsomal incubation system after exposure to TM5441. Two metabolic activation pathways were disclosed. The first bioactivation pathway was dominated by Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s); TM5441 was metabolized into cis-2-butene-1,4-dial derivative dependent on NADPH, which can be trapped in the liver microsomal incubations fortified with GSH or NAL as trapping agents. Five metabolites (M1, M2, M9, M12 and M13) associated with GSH and three metabolites (M4, M7 and M14) associated with NAL were identified by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. The second bioactivation pathway was catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs); TM5441 was conjugated with glucuronide to form acyl-glucuronide (M10), which further reacted with GSH, resulting in the identification of a TM5441-S-acyl-GSH adduct (M11) in liver microsomal incubations fortified with uridine-5'-diphosphoglucuronidc acid (UDPGA) and GSH. M9, M10, M11, M12 and M13 were also detected in bile samples of rats given TM5441. Compared with rat, dog would display closer bioactivation profiles to human. The CYP450 enzyme responsible for the bioactivation of TM5441 was mainly identified as CYP3A4, using human recombinant CYP450 enzymes and specific inhibitory studies. The UGT enzymes responsible for the bioactivation of TM5441 mainly involved UGT2B7, 1A1 and 1A4. These results facilitate the understanding of the bioactivation of TM5441 and potential toxicological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Qin Lang
- Department of Outpatient, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang 261041, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wen-Hua Lang
- Department of Spine surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hai-Yan Yu
- Department of Radiology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang 261041, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining 272011, Shandong Province, China.
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18
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Reinke AA, Li SH, Warnock M, Shaydakov ME, Guntaka NS, Su EJ, Diaz JA, Emal CD, Lawrence DA. Dual-reporter high-throughput screen for small-molecule in vivo inhibitors of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 yields a clinical lead candidate. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:1464-1477. [PMID: 30510136 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) implicated in numerous pathological processes, including coronary heart disease, arterial and venous thrombosis, and chronic fibrotic diseases. These associations have made PAI-1 an attractive pharmaceutical target. However, the complexity of the serpin inhibitory mechanism, the inherent metastability of serpins, and the high-affinity association of PAI-1 with vitronectin in vivo have made it difficult to identify pharmacologically effective small-molecule inhibitors. Moreover, the majority of current small-molecule PAI-1 inhibitors are poor pharmaceutical candidates. To this end and to find leads that can be efficiently applied to in vivo settings, we developed a dual-reporter high-throughput screen (HTS) that reduced the rate of nonspecific and promiscuous hits and identified leads that inhibit human PAI-1 in the high-protein environments present in vivo Using this system, we screened >152,000 pure compounds and 27,000 natural product extracts (NPEs), reducing the apparent hit rate by almost 10-fold compared with previous screening approaches. Furthermore, screening in a high-protein environment permitted the identification of compounds that retained activity in both ex vivo plasma and in vivo Following lead identification, subsequent medicinal chemistry and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies identified a lead clinical candidate, MDI-2268, having excellent pharmacokinetics, potent activity against vitronectin-bound PAI-1 in vivo, and efficacy in a murine model of venous thrombosis. This rigorous HTS approach eliminates promiscuous candidate leads, significantly accelerates the process of identifying PAI-1 inhibitors that can be rapidly deployed in vivo, and has enabled identification of a potent lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Reinke
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Shih-Hon Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Mark Warnock
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Maxim E Shaydakov
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | | | - Enming J Su
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jose A Diaz
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Cory D Emal
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197
| | - Daniel A Lawrence
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
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19
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Wyganowska-Świątkowska M, Tarnowski M, Murtagh D, Skrzypczak-Jankun E, Jankun J. Proteolysis is the most fundamental property of malignancy and its inhibition may be used therapeutically (Review). Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:15-25. [PMID: 30431071 PMCID: PMC6257838 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mortality rates of cancer patients decreased by ~1.5% per year between 2001 and 2015, although the decrease depends on patient sex, ethnic group and type of malignancy. Cancer remains a significant global health problem, requiring a search for novel treatments. The most common property of malignant tumors is their capacity to invade adjacent tissue and to metastasize, and this cancer aggressiveness is contingent on overexpression of proteolytic enzymes. The components of the plasminogen activation system (PAS) and the metal-loproteinase family [mainly matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)] are overexpressed in malignant tumors, driving the local invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. This is the case for numerous types of cancer, such as breast, colon, prostate and oral carcinoma, among others. Present chemotherapeutics agents typically attack all dividing cells; however, for future therapeutic agents to be clinically successful, they need to be highly selective for a specific protein(s) and act on the cancerous tissues without adverse systemic effects. Inhibition of proteolysis in cancerous tissue has the ability to attenuate tumor invasion, angiogenesis and migration. For that purpose, inhibiting both PAS and MMPs may be another approach, since the two groups of enzymes are overexpressed in cancer. In the present review, the roles and new findings on PAS and MMP families in cancer formation, growth and possible treatments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Murtagh
- Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, Health Science Campus, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614‑2598, USA
| | - Ewa Skrzypczak-Jankun
- Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, Health Science Campus, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614‑2598, USA
| | - Jerzy Jankun
- Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, Health Science Campus, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614‑2598, USA
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20
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Frühbeck G, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Rodríguez A, Ramírez B, Valentí V, Moncada R, Becerril S, Unamuno X, Silva C, Salvador J, Catalán V. Novel protective role of kallistatin in obesity by limiting adipose tissue low grade inflammation and oxidative stress. Metabolism 2018; 87:123-135. [PMID: 29679615 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kallistatin plays an important role in the inhibition of inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis and angiogenesis. We aimed to determine the impact of kallistatin on obesity and its associated metabolic alterations as well as its role in adipocyte inflammation and oxidative stress. METHODS Samples obtained from 95 subjects were used in a case-control study. Circulating concentrations and expression levels of kallistatin as well as key inflammation, oxidative stress and extracellular matrix remodelling-related genes were analyzed. Circulating kallistatin concentrations were measured before and after weight loss achieved by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The impact of kallistatin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α-mediated inflammatory as well as oxidative stress signalling pathways was evaluated. RESULTS We show that the reduced (P < 0.00001) circulating levels of kallistatin in obese patients increased (P < 0.00001) after RYGB. Moreover, gene expression levels of SERPINA4, the gene coding for kallistatin, were downregulated (P < 0.01) in the liver from obese subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Additionally, we revealed that kallistatin reduced (P < 0.05) the expression of inflammation-related genes (CCL2, IL1B, IL6, IL8, TNFA, TGFB) and, conversely, upregulated (P < 0.05) mRNA levels of ADIPOQ and KLF4 in human adipocytes in culture. Kallistatin inhibited (P < 0.05) LPS- and TNF-α-induced inflammation in human adipocytes via downregulating the expression and secretion of key inflammatory markers. Furthermore, kallistatin also blocked (P < 0.05) TNF-α-mediated lipid peroxidation as well as NOX2 and HIF1A expression while stimulating (P < 0.05) the expression of SIRT1 and FOXO1. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide, for the first time, evidence of a novel role of kallistatin in obesity and its associated comorbidities by limiting adipose tissue inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Ramírez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Víctor Valentí
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Surgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rafael Moncada
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Anesthesia, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Xabier Unamuno
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Camilo Silva
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Salvador
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Victoria Catalán
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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Henkel AS, Khan SS, Olivares S, Miyata T, Vaughan DE. Inhibition of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 Attenuates Hepatic Steatosis but Does Not Prevent Progressive Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Mice. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:1479-1492. [PMID: 30556037 PMCID: PMC6287480 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI‐1), an essential regulator of fibrinolysis, is increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, such as obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Pharmacologic inhibition of PAI‐1 is emerging as a highly promising therapeutic strategy for obesity and its sequelae. Given the well‐established profibrotic function of PAI‐1, we considered whether PAI‐1 may serve as a target for antifibrotic therapy in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We therefore determined the effect of genetic Pai‐1 deletion and pharmacologic PAI‐1 inhibition on the development of NASH‐related fibrosis in mice. Pai‐1 knockout (Pai‐1–/–) and wild‐type control (Pai‐1+/+) mice were fed a high‐fat/high‐cholesterol high‐sugar (HFHS) diet or a methionine‐ and choline‐deficient (MCD) diet to induce steatohepatitis with fibrosis. PAI‐1 was pharmacologically inhibited using the small molecule inhibitor TM5441 in wild‐type C57BL/6 mice fed an HFHS or MCD diet. Either genetic deletion of Pai‐1 or pharmacologic inhibition of PAI‐1 attenuated MCD diet‐induced hepatic steatosis but did not prevent hepatic inflammation or fibrosis. Targeted inhibition of PAI‐1 conferred transient protection from HFHS diet‐induced obesity and hepatic steatosis, an effect that was lost with prolonged exposure to the obesigenic diet. Neither genetic deletion of Pai‐1 nor pharmacologic inhibition of PAI‐1 prevented HFHS diet‐induced hepatic inflammation or fibrosis. Conclusion:Pai‐1 regulates hepatic lipid accumulation but does not promote NASH progression. The PAI‐1 inhibitor TM5441 effectively attenuates diet‐induced obesity and hepatic steatosis but does not prevent NASH‐related fibrosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Henkel
- Department of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center Chicago IL
| | - Sadiya S Khan
- Department of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL
| | | | - Toshio Miyata
- Department of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL
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22
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Omer A, Patel D, Lian XJ, Sadek J, Di Marco S, Pause A, Gorospe M, Gallouzi IE. Stress granules counteract senescence by sequestration of PAI-1. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201744722. [PMID: 29592859 PMCID: PMC5934773 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a physiological response by which an organism halts the proliferation of potentially harmful and damaged cells. However, the accumulation of senescent cells over time can become deleterious leading to diseases and physiological decline. Our data reveal a novel interplay between senescence and the stress response that affects both the progression of senescence and the behavior of senescent cells. We show that constitutive exposure to stress induces the formation of stress granules (SGs) in proliferative and presenescent cells, but not in fully senescent cells. Stress granule assembly alone is sufficient to decrease the number of senescent cells without affecting the expression of bona fide senescence markers. SG‐mediated inhibition of senescence is associated with the recruitment of the plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1), a known promoter of senescence, to these entities. PAI‐1 localization to SGs increases the translocation of cyclin D1 to the nucleus, promotes RB phosphorylation, and maintains a proliferative, non‐senescent state. Together, our data indicate that SGs may be targets of intervention to modulate senescence in order to impair or prevent its deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Omer
- Department of Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Devang Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Xian Jin Lian
- Department of Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jason Sadek
- Department of Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sergio Di Marco
- Department of Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Arnim Pause
- Department of Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging-Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Imed Eddine Gallouzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada .,Life Sciences Division, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Education City, Doha, Qatar
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Lee SM, Dorotea D, Jung I, Nakabayashi T, Miyata T, Ha H. TM5441, a plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 inhibitor, protects against high fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Oncotarget 2017; 8:89746-89760. [PMID: 29163785 PMCID: PMC5685706 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidences showed that elevation of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) was responsible in mediating obesity-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic disorders. Here, we investigated the effect of TM5441, an oral PAI-1 inhibitor that lacks of bleeding risk, on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD. HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice was daily treated with 20 mg/kg TM5441. To examine the preventive effect, 10-week-treatment was started along with initiation of HFD; alternatively, 4-week-treatment was started in mice with glucose intolerance in the interventional strategy. In vivo study showed that early and delayed treatment decreased hepatic steatosis. Particularly, early treatment prevented the progression of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in HFD mice. Interestingly, both strategies abrogated hepatic insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction, presented by enhanced p-Akt and p-GSK3β, reduced p-JNK signaling, along with p-AMPK and PGC-1α activation. Consistently, TM5441 treatment in the presence of either PAI-1 exposure or TNF-α stimulated-PAI-1 activity showed a restoration of mitochondrial biogenesis related genes expression on HepG2 cells. Thus, improvement of insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial function was imperative to partially explain the therapeutic effects of TM5441, a novel agent targeting HFD-induced NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Myeong Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Debra Dorotea
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inji Jung
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tetsuo Nakabayashi
- United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toshio Miyata
- United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Huh JY, Jung I, Piao L, Ha H, Chung MH. 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine ameliorates high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and adipocyte dysfunction in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:890-896. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 is Regulated Through Dietary Fat Intake and Heritability: Studies in Twins. Twin Res Hum Genet 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/thg.2017.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In different pathophysiological conditions plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) plasma concentrations are elevated. As dietary patterns are considered to influence PAI-1 concentration, we aimed to determine active PAI-1 plasma concentrations and mRNA expression in adipose tissue before and after consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) and the impact of additive genetic effects herein in humans. For 6 weeks, 46 healthy, non-obese pairs of twins (aged 18–70) received a normal nutritionally balanced diet (ND) followed by an isocaloric HFD for 6 weeks. Active PAI-1 plasma levels and PAI-1 mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue were assessed after the ND and after 1 and 6 weeks of HFD. Active PAI-1 plasma concentrations and PAI-1 mRNA expression in adipose tissue were significantly increased after both 1 and 6 weeks of HFD when compared to concentrations determined after ND (p< .05), with increases of active PAI-1 being independent of gender, age, or changes of BMI and intrahepatic fat content, respectively. However, analysis of covariance suggests that serum insulin concentration significantly affected the increase of active PAI-1 plasma concentrations. Furthermore, the increase of active PAI-1 plasma concentrations after 6 weeks of HFD was highly heritable (47%). In contrast, changes in PAI-1 mRNA expression in fatty tissue in response to HFD showed no heritability and were independent of all tested covariates. In summary, our data suggest that even an isocaloric exchange of macronutrients — for example, a switch to a fat-rich diet — affects PAI-1 concentrations in humans and that this is highly heritable.
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Piao L, Jung I, Huh JY, Miyata T, Ha H. A novel plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 inhibitor, TM5441, protects against high-fat diet-induced obesity and adipocyte injury in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2622-32. [PMID: 27339909 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Obesity is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide, and dysregulated adipocyte function plays an important role in obesity-associated metabolic disorder. The level of plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is increased in obese subjects, and PAI-1 null mice show improved insulin sensitivity when subjected to high-fat and high-sucrose diet-induced metabolic stress, suggesting that a best-in-class PAI-1 inhibitor may become a novel therapeutic agent for obesity-associated metabolic syndrome. TM5441 is a novel orally active PAI-1 inhibitor that does not cause bleeding episodes. Hence, in the present study we examined the preventive effect of TM5441 on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced adipocyte dysfunction. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Ten-week-old C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet (18% of total calories from fat) or HFD (60% of total calories from fat) for 10 weeks, and TM5441 (20 mg·kg(-1) oral gavage) was administered daily with the initiation of HFD. KEY RESULTS TM5441 prevented HFD-induced body weight gain and systemic insulin resistance. TM5441 normalized HFD-induced dysregulated JNK and Akt phosphorylation, suggesting that it prevents the insulin resistance of adipocytes. TM5441 also attenuated the macrophage infiltration and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, induced by the HFD. In addition, TM5441 prevented the HFD-induced down-regulation of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and function, suggesting that it may prevent adipocyte inflammation and dysregulation by maintaining mitochondrial fitness. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our data suggest that TM5441 may become a novel therapeutic agent for obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjuan Piao
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inji Jung
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Young Huh
- Colleges of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, Korea
| | - Toshio Miyata
- United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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